Drex is an experimental transformer architecture with a four-tier memory hierarchy, implementing a validated episodic/semantic split associative memory module. The architecture was developed through 16 phases of hypothesis-driven research across 247+ experiments, with each architectural decision grounded in controlled ablation studies (SUPPORTED / INCONCLUSIVE / REFUTED verdicts, ≥2/3 seed confirmation).

The research specifically resolved a previously undocumented failure mode in EMA-based associative memory at short sequence lengths — the EMA bootstrap problem — and confirmed a validated fix (α(L) = 0.95^(96/L)) that keeps memory time constants calibrated across L=16–128. The full research log is in research/experiments/ (cat1–cat48, 247+ experiment result files).

Current state (Phase 16 complete / Phase 17 in progress): The architecture is fully implemented, hardened, and training-ready. A 9-page arXiv preprint has been drafted (paper/main.tex). Exp A (baseline) is running (step ~16k/50k); Exp B (episodic memory) will auto-start on Exp A completion. Evaluation results (passkey recall, BABILong) are pending final checkpoints — that is the current milestone. See Current Results.

Drex uses a four-tier memory hierarchy:

The episodic/semantic memory layer is the primary research contribution. Key properties:

• Two H/2 associative matrices: M_sem (semantic, uniform weight) and M_epi (episodic, recency-weighted writes)
• Delta-rule update: Δ = (k − Mk̂) ⊗ k̂, written via EMA with (1−α) smoothing
• Length-adaptive EMA: α(L) = 0.95^(96/L) — keeps τ/L ≈ 0.21 constant across L=16–128, solving the EMA bootstrap failure at short sequences (Phase 11)
• OR relative-norm write gate: fires when ‖k − vp‖ ≥ thresh·‖k‖ on either branch; thresh*=0.70 (confirmed exp_48_1, Phase 12)
• Null retrieval gate: learned scalar g = σ(w·q) suppresses empty-memory reads
• Soft concatenated retrieval: concat(r_sem, r_epi) — no learned combination gate (exp_38_3 ruled this out)

Validated write rates at thresh=0.70:

• L=32: wr=0.581 (target: 0.20–0.70) ✓
• L=96: wr=0.421 (target: 0.15–0.50) ✓

See ARCHITECTURE_FINDINGS.md for the full specification, confidence classifications, and the complete list of research dead ends.

Status: no published end-to-end benchmark yet.

The architecture components are fully validated (exp_48_1, Phase 12; 199-test suite, 100% branch coverage). The production implementation trains on TinyStories with write rates in-range. The following comparisons are planned:

Evaluation targets: passkey recall at 2k/4k/8k/16k context; BABILong tasks 1–5 at 2k/4k/8k context. Results will be published at results/TRAINING_RUNS.md.

• Python ≥ 3.11
• Rust toolchain (for the drex._sys extension — SnapshotStore, PrefetchEngine)
• PyTorch ≥ 2.3.0

git clone https://github.com/wesleyscholl/drex.git
cd drex

# Install maturin (Rust-Python build tool)
pip install maturin

# Build and install the Rust extension + Python package
maturin develop --release

pip install -e ".[dev]"

Network note: If your environment has a corporate SSL proxy, training data download may fail with a certificate error. Use --no-ssl-verify (development only) or --data-file /path/to/tinystories.txt to load from a local file.

python scripts/train.py \
  --steps 1000 --log-every 100 \
  --d-model 128 --n-layers 3 --n-heads 4 \
  --use-episodic-memory --no-ssl-verify

python scripts/train.py \
  --steps 50000 --log-every 200 \
  --d-model 256 --n-layers 4 --n-heads 4 --ff-mult 4 \
  --batch-size 8 --segment-len 512 --dropout 0.1 \
  --lr 3e-4 --warmup-steps 2000 \
  --val-every 1000 --val-max-chars 500000 \
  --reset-on-boundary \
  --ckpt-dir checkpoints/exp_a \
  --no-ssl-verify

python scripts/train.py \
  --steps 50000 --log-every 200 \
  --d-model 256 --n-layers 4 --n-heads 4 --ff-mult 4 \
  --batch-size 8 --segment-len 512 --dropout 0.1 \
  --lr 3e-4 --warmup-steps 2000 \
  --use-episodic-memory --episodic-gate-thresh 0.70 \
  --val-every 1000 --val-max-chars 500000 \
  --reset-on-boundary \
  --ckpt-dir checkpoints/exp_b \
  --no-ssl-verify

python scripts/eval_passkey.py \
    --checkpoint checkpoints/exp_b/step_0050000_final.safetensors \
    --use-episodic-memory --episodic-gate-thresh 0.70 \
    --report-write-rate \
    --lengths 2048 4096 8192 16384

python scripts/eval_babilong.py \
    --checkpoint checkpoints/exp_b/step_0050000_final.safetensors \
    --use-episodic-memory --episodic-gate-thresh 0.70 \
    --lengths 2048 4096 8192 \
    --tasks 1 2 3 4 5 --trials 10

from drex.models.memory import MemoryModule

for module in model.modules():
    if isinstance(module, MemoryModule):
        wr = module.last_write_rate()
        module.assert_write_rate_valid()  # raises if outside [0.10, 0.85]

# Run full test suite with 100% branch coverage requirement
PYTHONPATH=python pytest tests/python/

# Run a specific test class
PYTHONPATH=python pytest tests/python/test_memory.py::TestMemoryModule -v

241 tests, 100% branch coverage (enforced by pytest --cov configuration).

drex/
├── python/drex/
│   ├── models/
│   │   ├── memory.py          # MemoryModule (L4), MemoryState (L2), TitanMemory (L3)
│   │   ├── attention.py       # SlidingWindowAttention, InfiniAttention, HybridAttention
│   │   └── transformer.py     # DrexConfig, DrexLayer, DrexTransformer
│   ├── training/
│   │   ├── data.py            # SegmentDataset, collate_fn, tokenize_chars
│   │   ├── optimizer.py       # build_optimizer, cosine_schedule_with_warmup
│   │   └── trainer.py         # DrexTrainer (TBPTT, grad clip, segment loop)
│   ├── eval/
│   │   ├── passkey.py         # PasskeyBenchmark (multi-length passkey recall)
│   │   └── babilong.py        # BABILongBenchmark (5-task Q&A)
│   └── utils/
│       └── config.py          # save_checkpoint, load_checkpoint
├── src/                       # Rust source (SnapshotStore, PrefetchEngine)
├── scripts/
│   ├── train.py               # TinyStories training (write-rate monitoring, NaN guard)
│   ├── eval_passkey.py        # Passkey recall CLI (+ density sweep)
│   └── eval_babilong.py       # BABILong 5-task evaluation CLI
├── tests/python/              # 241 tests, 100% branch coverage
├── research/experiments/      # 247+ research experiments (cat1–cat48)
├── results/                   # Training run results and comparisons
├── PLAN.md                    # Implementation roadmap (Phases 1–16; Phases 17–21 planned)
├── ARCHITECTURE_FINDINGS.md   # Full spec + dead ends + confidence classifications
└── CLAUDE.md                  # Project conventions for AI collaboration

16 phases of hypothesis-driven experimentation established the architecture:

• Phases 1–4: Established delta-rule update, ELU+1 feature map, L2/L3 baseline
• Phases 5–6: Ruled out offline consolidation, hierarchical routing
• Phases 7–8: Confirmed outer-product write, eliminated bidirectional rule
• Phases 9–10: Confirmed relative-norm gate at thresh=0.40; ruled out regularisation and two-phase training
• Phase 11 (exp_47): Discovered and resolved EMA bootstrap failure at L≤32 — α(L)=0.95^(96/L) keeps τ/L ≈ 0.21 constant across all sequence lengths
• Phase 12 (exp_48): Confirmed thresh*=0.70 for OR-gate full system; wr(L=32)=0.581, wr(L=96)=0.421 — both within validated target ranges
• Phase 13: Production MemoryModule implementation; 197-test suite, 100% coverage
• Phase 14: Training script integration; write-rate monitoring, validation loss, BABILong CLI, passkey density sweep
• Phase 15: Stability hardening — NaN guard, TBPTT boundary reset, vectorized write loop, F.normalize eps fix; 199 tests total, 100% branch coverage
• Phase 16: Pre-publication hardening — write loop CPU backend + detach (543→2,310 tok/s at L=512), output norm_out LayerNorm, multi-seed ablations (full-seq-residual INCONCLUSIVE; last-layer-only same quality at 2.7× speedup; null-gate +0.30 ppl), checkpoint resume optimizer/scheduler fix, arXiv paper draft (paper/main.tex); 241 tests, 100% branch coverage

All architectural decisions have evidence trails in research/experiments/. Dead ends are documented in ARCHITECTURE_FINDINGS.md §9.

MIT