by Tim Harding BSc BA
This might seem like a simple question, but the answer is not so straightforward. The Macquarie Dictionary defines a fact as ‘what has really happened or is the case; truth; reality’. In philosophy, a fact is generally defined as a state of affairs in the world that makes a proposition true. This implies that facts are objective, as opposed to opinions which are subjective. The distinction is important to scientific skepticism, which looks for objective evidence in support of dubious claims that are made.
The usual test for a statement of fact is verifiability; that is, whether it can be demonstrated to correspond to either empirical observation or deductive proof (such as 2+2=4). For instance, the proposition ‘It is raining’ describes the fact that it actually is raining at that time and place. The rain that falls can be objectively measured in a rain gauge – it is not just a matter of opinion.
On the other hand, an opinion is a judgement, viewpoint, or statement about matters commonly considered to be subjective, such as ‘It is raining too much’. As Plato said: ‘opinion is the medium between knowledge and ignorance’.
Philosophers generally agree that facts are objective and verifiable. However, there are two main philosophical accounts of the metaphysical and epistemic status of facts. The first, metaphysical account aligns closely with the dictionary definition—a fact is that which makes a proposition true, independently of whether it is known or verified. On this view, facts describe reality objectively, meaning there can indeed be unknown facts awaiting discovery. Yet, epistemically, we cannot verify or confirm such a fact unless we come to know it. This leads to the second, epistemological account, which defines facts as items of knowledge: propositions that are not only true but also justified and known. Thus, philosophers must either acknowledge the existence of unknown (potentially verifiable) facts or restrict the term “fact” to those truths already verified and known.
References
Mulligan, Kevin and Correia, Fabrice, ‘Facts‘, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)
Russell, Bertrand (1918) The Philosophy of Logical Atomism, Open Court, La Salle.
Russell, Bertrand (1950) An Inquiry Into Meaning and Truth, Allen & Unwin, London.
