A full TeX distribution is assumed. Various distributions for different operating systems (Windows, Mac, *nix) are available but TeX Live is recommended. You can install TeX from upstream (recommended; most up-to-date) or use sudo apt-get install texlive-full if you really want that. (It's generally a few years behind.)

If you don't want to install the dependencies on your system, this can also be obtained via Docker.

At a command prompt, run

xelatex {your-cv}.tex

Or using docker:

docker run --rm --user $(id -u):$(id -g) -i -w "/doc" -v "$PWD":/doc thomasweise/texlive make

In either case, this should result in the creation of {your-cv}.pdf

AwesomeCV is where I derived this from and you should check their repo out and donate to them if you like what you see.

LaTeX is a fantastic typesetting program that a lot of people use these days, especially the math and computer science people in academia.

LaTeX FontAwesome is bindings for FontAwesome icons to be used in XeLaTeX.

Roboto is the default font on Android and ChromeOS, and the recommended font for Google’s visual language, Material Design.

Source Sans Pro is a set of OpenType fonts that have been designed to work well in user interface (UI) environments.