fixes #9002; improve insertion_sort algorithm

[amirsoroush]

Describe your change:

Fixes #9002.

• type hints added.
• I left the return value untouched as other sorting algorithms are all returning the mutated list.

Checklist:

• I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
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[tianyizheng02]

LGTM

Regarding the function simultaneously modifying the list and returning it, I definitely don't like that behavior either. Perhaps instead we could simply have an optional bool parameter in_place that determines whether the function modifies the input list or returns a new sorted list. I've seen this idea used by pandas functions and I think it could work well here.