diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
index cf018d3c39d8..c00e70ba3291 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
@@ -25,11 +25,10 @@ body:
       description: Which PHP versions did you run your code?
       multiple: true
       options:
-        - '7.4'
-        - '8.0'
         - '8.1'
         - '8.2'
         - '8.3'
+        - '8.4'
     validations:
       required: true
 
@@ -84,6 +83,20 @@ body:
     validations:
       required: true
 
+  - type: dropdown
+    id: environment
+    attributes:
+      label: Environment
+      description: Which CI_ENVIRONMENT setting are you using?
+      multiple: true
+      options:
+        - production
+        - development
+        - testing
+        - other (custom)
+    validations:
+      required: true
+
   - type: input
     id: database
     attributes:
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
index 9bec3b2d3431..d399e41dca3e 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ blank_issues_enabled: false
 contact_links:
   - name: CodeIgniter Forum
     url: https://forum.codeigniter.com/forum-30.html
-    about: Please ask your support questions in the forums. Thanks!
+    about: Please ask your support questions and/or feature requests in the forums. Thanks!
 
   - name: CodeIgniter Slack channel
     url: https://codeigniterchat.slack.com
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 3bd2d0a6c44f..000000000000
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
----
-name: Feature request
-about: How to submit a feature request
-title: ''
-labels: ''
-assignees: ''
-
----
-
-Please submit feature requests to our [forum](https://forum.codeigniter.com/forum-29.html).
-We use github issues to track bugs and planned work.
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/planned-work.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/planned-work.md
index 4faa45ed874e..3da11a7dbc58 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/planned-work.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/planned-work.md
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 ---
 name: Planned work
-about: Approved work planning
+about: Maintainers' space. DO NOT use this for your bug reports!
 title: 'Dev: '
 labels: dev
 assignees: ''
 
 ---
 
-Repo maintainers will create "issues" for planned work, so it can be tracked.
+Maintainers will create "issues" for planned work, so it can be tracked.
diff --git a/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md b/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
index f16a793ece5b..e39d50b0b187 100644
--- a/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
+++ b/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
@@ -5,8 +5,9 @@ Each pull request should address a single issue and have a meaningful title.
 - PR title must include the type (feat, fix, chore, docs, perf, refactor, style, test) of the commit per Conventional Commits specification. See https://www.conventionalcommits.org/en/v1.0.0/ for the discussion.
 - Pull requests must be in English.
 - If a pull request fixes an issue, reference the issue with a suitable keyword (e.g., Fixes <issue number>).
+- Your branch name and the target name should be different.
 - All bug fixes should be sent to the __"develop"__ branch, this is where the next bug fix version will be developed.
-- PRs with any enhancement should be sent to the next minor version branch, e.g. __"4.5"__
+- PRs with any enhancement should be sent to the next minor version branch, e.g. __"4.7"__
 
 -->
 **Description**
@@ -14,7 +15,7 @@ Explain what you have changed, and why.
 
 **Checklist:**
 - [ ] Securely signed commits
-- [ ] Component(s) with PHPDoc blocks, only if necessary or adds value
+- [ ] Component(s) with PHPDoc blocks, only if necessary or adds value (without duplication)
 - [ ] Unit testing, with >80% coverage
 - [ ] User guide updated
 - [ ] Conforms to style guide
diff --git a/.github/mergeable.yml b/.github/mergeable.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2e58526188aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/mergeable.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+# https://mergeable.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html
+
+version: 2
+mergeable:
+  - when: issues.opened, issues.reopened
+    validate:
+      - do: or
+        validate:
+          - do: and
+            validate:
+              - do: description
+                must_include:
+                  regex: '### PHP Version'
+              - do: description
+                must_include:
+                  regex: '### CodeIgniter4 Version'
+          - do: author
+            must_include:
+              regex: ^kenjis|lonnieezell|MGatner|michalsn|paulbalandan|samsonasik|ddevsr$
+    fail:
+      - do: comment
+        payload:
+          body: |
+            Hi there, @@author! :wave:
+
+            It looks like you opened an issue without following the bug report template:
+
+            * Bug report ([open an issue](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/issues/new?assignees=&labels=bug&projects=&template=bug_report.yml&title=Bug%3A+))
+            * For feature request or support question, please use the [forums](https://forum.codeigniter.com/forum-30.html).
+
+            The current issue will be closed. This is a precaution to save maintainers' time, I hope you'll understand.
+
+            Sincerely, the mergeable bot 🤖
+      - do: close
+
+  - when: pull_request.opened, pull_request.ready_for_review
+    filter:
+      - do: payload
+        pull_request:
+          author_association:
+            must_include:
+              regex: ^NONE|FIRST_TIME_CONTRIBUTOR|FIRST_TIMER$
+    validate: []
+    pass:
+      - do: comment
+        payload:
+          body: |
+            Hi there, @@author! :wave:
+
+            Thank you for sending this PR!
+
+            We expect the following in all Pull Requests (PRs).
+            - PRs must be sent to the [appropriate branch](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/blob/develop/contributing/pull_request.md#branching)
+            - All git commits must be [GPG-signed](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/blob/develop/contributing/pull_request.md#signing)
+            - Must follow our [style guide](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/blob/develop/contributing/pull_request.md#php-style)
+            - Be [commented](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/blob/develop/contributing/pull_request.md#comments) in the PHP source file
+            - Be documented in the [user guide](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/blob/develop/contributing/pull_request.md#user-guide)
+            - Be [unit tested](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/blob/develop/contributing/pull_request.md#unit-testing)
+            - Pass all checks in GitHub Actions
+
+            > [!IMPORTANT]
+            > We expect all code changes or bug-fixes to be accompanied by one or more tests added to our test suite to prove the code works.
+
+            If pull requests do not comply with the above, they will likely be closed. Since we are a team of volunteers, we don't have any more time to work
+            on the framework than you do. Please make it as painless for your contributions to be included as possible.
+
+            See https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/blob/develop/contributing/pull_request.md
+
+            Sincerely, the mergeable bot 🤖
diff --git a/.github/prlint.json b/.github/prlint.json
index a3744c5d5018..bb352e554b71 100644
--- a/.github/prlint.json
+++ b/.github/prlint.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
     "title": [
         {
-            "pattern": "^(\\[\\d+\\.\\d+\\]\\s{1})?(feat|fix|chore|docs|perf|refactor|style|test|config|revert)(\\([\\-.@:`a-zA-Z0-9]+\\))?!?:\\s{1}\\S.+\\S|Prep for \\d\\.\\d\\.\\d release|\\d\\.\\d\\.\\d Ready code$",
+            "pattern": "^(\\[\\d+\\.\\d+\\]\\s{1})?(feat|fix|chore|docs|perf|refactor|style|test|config|revert)(\\([\\-.@:`a-zA-Z0-9]+\\))?!?:\\s{1}\\S.+\\S|Prep for \\d\\.\\d\\.\\d release|\\d\\.\\d\\.\\d (Ready|Merge) code$",
             "message": "PR title must include the type (feat, fix, chore, docs, perf, refactor, style, test, config, revert) of the commit per Conventional Commits specification. See https://www.conventionalcommits.org/en/v1.0.0/ for the discussion."
         }
     ]
diff --git a/.github/workflows/deploy-apidocs.yml b/.github/workflows/deploy-apidocs.yml
index fb9665327578..a660e33eb03c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/deploy-apidocs.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/deploy-apidocs.yml
@@ -29,12 +29,12 @@ jobs:
           git config --global user.name "${GITHUB_ACTOR}"
 
       - name: Checkout source
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
         with:
           path: source
 
       - name: Checkout target
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
         with:
           repository: codeigniter4/api
           token: ${{ secrets.ACCESS_TOKEN }}
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Download latest phpDocumentor
         working-directory: source
-        run: phive --no-progress install --trust-gpg-keys 8AC0BAA79732DD42 phpDocumentor
+        run: phive --no-progress install --trust-gpg-keys 6DA3ACC4991FFAE5 phpDocumentor
 
       - name: Prepare API repo
         working-directory: api
diff --git a/.github/workflows/deploy-distributables.yml b/.github/workflows/deploy-distributables.yml
index 7c0b4e4dd1ce..e1a63e792ffa 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/deploy-distributables.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/deploy-distributables.yml
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0 # fetch all tags
 
@@ -48,12 +48,12 @@ jobs:
           git config --global user.name "${GITHUB_ACTOR}"
 
       - name: Checkout source
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
         with:
           path: source
 
       - name: Checkout target
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
         with:
           repository: codeigniter4/framework
           token: ${{ secrets.ACCESS_TOKEN }}
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ jobs:
         run: ./source/.github/scripts/deploy-framework ${GITHUB_WORKSPACE}/source ${GITHUB_WORKSPACE}/framework ${GITHUB_REF##*/}
 
       - name: Release
-        uses: actions/github-script@v7
+        uses: actions/github-script@v8
         with:
           github-token: ${{secrets.ACCESS_TOKEN}}
           script: |
@@ -98,12 +98,12 @@ jobs:
           git config --global user.name "${GITHUB_ACTOR}"
 
       - name: Checkout source
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
         with:
           path: source
 
       - name: Checkout target
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
         with:
           repository: codeigniter4/appstarter
           token: ${{ secrets.ACCESS_TOKEN }}
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ jobs:
         run: ./source/.github/scripts/deploy-appstarter ${GITHUB_WORKSPACE}/source ${GITHUB_WORKSPACE}/appstarter ${GITHUB_REF##*/}
 
       - name: Release
-        uses: actions/github-script@v7
+        uses: actions/github-script@v8
         with:
           github-token: ${{secrets.ACCESS_TOKEN}}
           script: |
@@ -148,19 +148,19 @@ jobs:
           git config --global user.name "${GITHUB_ACTOR}"
 
       - name: Checkout source
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
         with:
           path: source
 
       - name: Checkout target
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
         with:
           repository: codeigniter4/userguide
           token: ${{ secrets.ACCESS_TOKEN }}
           path: userguide
 
       - name: Setup Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+        uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
           python-version: '3.12'
 
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ jobs:
         run: ./source/.github/scripts/deploy-userguide ${GITHUB_WORKSPACE}/source ${GITHUB_WORKSPACE}/userguide ${GITHUB_REF##*/}
 
       - name: Release
-        uses: actions/github-script@v7
+        uses: actions/github-script@v8
         with:
           github-token: ${{secrets.ACCESS_TOKEN}}
           script: |
diff --git a/.github/workflows/deploy-userguide-latest.yml b/.github/workflows/deploy-userguide-latest.yml
index 9188672f907a..8fee24da6299 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/deploy-userguide-latest.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/deploy-userguide-latest.yml
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       - name: Setup PHP
         uses: shivammathur/setup-php@v2
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ jobs:
           coverage: none
 
       - name: Setup Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+        uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
           python-version: '3.12'
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ jobs:
 
       # Create an artifact of the html output
       - name: Upload artifact
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
         with:
           name: HTML Documentation
           path: user_guide_src/build/html/
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ jobs:
           git commit -m "Update User Guide" -a || true
 
       - name: Push changes
-        uses: ad-m/github-push-action@v0.6.0
+        uses: ad-m/github-push-action@v1.0.0
         with:
           branch: gh-pages
           directory: gh-pages
diff --git a/.github/workflows/label-add-conflict-all-pr.yml b/.github/workflows/label-add-conflict-all-pr.yml
index e83e4daf0b99..16467abd161c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/label-add-conflict-all-pr.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/label-add-conflict-all-pr.yml
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       - name: Get PR List
         id: PR-list
diff --git a/.github/workflows/label-signing.yml b/.github/workflows/label-signing.yml
index 389ad8844411..5f6b99290e89 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/label-signing.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/label-signing.yml
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       - name: Check signed commits in PR
         uses: 1Password/check-signed-commits-action@v1
diff --git a/.github/workflows/reusable-coveralls.yml b/.github/workflows/reusable-coveralls.yml
index af1fd2f5b6c1..e8af4347f9f6 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/reusable-coveralls.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/reusable-coveralls.yml
@@ -13,8 +13,14 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
 
     steps:
+      - name: Checkout base branch for PR
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        with:
+          ref: ${{ github.base_ref }}
+
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       - name: Setup PHP
         uses: shivammathur/setup-php@v2
@@ -24,7 +30,7 @@ jobs:
           coverage: xdebug
 
       - name: Download coverage files
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v7
         with:
           path: build/cov
 
@@ -37,7 +43,7 @@ jobs:
           echo "COMPOSER_CACHE_FILES_DIR=$(composer config cache-files-dir)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
 
       - name: Cache dependencies
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        uses: actions/cache@v5
         with:
           path: ${{ env.COMPOSER_CACHE_FILES_DIR }}
           key: ${{ github.job }}-php-${{ inputs.php-version }}-${{ hashFiles('**/composer.*') }}
@@ -46,7 +52,7 @@ jobs:
             ${{ github.job }}-
 
       - name: Cache PHPUnit's static analysis cache
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        uses: actions/cache@v5
         with:
           path: build/.phpunit.cache/code-coverage
           key: phpunit-code-coverage-${{ hashFiles('**/phpunit.*') }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/reusable-phpunit-test.yml b/.github/workflows/reusable-phpunit-test.yml
index 9758d6eb5410..86a0d07bd228 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/reusable-phpunit-test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/reusable-phpunit-test.yml
@@ -43,6 +43,10 @@ on:
         description: Additional PHP extensions that are needed to be enabled
         type: string
         required: false
+      extra-ini-options:
+        description: Additional PHP configuration directives that should be appended to the php.ini
+        type: string
+        required: false
       extra-composer-options:
         description: Additional Composer options that should be appended to the `composer update` call
         type: string
@@ -148,8 +152,14 @@ jobs:
           sudo apt-get install -y gsfonts libmagickwand-dev imagemagick
           sudo apt-get install --fix-broken
 
+      - name: Checkout base branch for PR
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        with:
+          ref: ${{ github.base_ref }}
+
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       - name: Setup PHP
         uses: shivammathur/setup-php@v2
@@ -157,6 +167,7 @@ jobs:
           php-version: ${{ inputs.php-version }}
           tools: composer
           extensions: gd, ${{ inputs.extra-extensions }}
+          ini-values: ${{ inputs.extra-ini-options }}
           coverage: ${{ env.COVERAGE_DRIVER }}
         env:
           COVERAGE_DRIVER: ${{ inputs.enable-coverage && 'xdebug' || 'none' }}
@@ -167,7 +178,7 @@ jobs:
           echo "ARTIFACT_NAME=${{ inputs.job-id || github.job }}-php-${{ inputs.php-version }}-db-${{ inputs.db-platform || 'none' }}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
 
       - name: Cache dependencies
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        uses: actions/cache@v5
         with:
           path: ${{ env.COMPOSER_CACHE_FILES_DIR }}
           key: ${{ inputs.job-id || github.job }}-php-${{ inputs.php-version }}-db-${{ inputs.db-platform || 'none' }}-${{ hashFiles('**/composer.*') }}
@@ -178,7 +189,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Cache PHPUnit's static analysis cache
         if: ${{ inputs.enable-artifact-upload }}
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        uses: actions/cache@v5
         with:
           path: build/.phpunit.cache/code-coverage
           key: phpunit-code-coverage-${{ hashFiles('**/phpunit.*') }}
@@ -206,7 +217,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Upload coverage results as artifact
         if: ${{ inputs.enable-artifact-upload }}
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
         with:
           name: ${{ env.ARTIFACT_NAME }}
           path: build/cov/coverage-${{ env.ARTIFACT_NAME }}.cov
diff --git a/.github/workflows/reusable-serviceless-phpunit-test.yml b/.github/workflows/reusable-serviceless-phpunit-test.yml
index 8a9f00c5e2e6..bbca4fe2acc8 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/reusable-serviceless-phpunit-test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/reusable-serviceless-phpunit-test.yml
@@ -37,6 +37,10 @@ on:
         description: Additional PHP extensions that are needed to be enabled
         type: string
         required: false
+      extra-ini-options:
+        description: Additional PHP configuration directives that should be appended to the php.ini
+        type: string
+        required: false
       extra-composer-options:
         description: Additional Composer options that should be appended to the `composer update` call
         type: string
@@ -60,8 +64,14 @@ jobs:
           sudo apt-get install -y imagemagick
           sudo apt-get install --fix-broken
 
+      - name: Checkout base branch for PR
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        with:
+          ref: ${{ github.base_ref }}
+
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       - name: Setup PHP
         uses: shivammathur/setup-php@v2
@@ -69,6 +79,7 @@ jobs:
           php-version: ${{ inputs.php-version }}
           tools: composer
           extensions: gd, ${{ inputs.extra-extensions }}
+          ini-values: ${{ inputs.extra-ini-options }}
           coverage: ${{ env.COVERAGE_DRIVER }}
         env:
           COVERAGE_DRIVER: ${{ inputs.enable-coverage && 'xdebug' || 'none' }}
@@ -79,7 +90,7 @@ jobs:
           echo "ARTIFACT_NAME=${{ inputs.job-id || github.job }}-php-${{ inputs.php-version }}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
 
       - name: Cache Composer dependencies
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        uses: actions/cache@v5
         with:
           path: ${{ env.COMPOSER_CACHE_FILES_DIR }}
           key: ${{ inputs.job-id || github.job }}-php-${{ inputs.php-version }}-${{ hashFiles('**/composer.*') }}
@@ -89,7 +100,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Cache PHPUnit's static analysis cache
         if: ${{ inputs.enable-artifact-upload }}
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        uses: actions/cache@v5
         with:
           path: build/.phpunit.cache/code-coverage
           key: phpunit-code-coverage-${{ hashFiles('**/phpunit.*') }}
@@ -116,7 +127,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Upload coverage results as artifact
         if: ${{ inputs.enable-artifact-upload }}
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
         with:
           name: ${{ env.ARTIFACT_NAME }}
           path: build/cov/coverage-${{ env.ARTIFACT_NAME }}.cov
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-autoreview.yml b/.github/workflows/test-autoreview.yml
index 69545ca6af01..55300ae5eff5 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-autoreview.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-autoreview.yml
@@ -35,8 +35,14 @@ jobs:
     name: Check normalized composer.json
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
+      - name: Checkout base branch for PR
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        with:
+          ref: ${{ github.base_ref }}
+
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       - name: Setup PHP
         uses: shivammathur/setup-php@v2
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-coding-standards.yml b/.github/workflows/test-coding-standards.yml
index f30475a76dba..c122f1e25b62 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-coding-standards.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-coding-standards.yml
@@ -29,11 +29,17 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         php-version:
           - '8.1'
-          - '8.3'
+          - '8.4'
 
     steps:
+      - name: Checkout base branch for PR
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        with:
+          ref: ${{ github.base_ref }}
+
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       - name: Setup PHP
         uses: shivammathur/setup-php@v2
@@ -46,7 +52,7 @@ jobs:
         run: echo "COMPOSER_CACHE_FILES_DIR=$(composer config cache-files-dir)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
 
       - name: Cache dependencies
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        uses: actions/cache@v5
         with:
           path: ${{ env.COMPOSER_CACHE_FILES_DIR }}
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.php-version }}-${{ hashFiles('**/composer.lock') }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-deptrac.yml b/.github/workflows/test-deptrac.yml
index fecb289b1b63..a301f3552d55 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-deptrac.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-deptrac.yml
@@ -36,8 +36,14 @@ jobs:
     name: Architectural Inspection
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     steps:
+      - name: Checkout base branch for PR
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        with:
+          ref: ${{ github.base_ref }}
+
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       - name: Setup PHP
         uses: shivammathur/setup-php@v2
@@ -53,7 +59,7 @@ jobs:
         run: echo "COMPOSER_CACHE_FILES_DIR=$(composer config cache-files-dir)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
 
       - name: Cache dependencies
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        uses: actions/cache@v5
         with:
           path: ${{ env.COMPOSER_CACHE_FILES_DIR }}
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-composer-${{ hashFiles('**/composer.json') }}
@@ -63,7 +69,7 @@ jobs:
         run: mkdir -p build/
 
       - name: Cache Deptrac results
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        uses: actions/cache@v5
         with:
           path: build
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-deptrac-${{ github.sha }}
@@ -74,7 +80,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Run architectural inspection
         run: |
-            composer require --dev qossmic/deptrac-shim
+            composer require --dev deptrac/deptrac
             vendor/bin/deptrac analyze --cache-file=build/deptrac.cache
         env:
           GITHUB_AUTH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-file-permissions.yml b/.github/workflows/test-file-permissions.yml
index e6ad5949d8b4..c6fed8f71d1b 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-file-permissions.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-file-permissions.yml
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       - name: Detect unnecessary execution permissions
         run: php utils/check_permission_x.php
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-phpstan.yml b/.github/workflows/test-phpstan.yml
index aca331f30481..5634b634d482 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-phpstan.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-phpstan.yml
@@ -45,8 +45,14 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
     steps:
+      - name: Checkout base branch for PR
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        with:
+          ref: ${{ github.base_ref }}
+
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       - name: Setup PHP
         uses: shivammathur/setup-php@v2
@@ -65,7 +71,7 @@ jobs:
         run: echo "COMPOSER_CACHE_FILES_DIR=$(composer config cache-files-dir)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
 
       - name: Cache dependencies
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        uses: actions/cache@v5
         with:
           path: ${{ env.COMPOSER_CACHE_FILES_DIR }}
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-composer-${{ hashFiles('**/composer.json') }}
@@ -75,7 +81,7 @@ jobs:
         run: mkdir -p build/phpstan
 
       - name: Cache PHPStan result cache directory
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        uses: actions/cache@v5
         with:
           path: build/phpstan
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-phpstan-${{ github.sha }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-phpunit.yml b/.github/workflows/test-phpunit.yml
index ba566ce5c9d1..62a8ab0e4338 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-phpunit.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-phpunit.yml
@@ -59,9 +59,7 @@ jobs:
           - '8.1'
           - '8.2'
           - '8.3'
-        include:
-          - php-version: '8.3'
-            composer-option: '--ignore-platform-req=php'
+          - '8.4'
 
     uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-phpunit-test.yml # @TODO Extract to codeigniter4/.github repo
     with:
@@ -88,6 +86,7 @@ jobs:
           - '8.1'
           - '8.2'
           - '8.3'
+          - '8.4'
         db-platform:
           - MySQLi
           - OCI8
@@ -100,8 +99,6 @@ jobs:
           - php-version: '8.1'
             db-platform: MySQLi
             mysql-version: '5.7'
-          - php-version: '8.3'
-            composer-option: '--ignore-platform-req=php'
 
     uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-phpunit-test.yml # @TODO Extract to codeigniter4/.github repo
     with:
@@ -129,9 +126,7 @@ jobs:
           - '8.1'
           - '8.2'
           - '8.3'
-        include:
-          - php-version: '8.3'
-            composer-option: '--ignore-platform-req=php'
+          - '8.4'
 
     uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-phpunit-test.yml # @TODO Extract to codeigniter4/.github repo
     with:
@@ -157,9 +152,7 @@ jobs:
           - '8.1'
           - '8.2'
           - '8.3'
-        include:
-          - php-version: '8.3'
-            composer-option: '--ignore-platform-req=php'
+          - '8.4'
 
     uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-phpunit-test.yml # @TODO Extract to codeigniter4/.github repo
     with:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-psalm.yml b/.github/workflows/test-psalm.yml
index b1f5891a46d9..a2ad9668bd91 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-psalm.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-psalm.yml
@@ -27,8 +27,14 @@ jobs:
     if: (! contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[ci skip]'))
 
     steps:
+      - name: Checkout base branch for PR
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        with:
+          ref: ${{ github.base_ref }}
+
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       - name: Setup PHP
         uses: shivammathur/setup-php@v2
@@ -43,7 +49,7 @@ jobs:
         run: echo "COMPOSER_CACHE_FILES_DIR=$(composer config cache-files-dir)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
 
       - name: Cache composer dependencies
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        uses: actions/cache@v5
         with:
           path: ${{ env.COMPOSER_CACHE_FILES_DIR }}
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-composer-${{ hashFiles('**/composer.json') }}-${{ hashFiles('**/composer.lock') }}
@@ -53,19 +59,14 @@ jobs:
         run: mkdir -p build/psalm
 
       - name: Cache Psalm results
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        uses: actions/cache@v5
         with:
           path: build/psalm
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-psalm-${{ github.sha }}
           restore-keys: ${{ runner.os }}-psalm-
 
       - name: Install dependencies
-        run: |
-          if [ -f composer.lock ]; then
-            composer install --no-progress
-          else
-            composer update --no-progress
-          fi
+        run: composer update --ansi --no-interaction
 
       - name: Run Psalm analysis
         run: utils/vendor/bin/psalm
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-rector.yml b/.github/workflows/test-rector.yml
index 286ca76cab42..72bbf8198875 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-rector.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-rector.yml
@@ -45,10 +45,16 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        php-versions: ['8.1', '8.3']
+        php-versions: ['8.1', '8.4']
     steps:
+      - name: Checkout base branch for PR
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        with:
+          ref: ${{ github.base_ref }}
+
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       - name: Setup PHP
         uses: shivammathur/setup-php@v2
@@ -66,7 +72,7 @@ jobs:
         run: echo "COMPOSER_CACHE_FILES_DIR=$(composer config cache-files-dir)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
 
       - name: Cache dependencies
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        uses: actions/cache@v5
         with:
           path: ${{ env.COMPOSER_CACHE_FILES_DIR }}
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-composer-${{ hashFiles('**/composer.json') }}
@@ -76,7 +82,7 @@ jobs:
         run: composer update --ansi --no-interaction
 
       - name: Rector Cache
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        uses: actions/cache@v5
         with:
           path: /tmp/rector
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-rector-${{ github.run_id }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-scss.yml b/.github/workflows/test-scss.yml
index e93455d3a050..71ca99253872 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-scss.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-scss.yml
@@ -33,10 +33,10 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       - name: Setup Node
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v4.0.0
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v6.0.0
         with:
           # node version based on dart-sass test workflow
           node-version: 16
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-userguide.yml b/.github/workflows/test-userguide.yml
index f1e0d0bd60e6..0405af7cd6d7 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-userguide.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-userguide.yml
@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       - name: Setup Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+        uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
           python-version: '3.12'
 
diff --git a/.php-cs-fixer.dist.php b/.php-cs-fixer.dist.php
index a50b126db075..ad6ffacb8f0c 100644
--- a/.php-cs-fixer.dist.php
+++ b/.php-cs-fixer.dist.php
@@ -13,8 +13,6 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\CodingStandard\CodeIgniter4;
 use Nexus\CsConfig\Factory;
-use Nexus\CsConfig\Fixer\Comment\NoCodeSeparatorCommentFixer;
-use Nexus\CsConfig\FixerGenerator;
 use PhpCsFixer\Finder;
 
 $finder = Finder::create()
@@ -28,7 +26,6 @@
         'ThirdParty',
         'Validation/Views',
     ])
-    ->notName('#Foobar.php$#')
     ->append([
         __FILE__,
         __DIR__ . '/.php-cs-fixer.no-header.php',
@@ -42,16 +39,12 @@
 $overrides = [];
 
 $options = [
-    'cacheFile'    => 'build/.php-cs-fixer.cache',
-    'finder'       => $finder,
-    'customFixers' => FixerGenerator::create('utils/vendor/nexusphp/cs-config/src/Fixer', 'Nexus\\CsConfig\\Fixer'),
-    'customRules'  => [
-        NoCodeSeparatorCommentFixer::name() => true,
-    ],
+    'cacheFile' => 'build/.php-cs-fixer.cache',
+    'finder'    => $finder,
 ];
 
 return Factory::create(new CodeIgniter4(), $overrides, $options)->forLibrary(
     'CodeIgniter 4 framework',
     'CodeIgniter Foundation',
-    'admin@codeigniter.com'
+    'admin@codeigniter.com',
 );
diff --git a/.php-cs-fixer.tests.php b/.php-cs-fixer.tests.php
index 28a7124909e5..09ea5a62c55a 100644
--- a/.php-cs-fixer.tests.php
+++ b/.php-cs-fixer.tests.php
@@ -11,10 +11,11 @@
  * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
  */
 
-use PhpCsFixer\ConfigInterface;
+use PhpCsFixer\Config;
 use PhpCsFixer\Finder;
+use Utils\PhpCsFixer\CodeIgniterRuleCustomisationPolicy;
 
-/** @var ConfigInterface $config */
+/** @var Config $config */
 $config = require __DIR__ . '/.php-cs-fixer.dist.php';
 
 $finder = Finder::create()
@@ -26,14 +27,15 @@
         '_support/View/Cells/multiplier.php',
         '_support/View/Cells/colors.php',
         '_support/View/Cells/addition.php',
-    ])
-    ->notName('#Foobar.php$#');
+    ]);
 
 $overrides = [
-    'void_return' => true,
+    'phpdoc_to_return_type' => true,
+    'void_return'           => true,
 ];
 
 return $config
+    ->setRuleCustomisationPolicy(new CodeIgniterRuleCustomisationPolicy())
     ->setFinder($finder)
     ->setCacheFile('build/.php-cs-fixer.tests.cache')
     ->setRules(array_merge($config->getRules(), $overrides));
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 3d9867ef29c4..f1e51255081e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,5 +1,296 @@
 # Changelog
 
+## [v4.6.4](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/tree/v4.6.4) (2025-12-12)
+[Full Changelog](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/compare/v4.6.3...v4.6.4)
+
+### Fixed Bugs
+
+* fix: prevent non-shared DB instances from polluting shared cache by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9679
+* fix: `Connection::getFieldData()` default value convention for `SQLSRV` and `OCI8` by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9680
+* fix: `Forge::modifyColumn()` for Postgre handler by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9676
+* fix: setting `created_at` field in `Model::replace()` method by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9693
+* fix: Casting in insertBatch and updateBatch methods. by @patel-vansh in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9698
+* fix: `compileOrderBy()` method by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9697
+* fix: SQLite3 password handling for empty string by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9729
+* fix: TypeError in `valid_base64` rule when checking invalid base64 strings by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9733
+* fix: debug toolbar logs collector behavior on `isEmpty()` by @mjomble in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9724
+* fix: crash in `toggleViewsHints` - `debugDiv.appendChild` (`toolbar.js`) by @mjomble in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9735
+* fix: cannot read properties of null in `toggleViewsHints` (`toolbar.js`) by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9736
+* fix: type error in controlled cell by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9784
+* fix: handle resources and closures in JSON exception responses by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9788
+* fix: quote reserved keyword `timestamp` used as a field name for session table by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9805
+* fix: Add an IDs for toolbar form fields by @neznaika0 in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9823
+* fix: disable echo in the preload file by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9825
+* fix(cache): prevent Redis error when `deleteMatching()` finds no keys by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9829
+
+### Refactoring
+
+* refactor: change `$request` to `CLIRequest|IncomingRequest` in `ResponseTrait` by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9658
+* refactor: fix phpdoc and improve code in `Language` by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9656
+* refactor: remove redundant property declarations in `BaseController` by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9659
+* refactor: update `CheckPhpIni` code by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9672
+* refactor: Improve types for phpstan by @neznaika0 in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9685
+* refactor: fix phpstan issues on magic properties by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9728
+* refactor: use `superglobals` service in the `UserAgent` class by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9783
+
+## [v4.6.3](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/tree/v4.6.3) (2025-08-02)
+[Full Changelog](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/compare/v4.6.2...v4.6.3)
+
+### Fixed Bugs
+
+* fix: CID check in Email class by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9645
+* fix: SMTP connection resource validation in `Email` class destructor by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9648
+
+### Refactoring
+
+* refactor: update preload script to exclude `util_bootstrap` by @ddevsr in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9649
+* refactor: phpdoc for `Config\Filters::$globals` by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9652
+
+## [v4.6.2](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/tree/v4.6.2) (2025-07-26)
+[Full Changelog](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/compare/v4.6.1...v4.6.2)
+
+### Security
+
+* **ImageMagickHandler**: *Command Injection Vulnerability in ImageMagick Handler*
+    Fixes a vulnerability relating to uses of `ImageMagickHandler`'s `resize()` or `text()` methods
+    where an attacker can upload malicious filenames containing shell metacharacters that get executed when
+    the image is processed or when text is added to the image.
+
+    See the [security advisory](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/security/advisories/GHSA-9952-gv64-x94c)
+    for details. Credits to @vicevirus for reporting the issue.
+
+### Fixed Bugs
+
+* chore: add missing EscaperInterface to the AutoloadConfig by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9561
+* fix: remove service dependency from sanitize_filename() helper function by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9560
+* fix: use native PHP truthiness for condition evaluation in when()/whenNot() by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9576
+* fix: add error handling for corrupted cache files in `FileHandler` by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9586
+* fix: correct `getHostname()` fallback logic in `Email` class by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9587
+* fix: encapsulation violation in `BasePreparedQuery` class by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9603
+* fix: URI authority generation for schemes without default ports by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9605
+* fix: correct path parsing in `SiteURIFactory::parseRequestURI()` by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9613
+* fix: support for multibyte folder names when the app is served from a subfolder by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9615
+* fix: use correct 24-hour time format in development error page. by @ping-yee in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9628
+* fix: improve CURLRequest intermediate HTTP response handling by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9627
+* fix: ensure `make:test` works on Windows by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9635
+* fix: ensure `make:test` generates test files ending in `Test` by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9636
+* fix: `make:test` requires 3 inputs after entering an empty class name by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9637
+* fix: add filename parameters to inline Content-Disposition headers by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9638
+
+### Refactoring
+
+* refactor: add `system/util_bootstrap.php` to curb overreliance to `system/Test/bootstrap.php` by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9562
+* refactor: update places to use `system/util_bootstrap.php` by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9568
+* refactor: more accurate array PHPDocs of Cookie by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9569
+* refactor: use native phpdocs wherever possible by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9571
+* refactor: fix `notIdentical.alwaysTrue` error by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9579
+* refactor: fix phpstan errors in `Events` by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9580
+* refactor: fix non-booleans in if conditions by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9578
+* refactor: fix and micro-optimize code in `Format` by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9583
+* refactor: fix various phpstan errors in Log component by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9581
+* refactor: partial fix errors on Email by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9582
+* refactor: fix phpstan errors in `ResponseTrait` by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9591
+* refactor: precise PHPDocs for Autoloader by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9593
+* refactor: fix phpstan errors in mock classes by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9594
+* refactor: fix various phpstan errors in Cache by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9610
+* fix: apply rector rule TernaryImplodeToImplodeRector by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9614
+* refactor: `Console::showHeader()` call `date()` only once by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9616
+
+## [v4.6.1](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/tree/v4.6.1) (2025-05-02)
+[Full Changelog](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/compare/v4.6.0...v4.6.1)
+
+### Fixed Bugs
+
+* fix(CURLRequest): multiple header sections after redirects by @ducng99 in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9426
+* fix: set headers for CORS by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9437
+* fix: upsert with composite unique index by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9454
+* fix: `getVersion()` for OCI8 and SQLSRV drivers by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9471
+* fix: Toolbar when `maxHistory` is set to `0` by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9506
+* fix: `Session::markAsTempdata()` adding wrong TTL by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9536
+* fix: added "application/octet-stream" to the "stl" mime type in the M… by @Franky5831 in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9543
+
+### Refactoring
+
+* refactor: get upper first protocol only one call in Email by @ddevsr in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9449
+* refactor: PHPDocs in `env()` by @ddevsr in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9468
+* refactor: remove lowercase event name for logging by @ddevsr in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9483
+* refactor: OCI8 `limit()` method by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9472
+* refactor: deprecate redundant `FileHandler` cache methods by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9511
+* refactor: fix `variable.undefined` (and other) errors by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9513
+* refactor: fix `return.unusedType` errors by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9514
+* refactor: add `CITestStreamFilter` to phpstan-analysed list and fix errors by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9515
+* refactor: fix `property.protected` errors by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9517
+* refactor: fix `function.alreadyNarrowedType` errors by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9518
+* refactor: fix `empty.property` errors by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9519
+* refactor: import FQCNs by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9520
+* refactor: fix `isset.property` errors by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9522
+* refactor: fix `missingType.return` errors by @warcooft in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9523
+* refactor: fix `nullCoalesce.variable` errors by @warcooft in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9524
+* refactor: fix phpstan errors in `URI` and `SiteURI` by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9525
+* refactor: fix `@readonly` property errors by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9529
+* refactor: fix `missingType.return` errors in system files by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9530
+* refactor: fix `codeigniter.modelArgumentType` errors by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9533
+* refactor: fix `Session` and `SessionInterface` code by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9535
+
+## [v4.6.0](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/tree/v4.6.0) (2025-01-19)
+[Full Changelog](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/compare/v4.5.8...v4.6.0)
+
+### Breaking Changes
+
+* refactor: remove deprecated failValidationError() in API\ResponseTrait by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/8793
+* refactor: remove depreacted ResponseInterface::getReason() by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/8841
+* refactor: remove deprecated Logger::cleanFilenames() and TestLogger::cleanup() by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/8843
+* fix: Exception rework by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/8728
+* fix: DefinedRouteCollector to use RouteCollectionInterface by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/8911
+* fix: View::renderSection() return type by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/8965
+* feat: [Filters] enables a filter to run more than once with different arguments by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/8977
+* fix: add check for duplicate Registrar Auto-Discovery runs by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9073
+* fix: Time loses microseconds by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9081
+* feat: fix spark db:table causes errors with table name including special chars by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/8748
+* [4.6] fix: Time::createFromTimestamp() change for PHP 8.4 by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9105
+* fix: Time::setTimestamp()'s different behavior than DateTime by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9106
+* [4.6] fix: inconsistency in detailed error reporting by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9144
+* [4.6] feat: force PHP default 32 chars length at 4 bits to Session ID by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9139
+* fix: prioritize headers set by the `Response` class by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9235
+
+### Fixed Bugs
+
+* [4.6] fix: add validation message for min_dims by @christianberkman in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/8988
+* fix: [Filters] normalize `$filters` arguments by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/8994
+### Enhancements
+* feat: [FileCollection] add function to reatain multiple patterns by @christianberkman in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/8960
+* feat: [Validation] add `min_dims` rule in FileRules by @christianberkman in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/8966
+* feat: add `foundRows` option for MySQLi config by @ducng99 in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/8979
+* feat: `spark filter:check` shows filter classnames by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/8985
+* feat: add BaseConnection::resetTransStatus() by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/8767
+* feat: add Services::resetServicesCache() to reset services cache by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9012
+* feat: add "400 Bad Request" page for end users by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9044
+* feat: add directives to `phpini:check` command by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9117
+* feat: multiple hostname routing by @ddevsr in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9150
+* [4.6] feat: workaround for implicit nullable deprecations in PHP 8.4 by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9140
+* feat: support CURL HTTP3 by @ddevsr in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9145
+* feat: design info environment top in `error_exception` by @ddevsr in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9241
+* feat: [Validation] add support for `$dbGroup` as parameter in `is_unique` and `is_not_unique` by @maniaba in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9216
+* feat: added the `namespace` option to the `publish` command by @dimtrovich in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9278
+* chore: update `Kint` to v6.0 by @ddevsr in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9289
+* feat: CURL option `force_ip_resolve` by @ddevsr in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9194
+* feat: add SQLite3 config synchronous by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9202
+* feat: Differentiate between kilobyte/kibibyte and megabyte/mebibyte by @ThomasMeschke in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9277
+* feat: Strict locale negotiation by @neznaika0 in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9360
+* fix: Add support for multibyte strings by @neznaika0 in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9372
+* feat: add page start end total to `PagerRenderer` by @murilohpucci in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9371
+* feat: New command `lang:sync`  by @neznaika0 in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9023
+* feat: additional `opcache` setting in check php.ini by @ddevsr in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9032
+
+### Refactoring
+
+* [4.6] refactor: Validation rules and tests by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/8975
+* [4.6] refactor: add `: void` by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9013
+* refactor: remove dependency on BaseConnection in TableName by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9104
+* refactor: add return type to closuer in FilterCheck by @neznaika0 in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9190
+* refactor: Remove deprecated `RedirectException` by @neznaika0 in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9399
+* refactor: Remove deprecated `EVENT_PRIORITY_*` by @neznaika0 in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9401
+* refactor: Remove deprecated `View::$currentSection` by @neznaika0 in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9403
+* refactor: Remove deprecated `Cache::$storePath` by @neznaika0 in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9404
+* refactor: Remove deprecated `Config\Format::getFormatter()` by @neznaika0 in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9405
+* refactor: Remove deprecation related to cookies by @neznaika0 in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9406
+
+## [v4.5.8](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/tree/v4.5.8) (2025-01-19)
+[Full Changelog](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/compare/v4.5.7...v4.5.8)
+
+### Security
+
+* **HTTP** *Validation of header name and value*: Fixed a potential vulnerability on lack of proper header validation
+    for its name and value. See the [security advisory](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/security/advisories/GHSA-x5mq-jjr3-vmx6)
+    for more information. Credits to @neznaika0 for reporting.
+* **Security** fix: ensure csrf token is string by @datlechin in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9365
+
+### Fixed Bugs
+
+* fix: gather affected rows after query call failed by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9363
+
+### Refactoring
+
+* refactor: use more strict result check on preg_match_all() result by @samsonasik in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9361
+* refactor: Fix phpstan if.condNotBoolean by @neznaika0 in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9368
+* refactor: Fix phpstan when delete string key by @neznaika0 in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9369
+* refactor: Fix phpstan greaterOrEqual.invalid by @neznaika0 in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9370
+* refactor: Fix phpstan nullCoalesce by @neznaika0 in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9374
+* refactor: Fix phpstan isset offset by @neznaika0 in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9383
+* refactor: Fix phpstan return.missing by @neznaika0 in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9382
+* refactor: Fix phpstan booleanAnd.rightAlwaysTrue by @neznaika0 in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9367
+* refactor: Fix phpstan codeigniter.configArgumentInstanceof by @neznaika0 in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9390
+* refactor: Use `strtolower` with `str_contains`/`str_**_with` as replacement for `stripos` by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9414
+
+## [v4.5.7](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/tree/v4.5.7) (2024-12-31)
+[Full Changelog](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/compare/v4.5.6...v4.5.7)
+
+### Fixed Bugs
+
+* fix: handle namespaced helper found on Common helper by @samsonasik in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9354
+* fix: `Forge::dropColumn()` always returns `false` on SQLite3 driver by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9351
+
+### Refactoring
+
+* refactor: enable AddArrowFunctionReturnTypeRector by @samsonasik in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9343
+
+## [v4.5.6](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/tree/v4.5.6) (2024-12-28)
+[Full Changelog](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/compare/v4.5.5...v4.5.6)
+
+### Fixed Bugs
+
+* fix: auto_link() converts invalid strings like `://codeigniter.com` by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9180
+* fix: change session start log level by @element-code in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9221
+* fix: `getValidated()` when validation multiple asterisk by @ddevsr in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9220
+* fix: Parser - Equal key name replace conflict by @CosDiabos in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9246
+* fix: case-insensitivity in the `like()` method when in use with accented characters by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9238
+* fix: TypeError for routes when translateURIDashes is enabled by @maniaba in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9209
+* fix: `fetchGlobal()` with numeric key by @neznaika0 in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9251
+* fix: curl request crashes with params that give an int once hexed. by @ping-yee in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9198
+* docs: allow boolean values in the model for PHPStan by @ping-yee in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9276
+* fix: respect complex language strings when using validation by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9201
+* fix: `DownloadResponse` cache headers by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9237
+* docs: fix `@param` `ResponseInterface::setJSON()` also accepts objects by @JulianAtkins in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9287
+* fix: [CURLRequest] body contains "HTTP/1.0 200 Connection established" by @ping-yee in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9285
+* fix: `Postgre\Connection::reconnect()` `TypeError` in `pg_ping()` by @ping-yee in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9279
+* fix: primary key mapping in the model for the entity by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9307
+* fix: check if defined `WRITEPATH` exists by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9317
+* fix: handling binary data for prepared statement by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9337
+
+### Refactoring
+
+* refactor: enable TypedPropertyFromAssignsRector by @samsonasik in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9184
+* refactor: enable ClosureReturnTypeRector by @samsonasik in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9187
+* refactor: remove unnecessary `is_countable()` check in `getMethodParams()` by @datamweb in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9206
+* refactor: add more readonly property definitions on AutoRouteCollector and SiteURI by @samsonasik in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9210
+* refactor: starter key handling in SodiumHandler by @datamweb in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9207
+* refactor: enable rector code quality level 14 by @samsonasik in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9232
+* refactor: cleanup `DatabaseHandler::gc()` for session by @grimpirate in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9230
+* refactor: enable rector code quality level 15 by @samsonasik in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9243
+* refactor: enable SimplifyBoolIdenticalTrueRector by @samsonasik in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9244
+* refactor: enable FlipTypeControlToUseExclusiveTypeRector by @samsonasik in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9253
+* refactor: flip assert and actual value position on tests by @samsonasik in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9260
+* perf: Improve call as `service()` by @neznaika0 in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9248
+* refactor: use compare empty array on Forge on keys property by @samsonasik in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9267
+* refactor: Fix `phpstan` errors related to `Autoloader` by @neznaika0 in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9249
+* refactor: use `Superglobals` in setting 'REQUEST_METHOD' in `FeatureT… by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9294
+* refactor: use `baseURI` instead of `base_uri` by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9296
+* refactor: Apply code quality level 31 for rector by @samsonasik in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9303
+* refactor: rename `stdclass` to `stdClass` by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9312
+* refactor: fix `phpDoc.parseError` errors by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9313
+* refactor: fix `method.nameCase` errors by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9315
+* refactor: rename `controller` to `Controller` by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9314
+* refactor: fix implicit array creation by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9316
+* refactor: follow up implicit variable array by @ddevsr in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9319
+* refactor: split phpstan-baseline into smaller files by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9299
+* refactor: upgrade to use phpstan 2 and rector 2 by @samsonasik in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9322
+* refactor: fix `Forge::processIndexes()` for empty `$this->fields` by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9330
+* refactor: `Reflection*::setAccessible()` is now no-op in PHP 8.1 by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9331
+* refactor: add `@throws RedirectException` in `Controller::initController` by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9327
+* refactor: fix warning on new static usage by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9342
+* refactor: fix used void return type by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9341
+* refactor: enable instanceof and strictBooleans rector set by @samsonasik in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9339
+
 ## [v4.5.5](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/tree/v4.5.5) (2024-09-07)
 [Full Changelog](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/compare/v4.5.4...v4.5.5)
 
diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE
index 148e7f737ff6..24728f607f02 100644
--- a/LICENSE
+++ b/LICENSE
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 The MIT License (MIT)
 
 Copyright (c) 2014-2019 British Columbia Institute of Technology
-Copyright (c) 2019-2024 CodeIgniter Foundation
+Copyright (c) 2019-present CodeIgniter Foundation
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
diff --git a/admin/RELEASE.md b/admin/RELEASE.md
index 9ed91e55c183..697af85ff712 100644
--- a/admin/RELEASE.md
+++ b/admin/RELEASE.md
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 > Documentation guide based on the releases of `4.0.5` and `4.1.0` on January 31, 2021.
 >
 > Updated for `4.5.0` on April 7, 2024.
+> Updated for `4.6.0` on January 19, 2025.
 >
 > -MGatner, kenjis
 
@@ -33,10 +34,12 @@ git push upstream HEAD
 
 If you release a new minor version.
 
-* [ ] Create PR to merge `4.y` into `develop` and merge it
+* [ ] Create PR to merge `4.y` into `develop`:
+  * Title: `4.y.0 Merge code`
+  * Description: blank
 * [ ] Rename the current minor version (e.g., `4.5`) in Setting > Branches >
-  "Branch protection rules" to the next minor version. E.g. `4.5` → `4.6`
-* [ ] Delete the merged `4.y` branch (This closes all PRs to the branch)
+  "Branch protection rules" to the next minor version (e.g. `4.5` → `4.6`).
+* [ ] Delete the merged `4.y` branch (this closes all PRs to the branch).
 
 ## Preparation
 
@@ -60,7 +63,7 @@ Work off direct clones of the repos so the release branches persist for a time.
 
 ## Changelog
 
-When generating the changelog each Pull Request to be included must have one of
+When generating the changelog, each pull request to be included must have one of
 the following [labels](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/labels):
 - **bug** ... PRs that fix bugs
 - **enhancement** ... PRs to improve existing functionalities
@@ -72,11 +75,11 @@ PRs with breaking changes must have the following additional label:
 
 ### Generate Changelog
 
-To auto-generate, navigate to the
+To auto-generate the changelog, navigate to the
 [Releases](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/releases) page,
 click the "Draft a new release" button.
 
-* Tag: `v4.x.x` (Create new tag)
+* Choose a tag: `v4.x.x` (Create new tag: v4.x.x on publish)
 * Target: `develop`
 
 Click the "Generate release notes" button.
@@ -85,7 +88,7 @@ Check the resulting content. If there are items in the *Others* section which
 should be included in the changelog, add a label to the PR and regenerate
 the changelog.
 
-Copy the resulting content into **CHANGELOG.md** and adjust the format to match
+Copy the resulting contents into **CHANGELOG.md** and adjust the format to match
 the existing content.
 
 ## Process
@@ -95,23 +98,27 @@ the existing content.
 > been included with their PR, so this process assumes you will not be
 > generating much new content.
 
-* [ ] Merge any Security Advisory PRs in private forks
-* [ ] Replace **CHANGELOG.md** with the new version generated above
+* [ ] Merge any security advisory PRs in private forks.
+* [ ] Add the current version to **CHANGELOG.md** with the contents generated above.
 * [ ] Update **user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.x.x.rst**
   * Remove the section titles that have no items
 * [ ] Update **user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_4xx.rst**
-  * [ ] fill in the "All Changes" section, and add it to **upgrade_4xx.rst**
-    * git diff --name-status origin/master -- . ':!system' ':!tests' ':!user_guide_src'
-    * Note: `tests/` is not used for distribution repos. See `admin/starter/tests/`
+  * [ ] fill in the "All Changes" section using the following command, and add it to **upgrade_4xx.rst**:
+    ```
+    git diff --name-status origin/master -- . ':!.github/' ':!admin/' ':!system/' ':!tests/' \
+        ':!user_guide_src/' ':!utils/' ':!*.json' ':!*.xml' ':!*.dist' ':!rector.php' \
+        ':!phpstan*' ':!psalm*' ':!.php-cs-fixer.*' ':!LICENSE' ':!CHANGELOG.md'
+    ```
+    * Note: `tests/` is not used for distribution repos. See `admin/starter/tests/`.
   * [ ] Remove the section titles that have no items
-  * [ ] [Minor version only] Update the "from" version in the title. E.g., `from 4.3.x` → `from 4.3.8`
-* [ ] Run `php admin/prepare-release.php 4.x.x` and push to origin
+  * [ ] [Minor version only] Update the "from" version in the title, (e.g., `from 4.3.x` → `from 4.3.8`).
+* [ ] Run `php admin/prepare-release.php 4.x.x` and push to origin.
   * The above command does the following:
     * Create a new branch `release-4.x.x`
     * Update **system/CodeIgniter.php** with the new version number:
       `const CI_VERSION = '4.x.x';`
-    * Update **user_guide_src/source/conf.py** with the new `version = '4.x'` (if applicable)
-      and `release = '4.x.x'`
+    * Update **user_guide_src/source/conf.py** with the new `version = '4.x'` (if releasing
+      the minor version) and `release = '4.x.x'`.
     * Update **user_guide_src/source/changelogs/{version}.rst**
       * Set the date to format `Release Date: January 31, 2021`
     * Update **phpdoc.dist.xml** with the new `<title>CodeIgniter v4.x API</title>`
@@ -126,15 +133,17 @@ the existing content.
     Previous version: #xxxx
     Release Code: TODO
     New Changelog: TODO
-    ```
+
     (plus checklist)
-* [ ] Let all tests run, then review and merge the PR
+    ```
+
+* [ ] Let all tests run, then review and merge the PR.
 * [ ] Create a new PR from `develop` to `master`:
   * Title: `4.x.x Ready code`
   * Description: blank
 * [ ] Merge the PR and wait for all tests.
 * [ ] Create a new Release:
-  * Tag: `v4.x.x` (Create new tag)
+  * Choose a tag: `v4.x.x` (Create new tag: v4.x.x on publish)
   * Target: `master`
   * Title: `CodeIgniter 4.x.x`
   * Description:
@@ -167,31 +176,31 @@ the existing content.
     created when v4.3.8 was released.
 * [ ] Fast-forward `develop` branch to catch the merge commit from `master`
     ```console
-    git fetch origin
+    git fetch upstream
     git checkout develop
-    git merge origin/develop
-    git merge origin/master
-    git push origin HEAD
+    git merge upstream/develop
+    git merge upstream/master
+    git push upstream HEAD
     ```
 * [ ] Update the next minor version branch `4.y`:
     ```console
-    git fetch origin
-    git checkout 4.y
-    git merge origin/4.y
-    git merge origin/develop
-    git push origin HEAD
+    git fetch upstream
+    git switch 4.y
+    git merge upstream/4.y
+    git merge upstream/develop
+    git push upstream HEAD
     ```
 * [ ] [Minor version only] Create the new next minor version branch `4.z`:
     ```console
-    git fetch origin
+    git fetch upstream
     git switch develop
     git switch -c 4.z
-    git push origin HEAD
+    git push upstream HEAD
     ```
-* [ ] Request CVEs and Publish any Security Advisories that were resolved from private forks
-  (note: publishing is restricted to administrators):
+* [ ] Request CVEs and publish any security advisories that were resolved from private forks
+  (note: publishing is restricted to administrators).
 * [ ] Announce the release on the forums and Slack channel
-  (note: this forum is restricted to administrators):
+  (note: this forum is restricted to administrators).
   * Make a new topic in the "News & Discussion" forums:
     https://forum.codeigniter.com/forum-2.html
   * The content is somewhat organic, but should include any major features and
diff --git a/admin/create-new-changelog.php b/admin/create-new-changelog.php
index ff333f42693f..cc7f8359a570 100644
--- a/admin/create-new-changelog.php
+++ b/admin/create-new-changelog.php
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ function replace_file_content(string $path, string $pattern, string $replace): v
 replace_file_content(
     $changelogIndex,
     '/\.\. toctree::\n    :titlesonly:\n/u',
-    ".. toctree::\n    :titlesonly:\n\n    v{$version}"
+    ".. toctree::\n    :titlesonly:\n\n    v{$version}",
 );
 // Replace {version}
 $length    = mb_strlen("Version {$version}");
@@ -55,12 +55,12 @@ function replace_file_content(string $path, string $pattern, string $replace): v
 replace_file_content(
     $changelog,
     '/#################\nVersion {version}\n#################/u',
-    "{$underline}\nVersion {$version}\n{$underline}"
+    "{$underline}\nVersion {$version}\n{$underline}",
 );
 replace_file_content(
     $changelog,
     '/{version}/u',
-    "{$version}"
+    "{$version}",
 );
 
 // Copy upgrading
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ function replace_file_content(string $path, string $pattern, string $replace): v
 replace_file_content(
     $upgradingIndex,
     '/    backward_compatibility_notes\n/u',
-    "    backward_compatibility_notes\n\n    upgrade_{$versionWithoutDots}"
+    "    backward_compatibility_notes\n\n    upgrade_{$versionWithoutDots}",
 );
 // Replace {version}
 $length    = mb_strlen("Upgrading from {$versionCurrent} to {$version}");
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ function replace_file_content(string $path, string $pattern, string $replace): v
 replace_file_content(
     $upgrading,
     '/##############################\nUpgrading from {version} to {version}\n##############################/u',
-    "{$underline}\nUpgrading from {$versionCurrent} to {$version}\n{$underline}"
+    "{$underline}\nUpgrading from {$versionCurrent} to {$version}\n{$underline}",
 );
 
 // Commits
diff --git a/admin/css/debug-toolbar/toolbar.scss b/admin/css/debug-toolbar/toolbar.scss
index eec3d25546e3..65f4b802e22c 100644
--- a/admin/css/debug-toolbar/toolbar.scss
+++ b/admin/css/debug-toolbar/toolbar.scss
@@ -457,6 +457,31 @@
     }
 }
 
+@media screen and (max-width: 768px) {
+    #debug-bar {
+      table {
+        display: block;
+        overflow-x: auto;
+        font-size: 12px;
+        margin: 5px 5px 10px 5px;
+  
+        td,
+        th {
+          padding: 4px 6px;
+        }
+      }
+  
+      .timeline {
+        display: block;
+        white-space: nowrap;
+        font-size: 12px;
+      }
+  
+      .toolbar {
+        overflow-x: auto;
+      }
+    }
+  }
 
 // THEMES
 // ========================================================================== */
diff --git a/admin/framework/.gitignore b/admin/framework/.gitignore
index 8071bd3d07f8..87e86b93bd42 100644
--- a/admin/framework/.gitignore
+++ b/admin/framework/.gitignore
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ writable/uploads/*
 !writable/uploads/index.html
 
 writable/debugbar/*
-!writable/debugbar/.gitkeep
+!writable/debugbar/index.html
 
 php_errors.log
 
@@ -100,15 +100,15 @@ _modules/*
 .idea/
 *.iml
 
-# Netbeans
-nbproject/
-build/
-nbbuild/
-dist/
-nbdist/
-nbactions.xml
-nb-configuration.xml
-.nb-gradle/
+# NetBeans
+/nbproject/
+/build/
+/nbbuild/
+/dist/
+/nbdist/
+/nbactions.xml
+/nb-configuration.xml
+/.nb-gradle/
 
 # Sublime Text
 *.tmlanguage.cache
diff --git a/admin/framework/composer.json b/admin/framework/composer.json
index 79fc5c282e50..7a6e1c58a1e1 100644
--- a/admin/framework/composer.json
+++ b/admin/framework/composer.json
@@ -13,18 +13,18 @@
         "php": "^8.1",
         "ext-intl": "*",
         "ext-mbstring": "*",
-        "laminas/laminas-escaper": "^2.13",
+        "laminas/laminas-escaper": "^2.17",
         "psr/log": "^3.0"
     },
     "require-dev": {
         "codeigniter/coding-standard": "^1.7",
-        "fakerphp/faker": "^1.9",
+        "fakerphp/faker": "^1.24",
         "friendsofphp/php-cs-fixer": "^3.47.1",
-        "kint-php/kint": "^5.0.4",
-        "mikey179/vfsstream": "^1.6",
+        "kint-php/kint": "^6.1",
+        "mikey179/vfsstream": "^1.6.12",
         "nexusphp/cs-config": "^3.6",
         "phpunit/phpunit": "^10.5.16 || ^11.2",
-        "predis/predis": "^1.1 || ^2.0"
+        "predis/predis": "^3.0"
     },
     "suggest": {
         "ext-curl": "If you use CURLRequest class",
diff --git a/admin/prepare-release.php b/admin/prepare-release.php
index c0dcab6866ce..5d66a43b8c86 100644
--- a/admin/prepare-release.php
+++ b/admin/prepare-release.php
@@ -33,31 +33,31 @@ function replace_file_content(string $path, string $pattern, string $replace): v
 replace_file_content(
     './system/CodeIgniter.php',
     '/public const CI_VERSION = \'.*?\';/u',
-    "public const CI_VERSION = '{$version}';"
+    "public const CI_VERSION = '{$version}';",
 );
 
 // Updates version number in "conf.py".
 replace_file_content(
     './user_guide_src/source/conf.py',
     '/^version = \'.*?\'/mu',
-    "version = '{$minor}'"
+    "version = '{$minor}'",
 );
 replace_file_content(
     './user_guide_src/source/conf.py',
     '/^release = \'.*?\'/mu',
-    "release = '{$version}'"
+    "release = '{$version}'",
 );
 
 // Updates version number in "phpdoc.dist.xml".
 replace_file_content(
     './phpdoc.dist.xml',
     '!<title>CodeIgniter v.*? API</title>!mu',
-    "<title>CodeIgniter v{$minor} API</title>"
+    "<title>CodeIgniter v{$minor} API</title>",
 );
 replace_file_content(
     './phpdoc.dist.xml',
     '/<version number=".*?">/mu',
-    "<version number=\"{$version}\">"
+    "<version number=\"{$version}\">",
 );
 
 // Updates release date in changelogs.
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ function replace_file_content(string $path, string $pattern, string $replace): v
 replace_file_content(
     "./user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v{$version}.rst",
     '/^Release Date: .*/mu',
-    "Release Date: {$date}"
+    "Release Date: {$date}",
 );
 
 // Commits
diff --git a/admin/starter/.gitignore b/admin/starter/.gitignore
index 8071bd3d07f8..87e86b93bd42 100644
--- a/admin/starter/.gitignore
+++ b/admin/starter/.gitignore
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ writable/uploads/*
 !writable/uploads/index.html
 
 writable/debugbar/*
-!writable/debugbar/.gitkeep
+!writable/debugbar/index.html
 
 php_errors.log
 
@@ -100,15 +100,15 @@ _modules/*
 .idea/
 *.iml
 
-# Netbeans
-nbproject/
-build/
-nbbuild/
-dist/
-nbdist/
-nbactions.xml
-nb-configuration.xml
-.nb-gradle/
+# NetBeans
+/nbproject/
+/build/
+/nbbuild/
+/dist/
+/nbdist/
+/nbactions.xml
+/nb-configuration.xml
+/.nb-gradle/
 
 # Sublime Text
 *.tmlanguage.cache
diff --git a/admin/starter/app/Config/Paths.php b/admin/starter/app/Config/Paths.php
index d0035fbcfb9b..39a902029882 100644
--- a/admin/starter/app/Config/Paths.php
+++ b/admin/starter/app/Config/Paths.php
@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@
  * share a system folder between multiple applications, and more.
  *
  * All paths are relative to the project's root folder.
+ *
+ * NOTE: This class is required prior to Autoloader instantiation,
+ *       and does not extend BaseConfig.
  */
 class Paths
 {
diff --git a/admin/starter/tests/_support/Libraries/ConfigReader.php b/admin/starter/tests/_support/Libraries/ConfigReader.php
index 40d057acbe22..0bb4a8fcf598 100644
--- a/admin/starter/tests/_support/Libraries/ConfigReader.php
+++ b/admin/starter/tests/_support/Libraries/ConfigReader.php
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 namespace Tests\Support\Libraries;
 
+use Config\App;
+
 /**
  * Class ConfigReader
  *
@@ -9,7 +11,7 @@
  * loading external values. Used to read actual local values from
  * a config file.
  */
-class ConfigReader extends \Config\App
+class ConfigReader extends App
 {
     public function __construct()
     {
diff --git a/admin/starter/tests/unit/HealthTest.php b/admin/starter/tests/unit/HealthTest.php
index f6a5a804802f..b3e480f4b0bf 100644
--- a/admin/starter/tests/unit/HealthTest.php
+++ b/admin/starter/tests/unit/HealthTest.php
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ public function testBaseUrlHasBeenSet(): void
             $config = new App();
             $this->assertTrue(
                 $validation->check($config->baseURL, 'valid_url'),
-                'baseURL "' . $config->baseURL . '" in .env is not valid URL'
+                'baseURL "' . $config->baseURL . '" in .env is not valid URL',
             );
         }
 
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ public function testBaseUrlHasBeenSet(): void
         // BaseURL in app/Config/App.php is a valid URL?
         $this->assertTrue(
             $validation->check($reader->baseURL, 'valid_url'),
-            'baseURL "' . $reader->baseURL . '" in app/Config/App.php is not valid URL'
+            'baseURL "' . $reader->baseURL . '" in app/Config/App.php is not valid URL',
         );
     }
 }
diff --git a/app/Config/Autoload.php b/app/Config/Autoload.php
index 76cd9263556e..9a928241a0eb 100644
--- a/app/Config/Autoload.php
+++ b/app/Config/Autoload.php
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
  *
  * NOTE: This class is required prior to Autoloader instantiation,
  *       and does not extend BaseConfig.
- *
- * @immutable
  */
 class Autoload extends AutoloadConfig
 {
diff --git a/app/Config/Cache.php b/app/Config/Cache.php
index 3fbade6840cc..1169c95ff7ee 100644
--- a/app/Config/Cache.php
+++ b/app/Config/Cache.php
@@ -34,18 +34,6 @@ class Cache extends BaseConfig
      */
     public string $backupHandler = 'dummy';
 
-    /**
-     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
-     * Cache Directory Path
-     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
-     *
-     * The path to where cache files should be stored, if using a file-based
-     * system.
-     *
-     * @deprecated Use the driver-specific variant under $file
-     */
-    public string $storePath = WRITEPATH . 'cache/';
-
     /**
      * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
      * Key Prefix
@@ -86,10 +74,11 @@ class Cache extends BaseConfig
      * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
      * File settings
      * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
      * Your file storage preferences can be specified below, if you are using
      * the File driver.
      *
-     * @var array<string, int|string|null>
+     * @var array{storePath?: string, mode?: int}
      */
     public array $file = [
         'storePath' => WRITEPATH . 'cache/',
@@ -100,12 +89,13 @@ class Cache extends BaseConfig
      * -------------------------------------------------------------------------
      * Memcached settings
      * -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
      * Your Memcached servers can be specified below, if you are using
      * the Memcached drivers.
      *
      * @see https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/caching.html#memcached
      *
-     * @var array<string, bool|int|string>
+     * @var array{host?: string, port?: int, weight?: int, raw?: bool}
      */
     public array $memcached = [
         'host'   => '127.0.0.1',
@@ -118,10 +108,11 @@ class Cache extends BaseConfig
      * -------------------------------------------------------------------------
      * Redis settings
      * -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
      * Your Redis server can be specified below, if you are using
      * the Redis or Predis drivers.
      *
-     * @var array<string, int|string|null>
+     * @var array{host?: string, password?: string|null, port?: int, timeout?: int, database?: int}
      */
     public array $redis = [
         'host'     => '127.0.0.1',
diff --git a/app/Config/Constants.php b/app/Config/Constants.php
index 47b92f832935..fb56bb1c5b03 100644
--- a/app/Config/Constants.php
+++ b/app/Config/Constants.php
@@ -77,18 +77,3 @@
 defined('EXIT_DATABASE')       || define('EXIT_DATABASE', 8);       // database error
 defined('EXIT__AUTO_MIN')      || define('EXIT__AUTO_MIN', 9);      // lowest automatically-assigned error code
 defined('EXIT__AUTO_MAX')      || define('EXIT__AUTO_MAX', 125);    // highest automatically-assigned error code
-
-/**
- * @deprecated Use \CodeIgniter\Events\Events::PRIORITY_LOW instead.
- */
-define('EVENT_PRIORITY_LOW', 200);
-
-/**
- * @deprecated Use \CodeIgniter\Events\Events::PRIORITY_NORMAL instead.
- */
-define('EVENT_PRIORITY_NORMAL', 100);
-
-/**
- * @deprecated Use \CodeIgniter\Events\Events::PRIORITY_HIGH instead.
- */
-define('EVENT_PRIORITY_HIGH', 10);
diff --git a/app/Config/Cookie.php b/app/Config/Cookie.php
index 84ccc0e99d80..3bad184797ce 100644
--- a/app/Config/Cookie.php
+++ b/app/Config/Cookie.php
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ class Cookie extends BaseConfig
      * (empty string) means default SameSite attribute set by browsers (`Lax`)
      * will be set on cookies. If set to `None`, `$secure` must also be set.
      *
-     * @phpstan-var 'None'|'Lax'|'Strict'|''
+     * @var ''|'Lax'|'None'|'Strict'
      */
     public string $samesite = 'Lax';
 
diff --git a/app/Config/Database.php b/app/Config/Database.php
index 7a1fd21e8d10..d7939bc26f9e 100644
--- a/app/Config/Database.php
+++ b/app/Config/Database.php
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ class Database extends Config
         'failover'     => [],
         'port'         => 3306,
         'numberNative' => false,
+        'foundRows'    => false,
         'dateFormat'   => [
             'date'     => 'Y-m-d',
             'datetime' => 'Y-m-d H:i:s',
@@ -64,6 +65,7 @@ class Database extends Config
     //        'failover'    => [],
     //        'foreignKeys' => true,
     //        'busyTimeout' => 1000,
+    //        'synchronous' => null,
     //        'dateFormat'  => [
     //            'date'     => 'Y-m-d',
     //            'datetime' => 'Y-m-d H:i:s',
@@ -180,6 +182,7 @@ class Database extends Config
         'port'        => 3306,
         'foreignKeys' => true,
         'busyTimeout' => 1000,
+        'synchronous' => null,
         'dateFormat'  => [
             'date'     => 'Y-m-d',
             'datetime' => 'Y-m-d H:i:s',
diff --git a/app/Config/DocTypes.php b/app/Config/DocTypes.php
index 7e8aaacf09dd..788d68fdc117 100644
--- a/app/Config/DocTypes.php
+++ b/app/Config/DocTypes.php
@@ -2,9 +2,6 @@
 
 namespace Config;
 
-/**
- * @immutable
- */
 class DocTypes
 {
     /**
diff --git a/app/Config/Feature.php b/app/Config/Feature.php
index efd4a0b20ae8..ec1435af413f 100644
--- a/app/Config/Feature.php
+++ b/app/Config/Feature.php
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@
 class Feature extends BaseConfig
 {
     /**
-     * Use improved new auto routing instead of the default legacy version.
+     * Use improved new auto routing instead of the legacy version.
      */
-    public bool $autoRoutesImproved = false;
+    public bool $autoRoutesImproved = true;
 
     /**
      * Use filter execution order in 4.4 or before.
@@ -26,4 +26,12 @@ class Feature extends BaseConfig
      * If false, `limit(0)` returns no records. (the behavior of 3.1.9 or later in version 3.x.)
      */
     public bool $limitZeroAsAll = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Use strict location negotiation.
+     *
+     * By default, the locale is selected based on a loose comparison of the language code (ISO 639-1)
+     * Enabling strict comparison will also consider the region code (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2).
+     */
+    public bool $strictLocaleNegotiation = false;
 }
diff --git a/app/Config/Filters.php b/app/Config/Filters.php
index eb46a1d7cee8..9c83ae94e55c 100644
--- a/app/Config/Filters.php
+++ b/app/Config/Filters.php
@@ -65,7 +65,10 @@ class Filters extends BaseFilters
      * List of filter aliases that are always
      * applied before and after every request.
      *
-     * @var array<string, array<string, array<string, string>>>|array<string, list<string>>
+     * @var array{
+     *     before: array<string, array{except: list<string>|string}>|list<string>,
+     *     after: array<string, array{except: list<string>|string}>|list<string>
+     * }
      */
     public array $globals = [
         'before' => [
diff --git a/app/Config/Format.php b/app/Config/Format.php
index 2838f55ef0d9..0d334d72b3fb 100644
--- a/app/Config/Format.php
+++ b/app/Config/Format.php
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 namespace Config;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
-use CodeIgniter\Format\FormatterInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\Format\JSONFormatter;
 use CodeIgniter\Format\XMLFormatter;
 
@@ -62,16 +61,4 @@ class Format extends BaseConfig
         'application/xml'  => 0,
         'text/xml'         => 0,
     ];
-
-    /**
-     * A Factory method to return the appropriate formatter for the given mime type.
-     *
-     * @return FormatterInterface
-     *
-     * @deprecated This is an alias of `\CodeIgniter\Format\Format::getFormatter`. Use that instead.
-     */
-    public function getFormatter(string $mime)
-    {
-        return service('format')->getFormatter($mime);
-    }
 }
diff --git a/app/Config/Kint.php b/app/Config/Kint.php
index d07078270145..931ad47f5fe4 100644
--- a/app/Config/Kint.php
+++ b/app/Config/Kint.php
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 namespace Config;
 
 use Kint\Parser\ConstructablePluginInterface;
-use Kint\Renderer\AbstractRenderer;
 use Kint\Renderer\Rich\TabPluginInterface;
 use Kint\Renderer\Rich\ValuePluginInterface;
 
@@ -41,7 +40,6 @@ class Kint
     */
     public string $richTheme = 'aante-light.css';
     public bool $richFolder  = false;
-    public int $richSort     = AbstractRenderer::SORT_FULL;
 
     /**
      * @var array<string, class-string<ValuePluginInterface>>|null
diff --git a/app/Config/Logger.php b/app/Config/Logger.php
index ab6997e52fb9..799dc2c39080 100644
--- a/app/Config/Logger.php
+++ b/app/Config/Logger.php
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
 use CodeIgniter\Log\Handlers\FileHandler;
+use CodeIgniter\Log\Handlers\HandlerInterface;
 
 class Logger extends BaseConfig
 {
@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ class Logger extends BaseConfig
      * Handlers are executed in the order defined in this array, starting with
      * the handler on top and continuing down.
      *
-     * @var array<class-string, array<string, int|list<string>|string>>
+     * @var array<class-string<HandlerInterface>, array<string, int|list<string>|string>>
      */
     public array $handlers = [
         /*
diff --git a/app/Config/Mimes.php b/app/Config/Mimes.php
index 7722444abe7b..c2db7340cd7e 100644
--- a/app/Config/Mimes.php
+++ b/app/Config/Mimes.php
@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@
 namespace Config;
 
 /**
- * Mimes
- *
  * This file contains an array of mime types.  It is used by the
  * Upload class to help identify allowed file types.
  *
@@ -15,8 +13,6 @@
  *
  * When working with mime types, please make sure you have the ´fileinfo´
  * extension enabled to reliably detect the media types.
- *
- * @immutable
  */
 class Mimes
 {
@@ -482,6 +478,8 @@ class Mimes
             'application/sla',
             'application/vnd.ms-pki.stl',
             'application/x-navistyle',
+            'model/stl',
+            'application/octet-stream',
         ],
     ];
 
diff --git a/app/Config/Modules.php b/app/Config/Modules.php
index 8d4bf56544b0..9e03fa491260 100644
--- a/app/Config/Modules.php
+++ b/app/Config/Modules.php
@@ -9,8 +9,6 @@
  *
  * NOTE: This class is required prior to Autoloader instantiation,
  *       and does not extend BaseConfig.
- *
- * @immutable
  */
 class Modules extends BaseModules
 {
diff --git a/app/Config/Optimize.php b/app/Config/Optimize.php
index 6fb441fd2288..481e645f57b2 100644
--- a/app/Config/Optimize.php
+++ b/app/Config/Optimize.php
@@ -7,8 +7,6 @@
  *
  * NOTE: This class does not extend BaseConfig for performance reasons.
  *       So you cannot replace the property values with Environment Variables.
- *
- * @immutable
  */
 class Optimize
 {
diff --git a/app/Config/Paths.php b/app/Config/Paths.php
index 262c745ffa95..3dc9c5d93951 100644
--- a/app/Config/Paths.php
+++ b/app/Config/Paths.php
@@ -15,8 +15,6 @@
  *
  * NOTE: This class is required prior to Autoloader instantiation,
  *       and does not extend BaseConfig.
- *
- * @immutable
  */
 class Paths
 {
diff --git a/app/Config/Routing.php b/app/Config/Routing.php
index 7abadc7b76f0..3005543a9e79 100644
--- a/app/Config/Routing.php
+++ b/app/Config/Routing.php
@@ -136,5 +136,5 @@ class Routing extends BaseRouting
      *
      * Default: false
      */
-    public bool $translateUriToCamelCase = false;
+    public bool $translateUriToCamelCase = true;
 }
diff --git a/app/Config/Security.php b/app/Config/Security.php
index 0858b9bbb257..635f8b77b9b7 100644
--- a/app/Config/Security.php
+++ b/app/Config/Security.php
@@ -83,21 +83,4 @@ class Security extends BaseConfig
      * @see https://codeigniter4.github.io/userguide/libraries/security.html#redirection-on-failure
      */
     public bool $redirect = (ENVIRONMENT === 'production');
-
-    /**
-     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
-     * CSRF SameSite
-     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
-     *
-     * Setting for CSRF SameSite cookie token.
-     *
-     * Allowed values are: None - Lax - Strict - ''.
-     *
-     * Defaults to `Lax` as recommended in this link:
-     *
-     * @see https://portswigger.net/web-security/csrf/samesite-cookies
-     *
-     * @deprecated `Config\Cookie` $samesite property is used.
-     */
-    public string $samesite = 'Lax';
 }
diff --git a/app/Controllers/BaseController.php b/app/Controllers/BaseController.php
index 689405bdf314..ab45a7710be9 100644
--- a/app/Controllers/BaseController.php
+++ b/app/Controllers/BaseController.php
@@ -3,44 +3,28 @@
 namespace App\Controllers;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Controller;
-use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CLIRequest;
-use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
 use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
 
 /**
- * Class BaseController
- *
  * BaseController provides a convenient place for loading components
  * and performing functions that are needed by all your controllers.
+ *
  * Extend this class in any new controllers:
+ * ```
  *     class Home extends BaseController
+ * ```
  *
- * For security be sure to declare any new methods as protected or private.
+ * For security, be sure to declare any new methods as protected or private.
  */
 abstract class BaseController extends Controller
 {
-    /**
-     * Instance of the main Request object.
-     *
-     * @var CLIRequest|IncomingRequest
-     */
-    protected $request;
-
-    /**
-     * An array of helpers to be loaded automatically upon
-     * class instantiation. These helpers will be available
-     * to all other controllers that extend BaseController.
-     *
-     * @var list<string>
-     */
-    protected $helpers = [];
-
     /**
      * Be sure to declare properties for any property fetch you initialized.
      * The creation of dynamic property is deprecated in PHP 8.2.
      */
+
     // protected $session;
 
     /**
@@ -48,11 +32,14 @@ abstract class BaseController extends Controller
      */
     public function initController(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, LoggerInterface $logger)
     {
-        // Do Not Edit This Line
+        // Load here all helpers you want to be available in your controllers that extend BaseController.
+        // Caution: Do not put the this below the parent::initController() call below.
+        // $this->helpers = ['form', 'url'];
+
+        // Caution: Do not edit this line.
         parent::initController($request, $response, $logger);
 
         // Preload any models, libraries, etc, here.
-
-        // E.g.: $this->session = service('session');
+        // $this->session = service('session');
     }
 }
diff --git a/app/Views/errors/cli/error_exception.php b/app/Views/errors/cli/error_exception.php
index 9f47d25141d2..624f3b5b0600 100644
--- a/app/Views/errors/cli/error_exception.php
+++ b/app/Views/errors/cli/error_exception.php
@@ -50,9 +50,9 @@
             $function .= $padClass . $error['function'];
         }
 
-        $args = implode(', ', array_map(static fn ($value) => match (true) {
+        $args = implode(', ', array_map(static fn ($value): string => match (true) {
             is_object($value) => 'Object(' . $value::class . ')',
-            is_array($value)  => count($value) ? '[...]' : '[]',
+            is_array($value)  => $value !== [] ? '[...]' : '[]',
             $value === null   => 'null', // return the lowercased version
             default           => var_export($value, true),
         }, array_values($error['args'] ?? [])));
diff --git a/app/Views/errors/html/debug.css b/app/Views/errors/html/debug.css
index 6a050c8bb462..b8539a420221 100644
--- a/app/Views/errors/html/debug.css
+++ b/app/Views/errors/html/debug.css
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
     --main-text-color: #555;
     --dark-text-color: #222;
     --light-text-color: #c7c7c7;
-    --brand-primary-color: #E06E3F;
+    --brand-primary-color: #DC4814;
     --light-bg-color: #ededee;
     --dark-bg-color: #404040;
 }
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ p.lead {
 .header {
     background: var(--light-bg-color);
     color: var(--dark-text-color);
+    margin-top: 2.17rem;
 }
 .header .container {
     padding: 1rem;
@@ -65,10 +66,13 @@ p.lead {
 }
 
 .environment {
-    background: var(--dark-bg-color);
-    color: var(--light-text-color);
+    background: var(--brand-primary-color);
+    color: var(--main-bg-color);
     text-align: center;
-    padding: 0.2rem;
+    padding: calc(4px + 0.2083vw);
+    width: 100%;
+    top: 0;
+    position: fixed;
 }
 
 .source {
diff --git a/app/Views/errors/html/error_400.php b/app/Views/errors/html/error_400.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..555da042be30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Views/errors/html/error_400.php
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <title><?= lang('Errors.badRequest') ?></title>
+
+    <style>
+        div.logo {
+            height: 200px;
+            width: 155px;
+            display: inline-block;
+            opacity: 0.08;
+            position: absolute;
+            top: 2rem;
+            left: 50%;
+            margin-left: -73px;
+        }
+        body {
+            height: 100%;
+            background: #fafafa;
+            font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+            color: #777;
+            font-weight: 300;
+        }
+        h1 {
+            font-weight: lighter;
+            letter-spacing: normal;
+            font-size: 3rem;
+            margin-top: 0;
+            margin-bottom: 0;
+            color: #222;
+        }
+        .wrap {
+            max-width: 1024px;
+            margin: 5rem auto;
+            padding: 2rem;
+            background: #fff;
+            text-align: center;
+            border: 1px solid #efefef;
+            border-radius: 0.5rem;
+            position: relative;
+        }
+        pre {
+            white-space: normal;
+            margin-top: 1.5rem;
+        }
+        code {
+            background: #fafafa;
+            border: 1px solid #efefef;
+            padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
+            border-radius: 5px;
+            display: block;
+        }
+        p {
+            margin-top: 1.5rem;
+        }
+        .footer {
+            margin-top: 2rem;
+            border-top: 1px solid #efefef;
+            padding: 1em 2em 0 2em;
+            font-size: 85%;
+            color: #999;
+        }
+        a:active,
+        a:link,
+        a:visited {
+            color: #dd4814;
+        }
+    </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+<div class="wrap">
+    <h1>400</h1>
+
+    <p>
+        <?php if (ENVIRONMENT !== 'production') : ?>
+            <?= nl2br(esc($message)) ?>
+        <?php else : ?>
+            <?= lang('Errors.sorryBadRequest') ?>
+        <?php endif; ?>
+    </p>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/app/Views/errors/html/error_exception.php b/app/Views/errors/html/error_exception.php
index d5e0c2ec7ee0..2c4e00911365 100644
--- a/app/Views/errors/html/error_exception.php
+++ b/app/Views/errors/html/error_exception.php
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
     <!-- Header -->
     <div class="header">
         <div class="environment">
-            Displayed at <?= esc(date('H:i:sa')) ?> &mdash;
+            Displayed at <?= esc(date('H:i:s')) ?> &mdash;
             PHP: <?= esc(PHP_VERSION) ?>  &mdash;
             CodeIgniter: <?= esc(CodeIgniter::CI_VERSION) ?> --
             Environment: <?= ENVIRONMENT ?>
diff --git a/composer.json b/composer.json
index af7aa5484c9a..4e2da479b0a4 100644
--- a/composer.json
+++ b/composer.json
@@ -13,22 +13,23 @@
         "php": "^8.1",
         "ext-intl": "*",
         "ext-mbstring": "*",
-        "laminas/laminas-escaper": "^2.13",
+        "laminas/laminas-escaper": "^2.17",
         "psr/log": "^3.0"
     },
     "require-dev": {
-        "codeigniter/phpstan-codeigniter": "^1.4",
-        "fakerphp/faker": "^1.9",
-        "kint-php/kint": "^5.0.4",
-        "mikey179/vfsstream": "^1.6",
+        "codeigniter/phpstan-codeigniter": "1.x-dev",
+        "fakerphp/faker": "^1.24",
+        "kint-php/kint": "^6.1",
+        "mikey179/vfsstream": "^1.6.12",
         "nexusphp/tachycardia": "^2.0",
         "phpstan/extension-installer": "^1.4",
-        "phpstan/phpstan": "^1.11",
-        "phpstan/phpstan-strict-rules": "^1.6",
+        "phpstan/phpstan": "^2.0",
+        "phpstan/phpstan-strict-rules": "^2.0",
         "phpunit/phpcov": "^9.0.2 || ^10.0",
         "phpunit/phpunit": "^10.5.16 || ^11.2",
-        "predis/predis": "^1.1 || ^2.0",
-        "rector/rector": "1.2.10"
+        "predis/predis": "^3.0",
+        "rector/rector": "2.3.0",
+        "shipmonk/phpstan-baseline-per-identifier": "^2.0"
     },
     "replace": {
         "codeigniter4/framework": "self.version"
@@ -80,7 +81,7 @@
     },
     "extra": {
         "branch-alias": {
-            "dev-develop": "4.x-dev"
+            "dev-*": "4.6.x-dev"
         }
     },
     "scripts": {
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@
             "CodeIgniter\\ComposerScripts::postUpdate"
         ],
         "post-autoload-dump": [
-            "@composer update --working-dir=utils"
+            "@composer update --ansi --working-dir=utils"
         ],
         "analyze": [
             "Composer\\Config::disableProcessTimeout",
@@ -110,7 +111,10 @@
             "utils/vendor/bin/php-cs-fixer fix --ansi --verbose --diff"
         ],
         "metrics": "utils/vendor/bin/phpmetrics --config=phpmetrics.json",
-        "phpstan:baseline": "vendor/bin/phpstan analyse --ansi --generate-baseline=phpstan-baseline.php",
+        "phpstan:baseline": [
+            "phpstan analyse --ansi --generate-baseline=utils/phpstan-baseline/loader.neon",
+            "split-phpstan-baseline utils/phpstan-baseline/loader.neon"
+        ],
         "phpstan:check": "vendor/bin/phpstan analyse --verbose --ansi",
         "sa": "@analyze",
         "style": "@cs-fix",
diff --git a/contributing/pull_request.md b/contributing/pull_request.md
index 8e3b5ed9f419..b5db40417873 100644
--- a/contributing/pull_request.md
+++ b/contributing/pull_request.md
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ implementation comments to explain potentially confusing sections of
 code, and documentation comments before each public or protected
 class/interface/trait, method, and variable.
 
-Do not add PHPDoc comments that are superficial, duplicated, or stating the obvious.
+Do not add PHPDoc comments that are superficial, duplicated, or stating the obvious. It is not recommended to reuse comments if the parent class or interface already contains a description of the child element.
 
 See the following for more information.
 
diff --git a/contributing/styleguide.md b/contributing/styleguide.md
index 95e68bb37ddb..1d57aa698358 100644
--- a/contributing/styleguide.md
+++ b/contributing/styleguide.md
@@ -241,6 +241,7 @@ of the classes they declare.
 - */
   public function analyse(string $data): void {};
 ```
+- SHOULD NOT duplicate comments from the parent class or interface.
 
 ### PHPUnit Assertions
 
diff --git a/deptrac.yaml b/deptrac.yaml
index 178de9a74fd7..7f5687af4bca 100644
--- a/deptrac.yaml
+++ b/deptrac.yaml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 #   - Exception
 #   - Service
 #   - Validation\FormatRules
-parameters:
+deptrac:
   paths:
     - ./app
     - ./system
@@ -17,148 +17,149 @@ parameters:
   layers:
     - name: API
       collectors:
-        - type: className
-          regex: ^Codeigniter\\API\\.*
+        - type: classNameRegex
+          value: '/^CodeIgniter\\API\\.*$/'
     - name: Cache
       collectors:
-        - type: className
-          regex: ^Codeigniter\\Cache\\.*
+        - type: classNameRegex
+          value: '/^CodeIgniter\\Cache\\.*$/'
     - name: Controller
       collectors:
-        - type: className
-          regex: ^CodeIgniter\\Controller$
+        - type: classNameRegex
+          value: '/^CodeIgniter\\Controller$/'
     - name: Cookie
       collectors:
-        - type: className
-          regex: ^Codeigniter\\Cookie\\.*
+        - type: classNameRegex
+          value: '/^CodeIgniter\\Cookie\\.*$/'
     - name: Database
       collectors:
-        - type: className
-          regex: ^Codeigniter\\Database\\.*
+        - type: classNameRegex
+          value: '/^CodeIgniter\\Database\\.*$/'
     - name: DataCaster
       collectors:
-        - type: className
-          regex: ^Codeigniter\\DataCaster\\.*
+        - type: classNameRegex
+          value: '/^CodeIgniter\\DataCaster\\.*$/'
     - name: DataConverter
       collectors:
-        - type: className
-          regex: ^Codeigniter\\DataConverter\\.*
+        - type: classNameRegex
+          value: '/^CodeIgniter\\DataConverter\\.*$/'
     - name: Email
       collectors:
-        - type: className
-          regex: ^Codeigniter\\Email\\.*
+        - type: classNameRegex
+          value: '/^CodeIgniter\\Email\\.*$/'
     - name: Encryption
       collectors:
-        - type: className
-          regex: ^Codeigniter\\Encryption\\.*
+        - type: classNameRegex
+          value: '/^CodeIgniter\\Encryption\\.*$/'
     - name: Entity
       collectors:
-        - type: className
-          regex: ^Codeigniter\\Entity\\.*
+        - type: classNameRegex
+          value: '/^CodeIgniter\\Entity\\.*$/'
     - name: Events
       collectors:
-        - type: className
-          regex: ^Codeigniter\\Events\\.*
+        - type: classNameRegex
+          value: '/^CodeIgniter\\Events\\.*$/'
     - name: Files
       collectors:
-        - type: className
-          regex: ^Codeigniter\\Files\\.*
+        - type: classNameRegex
+          value: '/^CodeIgniter\\Files\\.*$/'
     - name: Filters
       collectors:
         - type: bool
           must:
-          - type: className
-            regex: ^Codeigniter\\Filters\\Filter.*
+          - type: classNameRegex
+            value: '/^CodeIgniter\\Filters\\Filter.*$/'
     - name: Format
       collectors:
-        - type: className
-          regex: ^Codeigniter\\Format\\.*
+        - type: classNameRegex
+          value: '/^CodeIgniter\\Format\\.*$/'
     - name: Honeypot
       collectors:
-        - type: className
-          regex: ^Codeigniter\\.*Honeypot.* # includes the Filter
+        - type: classNameRegex
+          # includes the Filter
+          value: '/^CodeIgniter\\.*Honeypot.*$/'
     - name: HTTP
       collectors:
         - type: bool
           must:
-          - type: className
-            regex: ^Codeigniter\\HTTP\\.*
+          - type: classNameRegex
+            value: '/^CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\.*$/'
           must_not:
-          - type: className
-            regex: (Exception|URI)
+          - type: classNameRegex
+            value: '(Exception|URI)'
     - name: I18n
       collectors:
-        - type: className
-          regex: ^Codeigniter\\I18n\\.*
+        - type: classNameRegex
+          value: '/^CodeIgniter\\I18n\\.*$/'
     - name: Images
       collectors:
-        - type: className
-          regex: ^Codeigniter\\Images\\.*
+        - type: classNameRegex
+          value: '/^CodeIgniter\\Images\\.*$/'
     - name: Language
       collectors:
-        - type: className
-          regex: ^Codeigniter\\Language\\.*
+        - type: classNameRegex
+          value: '/^CodeIgniter\\Language\\.*$/'
     - name: Log
       collectors:
-        - type: className
-          regex: ^Codeigniter\\Log\\.*
+        - type: classNameRegex
+          value: '/^CodeIgniter\\Log\\.*$/'
     - name: Model
       collectors:
-        - type: className
-          regex: ^Codeigniter\\.*Model$
+        - type: classNameRegex
+          value: '/^CodeIgniter\\.*Model$/'
     - name: Modules
       collectors:
-        - type: className
-          regex: ^Codeigniter\\Modules\\.*
+        - type: classNameRegex
+          value: '/^CodeIgniter\\Modules\\.*$/'
     - name: Pager
       collectors:
-        - type: className
-          regex: ^Codeigniter\\Pager\\.*
+        - type: classNameRegex
+          value: '/^CodeIgniter\\Pager\\.*$/'
     - name: Publisher
       collectors:
-        - type: className
-          regex: ^Codeigniter\\Publisher\\.*
+        - type: classNameRegex
+          value: '/^CodeIgniter\\Publisher\\.*$/'
     - name: RESTful
       collectors:
-        - type: className
-          regex: ^Codeigniter\\RESTful\\.*
+        - type: classNameRegex
+          value: '/^CodeIgniter\\RESTful\\.*$/'
     - name: Router
       collectors:
-        - type: className
-          regex: ^Codeigniter\\Router\\.*
+        - type: classNameRegex
+          value: '/^CodeIgniter\\Router\\.*$/'
     - name: Security
       collectors:
-        - type: className
-          regex: ^Codeigniter\\Security\\.*
+        - type: classNameRegex
+          value: '/^CodeIgniter\\Security\\.*$/'
     - name: Session
       collectors:
-        - type: className
-          regex: ^Codeigniter\\Session\\.*
+        - type: classNameRegex
+          value: '/^CodeIgniter\\Session\\.*$/'
     - name: Throttle
       collectors:
-        - type: className
-          regex: ^Codeigniter\\Throttle\\.*
+        - type: classNameRegex
+          value: '/^CodeIgniter\\Throttle\\.*$/'
     - name: Typography
       collectors:
-        - type: className
-          regex: ^Codeigniter\\Typography\\.*
+        - type: classNameRegex
+          value: '/^CodeIgniter\\Typography\\.*$/'
     - name: URI
       collectors:
-        - type: className
-          regex: ^CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\URI$
+        - type: classNameRegex
+          value: '/^CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\URI$/'
     - name: Validation
       collectors:
         - type: bool
           must:
-          - type: className
-            regex: ^Codeigniter\\Validation\\.*
+          - type: classNameRegex
+            value: '/^CodeIgniter\\Validation\\.*$/'
           must_not:
-          - type: className
-            regex: ^Codeigniter\\Validation\\FormatRules$
+          - type: classNameRegex
+            value: '/^CodeIgniter\\Validation\\FormatRules$/'
     - name: View
       collectors:
-        - type: className
-          regex: ^Codeigniter\\View\\.*
+        - type: classNameRegex
+          value: '/^CodeIgniter\\View\\.*$/'
   ruleset:
     API:
       - Format
diff --git a/phpdoc.dist.xml b/phpdoc.dist.xml
index 7f13b0e78cff..2c811d13b74b 100644
--- a/phpdoc.dist.xml
+++ b/phpdoc.dist.xml
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@
     xmlns="https://www.phpdoc.org"
     xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="https://docs.phpdoc.org/latest/phpdoc.xsd"
 >
-    <title>CodeIgniter v4.5 API</title>
+    <title>CodeIgniter v4.6 API</title>
     <paths>
         <output>api/build/</output>
         <cache>api/cache/</cache>
     </paths>
-    <version number="4.5.5">
+    <version number="4.6.4">
         <api format="php">
             <source dsn=".">
                 <path>system</path>
diff --git a/phpstan-baseline.php b/phpstan-baseline.php
deleted file mode 100644
index e775d6b9f5ef..000000000000
--- a/phpstan-baseline.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18257 +0,0 @@
-<?php declare(strict_types = 1);
-
-$ignoreErrors = [];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.phpDocType
-	'message' => '#^PHPDoc type array\\<string, array\\<string, array\\<int, string\\>\\>\\> of property Config\\\\Filters\\:\\:\\$filters is not the same as PHPDoc type array of overridden property CodeIgniter\\\\Config\\\\Filters\\:\\:\\$filters\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/app/Config/Filters.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: isset.property
-	'message' => '#^Property Config\\\\Autoload\\:\\:\\$helpers \\(array\\<int, string\\>\\) in isset\\(\\) is not nullable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Autoloader/Autoloader.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\BaseModel\\:\\:__call\\(\\) has parameter \\$params with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/BaseModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\BaseModel\\:\\:__get\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/BaseModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.callable
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\BaseModel\\:\\:chunk\\(\\) has parameter \\$userFunc with no signature specified for Closure\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/BaseModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\BaseModel\\:\\:cleanValidationRules\\(\\) has parameter \\$rules with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/BaseModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\BaseModel\\:\\:cleanValidationRules\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/BaseModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\BaseModel\\:\\:convertToReturnType\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/BaseModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\BaseModel\\:\\:delete\\(\\) has parameter \\$id with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/BaseModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\BaseModel\\:\\:doDelete\\(\\) has parameter \\$id with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/BaseModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\BaseModel\\:\\:doFind\\(\\) has parameter \\$id with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
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-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/form_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function form_multiselect\\(\\) has parameter \\$extra with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/form_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function form_multiselect\\(\\) has parameter \\$name with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/form_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function form_multiselect\\(\\) has parameter \\$options with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/form_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function form_multiselect\\(\\) has parameter \\$selected with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/form_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function form_open\\(\\) has parameter \\$attributes with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/form_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function form_open\\(\\) has parameter \\$hidden with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/form_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function form_open_multipart\\(\\) has parameter \\$attributes with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/form_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function form_open_multipart\\(\\) has parameter \\$hidden with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/form_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function form_password\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/form_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function form_password\\(\\) has parameter \\$extra with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/form_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function form_radio\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/form_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function form_radio\\(\\) has parameter \\$extra with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/form_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function form_reset\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/form_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function form_reset\\(\\) has parameter \\$extra with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/form_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function form_submit\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/form_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function form_submit\\(\\) has parameter \\$extra with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/form_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function form_textarea\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/form_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function form_textarea\\(\\) has parameter \\$extra with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/form_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function form_upload\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/form_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function form_upload\\(\\) has parameter \\$extra with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/form_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function parse_form_attributes\\(\\) has parameter \\$attributes with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/form_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function parse_form_attributes\\(\\) has parameter \\$default with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/form_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: booleanNot.exprNotBoolean
-	'message' => '#^Only booleans are allowed in a negated boolean, int\\<0, max\\> given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/form_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function _list\\(\\) has parameter \\$attributes with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/html_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function _list\\(\\) has parameter \\$list with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/html_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function _media\\(\\) has parameter \\$tracks with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/html_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function _media\\(\\) has parameter \\$types with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/html_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function audio\\(\\) has parameter \\$src with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/html_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function audio\\(\\) has parameter \\$tracks with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/html_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function img\\(\\) has parameter \\$attributes with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/html_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function img\\(\\) has parameter \\$src with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/html_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function object\\(\\) has parameter \\$params with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/html_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function ol\\(\\) has parameter \\$attributes with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/html_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function ol\\(\\) has parameter \\$list with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/html_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function script_tag\\(\\) has parameter \\$src with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/html_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function ul\\(\\) has parameter \\$attributes with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/html_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function ul\\(\\) has parameter \\$list with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/html_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function video\\(\\) has parameter \\$src with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/html_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function video\\(\\) has parameter \\$tracks with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/html_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function d\\(\\) has parameter \\$vars with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/kint_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function dd\\(\\) has parameter \\$vars with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/kint_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function format_number\\(\\) has parameter \\$options with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/number_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: empty.notAllowed
-	'message' => '#^Construct empty\\(\\) is not allowed\\. Use more strict comparison\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/test_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function fake\\(\\) has parameter \\$overrides with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/test_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function fake\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/test_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function strip_slashes\\(\\) has parameter \\$str with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/text_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function strip_slashes\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/text_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function word_censor\\(\\) has parameter \\$censored with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/text_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: ternary.condNotBoolean
-	'message' => '#^Only booleans are allowed in a ternary operator condition, string\\|null given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/text_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: empty.notAllowed
-	'message' => '#^Construct empty\\(\\) is not allowed\\. Use more strict comparison\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/url_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function anchor\\(\\) has parameter \\$attributes with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/url_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function anchor\\(\\) has parameter \\$uri with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/url_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function anchor_popup\\(\\) has parameter \\$attributes with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/url_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function base_url\\(\\) has parameter \\$relativePath with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/url_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function mailto\\(\\) has parameter \\$attributes with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/url_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function safe_mailto\\(\\) has parameter \\$attributes with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/url_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Function site_url\\(\\) has parameter \\$relativePath with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/url_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: variable.implicitArray
-	'message' => '#^Implicit array creation is not allowed \\- variable \\$atts might not exist\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/url_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: variable.undefined
-	'message' => '#^Variable \\$atts might not be defined\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Helpers/url_helper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: empty.notAllowed
-	'message' => '#^Construct empty\\(\\) is not allowed\\. Use more strict comparison\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Honeypot/Honeypot.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HotReloader\\\\DirectoryHasher\\:\\:hashApp\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/HotReloader/DirectoryHasher.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HotReloader\\\\HotReloader\\:\\:sendEvent\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/HotReloader/HotReloader.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: booleanOr.rightNotBoolean
-	'message' => '#^Only booleans are allowed in \\|\\|, int given on the right side\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/HotReloader/HotReloader.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\HotReloader\\\\IteratorFilter\\:\\:\\$watchedExtensions type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/HotReloader/IteratorFilter.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\I18n\\\\Time\\:\\:__get\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/I18n/Time.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.childReturnType
-	'message' => '#^Return type \\(CodeIgniter\\\\I18n\\\\Time\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\I18n\\\\Time\\:\\:setTimestamp\\(\\) should be covariant with return type \\(static\\(DateTimeImmutable\\)\\) of method DateTimeImmutable\\:\\:setTimestamp\\(\\)$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/I18n/Time.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.childReturnType
-	'message' => '#^Return type \\(CodeIgniter\\\\I18n\\\\Time\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\I18n\\\\Time\\:\\:setTimezone\\(\\) should be covariant with return type \\(static\\(DateTimeImmutable\\)\\) of method DateTimeImmutable\\:\\:setTimezone\\(\\)$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/I18n/Time.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: ternary.shortNotAllowed
-	'message' => '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\\.$#',
-	'count' => 4,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/I18n/Time.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\I18n\\\\TimeLegacy\\:\\:__get\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/I18n/TimeLegacy.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.childReturnType
-	'message' => '#^Return type \\(CodeIgniter\\\\I18n\\\\TimeLegacy\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\I18n\\\\TimeLegacy\\:\\:setTimestamp\\(\\) should be covariant with return type \\(static\\(DateTime\\)\\) of method DateTime\\:\\:setTimestamp\\(\\)$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/I18n/TimeLegacy.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.childReturnType
-	'message' => '#^Return type \\(CodeIgniter\\\\I18n\\\\TimeLegacy\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\I18n\\\\TimeLegacy\\:\\:setTimezone\\(\\) should be covariant with return type \\(static\\(DateTime\\)\\) of method DateTime\\:\\:setTimezone\\(\\)$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/I18n/TimeLegacy.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: ternary.shortNotAllowed
-	'message' => '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\\.$#',
-	'count' => 4,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/I18n/TimeLegacy.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: empty.notAllowed
-	'message' => '#^Construct empty\\(\\) is not allowed\\. Use more strict comparison\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Images/Handlers/BaseHandler.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Images\\\\Handlers\\\\BaseHandler\\:\\:__call\\(\\) has parameter \\$args with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Images/Handlers/BaseHandler.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: return.missing
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Images\\\\Handlers\\\\BaseHandler\\:\\:__call\\(\\) should return mixed but return statement is missing\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Images/Handlers/BaseHandler.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Images\\\\Handlers\\\\BaseHandler\\:\\:_text\\(\\) has parameter \\$options with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Images/Handlers/BaseHandler.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Images\\\\Handlers\\\\BaseHandler\\:\\:calcAspectRatio\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Images/Handlers/BaseHandler.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Images\\\\Handlers\\\\BaseHandler\\:\\:calcCropCoords\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Images/Handlers/BaseHandler.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Images\\\\Handlers\\\\BaseHandler\\:\\:text\\(\\) has parameter \\$options with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Images/Handlers/BaseHandler.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: empty.property
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Images\\\\Handlers\\\\BaseHandler\\:\\:\\$image \\(CodeIgniter\\\\Images\\\\Image\\) in empty\\(\\) is not falsy\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Images/Handlers/BaseHandler.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Images\\\\Handlers\\\\BaseHandler\\:\\:\\$supportTransparency type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Images/Handlers/BaseHandler.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Images\\\\Handlers\\\\BaseHandler\\:\\:\\$textDefaults type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Images/Handlers/BaseHandler.php',
-];
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-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\ValidationInterface\\:\\:setRule\\(\\) has parameter \\$errors with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Validation/ValidationInterface.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\ValidationInterface\\:\\:setRule\\(\\) has parameter \\$rules with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Validation/ValidationInterface.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\ValidationInterface\\:\\:setRules\\(\\) has parameter \\$messages with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Validation/ValidationInterface.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\ValidationInterface\\:\\:setRules\\(\\) has parameter \\$rules with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Validation/ValidationInterface.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: staticMethod.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined static method CodeIgniter\\\\Config\\\\Factories\\:\\:cells\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/Cell.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\Cell\\:\\:determineClass\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/Cell.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\Cell\\:\\:getMethodParams\\(\\) has parameter \\$params with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/Cell.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\Cell\\:\\:getMethodParams\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/Cell.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\Cell\\:\\:renderCell\\(\\) has parameter \\$params with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/Cell.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\Cell\\:\\:renderSimpleClass\\(\\) has parameter \\$params with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/Cell.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\Cells\\\\Cell\\:\\:fill\\(\\) has parameter \\$params with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/Cells/Cell.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\Cells\\\\Cell\\:\\:getNonPublicProperties\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/Cells/Cell.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\Cells\\\\Cell\\:\\:getPublicProperties\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/Cells/Cell.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\Cells\\\\Cell\\:\\:includeComputedProperties\\(\\) has parameter \\$properties with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/Cells/Cell.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\Cells\\\\Cell\\:\\:includeComputedProperties\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/Cells/Cell.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\Cells\\\\Cell\\:\\:view\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/Cells/Cell.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/system/Traits/PropertiesTrait\\.php\\:49\\:\\:getProperties\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/Cells/Cell.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.callable
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\Parser\\:\\:addPlugin\\(\\) has parameter \\$callback with no signature specified for callable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/Parser.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\Parser\\:\\:replaceSingle\\(\\) has parameter \\$pattern with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/Parser.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: if.condNotBoolean
-	'message' => '#^Only booleans are allowed in an if condition, string\\|null given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/Table.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.callable
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\Table\\:\\:\\$function type has no signature specified for callable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/Table.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: ternary.shortNotAllowed
-	'message' => '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/View.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Cells\\\\StarterCell\\:\\:hello\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Cells/StarterCell.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Cells\\\\StarterCell\\:\\:hello\\(\\) has parameter \\$params with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Cells/StarterCell.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: ternary.shortNotAllowed
-	'message' => '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Commands/LanguageCommand.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property Tests\\\\Support\\\\Commands\\\\ParamsReveal\\:\\:\\$args has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Commands/ParamsReveal.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Config\\\\BadRegistrar\\:\\:RegistrarConfig\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Config/BadRegistrar.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: variable.undefined
-	'message' => '#^Variable \\$filters might not be defined\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Config/Filters.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: variable.undefined
-	'message' => '#^Variable \\$routes might not be defined\\.$#',
-	'count' => 5,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Config/Routes.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Config\\\\TestRegistrar\\:\\:RegistrarConfig\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Config/TestRegistrar.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property Tests\\\\Support\\\\Config\\\\Validation\\:\\:\\$signup has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Config/Validation.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property Tests\\\\Support\\\\Config\\\\Validation\\:\\:\\$signup_errors has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Config/Validation.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Controllers\\\\Hello\\:\\:index\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Controllers/Hello.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Controllers\\\\Newautorouting\\:\\:getIndex\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Controllers/Newautorouting.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Controllers\\\\Newautorouting\\:\\:postSave\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Controllers/Newautorouting.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Controllers\\\\Newautorouting\\:\\:postSave\\(\\) has parameter \\$c with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Controllers/Newautorouting.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Controllers\\\\Popcorn\\:\\:echoJson\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Controllers/Popcorn.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Controllers\\\\Popcorn\\:\\:fail\\(\\) has parameter \\$messages with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Controllers/Popcorn.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Controllers\\\\Popcorn\\:\\:format\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Controllers/Popcorn.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Controllers\\\\Popcorn\\:\\:goaway\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Controllers/Popcorn.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Controllers\\\\Popcorn\\:\\:index\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Controllers/Popcorn.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Controllers\\\\Popcorn\\:\\:index3\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Controllers/Popcorn.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Controllers\\\\Popcorn\\:\\:json\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Controllers/Popcorn.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Controllers\\\\Popcorn\\:\\:oops\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Controllers/Popcorn.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Controllers\\\\Popcorn\\:\\:pop\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Controllers/Popcorn.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Controllers\\\\Popcorn\\:\\:respond\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Controllers/Popcorn.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Controllers\\\\Popcorn\\:\\:respondCreated\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Controllers/Popcorn.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Controllers\\\\Popcorn\\:\\:respondDeleted\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Controllers/Popcorn.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Controllers\\\\Popcorn\\:\\:respondUpdated\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Controllers/Popcorn.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Controllers\\\\Popcorn\\:\\:toindex\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Controllers/Popcorn.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Controllers\\\\Popcorn\\:\\:weasel\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Controllers/Popcorn.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Controllers\\\\Popcorn\\:\\:xml\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Controllers/Popcorn.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Controllers\\\\Remap\\:\\:_remap\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Controllers/Remap.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Controllers\\\\Remap\\:\\:_remap\\(\\) has parameter \\$method with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Controllers/Remap.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Controllers\\\\Remap\\:\\:_remap\\(\\) has parameter \\$params with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Controllers/Remap.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Controllers\\\\Remap\\:\\:abc\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Controllers/Remap.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Controllers\\\\Remap\\:\\:index\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Controllers/Remap.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Entity\\\\Cast\\\\CastBase64\\:\\:get\\(\\) has parameter \\$params with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Entity/Cast/CastBase64.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Entity\\\\Cast\\\\CastBase64\\:\\:set\\(\\) has parameter \\$params with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Entity/Cast/CastBase64.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.childParameterType
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$value \\(string\\) of method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Entity\\\\Cast\\\\CastBase64\\:\\:get\\(\\) should be contravariant with parameter \\$value \\(array\\|bool\\|float\\|int\\|object\\|string\\|null\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\Entity\\\\Cast\\\\BaseCast\\:\\:get\\(\\)$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Entity/Cast/CastBase64.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.childParameterType
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$value \\(string\\) of method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Entity\\\\Cast\\\\CastBase64\\:\\:get\\(\\) should be contravariant with parameter \\$value \\(array\\|bool\\|float\\|int\\|object\\|string\\|null\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\Entity\\\\Cast\\\\CastInterface\\:\\:get\\(\\)$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Entity/Cast/CastBase64.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.childParameterType
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$value \\(string\\) of method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Entity\\\\Cast\\\\CastBase64\\:\\:set\\(\\) should be contravariant with parameter \\$value \\(array\\|bool\\|float\\|int\\|object\\|string\\|null\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\Entity\\\\Cast\\\\BaseCast\\:\\:set\\(\\)$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Entity/Cast/CastBase64.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.childParameterType
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$value \\(string\\) of method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Entity\\\\Cast\\\\CastBase64\\:\\:set\\(\\) should be contravariant with parameter \\$value \\(array\\|bool\\|float\\|int\\|object\\|string\\|null\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\Entity\\\\Cast\\\\CastInterface\\:\\:set\\(\\)$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Entity/Cast/CastBase64.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Entity\\\\Cast\\\\CastBinaryUUID\\:\\:get\\(\\) has parameter \\$params with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Entity/Cast/CastBinaryUUID.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Entity\\\\Cast\\\\CastBinaryUUID\\:\\:set\\(\\) has parameter \\$params with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Entity/Cast/CastBinaryUUID.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.childParameterType
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$binary \\(string\\) of method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Entity\\\\Cast\\\\CastBinaryUUID\\:\\:get\\(\\) should be contravariant with parameter \\$value \\(array\\|bool\\|float\\|int\\|object\\|string\\|null\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\Entity\\\\Cast\\\\BaseCast\\:\\:get\\(\\)$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Entity/Cast/CastBinaryUUID.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.childParameterType
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$binary \\(string\\) of method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Entity\\\\Cast\\\\CastBinaryUUID\\:\\:get\\(\\) should be contravariant with parameter \\$value \\(array\\|bool\\|float\\|int\\|object\\|string\\|null\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\Entity\\\\Cast\\\\CastInterface\\:\\:get\\(\\)$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Entity/Cast/CastBinaryUUID.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.childParameterType
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$string \\(string\\) of method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Entity\\\\Cast\\\\CastBinaryUUID\\:\\:set\\(\\) should be contravariant with parameter \\$value \\(array\\|bool\\|float\\|int\\|object\\|string\\|null\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\Entity\\\\Cast\\\\BaseCast\\:\\:set\\(\\)$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Entity/Cast/CastBinaryUUID.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.childParameterType
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$string \\(string\\) of method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Entity\\\\Cast\\\\CastBinaryUUID\\:\\:set\\(\\) should be contravariant with parameter \\$value \\(array\\|bool\\|float\\|int\\|object\\|string\\|null\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\Entity\\\\Cast\\\\CastInterface\\:\\:set\\(\\)$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Entity/Cast/CastBinaryUUID.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Entity\\\\Cast\\\\CastPassParameters\\:\\:set\\(\\) has parameter \\$params with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Entity/Cast/CastPassParameters.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.childReturnType
-	'message' => '#^Return type \\(mixed\\) of method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Entity\\\\Cast\\\\CastPassParameters\\:\\:set\\(\\) should be covariant with return type \\(array\\|bool\\|float\\|int\\|object\\|string\\|null\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\Entity\\\\Cast\\\\BaseCast\\:\\:set\\(\\)$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Entity/Cast/CastPassParameters.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.childReturnType
-	'message' => '#^Return type \\(mixed\\) of method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Entity\\\\Cast\\\\CastPassParameters\\:\\:set\\(\\) should be covariant with return type \\(array\\|bool\\|float\\|int\\|object\\|string\\|null\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\Entity\\\\Cast\\\\CastInterface\\:\\:set\\(\\)$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Entity/Cast/CastPassParameters.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Entity\\\\CustomUser\\:\\:__construct\\(\\) has parameter \\$email with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Entity/CustomUser.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Entity\\\\CustomUser\\:\\:__get\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Entity/CustomUser.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Entity\\\\CustomUser\\:\\:reconstruct\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Entity/CustomUser.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: new.static
-	'message' => '#^Unsafe usage of new static\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Entity/CustomUser.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Language\\\\SecondMockLanguage\\:\\:loaded\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Language/SecondMockLanguage.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Language\\\\SecondMockLanguage\\:\\:loadem\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Language/SecondMockLanguage.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Log\\\\Handlers\\\\TestHandler\\:\\:__construct\\(\\) has parameter \\$config with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Log/Handlers/TestHandler.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Log\\\\Handlers\\\\TestHandler\\:\\:getLogs\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Log/Handlers/TestHandler.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property Tests\\\\Support\\\\Log\\\\Handlers\\\\TestHandler\\:\\:\\$logs type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Log/Handlers/TestHandler.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\ConnectionInterface\\:\\:tableExists\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/MigrationTestMigrations/Database/Migrations/2018-01-24-102302_Another_migration.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\EventModel\\:\\:afterDeleteMethod\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\EventModel\\:\\:afterDeleteMethod\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\EventModel\\:\\:afterFindMethod\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\EventModel\\:\\:afterFindMethod\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\EventModel\\:\\:afterInsertBatchMethod\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\EventModel\\:\\:afterInsertBatchMethod\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\EventModel\\:\\:afterInsertMethod\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\EventModel\\:\\:afterInsertMethod\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\EventModel\\:\\:afterUpdateBatchMethod\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\EventModel\\:\\:afterUpdateBatchMethod\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\EventModel\\:\\:afterUpdateMethod\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\EventModel\\:\\:afterUpdateMethod\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\EventModel\\:\\:beforeDeleteMethod\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\EventModel\\:\\:beforeDeleteMethod\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\EventModel\\:\\:beforeFindMethod\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\EventModel\\:\\:beforeFindMethod\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\EventModel\\:\\:beforeInsertBatchMethod\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\EventModel\\:\\:beforeInsertBatchMethod\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\EventModel\\:\\:beforeInsertMethod\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\EventModel\\:\\:beforeInsertMethod\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\EventModel\\:\\:beforeUpdateBatchMethod\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\EventModel\\:\\:beforeUpdateBatchMethod\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\EventModel\\:\\:beforeUpdateMethod\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\EventModel\\:\\:beforeUpdateMethod\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\EventModel\\:\\:hasToken\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\EventModel\\:\\:\\$beforeFindReturnData has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\EventModel\\:\\:\\$eventData has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\EventModel\\:\\:\\$tokens has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\JobModel\\:\\:\\$description has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/JobModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\JobModel\\:\\:\\$name has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/JobModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\UserModel\\:\\:\\$country has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/UserModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\UserModel\\:\\:\\$email has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/UserModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\UserModel\\:\\:\\$name has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Models/UserModel.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Test\\\\TestForReflectionHelper\\:\\:getPrivate\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Test/TestForReflectionHelper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Test\\\\TestForReflectionHelper\\:\\:getStaticPrivate\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Test/TestForReflectionHelper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Test\\\\TestForReflectionHelper\\:\\:privateMethod\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Test/TestForReflectionHelper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Test\\\\TestForReflectionHelper\\:\\:privateMethod\\(\\) has parameter \\$param1 with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Test/TestForReflectionHelper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Test\\\\TestForReflectionHelper\\:\\:privateMethod\\(\\) has parameter \\$param2 with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Test/TestForReflectionHelper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.unused
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Test\\\\TestForReflectionHelper\\:\\:privateMethod\\(\\) is unused\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Test/TestForReflectionHelper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Test\\\\TestForReflectionHelper\\:\\:privateStaticMethod\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Test/TestForReflectionHelper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Test\\\\TestForReflectionHelper\\:\\:privateStaticMethod\\(\\) has parameter \\$param1 with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Test/TestForReflectionHelper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Test\\\\TestForReflectionHelper\\:\\:privateStaticMethod\\(\\) has parameter \\$param2 with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Test/TestForReflectionHelper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.unused
-	'message' => '#^Static method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Test\\\\TestForReflectionHelper\\:\\:privateStaticMethod\\(\\) is unused\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Test/TestForReflectionHelper.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Validation\\\\TestRules\\:\\:array_count\\(\\) has parameter \\$count with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Validation/TestRules.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Validation\\\\TestRules\\:\\:array_count\\(\\) has parameter \\$value with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Validation/TestRules.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Validation\\\\TestRules\\:\\:check_object_rule\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Validation/TestRules.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Validation\\\\TestRules\\:\\:check_object_rule\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Validation/TestRules.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Validation\\\\TestRules\\:\\:customError\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/Validation/TestRules.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\View\\\\Cells\\\\ListerCell\\:\\:getItemsProperty\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/View/Cells/ListerCell.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property Tests\\\\Support\\\\View\\\\Cells\\\\ListerCell\\:\\:\\$items type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/View/Cells/ListerCell.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: variable.undefined
-	'message' => '#^Variable \\$value might not be defined\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/View/Cells/addition.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: variable.undefined
-	'message' => '#^Variable \\$message might not be defined\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/View/Cells/awesome_cell.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: variable.undefined
-	'message' => '#^Variable \\$this might not be defined\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/View/Cells/colors.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: variable.undefined
-	'message' => '#^Variable \\$greeting might not be defined\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/View/Cells/greeting.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: variable.undefined
-	'message' => '#^Variable \\$name might not be defined\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/View/Cells/greeting.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: variable.undefined
-	'message' => '#^Variable \\$items might not be defined\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/View/Cells/lister.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: variable.undefined
-	'message' => '#^Variable \\$value might not be defined\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/View/Cells/multiplier.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: variable.undefined
-	'message' => '#^Variable \\$message might not be defined\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/View/Cells/notice.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\View\\\\OtherCells\\\\SampleClass\\:\\:hello\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/View/OtherCells/SampleClass.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\View\\\\SampleClass\\:\\:echobox\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/View/SampleClass.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\View\\\\SampleClass\\:\\:echobox\\(\\) has parameter \\$params with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/View/SampleClass.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\View\\\\SampleClass\\:\\:hello\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/View/SampleClass.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\View\\\\SampleClass\\:\\:index\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/View/SampleClass.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\View\\\\SampleClass\\:\\:staticEcho\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/View/SampleClass.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\View\\\\SampleClass\\:\\:staticEcho\\(\\) has parameter \\$params with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/View/SampleClass.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\View\\\\SampleClass\\:\\:work\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/View/SampleClass.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\View\\\\SampleClass\\:\\:work\\(\\) has parameter \\$p1 with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/View/SampleClass.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\View\\\\SampleClass\\:\\:work\\(\\) has parameter \\$p2 with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/View/SampleClass.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\View\\\\SampleClass\\:\\:work\\(\\) has parameter \\$p4 with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/View/SampleClass.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method Tests\\\\Support\\\\View\\\\SampleClassWithInitController\\:\\:index\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/View/SampleClassWithInitController.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: variable.undefined
-	'message' => '#^Variable \\$testString might not be defined\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/View/Views/simple.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method App\\\\Controllers\\\\Mycontroller\\:\\:getSomemethod\\(\\) has parameter \\$first with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/_controller/Mycontroller.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method App\\\\Controllers\\\\foo\\\\bar\\\\baz\\\\Some_controller\\:\\:some_method\\(\\) has parameter \\$first with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/_support/_controller/foo/bar/baz/Some_controller.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning string directly on offset \'CONTENT_TYPE\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\API\\\\ResponseTraitTest\\:\\:createRequestAndResponse\\(\\) has parameter \\$userHeaders with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\API\\\\ResponseTraitTest\\:\\:invoke\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\API\\\\ResponseTraitTest\\:\\:invoke\\(\\) has parameter \\$args with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\API\\\\ResponseTraitTest\\:\\:makeController\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\API\\\\ResponseTraitTest\\:\\:makeController\\(\\) has parameter \\$userHeaders with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:116\\:\\:__construct\\(\\) has parameter \\$formatter with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
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-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:116\\:\\:__construct\\(\\) has parameter \\$request with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
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-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:116\\:\\:__construct\\(\\) has parameter \\$response with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
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-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:116\\:\\:format\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:116\\:\\:respond\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:116\\:\\:respondCreated\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:116\\:\\:respondDeleted\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:116\\:\\:respondUpdated\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:177\\:\\:__construct\\(\\) has parameter \\$formatter with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:177\\:\\:__construct\\(\\) has parameter \\$request with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:177\\:\\:__construct\\(\\) has parameter \\$response with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:177\\:\\:fail\\(\\) has parameter \\$messages with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:177\\:\\:format\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:177\\:\\:respond\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:177\\:\\:respondCreated\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:177\\:\\:respondDeleted\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:177\\:\\:respondUpdated\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:299\\:\\:__construct\\(\\) has parameter \\$formatter with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:299\\:\\:__construct\\(\\) has parameter \\$request with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:299\\:\\:__construct\\(\\) has parameter \\$response with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:299\\:\\:fail\\(\\) has parameter \\$messages with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:299\\:\\:format\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:299\\:\\:respond\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:299\\:\\:respondCreated\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:299\\:\\:respondDeleted\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:299\\:\\:respondUpdated\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:639\\:\\:__construct\\(\\) has parameter \\$request with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:639\\:\\:__construct\\(\\) has parameter \\$response with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:639\\:\\:fail\\(\\) has parameter \\$messages with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:639\\:\\:format\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:639\\:\\:respond\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:639\\:\\:respondCreated\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:639\\:\\:respondDeleted\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:639\\:\\:respondUpdated\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:116\\:\\:\\$formatter has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:116\\:\\:\\$request has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:116\\:\\:\\$response has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:177\\:\\:\\$formatter has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:177\\:\\:\\$request has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:177\\:\\:\\$response has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:299\\:\\:\\$formatter has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:299\\:\\:\\$request has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:299\\:\\:\\$response has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: assign.propertyType
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:639\\:\\:\\$format \\(\'html\'\\|\'json\'\\|\'xml\'\\|null\\) does not accept \'txt\'\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
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-	'count' => 1,
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest\\.php\\:639\\:\\:\\$response has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\AutoReview\\\\ComposerJsonTest\\:\\:checkConfig\\(\\) has parameter \\$fromComponent with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/AutoReview/ComposerJsonTest.php',
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\AutoReview\\\\ComposerJsonTest\\:\\:checkConfig\\(\\) has parameter \\$fromMain with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/AutoReview/ComposerJsonTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\AutoReview\\\\ComposerJsonTest\\:\\:getComposerJson\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/AutoReview/ComposerJsonTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\AutoReview\\\\ComposerJsonTest\\:\\:\\$devComposer type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/AutoReview/ComposerJsonTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\AutoReview\\\\ComposerJsonTest\\:\\:\\$frameworkComposer type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/AutoReview/ComposerJsonTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\AutoReview\\\\ComposerJsonTest\\:\\:\\$starterComposer type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/AutoReview/ComposerJsonTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\AutoReview\\\\FrameworkCodeTest\\:\\:getTestClasses\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/AutoReview/FrameworkCodeTest.php',
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\AutoReview\\\\FrameworkCodeTest\\:\\:provideEachTestClassHasCorrectGroupAttributeName\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/AutoReview/FrameworkCodeTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\AutoReview\\\\FrameworkCodeTest\\:\\:\\$recognizedGroupAttributeNames type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/AutoReview/FrameworkCodeTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\AutoReview\\\\FrameworkCodeTest\\:\\:\\$testClasses type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/AutoReview/FrameworkCodeTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning 3 directly on offset \'argc\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CLI/CLITest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning array\\{\'ignored\', \'b\', \'c\', \'\\-\\-parm\', \'pvalue\', \'d\', \'\\-\\-p2\', \'\\-\\-p3\', \'value 3\'\\} directly on offset \'argv\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CLI/CLITest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning array\\{\'ignored\', \'b\', \'c\', \'\\-\\-parm\', \'pvalue\', \'d\'\\} directly on offset \'argv\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CLI/CLITest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning array\\{\'ignored\', \'b\', \'c\', \'d\', \'\\-\\-parm\', \'pvalue\', \'d2\', \'da\\-sh\', \'\\-\\-fix\', \'\\-\\-opt\\-in\', \'sure\'\\} directly on offset \'argv\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CLI/CLITest.php',
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning array\\{\'ignored\', \'b\', \'c\'\\} directly on offset \'argv\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CLI/CLITest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\CLI\\\\CLITest\\:\\:provideTable\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CLI/CLITest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\CLI\\\\CLITest\\:\\:testTable\\(\\) has parameter \\$expected with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CLI/CLITest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\CLI\\\\CLITest\\:\\:testTable\\(\\) has parameter \\$tbody with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CLI/CLITest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\CLI\\\\CLITest\\:\\:testTable\\(\\) has parameter \\$thead with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CLI/CLITest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccess
-	'message' => '#^Accessing offset \'app\\.baseURL\' directly on \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CLI/ConsoleTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccess
-	'message' => '#^Accessing offset \'argv\' directly on \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CLI/ConsoleTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'http\\://example\\.com/\' directly on offset \'app\\.baseURL\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CLI/ConsoleTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning int\\<1, max\\> directly on offset \'argc\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CLI/ConsoleTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning non\\-empty\\-array\\<int\\|string, \'spark\'\\|array\\> directly on offset \'argv\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CLI/ConsoleTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\CLI\\\\ConsoleTest\\:\\:initCLI\\(\\) has parameter \\$command with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CLI/ConsoleTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: phpDoc.parseError
-	'message' => '#^PHPDoc tag @var has invalid value \\(@var FileVarExportHandler\\|CacheInterface\\)\\: Unexpected token "@var", expected type at offset 16$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Cache/FactoriesCacheFileHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\\\Config\\\\BaseConfig\\:\\:\\$baseURL\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Cache/FactoriesCacheFileVarExportHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Cache\\\\Handlers\\\\BaseHandlerTest\\:\\:provideValidateKeyInvalidType\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/BaseHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.cacheHandlerInstance
-	'message' => '#^Calling new DummyHandler\\(\\) directly is incomplete to get the cache instance\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/DummyHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.cacheHandlerInstance
-	'message' => '#^Calling new BaseTestFileHandler\\(\\) directly is incomplete to get the cache instance\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/FileHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.cacheHandlerInstance
-	'message' => '#^Calling new FileHandler\\(\\) directly is incomplete to get the cache instance\\.$#',
-	'count' => 5,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/FileHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Cache\\\\Handlers\\\\BaseTestFileHandler\\:\\:getFileInfoTest\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/FileHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Cache\\\\Handlers\\\\FileHandlerTest\\:\\:getKeyArray\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/FileHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Cache\\\\Handlers\\\\FileHandlerTest\\:\\:provideSaveMode\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/FileHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.cacheHandlerInstance
-	'message' => '#^Calling new MemcachedHandler\\(\\) directly is incomplete to get the cache instance\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/MemcachedHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Cache\\\\Handlers\\\\MemcachedHandlerTest\\:\\:getKeyArray\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/MemcachedHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.cacheHandlerInstance
-	'message' => '#^Calling new PredisHandler\\(\\) directly is incomplete to get the cache instance\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/PredisHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Cache\\\\Handlers\\\\PredisHandlerTest\\:\\:getKeyArray\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/PredisHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.cacheHandlerInstance
-	'message' => '#^Calling new RedisHandler\\(\\) directly is incomplete to get the cache instance\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/RedisHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Cache\\\\Handlers\\\\RedisHandlerTest\\:\\:getKeyArray\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/RedisHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/index\\.php\' directly on offset \'SCRIPT_NAME\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Cache/ResponseCacheTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'public/index\\.php\' directly on offset \'SCRIPT_NAME\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Cache/ResponseCacheTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning non\\-empty\\-array\\<int, string\\> directly on offset \'argv\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Cache/ResponseCacheTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning non\\-falsy\\-string directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Cache/ResponseCacheTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Cache\\\\ResponseCacheTest\\:\\:createIncomingRequest\\(\\) has parameter \\$query with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Cache/ResponseCacheTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.getReassignArray
-	'message' => '#^Re\\-assigning arrays to \\$_GET directly is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Cache/ResponseCacheTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/cannotFound\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/cli\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/example\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 6,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/image\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/index\\.php\' directly on offset \'SCRIPT_NAME\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 20,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/pages/about\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 8,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/test\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'CLI\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_METHOD\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'GET\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_METHOD\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 4,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'HTTP/1\\.1\' directly on offset \'SERVER_PROTOCOL\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 8,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'HTTP/2\\.0\' directly on offset \'SERVER_PROTOCOL\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'HTTP/3\\.0\' directly on offset \'SERVER_PROTOCOL\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'POST\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_METHOD\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'public/index\\.php\' directly on offset \'SCRIPT_NAME\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning 1 directly on offset \'argc\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 5,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning 2 directly on offset \'argc\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 27,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning array\\{\'index\\.php\', \'/\'\\} directly on offset \'argv\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 12,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning array\\{\'index\\.php\', \'cli\'\\} directly on offset \'argv\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning array\\{\'index\\.php\', \'example\'\\} directly on offset \'argv\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 6,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning array\\{\'index\\.php\', \'image\'\\} directly on offset \'argv\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning array\\{\'index\\.php\', \'pages/about\'\\} directly on offset \'argv\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 7,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning array\\{\'index\\.php\'\\} directly on offset \'argv\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 5,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning non\\-falsy\\-string directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\ResponseInterface\\:\\:pretend\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\CodeIgniterTest\\:\\:providePageCacheWithCacheQueryString\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\CodeIgniterTest\\:\\:testPageCacheWithCacheQueryString\\(\\) has parameter \\$cacheQueryStringValue with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\CodeIgniterTest\\:\\:testPageCacheWithCacheQueryString\\(\\) has parameter \\$testingUrls with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#2 \\$to of method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\RouteCollection\\:\\:add\\(\\) expects array\\|\\(Closure\\(mixed \\.\\.\\.\\)\\: \\(CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\ResponseInterface\\|string\\|void\\)\\)\\|string, Closure\\(mixed\\)\\: \\(CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\DownloadResponse\\|null\\) given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#2 \\$to of method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\RouteCollection\\:\\:add\\(\\) expects array\\|\\(Closure\\(mixed \\.\\.\\.\\)\\: \\(CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\ResponseInterface\\|string\\|void\\)\\)\\|string, Closure\\(mixed\\)\\: CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\ResponseInterface given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#2 \\$to of method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\RouteCollection\\:\\:add\\(\\) expects array\\|\\(Closure\\(mixed \\.\\.\\.\\)\\: \\(CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\ResponseInterface\\|string\\|void\\)\\)\\|string, Closure\\(mixed\\)\\: non\\-falsy\\-string given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#2 \\$to of method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\RouteCollection\\:\\:add\\(\\) expects array\\|\\(Closure\\(mixed \\.\\.\\.\\)\\: \\(CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\ResponseInterface\\|string\\|void\\)\\)\\|string, Closure\\(mixed\\)\\: void given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Access to an undefined property Tests\\\\Support\\\\Commands\\\\AppInfo\\:\\:\\$foobar\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Commands/BaseCommandTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: ternary.shortNotAllowed
-	'message' => '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Commands/CellGeneratorTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: ternary.shortNotAllowed
-	'message' => '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Commands/CommandGeneratorTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Commands\\\\CommandTest\\:\\:provideCommandParsesArgsCorrectly\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Commands/CommandTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: ternary.shortNotAllowed
-	'message' => '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Commands/ControllerGeneratorTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Commands\\\\CreateDatabaseTest\\:\\:getBuffer\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Commands/CreateDatabaseTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'production\' directly on offset \'CI_ENVIRONMENT\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Commands/EnvironmentCommandTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning string directly on offset \'CI_ENVIRONMENT\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Commands/EnvironmentCommandTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Commands\\\\FilterCheckTest\\:\\:getBuffer\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Commands/FilterCheckTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccess
-	'message' => '#^Accessing offset \'encryption\\.key\' directly on \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Commands/GenerateKeyTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Commands\\\\HelpCommandTest\\:\\:getBuffer\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Commands/HelpCommandTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Commands\\\\InfoCacheTest\\:\\:getBuffer\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Commands/InfoCacheTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: ternary.shortNotAllowed
-	'message' => '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Commands/ModelGeneratorTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Commands\\\\RoutesTest\\:\\:getBuffer\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Commands/RoutesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#2 \\$mock of static method CodeIgniter\\\\Config\\\\BaseService\\:\\:injectMock\\(\\) expects object, null given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 4,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Commands/RoutesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: ternary.shortNotAllowed
-	'message' => '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Commands/ScaffoldGeneratorTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Commands\\\\Translation\\\\LocalizationFinderTest\\:\\:getActualTranslationFourKeys\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Commands/Translation/LocalizationFinderTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Commands\\\\Translation\\\\LocalizationFinderTest\\:\\:getActualTranslationOneKeys\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Commands/Translation/LocalizationFinderTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Commands\\\\Translation\\\\LocalizationFinderTest\\:\\:getActualTranslationThreeKeys\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Commands/Translation/LocalizationFinderTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Commands\\\\Utilities\\\\NamespacesTest\\:\\:getBuffer\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/NamespacesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Commands\\\\Utilities\\\\Routes\\\\AutoRouterImproved\\\\AutoRouteCollectorTest\\:\\:createAutoRouteCollector\\(\\) has parameter \\$filterConfigFilters with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/AutoRouteCollectorTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Commands\\\\Utilities\\\\Routes\\\\AutoRouterImproved\\\\Controllers\\\\Dash_folder\\\\Dash_controller\\:\\:getDash_method\\(\\) has parameter \\$p1 with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/Controllers/Dash_folder/Dash_controller.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Commands\\\\Utilities\\\\Routes\\\\AutoRouterImproved\\\\Controllers\\\\Dash_folder\\\\Dash_controller\\:\\:getDash_method\\(\\) has parameter \\$p2 with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/Controllers/Dash_folder/Dash_controller.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Commands\\\\Utilities\\\\Routes\\\\AutoRouterImproved\\\\Controllers\\\\Dash_folder\\\\Dash_controller\\:\\:getSomemethod\\(\\) has parameter \\$p1 with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/Controllers/Dash_folder/Dash_controller.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Commands\\\\Utilities\\\\Routes\\\\AutoRouterImproved\\\\Controllers\\\\SubDir\\\\BlogController\\:\\:getSomeMethod\\(\\) has parameter \\$first with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/Controllers/SubDir/BlogController.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Commands\\\\Utilities\\\\Routes\\\\FilterFinderTest\\:\\:createFilters\\(\\) has parameter \\$config with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterFinderTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Commands\\\\Utilities\\\\Routes\\\\FilterFinderTest\\:\\:createRouteCollection\\(\\) has parameter \\$routes with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterFinderTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: return.type
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Commands\\\\Utilities\\\\Routes\\\\FilterFinderTest\\:\\:createRouteCollection\\(\\) should return CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\RouteCollection but returns CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\RouteCollectionInterface\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterFinderTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: assign.propertyType
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Commands\\\\Utilities\\\\Routes\\\\FilterFinderTest\\:\\:\\$response \\(CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\Response\\) does not accept CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\ResponseInterface\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterFinderTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Commands\\\\Utilities\\\\Routes\\\\SampleURIGeneratorTest\\:\\:provideGet\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/SampleURIGeneratorTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccess
-	'message' => '#^Accessing offset \'foo\' directly on \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CommonFunctionsSendTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccess
-	'message' => '#^Accessing offset \'foo\' directly on \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CommonFunctionsTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.modelArgumentInstanceof
-	'message' => '#^Argument \\#1 \\$name \\(\'CodeIgniter\\\\\\\\UnexsistenceClass\'\\) passed to function model does not extend CodeIgniter\\\\\\\\Model\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CommonFunctionsTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'GET\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_METHOD\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 4,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CommonFunctionsTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'bar\' directly on offset \'foo\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CommonFunctionsTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: class.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Class CodeIgniter\\\\UnexsistenceClass not found\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CommonFunctionsTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\CommonFunctionsTest\\:\\:provideCleanPathActuallyCleaningThePaths\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CommonFunctionsTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.modelArgumentType
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$name of function model expects a valid class string, \'JobModel\' given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CommonFunctionsTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#2 \\$context of function esc expects \'attr\'\\|\'css\'\\|\'html\'\\|\'js\'\\|\'raw\'\\|\'url\', \'0\' given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CommonFunctionsTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#2 \\$context of function esc expects \'attr\'\\|\'css\'\\|\'html\'\\|\'js\'\\|\'raw\'\\|\'url\', \'bogus\' given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CommonFunctionsTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.getReassignArray
-	'message' => '#^Re\\-assigning arrays to \\$_GET directly is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CommonFunctionsTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: function.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Function foo_bar_baz not found\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CommonHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: function.inner
-	'message' => '#^Inner named functions are not supported by PHPStan\\. Consider refactoring to an anonymous function, class method, or a top\\-level\\-defined function\\. See issue \\#165 \\(https\\://github\\.com/phpstan/phpstan/issues/165\\) for more details\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CommonHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\CommonHelperTest\\:\\:\\$dummyHelpers type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CommonHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.unknownServiceMethod
-	'message' => '#^Call to unknown service method \'bar\'\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CommonSingleServiceTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.unknownServiceMethod
-	'message' => '#^Call to unknown service method \'baz\'\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CommonSingleServiceTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.unknownServiceMethod
-	'message' => '#^Call to unknown service method \'caches\'\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CommonSingleServiceTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.unknownServiceMethod
-	'message' => '#^Call to unknown service method \'foo\'\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CommonSingleServiceTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.unknownServiceMethod
-	'message' => '#^Call to unknown service method \'timers\'\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CommonSingleServiceTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.unknownServiceMethod
-	'message' => '#^Call to unknown service method string\\.$#',
-	'count' => 4,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CommonSingleServiceTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\CommonSingleServiceTest\\:\\:provideServiceNames\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/CommonSingleServiceTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccess
-	'message' => '#^Accessing offset \'BAR\' directly on \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/DotEnvTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccess
-	'message' => '#^Accessing offset \'FOO\' directly on \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/DotEnvTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccess
-	'message' => '#^Accessing offset \'NULL\' directly on \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/DotEnvTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccess
-	'message' => '#^Accessing offset \'SPACED\' directly on \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/DotEnvTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccess
-	'message' => '#^Accessing offset \'SimpleConfig_simple_name\' directly on \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/DotEnvTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'TT\' directly on offset \'SER_VAR\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/DotEnvTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Config\\\\DotEnvTest\\:\\:provideLoadsVars\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/DotEnvTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#2 \\$file of class CodeIgniter\\\\Config\\\\DotEnv constructor expects string, int given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/DotEnvTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: staticMethod.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined static method CodeIgniter\\\\Config\\\\Factories\\:\\:cells\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: staticMethod.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined static method CodeIgniter\\\\Config\\\\Factories\\:\\:tedwigs\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: staticMethod.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined static method CodeIgniter\\\\Config\\\\Factories\\:\\:widgets\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 13,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Config\\\\FactoriesTest\\:\\:getFactoriesStaticProperty\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Config\\\\FactoriesTest\\:\\:getFactoriesStaticProperty\\(\\) has parameter \\$params with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Config\\\\FactoriesTest\\:\\:testGetComponentInstances\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Config\\\\FactoriesTest\\:\\:testIsUpdated\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Config\\\\FactoriesTest\\:\\:testSetComponentInstances\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Config\\\\FactoriesTest\\:\\:testSetComponentInstances\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$expected of method PHPUnit\\\\Framework\\\\Assert\\:\\:assertInstanceOf\\(\\) expects class\\-string\\<Config\\\\TestRegistrar\\>, string given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.modelArgumentType
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$name of function model expects a valid class string, \'CodeIgniter\\\\\\\\Shield\\\\\\\\Models\\\\\\\\UserModel\' given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#3 \\$classname of static method CodeIgniter\\\\Config\\\\Factories\\:\\:define\\(\\) expects class\\-string, string given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest\\.php\\:89\\:\\:\\$widgets has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Config\\\\MimesTest\\:\\:provideGuessExtensionFromType\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/MimesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Config\\\\MimesTest\\:\\:provideGuessTypeFromExtension\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/MimesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: staticMethod.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined static method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Config\\\\Services\\:\\:SeSsIoN\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/ServicesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: staticMethod.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined static method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Config\\\\Services\\:\\:SeSsIoNs\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/ServicesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: staticMethod.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined static method Tests\\\\Support\\\\Config\\\\Services\\:\\:redirectResponse\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/ServicesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Config\\\\ServicesTest\\:\\:\\$original type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/ServicesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property RegistrarConfig\\:\\:\\$bar has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/fixtures/RegistrarConfig.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property RegistrarConfig\\:\\:\\$foo has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/fixtures/RegistrarConfig.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property SimpleConfig\\:\\:\\$FOO has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property SimpleConfig\\:\\:\\$QEMPTYSTR has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property SimpleConfig\\:\\:\\$QFALSE has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property SimpleConfig\\:\\:\\$QZERO has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property SimpleConfig\\:\\:\\$QZEROSTR has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property SimpleConfig\\:\\:\\$alpha has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property SimpleConfig\\:\\:\\$bravo has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property SimpleConfig\\:\\:\\$charlie has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property SimpleConfig\\:\\:\\$crew has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property SimpleConfig\\:\\:\\$default has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property SimpleConfig\\:\\:\\$delta has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property SimpleConfig\\:\\:\\$dessert has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property SimpleConfig\\:\\:\\$echo has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property SimpleConfig\\:\\:\\$first has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property SimpleConfig\\:\\:\\$float has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property SimpleConfig\\:\\:\\$foxtrot has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property SimpleConfig\\:\\:\\$fruit has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property SimpleConfig\\:\\:\\$golf has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property SimpleConfig\\:\\:\\$int has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property SimpleConfig\\:\\:\\$longie has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property SimpleConfig\\:\\:\\$one_deep has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property SimpleConfig\\:\\:\\$onedeep has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property SimpleConfig\\:\\:\\$onedeep_value has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property SimpleConfig\\:\\:\\$password has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property SimpleConfig\\:\\:\\$second has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property SimpleConfig\\:\\:\\$shortie has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property SimpleConfig\\:\\:\\$simple has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: catch.neverThrown
-	'message' => '#^Dead catch \\- CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\Exceptions\\\\RedirectException is never thrown in the try block\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/ControllerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$cookies of class CodeIgniter\\\\Cookie\\\\CookieStore constructor expects array\\<CodeIgniter\\\\Cookie\\\\Cookie\\>, array\\<int, DateTimeImmutable\\> given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Cookie/CookieStoreTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Cookie\\\\CookieStoreTest\\:\\:\\$defaults type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Cookie/CookieStoreTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: expr.resultUnused
-	'message' => '#^Expression "\\$cookie\\[\'expiry\'\\]" on a separate line does not do anything\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Cookie/CookieTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Cookie\\\\CookieTest\\:\\:provideConfigPrefix\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Cookie/CookieTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Cookie\\\\CookieTest\\:\\:provideInvalidExpires\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Cookie/CookieTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Cookie\\\\CookieTest\\:\\:provideSetCookieHeaderCreation\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Cookie/CookieTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Cookie\\\\CookieTest\\:\\:testSetCookieHeaderCreation\\(\\) has parameter \\$changed with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Cookie/CookieTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#3 \\$options of class CodeIgniter\\\\Cookie\\\\Cookie constructor expects array\\<string, bool\\|int\\|string\\>, array\\<string, DateTimeImmutable\\> given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Cookie/CookieTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Cookie\\\\CookieTest\\:\\:\\$defaults type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Cookie/CookieTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: variable.implicitArray
-	'message' => '#^Implicit array creation is not allowed \\- variable \\$array does not exist\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/DataConverter/DataConverterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.callable
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\DataConverter\\\\DataConverterTest\\:\\:createDataConverter\\(\\) has parameter \\$extractor with no signature specified for Closure\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/DataConverter/DataConverterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\DataConverter\\\\DataConverterTest\\:\\:createDataConverter\\(\\) has parameter \\$handlers with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/DataConverter/DataConverterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.callable
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\DataConverter\\\\DataConverterTest\\:\\:createDataConverter\\(\\) has parameter \\$reconstructor with no signature specified for Closure\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/DataConverter/DataConverterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\DataConverter\\\\DataConverterTest\\:\\:createDataConverter\\(\\) has parameter \\$types with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/DataConverter/DataConverterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\DataConverter\\\\DataConverterTest\\:\\:provideConvertDataFromDB\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/DataConverter/DataConverterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\DataConverter\\\\DataConverterTest\\:\\:provideConvertDataToDB\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/DataConverter/DataConverterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\DataConverter\\\\DataConverterTest\\:\\:testConvertDataFromDB\\(\\) has parameter \\$dbData with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/DataConverter/DataConverterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\DataConverter\\\\DataConverterTest\\:\\:testConvertDataFromDB\\(\\) has parameter \\$expected with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/DataConverter/DataConverterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\DataConverter\\\\DataConverterTest\\:\\:testConvertDataFromDB\\(\\) has parameter \\$types with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/DataConverter/DataConverterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\DataConverter\\\\DataConverterTest\\:\\:testConvertDataToDB\\(\\) has parameter \\$expected with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/DataConverter/DataConverterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\DataConverter\\\\DataConverterTest\\:\\:testConvertDataToDB\\(\\) has parameter \\$phpData with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/DataConverter/DataConverterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\DataConverter\\\\DataConverterTest\\:\\:testConvertDataToDB\\(\\) has parameter \\$types with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/DataConverter/DataConverterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\Mock\\\\MockConnection\\:\\:\\$foobar\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/BaseConnectionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseConnectionTest\\:\\:provideProtectIdentifiers\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/BaseConnectionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseConnectionTest\\:\\:\\$failoverOptions type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/BaseConnectionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseConnectionTest\\:\\:\\$options type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/BaseConnectionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseQueryTest\\:\\:provideHighlightQueryKeywords\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/BaseQueryTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseQueryTest\\:\\:provideIsWriteType\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/BaseQueryTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$from of method CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseBuilder\\:\\:from\\(\\) expects array\\|string, null given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Builder/FromTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#3 \\$subject of function str_replace expects array\\|string, CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\ResultInterface given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 10,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Builder/GetTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#3 \\$subject of function str_replace expects array\\|string, CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\ResultInterface\\|false given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 6,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Builder/GetTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.phpDocType
-	'message' => '#^PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\Mock\\\\MockConnection of property CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Builder\\\\InsertTest\\:\\:\\$db is not the same as PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseConnection of overridden property CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\CIUnitTestCase\\:\\:\\$db\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Builder/InsertTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.phpDocType
-	'message' => '#^PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\Mock\\\\MockConnection of property CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Builder\\\\UnionTest\\:\\:\\$db is not the same as PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseConnection of overridden property CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\CIUnitTestCase\\:\\:\\$db\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Builder/UnionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.phpDocType
-	'message' => '#^PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\Mock\\\\MockConnection of property CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Builder\\\\UpdateTest\\:\\:\\$db is not the same as PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseConnection of overridden property CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\CIUnitTestCase\\:\\:\\$db\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Builder/UpdateTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.phpDocType
-	'message' => '#^PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\Mock\\\\MockConnection of property CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Builder\\\\WhenTest\\:\\:\\$db is not the same as PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseConnection of overridden property CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\CIUnitTestCase\\:\\:\\$db\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Builder/WhenTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Builder\\\\WhereTest\\:\\:provideWhereInEmptyValuesThrowInvalidArgumentException\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Builder/WhereTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Builder\\\\WhereTest\\:\\:provideWhereInvalidKeyThrowInvalidArgumentException\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Builder/WhereTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.phpDocType
-	'message' => '#^PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\Mock\\\\MockConnection of property CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Builder\\\\WhereTest\\:\\:\\$db is not the same as PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseConnection of overridden property CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\CIUnitTestCase\\:\\:\\$db\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Builder/WhereTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\ConfigTest\\:\\:provideConvertDSN\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/ConfigTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\ConfigTest\\:\\:\\$dsnGroup type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/ConfigTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\ConfigTest\\:\\:\\$dsnGroupPostgre type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/ConfigTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\ConfigTest\\:\\:\\$dsnGroupPostgreNative type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/ConfigTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\ConfigTest\\:\\:\\$group type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/ConfigTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\DatabaseTestCase\\\\DatabaseTestCaseMigrationOnce1Test\\:\\:\\$namespace type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/DatabaseTestCase/DatabaseTestCaseMigrationOnce1Test.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\DatabaseTestCase\\\\DatabaseTestCaseMigrationOnce2Test\\:\\:\\$namespace type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/DatabaseTestCase/DatabaseTestCaseMigrationOnce2Test.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.phpDocType
-	'message' => '#^PHPDoc type array\\|string of property CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\DatabaseTestCaseTest\\:\\:\\$seed is not the same as PHPDoc type array\\<int, class\\-string\\<CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Seeder\\>\\>\\|class\\-string\\<CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Seeder\\> of overridden property CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\CIUnitTestCase\\:\\:\\$seed\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/DatabaseTestCaseTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\DatabaseTestCaseTest\\:\\:\\$namespace type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/DatabaseTestCaseTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\DatabaseTestCaseTest\\:\\:\\$seed type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/DatabaseTestCaseTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Live\\\\ConnectTest\\:\\:\\$group1 has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/ConnectTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Live\\\\ConnectTest\\:\\:\\$group2 has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/ConnectTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Live\\\\ConnectTest\\:\\:\\$tests has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/ConnectTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseConnection\\:\\:escapeLikeStringDirect\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/EscapeTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.nonObject
-	'message' => '#^Cannot access property \\$name on array\\|object\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/FabricatorLiveTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$fields of method CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Forge\\:\\:addField\\(\\) expects array\\<string, array\\|string\\>\\|string, array\\<int, string\\> given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/ForgeTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.nonObject
-	'message' => '#^Cannot access property \\$currentRow on CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\ResultInterface\\|false\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.nonObject
-	'message' => '#^Cannot access property \\$name on array\\|object\\.$#',
-	'count' => 4,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.nonObject
-	'message' => '#^Cannot access property \\$resultID on CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\ResultInterface\\|false\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest\\.php\\:256\\:\\:\\$country has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest\\.php\\:256\\:\\:\\$created_at has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest\\.php\\:256\\:\\:\\$deleted_at has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest\\.php\\:256\\:\\:\\$email has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest\\.php\\:256\\:\\:\\$id has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest\\.php\\:256\\:\\:\\$name has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest\\.php\\:256\\:\\:\\$updated_at has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.nameCase
-	'message' => '#^Call to method CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseBuilder\\:\\:getWhere\\(\\) with incorrect case\\: getwhere$#',
-	'count' => 4,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/InsertTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.phpDocType
-	'message' => '#^PHPDoc type string of property CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Live\\\\MetadataTest\\:\\:\\$seed is not the same as PHPDoc type array\\<int, class\\-string\\<CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Seeder\\>\\>\\|class\\-string\\<CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Seeder\\> of overridden property CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\CIUnitTestCase\\:\\:\\$seed\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/MetadataTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Live\\\\MetadataTest\\:\\:\\$expectedTables type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/MetadataTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseConnection\\:\\:\\$numberNative\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/MySQLi/NumberNativeTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Live\\\\MySQLi\\\\NumberNativeTest\\:\\:\\$tests has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/MySQLi/NumberNativeTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: class.nameCase
-	'message' => '#^Class stdClass referenced with incorrect case\\: stdclass\\.$#',
-	'count' => 9,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/MySQLi/RawSqlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseConnection\\:\\:getCursor\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/OCI8/CallStoredProcedureTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseConnection\\:\\:storedProcedure\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/OCI8/CallStoredProcedureTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseConnection\\:\\:\\$schema\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/OrderTest.php',
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-	// identifier: property.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseConnection\\:\\:\\$schema\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/PreparedQueryTest.php',
-];
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-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$db of class CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\SQLite3\\\\Table constructor expects CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\SQLite3\\\\Connection, CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseConnection given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/SQLite3/AlterTableTest.php',
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-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/SQLite3/AlterTableTest.php',
-];
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-	// identifier: property.phpDocType
-	'message' => '#^PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\SQLite3\\\\Connection of property CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Live\\\\SQLite3\\\\GetIndexDataTest\\:\\:\\$db is not the same as PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseConnection of overridden property CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\CIUnitTestCase\\:\\:\\$db\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/SQLite3/GetIndexDataTest.php',
-];
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-	// identifier: assign.propertyType
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Live\\\\SQLite3\\\\GetIndexDataTest\\:\\:\\$db \\(CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\SQLite3\\\\Connection\\) does not accept CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseConnection\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/SQLite3/GetIndexDataTest.php',
-];
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-	// identifier: assign.propertyType
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-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/SQLite3/GetIndexDataTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Live\\\\UpdateTest\\:\\:provideUpdateBatch\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/UpdateTest.php',
-];
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-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Live\\\\UpdateTest\\:\\:testUpdateBatch\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/UpdateTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Live\\\\UpdateTest\\:\\:testUpdateBatch\\(\\) has parameter \\$expected with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/UpdateTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.nameCase
-	'message' => '#^Call to method CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseBuilder\\:\\:getWhere\\(\\) with incorrect case\\: getwhere$#',
-	'count' => 9,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/UpsertTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: class.nameCase
-	'message' => '#^Class stdClass referenced with incorrect case\\: stdclass\\.$#',
-	'count' => 5,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/UpsertTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$set of method CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseBuilder\\:\\:updateFields\\(\\) expects array\\<int, CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\RawSql\\|string\\>\\|string, array\\<string, CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\RawSql\\> given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Live/UpsertTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseConnection\\:\\:\\$schema\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Migrations/MigrationRunnerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Migrations\\\\MigrationRunnerTest\\:\\:resetTables\\(\\) has parameter \\$db with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Migrations/MigrationRunnerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Migrations\\\\MigrationRunnerTest\\:\\:\\$namespace type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database/Migrations/MigrationRunnerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\ResponseInterface\\:\\:pretend\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Debug/ExceptionHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Debug\\\\ExceptionHandlerTest\\:\\:backupIniValues\\(\\) has parameter \\$keys with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Debug/ExceptionHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Debug\\\\ExceptionHandlerTest\\:\\:\\$iniSettings type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Debug/ExceptionHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccess
-	'message' => '#^Accessing offset \'CODEIGNITER_SCREAM_DEPRECATIONS\' directly on \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Debug/ExceptionsTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'1\' directly on offset \'CODEIGNITER_SCREAM_DEPRECATIONS\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Debug/ExceptionsTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: function.resultUnused
-	'message' => '#^Call to function strlen\\(\\) on a separate line has no effect\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Debug/ExceptionsTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.frameworkExceptionInstance
-	'message' => '#^Instantiating CastException using new is not allowed\\. Use one of its named constructors instead\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Debug/ExceptionsTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#2 \\$callable of method CodeIgniter\\\\Debug\\\\Timer\\:\\:record\\(\\) expects callable\\(\\)\\: mixed, \'strlen\' given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Debug/TimerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.frameworkExceptionInstance
-	'message' => '#^Instantiating FrameworkException using new is not allowed\\. Use one of its named constructors instead\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/DebugTraceableTraitTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Email\\\\EmailTest\\:\\:provideEmailSendWithClearance\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Email/EmailTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: booleanNot.exprNotBoolean
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-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Email/EmailTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\\\Encryption\\\\EncrypterInterface\\:\\:\\$key\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Encryption/EncryptionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\\\Encryption\\\\Encryption\\:\\:\\$bogus\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Encryption/EncryptionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.protected
-	'message' => '#^Access to protected property CodeIgniter\\\\Encryption\\\\Encryption\\:\\:\\$digest\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Encryption/EncryptionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.protected
-	'message' => '#^Access to protected property CodeIgniter\\\\Encryption\\\\Encryption\\:\\:\\$key\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Encryption/EncryptionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccess
-	'message' => '#^Accessing offset \'encryption\\.key\' directly on \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Encryption/EncryptionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\\\Encryption\\\\EncrypterInterface\\:\\:\\$cipher\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Encryption/Handlers/OpenSSLHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\\\Encryption\\\\EncrypterInterface\\:\\:\\$key\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Encryption/Handlers/OpenSSLHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\\\Encryption\\\\EncrypterInterface\\:\\:\\$blockSize\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Encryption/Handlers/SodiumHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\\\Encryption\\\\EncrypterInterface\\:\\:\\$driver\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Encryption/Handlers/SodiumHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\\\Encryption\\\\EncrypterInterface\\:\\:\\$key\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Encryption/Handlers/SodiumHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Access to an undefined property object\\:\\:\\$bar\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Entity/EntityTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined method object\\:\\:toRawArray\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Entity/EntityTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: expr.resultUnused
-	'message' => '#^Expression "\\$entity\\-\\>ninth" on a separate line does not do anything\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Entity/EntityTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Entity\\\\EntityTest\\:\\:getCastEntity\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Entity/EntityTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Entity\\\\EntityTest\\:\\:getCastNullableEntity\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Entity/EntityTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Entity\\\\EntityTest\\:\\:getCustomCastEntity\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Entity/EntityTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Entity\\\\EntityTest\\:\\:getEntity\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Entity/EntityTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Entity\\\\EntityTest\\:\\:getMappedEntity\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Entity/EntityTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Entity\\\\EntityTest\\:\\:getNewSetterGetterEntity\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Entity/EntityTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Entity\\\\EntityTest\\:\\:getSimpleSwappedEntity\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Entity/EntityTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Entity\\\\EntityTest\\:\\:getSwappedEntity\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Entity/EntityTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.configArgumentInstanceof
-	'message' => '#^Argument \\#1 \\$name \\(\'Modules\'\\) passed to function config does not extend CodeIgniter\\\\\\\\Config\\\\\\\\BaseConfig\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Events/EventsTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\\\Events\\\\Events\\:\\:unInitialize\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Events/EventsTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: assign.propertyType
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Filters\\\\CSRFTest\\:\\:\\$response \\(CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\Response\\|null\\) does not accept CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\ResponseInterface\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Filters/CSRFTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'GET\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_METHOD\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Filters/DebugToolbarTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: assign.propertyType
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Filters\\\\DebugToolbarTest\\:\\:\\$response \\(CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\Response\\) does not accept CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\ResponseInterface\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Filters/DebugToolbarTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'DELETE\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_METHOD\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Filters/FiltersTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'GET\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_METHOD\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 36,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Filters/FiltersTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning 2 directly on offset \'argc\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Filters/FiltersTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning array\\{\'spark\', \'list\'\\} directly on offset \'argv\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Filters/FiltersTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Filters\\\\FiltersTest\\:\\:createFilters\\(\\) has parameter \\$request with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Filters/FiltersTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Filters\\\\FiltersTest\\:\\:provideBeforeExcept\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Filters/FiltersTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Filters\\\\FiltersTest\\:\\:provideProcessMethodProcessGlobalsWithExcept\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Filters/FiltersTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Filters\\\\FiltersTest\\:\\:testBeforeExcept\\(\\) has parameter \\$except with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Filters/FiltersTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Filters\\\\FiltersTest\\:\\:testBeforeExcept\\(\\) has parameter \\$expected with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Filters/FiltersTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Filters\\\\FiltersTest\\:\\:testProcessMethodProcessGlobalsWithExcept\\(\\) has parameter \\$except with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Filters/FiltersTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: assign.propertyType
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Filters\\\\FiltersTest\\:\\:\\$response \\(CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\Response\\) does not accept CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\ResponseInterface\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Filters/FiltersTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'POST\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_METHOD\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Filters/HoneypotTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: assign.propertyType
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Filters\\\\HoneypotTest\\:\\:\\$response \\(CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\Response\\|null\\) does not accept CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\RequestInterface\\|CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\ResponseInterface\\|string\\|null\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Filters/HoneypotTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: assign.propertyType
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Filters\\\\HoneypotTest\\:\\:\\$response \\(CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\Response\\|null\\) does not accept CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\ResponseInterface\\.$#',
-	'count' => 4,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Filters/HoneypotTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning string directly on offset \'val\' of \\$_GET is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Filters/InvalidCharsTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Filters\\\\InvalidCharsTest\\:\\:provideCheckControlStringWithControlCharsCausesException\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Filters/InvalidCharsTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Filters\\\\InvalidCharsTest\\:\\:provideCheckControlStringWithLineBreakAndTabReturnsTheString\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Filters/InvalidCharsTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.getReassignArray
-	'message' => '#^Re\\-assigning arrays to \\$_GET directly is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Filters/InvalidCharsTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Filters\\\\fixtures\\\\InvalidClass\\:\\:index\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Filters/fixtures/InvalidClass.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.nameCase
-	'message' => '#^Call to method PHPUnit\\\\Framework\\\\Assert\\:\\:assertInstanceOf\\(\\) with incorrect case\\: assertInstanceof$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Format/FormatTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Format\\\\XMLFormatterTest\\:\\:provideValidatingInvalidTags\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Format/XMLFormatterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Format\\\\XMLFormatterTest\\:\\:testValidatingInvalidTags\\(\\) has parameter \\$input with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Format/XMLFormatterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'baz\' directly on offset \'bar\' of \\$_GET is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/CLIRequestTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning array\\{\'index\\.php\', \'users\', \'21\', \'abc \\< def\', \'McDonald\\\\\'s\', \'\\<s\\>aaa\\</s\\>\'\\} directly on offset \'argv\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/CLIRequestTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
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-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'en\\-US\' directly on offset \'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/CURLRequestTest.php',
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-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/DownloadResponseTest.php',
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
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-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'Mozilla/5\\.0 \\(Linux; U; Android 2\\.0\\.3; ja\\-jp; SC\\-02C Build/IML74K\\) AppleWebKit/534\\.30 \\(KHTML, like Gecko\\) Version/4\\.0 Mobile Safari/534\\.30\' directly on offset \'HTTP_USER_AGENT\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
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-	'count' => 11,
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
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-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'Mozilla\' directly on offset \'HTTP_USER_AGENT\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
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-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'fr\\-FR; q\\=1\\.0, en; q\\=0\\.5\' directly on offset \'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
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-$ignoreErrors[] = [
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-	'count' => 2,
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-	'count' => 2,
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-	'count' => 1,
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-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\Request\\:\\:getVar\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\Request\\:\\:is\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 5,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\Request\\:\\:isAJAX\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\Request\\:\\:isCLI\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\Request\\:\\:isSecure\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\Request\\:\\:negotiate\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 5,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\IncomingRequestTest\\:\\:createRequest\\(\\) has parameter \\$body with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\IncomingRequestTest\\:\\:provideCanGrabGetRawInputVar\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\IncomingRequestTest\\:\\:provideExtensionPHP\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\IncomingRequestTest\\:\\:provideIsHTTPMethods\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: assign.propertyType
-	'message' => '#^Property Config\\\\App\\:\\:\\$proxyIPs \\(array\\<string, string\\>\\) does not accept array\\<int, string\\>\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: assign.propertyType
-	'message' => '#^Property Config\\\\App\\:\\:\\$proxyIPs \\(array\\<string, string\\>\\) does not accept string\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.getReassignArray
-	'message' => '#^Re\\-assigning arrays to \\$_GET directly is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\MessageTest\\:\\:provideArrayHeaderValue\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/MessageTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\MessageTest\\:\\:testSetHeaderWithExistingArrayValuesAppendArrayValue\\(\\) has parameter \\$arrayHeaderValue with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/MessageTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\MessageTest\\:\\:testSetHeaderWithExistingArrayValuesAppendStringValue\\(\\) has parameter \\$arrayHeaderValue with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/MessageTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$config of class CodeIgniter\\\\Log\\\\Logger constructor expects Config\\\\Logger, CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\Mock\\\\MockLogger given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/RedirectExceptionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'GET\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_METHOD\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/RedirectResponseTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'http\\://somewhere\\.com\' directly on offset \'HTTP_REFERER\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/RedirectResponseTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.phpDocType
-	'message' => '#^PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\RouteCollection of property CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\RedirectResponseTest\\:\\:\\$routes is not the same as PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\RouteCollection\\|null of overridden property CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\CIUnitTestCase\\:\\:\\$routes\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/RedirectResponseTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.getReassignArray
-	'message' => '#^Re\\-assigning arrays to \\$_GET directly is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/RedirectResponseTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'10\\.0\\.1\\.200\' directly on offset \'REMOTE_ADDR\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/RequestTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'10\\.10\\.1\\.200\' directly on offset \'REMOTE_ADDR\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/RequestTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'123\\.123\\.123\\.123\' directly on offset \'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/RequestTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'123\\.123\\.123\\.123\' directly on offset \'REMOTE_ADDR\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/RequestTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'123\\.456\\.23\\.123\' directly on offset \'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/RequestTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'192\\.168\\.5\\.21\' directly on offset \'REMOTE_ADDR\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/RequestTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'baz\' directly on offset \'bar\' of \\$_GET is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/RequestTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.getReassignArray
-	'message' => '#^Re\\-assigning arrays to \\$_GET directly is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/RequestTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\ResponseCookieTest\\:\\:\\$defaults type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/ResponseCookieTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#3 \\$expire of method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\Response\\:\\:setCookie\\(\\) expects int, string given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/ResponseSendTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccess
-	'message' => '#^Accessing offset \'SERVER_SOFTWARE\' directly on \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/ResponseTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'GET\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_METHOD\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/ResponseTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'HTTP/1\\.1\' directly on offset \'SERVER_PROTOCOL\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/ResponseTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'Microsoft\\-IIS\' directly on offset \'SERVER_SOFTWARE\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/ResponseTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'POST\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_METHOD\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/ResponseTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning string directly on offset \'REQUEST_METHOD\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/ResponseTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning string directly on offset \'SERVER_PROTOCOL\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/ResponseTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning string directly on offset \'SERVER_SOFTWARE\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/ResponseTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\ResponseTest\\:\\:provideRedirect\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/ResponseTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\ResponseTest\\:\\:provideRedirectWithIIS\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/ResponseTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$data of method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\Message\\:\\:setBody\\(\\) expects string, array\\<string, array\\<int, int\\>\\|string\\> given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/ResponseTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#3 \\$expire of method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\Response\\:\\:setCookie\\(\\) expects int, string given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/ResponseTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\ResponseTest\\:\\:\\$server type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/ResponseTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccess
-	'message' => '#^Accessing offset \'QUERY_STRING\' directly on \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'\' directly on offset \'/ci/woot\' of \\$_GET is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/\' directly on offset \'SCRIPT_NAME\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/\\?/ci/woot\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/candy/snickers\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/ci/index\\.php\' directly on offset \'SCRIPT_NAME\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/ci/index\\.php/popcorn/woot\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/ci/woot\' directly on offset \'QUERY_STRING\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/ci/woot\\?code\\=good\' directly on offset \'QUERY_STRING\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/ci431/public/index\\.php\' directly on offset \'SCRIPT_NAME\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/ci431/public/index\\.php/woot\\?code\\=good\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/fruits/banana\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/index\\.php\' directly on offset \'SCRIPT_NAME\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 13,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/index\\.php/fruits/banana\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/index\\.php/woot\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 4,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/index\\.php/woot\\?code\\=good\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/index\\.php\\?\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/index\\.php\\?/ci/woot\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/index\\.php\\?/ci/woot\\?code\\=good\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/sub/example\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/sub/folder/index\\.php\' directly on offset \'SCRIPT_NAME\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/sub/folder/index\\.php/fruits/banana\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/sub/index\\.php\' directly on offset \'SCRIPT_NAME\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/woot\' directly on offset \'PATH_INFO\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/woot\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'good\' directly on offset \'/ci/woot\\?code\' of \\$_GET is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning string directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning string directly on offset \'SCRIPT_NAME\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest\\:\\:createSiteURIFactory\\(\\) has parameter \\$server with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest\\:\\:provideExtensionPHP\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.getReassignArray
-	'message' => '#^Re\\-assigning arrays to \\$_GET directly is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/index\\.php\' directly on offset \'SCRIPT_NAME\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/index\\.php/woot\\?code\\=good\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/woot\' directly on offset \'PATH_INFO\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'code\\=good\' directly on offset \'QUERY_STRING\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'good\' directly on offset \'code\' of \\$_GET is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'localhost\\:8080\' directly on offset \'HTTP_HOST\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'users\\.example\\.jp\' directly on offset \'HTTP_HOST\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\SiteURIFactoryTest\\:\\:provideCreateFromStringWithIndexPage\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\SiteURIFactoryTest\\:\\:provideCreateFromStringWithoutIndexPage\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.getReassignArray
-	'message' => '#^Re\\-assigning arrays to \\$_GET directly is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\SiteURITest\\:\\:provideConstructor\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURITest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\SiteURITest\\:\\:provideRelativePathWithQueryOrFragment\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURITest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\SiteURITest\\:\\:provideSetPath\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURITest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\SiteURITest\\:\\:testConstructor\\(\\) has parameter \\$expectedSegments with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURITest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\SiteURITest\\:\\:testSetPath\\(\\) has parameter \\$expectedSegments with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURITest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#4 \\$scheme of class CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\SiteURI constructor expects \'http\'\\|\'https\'\\|null, \'\' given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURITest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'\' directly on offset \'QUERY_STRING\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/URITest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/ci/v4/controller/method\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/URITest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/ci/v4/index\\.php\' directly on offset \'SCRIPT_NAME\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/URITest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/ci/v4/index\\.php/controller/method\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/URITest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/controller/method\' directly on offset \'PATH_INFO\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/URITest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'example\\.com\' directly on offset \'HTTP_HOST\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/URITest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\URI\\:\\:getRoutePath\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/URITest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\URITest\\:\\:defaultResolutions\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/URITest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\URITest\\:\\:provideAuthorityRemovesDefaultPorts\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/URITest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\URITest\\:\\:provideAuthorityReturnsExceptedValues\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/URITest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\URITest\\:\\:providePathGetsFiltered\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/URITest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\URITest\\:\\:provideRemoveDotSegments\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/URITest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\URITest\\:\\:provideSetPath\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/URITest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\URITest\\:\\:provideSimpleUri\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/URITest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccess
-	'message' => '#^Accessing offset \'HTTP_REFERER\' directly on \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/UserAgentTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccess
-	'message' => '#^Accessing offset \'HTTP_USER_AGENT\' directly on \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/UserAgentTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'http\\://codeigniter\\.com/user_guide/\' directly on offset \'HTTP_REFERER\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/UserAgentTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning string directly on offset \'HTTP_USER_AGENT\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HTTP/UserAgentTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\Array\\\\ArrayHelperDotKeyExistsTest\\:\\:\\$array type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/Array/ArrayHelperDotKeyExistsTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\Array\\\\ArrayHelperRecursiveDiffTest\\:\\:\\$compareWith type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/Array/ArrayHelperRecursiveDiffTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\Array\\\\ArrayHelperSortValuesByNaturalTest\\:\\:\\$arrayWithArrayValues type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/Array/ArrayHelperSortValuesByNaturalTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\Array\\\\ArrayHelperSortValuesByNaturalTest\\:\\:\\$arrayWithStringValues type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/Array/ArrayHelperSortValuesByNaturalTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\ArrayHelperTest\\:\\:provideArrayDeepSearch\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\ArrayHelperTest\\:\\:provideArrayFlattening\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\ArrayHelperTest\\:\\:provideArrayGroupByExcludeEmpty\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\ArrayHelperTest\\:\\:provideArrayGroupByIncludeEmpty\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\ArrayHelperTest\\:\\:provideSortByMultipleKeys\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\ArrayHelperTest\\:\\:testArrayDeepSearch\\(\\) has parameter \\$expected with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\ArrayHelperTest\\:\\:testArrayFlattening\\(\\) has parameter \\$expected with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\ArrayHelperTest\\:\\:testArrayFlattening\\(\\) has parameter \\$input with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\ArrayHelperTest\\:\\:testArrayGroupByExcludeEmpty\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\ArrayHelperTest\\:\\:testArrayGroupByExcludeEmpty\\(\\) has parameter \\$expected with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\ArrayHelperTest\\:\\:testArrayGroupByExcludeEmpty\\(\\) has parameter \\$indexes with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\ArrayHelperTest\\:\\:testArrayGroupByIncludeEmpty\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\ArrayHelperTest\\:\\:testArrayGroupByIncludeEmpty\\(\\) has parameter \\$expected with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\ArrayHelperTest\\:\\:testArrayGroupByIncludeEmpty\\(\\) has parameter \\$indexes with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\ArrayHelperTest\\:\\:testArraySortByMultipleKeysFailsEmptyParameter\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\ArrayHelperTest\\:\\:testArraySortByMultipleKeysFailsEmptyParameter\\(\\) has parameter \\$expected with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\ArrayHelperTest\\:\\:testArraySortByMultipleKeysFailsEmptyParameter\\(\\) has parameter \\$sortColumns with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\ArrayHelperTest\\:\\:testArraySortByMultipleKeysWithArray\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\ArrayHelperTest\\:\\:testArraySortByMultipleKeysWithArray\\(\\) has parameter \\$expected with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\ArrayHelperTest\\:\\:testArraySortByMultipleKeysWithArray\\(\\) has parameter \\$sortColumns with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\ArrayHelperTest\\:\\:testArraySortByMultipleKeysWithObjects\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\ArrayHelperTest\\:\\:testArraySortByMultipleKeysWithObjects\\(\\) has parameter \\$expected with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\ArrayHelperTest\\:\\:testArraySortByMultipleKeysWithObjects\\(\\) has parameter \\$sortColumns with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: assign.propertyType
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\CookieHelperTest\\:\\:\\$response \\(CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\Response\\) does not accept CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\ResponseInterface\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/CookieHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined method org\\\\bovigo\\\\vfs\\\\visitor\\\\vfsStreamVisitor\\:\\:getStructure\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/FilesystemHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#2 \\$value of function form_hidden expects array\\|string, null given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/FormHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\HTMLHelperTest\\:\\:\\$tracks type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/HTMLHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\InflectorHelperTest\\:\\:provideOrdinal\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/InflectorHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$num of function number_to_size expects int\\|string, float given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/NumberHelperTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/assets/image\\.jpg\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/foo/public/bar\\?baz\\=quip\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/foo/public/index\\.php\' directly on offset \'SCRIPT_NAME\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/index\\.php\' directly on offset \'SCRIPT_NAME\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/public/\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 4,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/public/index\\.php\' directly on offset \'SCRIPT_NAME\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/subfolder/assets/image\\.jpg\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/subfolder/index\\.php\' directly on offset \'SCRIPT_NAME\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'8080\' directly on offset \'SERVER_PORT\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'example\\.com\' directly on offset \'HTTP_HOST\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 11,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'invalid\\.example\\.org\' directly on offset \'HTTP_HOST\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'www\\.example\\.jp\' directly on offset \'HTTP_HOST\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning non\\-falsy\\-string directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\URLHelper\\\\CurrentUrlTest\\:\\:createRequest\\(\\) has parameter \\$body with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\URLHelper\\\\CurrentUrlTest\\:\\:provideUrlIs\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'example\\.com\' directly on offset \'HTTP_HOST\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/MiscUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'http\\://example\\.com/one\\?two\' directly on offset \'HTTP_REFERER\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/MiscUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\URLHelper\\\\MiscUrlTest\\:\\:provideAnchor\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/MiscUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\URLHelper\\\\MiscUrlTest\\:\\:provideAnchorExamples\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/MiscUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\URLHelper\\\\MiscUrlTest\\:\\:provideAnchorNoindex\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/MiscUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\URLHelper\\\\MiscUrlTest\\:\\:provideAnchorPopup\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/MiscUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\URLHelper\\\\MiscUrlTest\\:\\:provideAnchorTargetted\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/MiscUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\URLHelper\\\\MiscUrlTest\\:\\:provideAutoLinkEmail\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/MiscUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\URLHelper\\\\MiscUrlTest\\:\\:provideAutoLinkPopup\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/MiscUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\URLHelper\\\\MiscUrlTest\\:\\:provideAutoLinkUrl\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/MiscUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\URLHelper\\\\MiscUrlTest\\:\\:provideAutolinkBoth\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/MiscUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\URLHelper\\\\MiscUrlTest\\:\\:provideMailto\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/MiscUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\URLHelper\\\\MiscUrlTest\\:\\:providePrepUrl\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/MiscUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\URLHelper\\\\MiscUrlTest\\:\\:provideSafeMailto\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/MiscUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\URLHelper\\\\MiscUrlTest\\:\\:provideUrlTo\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/MiscUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\URLHelper\\\\MiscUrlTest\\:\\:provideUrlToThrowsOnEmptyOrMissingRoute\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/MiscUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\URLHelper\\\\MiscUrlTest\\:\\:testUrlTo\\(\\) has parameter \\$args with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/MiscUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\URLHelper\\\\SiteUrlCliTest\\:\\:provideUrls\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlCliTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccess
-	'message' => '#^Accessing offset \'HTTP_HOST\' directly on \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccess
-	'message' => '#^Accessing offset \'REQUEST_URI\' directly on \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/ci/v4/x/y\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/public\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/public/index\\.php\' directly on offset \'SCRIPT_NAME\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/test\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/test/page\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'example\\.com\' directly on offset \'HTTP_HOST\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'www\\.example\\.jp\' directly on offset \'HTTP_HOST\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\URLHelper\\\\SiteUrlTest\\:\\:createRequest\\(\\) has parameter \\$body with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Helpers\\\\URLHelper\\\\SiteUrlTest\\:\\:provideUrls\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'test\' directly on offset \'HTTPS\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HomeTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: empty.notAllowed
-	'message' => '#^Construct empty\\(\\) is not allowed\\. Use more strict comparison\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HomeTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HomeTest\\:\\:call\\(\\) has parameter \\$params with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HomeTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HomeTest\\:\\:delete\\(\\) has parameter \\$params with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HomeTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HomeTest\\:\\:get\\(\\) has parameter \\$params with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HomeTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HomeTest\\:\\:options\\(\\) has parameter \\$params with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HomeTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HomeTest\\:\\:patch\\(\\) has parameter \\$params with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HomeTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HomeTest\\:\\:populateGlobals\\(\\) has parameter \\$params with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HomeTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HomeTest\\:\\:post\\(\\) has parameter \\$params with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HomeTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HomeTest\\:\\:put\\(\\) has parameter \\$params with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HomeTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HomeTest\\:\\:setRequestBody\\(\\) has parameter \\$params with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HomeTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HomeTest\\:\\:withHeaders\\(\\) has parameter \\$headers with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HomeTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HomeTest\\:\\:withRoutes\\(\\) has parameter \\$routes with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HomeTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\HomeTest\\:\\:withSession\\(\\) has parameter \\$values with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HomeTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: booleanNot.exprNotBoolean
-	'message' => '#^Only booleans are allowed in a negated boolean, CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\RouteCollection\\|null given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HomeTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$request of method CodeIgniter\\\\CodeIgniter\\:\\:setRequest\\(\\) expects CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\CLIRequest\\|CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\IncomingRequest, CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\Request given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HomeTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#3 \\$params of method CodeIgniter\\\\HomeTest\\:\\:populateGlobals\\(\\) expects non\\-empty\\-array\\|null, array\\|null given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HomeTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: nullCoalesce.property
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\CIUnitTestCase\\:\\:\\$session \\(array\\) on left side of \\?\\? is not nullable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/HomeTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'POST\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_METHOD\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Honeypot/HoneypotTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$config of class CodeIgniter\\\\Filters\\\\Filters constructor expects Config\\\\Filters, object\\{aliases\\: array\\<string, string\\>, globals\\: array\\<string, array\\<int, string\\>\\>\\}&stdClass given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Honeypot/HoneypotTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$data of method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\Message\\:\\:setBody\\(\\) expects string, null given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Honeypot/HoneypotTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: assign.propertyType
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Honeypot\\\\HoneypotTest\\:\\:\\$response \\(CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\Response\\) does not accept CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\RequestInterface\\|CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\ResponseInterface\\|string\\|null\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Honeypot/HoneypotTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: assign.propertyType
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Honeypot\\\\HoneypotTest\\:\\:\\$response \\(CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\Response\\) does not accept CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\ResponseInterface\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Honeypot/HoneypotTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\\\I18n\\\\TimeDifference\\:\\:\\$nonsense\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/I18n/TimeDifferenceTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.protected
-	'message' => '#^Access to protected property CodeIgniter\\\\I18n\\\\TimeDifference\\:\\:\\$days\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/I18n/TimeDifferenceTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.protected
-	'message' => '#^Access to protected property CodeIgniter\\\\I18n\\\\TimeDifference\\:\\:\\$hours\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/I18n/TimeDifferenceTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.protected
-	'message' => '#^Access to protected property CodeIgniter\\\\I18n\\\\TimeDifference\\:\\:\\$minutes\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/I18n/TimeDifferenceTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.protected
-	'message' => '#^Access to protected property CodeIgniter\\\\I18n\\\\TimeDifference\\:\\:\\$months\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/I18n/TimeDifferenceTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.protected
-	'message' => '#^Access to protected property CodeIgniter\\\\I18n\\\\TimeDifference\\:\\:\\$seconds\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/I18n/TimeDifferenceTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.protected
-	'message' => '#^Access to protected property CodeIgniter\\\\I18n\\\\TimeDifference\\:\\:\\$weeks\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/I18n/TimeDifferenceTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.protected
-	'message' => '#^Access to protected property CodeIgniter\\\\I18n\\\\TimeDifference\\:\\:\\$years\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/I18n/TimeDifferenceTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: isset.property
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\I18n\\\\TimeDifference\\:\\:\\$days \\(int\\) in isset\\(\\) is not nullable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/I18n/TimeDifferenceTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\\\I18n\\\\TimeLegacy\\:\\:\\$timezoneName\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/I18n/TimeLegacyTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\\\I18n\\\\TimeLegacy\\:\\:\\$weekOfWeek\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/I18n/TimeLegacyTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\I18n\\\\TimeLegacyTest\\:\\:provideToStringDoesNotDependOnLocale\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/I18n/TimeLegacyTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\\\I18n\\\\Time\\:\\:\\$timezoneName\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/I18n/TimeTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\\\I18n\\\\Time\\:\\:\\$weekOfWeek\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/I18n/TimeTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\I18n\\\\TimeTest\\:\\:provideToStringDoesNotDependOnLocale\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/I18n/TimeTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\\\Images\\\\Handlers\\\\BaseHandler\\:\\:getPathname\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Images/BaseHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined method org\\\\bovigo\\\\vfs\\\\vfsStreamContent\\:\\:getContent\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Images/GDHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$image of function imagecolorat expects GdImage, resource given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Images/GDHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$image of function imagecolorsforindex expects GdImage, resource given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Images/GDHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$filename of function file_get_contents expects string, resource given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Images/ImageMagickHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Language\\\\LanguageTest\\:\\:provideBundleUniqueKeys\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Language/LanguageTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#2 \\$message of method CodeIgniter\\\\Log\\\\Handlers\\\\ChromeLoggerHandler\\:\\:handle\\(\\) expects string, stdClass given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Log/Handlers/ChromeLoggerHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Log\\\\Handlers\\\\ErrorlogHandlerTest\\:\\:getMockedHandler\\(\\) has parameter \\$config with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Log/Handlers/ErrorlogHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$config of class CodeIgniter\\\\Log\\\\Logger constructor expects Config\\\\Logger, CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\Mock\\\\MockLogger given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 24,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Log/LoggerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$level of method CodeIgniter\\\\Log\\\\Logger\\:\\:log\\(\\) expects string, int given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Log/LoggerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#2 \\$message of method CodeIgniter\\\\Log\\\\Logger\\:\\:log\\(\\) expects string\\|Stringable, CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\Mock\\\\MockLogger given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Log/LoggerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.getReassignArray
-	'message' => '#^Re\\-assigning arrays to \\$_GET directly is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Log/LoggerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.void
-	'message' => '#^Result of method CodeIgniter\\\\Log\\\\Logger\\:\\:log\\(\\) \\(void\\) is used\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Log/LoggerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\\\Model\\:\\:affectedRows\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/AffectedRowsTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: offsetAccess.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Offset \'email\' does not exist on array\\<int, array\\{\\}\\>\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/DataConverterModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: offsetAccess.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Offset \'email\' does not exist on array\\{\\}\\.$#',
-	'count' => 4,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/DataConverterModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: offsetAccess.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Offset \'id\' does not exist on array\\{email\\: array\\{\'private@example\\.org\'\\}\\}\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/DataConverterModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: offsetAccess.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Offset \'id\' does not exist on array\\{\\}\\.$#',
-	'count' => 4,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/DataConverterModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$row of method CodeIgniter\\\\BaseModel\\:\\:save\\(\\) expects array\\<int\\|string, bool\\|float\\|int\\|object\\|string\\|null\\>\\|object, array\\<string, array\\<int, string\\>\\> given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/DataConverterModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#2 \\$row of method CodeIgniter\\\\Model\\:\\:update\\(\\) expects array\\<int\\|string, bool\\|float\\|int\\|object\\|string\\|null\\>\\|object\\|null, array\\<string, array\\<int, string\\>\\> given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/DataConverterModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.defaultValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Models\\\\DataConverterModelTest\\:\\:\\$seed \\(array\\<int, class\\-string\\<CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Seeder\\>\\>\\|class\\-string\\<CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Seeder\\>\\) does not accept default value of type string\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/DataConverterModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Models\\\\DeleteModelTest\\:\\:emptyPkValues\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/DeleteModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.phpDocType
-	'message' => '#^PHPDoc type Tests\\\\Support\\\\Models\\\\EventModel of property CodeIgniter\\\\Models\\\\EventsModelTest\\:\\:\\$model is not the same as PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\\\Model of overridden property CodeIgniter\\\\Models\\\\LiveModelTestCase\\:\\:\\$model\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/EventsModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\\\Model\\:\\:getLastQuery\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/FindModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.nonObject
-	'message' => '#^Cannot access property \\$id on array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 8,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/FindModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.nonObject
-	'message' => '#^Cannot access property \\$name on array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 5,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/FindModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.nonObject
-	'message' => '#^Cannot access property \\$total on array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/FindModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Models\\\\FindModelTest\\:\\:provideAggregateAndGroupBy\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/FindModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Models\\\\FindModelTest\\:\\:provideFirstAggregate\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/FindModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: booleanNot.exprNotBoolean
-	'message' => '#^Only booleans are allowed in a negated boolean, mixed given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/FindModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: if.condNotBoolean
-	'message' => '#^Only booleans are allowed in an if condition, mixed given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 5,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/FindModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: booleanOr.rightNotBoolean
-	'message' => '#^Only booleans are allowed in \\|\\|, mixed given on the right side\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/FindModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Access to an undefined property object\\:\\:\\$charset\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/GeneralModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\\\Model\\:\\:undefinedMethodCall\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/GeneralModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.nonObject
-	'message' => '#^Cannot access property \\$country on array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.nonObject
-	'message' => '#^Cannot access property \\$created_at on array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\\.php\\:193\\:\\:\\$_options has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\\.php\\:193\\:\\:\\$country has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\\.php\\:193\\:\\:\\$created_at has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\\.php\\:193\\:\\:\\$deleted has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\\.php\\:193\\:\\:\\$email has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\\.php\\:193\\:\\:\\$id has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\\.php\\:193\\:\\:\\$name has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\\.php\\:193\\:\\:\\$updated_at has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\\.php\\:287\\:\\:\\$_options has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\\.php\\:287\\:\\:\\$country has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\\.php\\:287\\:\\:\\$created_at has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\\.php\\:287\\:\\:\\$deleted has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\\.php\\:287\\:\\:\\$email has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\\.php\\:287\\:\\:\\$id has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\\.php\\:287\\:\\:\\$name has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\\.php\\:287\\:\\:\\$updated_at has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.nonObject
-	'message' => '#^Cannot access property \\$created_at on array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/MiscellaneousModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.getReassignArray
-	'message' => '#^Re\\-assigning arrays to \\$_GET directly is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/PaginateModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined method class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest\\.php\\:288\\:\\:truncate\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.nonObject
-	'message' => '#^Cannot access property \\$description on array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.nonObject
-	'message' => '#^Cannot access property \\$id on array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.nonObject
-	'message' => '#^Cannot access property \\$name on array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest\\.php\\:239\\:\\:\\$_options has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest\\.php\\:239\\:\\:\\$country has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest\\.php\\:239\\:\\:\\$created_at has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest\\.php\\:239\\:\\:\\$deleted has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest\\.php\\:239\\:\\:\\$email has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest\\.php\\:239\\:\\:\\$id has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest\\.php\\:239\\:\\:\\$name has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest\\.php\\:239\\:\\:\\$updated_at has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest\\.php\\:272\\:\\:\\$_options has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest\\.php\\:272\\:\\:\\$created_at has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest\\.php\\:272\\:\\:\\$id has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest\\.php\\:272\\:\\:\\$name has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest\\.php\\:272\\:\\:\\$updated_at has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest\\.php\\:288\\:\\:\\$name has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.nonObject
-	'message' => '#^Cannot access property \\$country on array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/TimestampModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.nonObject
-	'message' => '#^Cannot access property \\$created_at on array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/TimestampModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.nonObject
-	'message' => '#^Cannot access property \\$id on array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/TimestampModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.nonObject
-	'message' => '#^Cannot access property \\$updated_at on array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/TimestampModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Models\\\\TimestampModelTest\\:\\:allowDatesPrepareOneRecord\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/TimestampModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Models\\\\TimestampModelTest\\:\\:doNotAllowDatesPrepareOneRecord\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/TimestampModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: offsetAccess.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Offset \'created_at\' does not exist on array\\{\\}\\.$#',
-	'count' => 6,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/TimestampModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: offsetAccess.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Offset \'id\' does not exist on array\\{country\\: \'CA\'\\}\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/TimestampModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.defaultValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Models\\\\TimestampModelTest\\:\\:\\$seed \\(array\\<int, class\\-string\\<CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Seeder\\>\\>\\|class\\-string\\<CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Seeder\\>\\) does not accept default value of type string\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/TimestampModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.nonObject
-	'message' => '#^Cannot access property \\$value on array\\<int, array\\>\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Models\\\\UpdateModelTest\\:\\:provideUpdateThrowDatabaseExceptionWithoutWhereClause\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$id of method CodeIgniter\\\\Model\\:\\:update\\(\\) expects array\\|int\\|string\\|null, false\\|null given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$row of method CodeIgniter\\\\BaseModel\\:\\:save\\(\\) expects array\\<int\\|string, bool\\|float\\|int\\|object\\|string\\|null\\>\\|object, array\\<int, array\\>\\|null given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\\.php\\:198\\:\\:\\$_options has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\\.php\\:198\\:\\:\\$country has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\\.php\\:198\\:\\:\\$created_at has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\\.php\\:198\\:\\:\\$deleted has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\\.php\\:198\\:\\:\\$email has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\\.php\\:198\\:\\:\\$id has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\\.php\\:198\\:\\:\\$name has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\\.php\\:198\\:\\:\\$updated_at has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\\.php\\:217\\:\\:\\$_options has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\\.php\\:217\\:\\:\\$country has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\\.php\\:217\\:\\:\\$created_at has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\\.php\\:217\\:\\:\\$deleted has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\\.php\\:217\\:\\:\\$email has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\\.php\\:217\\:\\:\\$id has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\\.php\\:217\\:\\:\\$name has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\\.php\\:217\\:\\:\\$updated_at has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\\.php\\:350\\:\\:\\$_options has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\\.php\\:350\\:\\:\\$country has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\\.php\\:350\\:\\:\\$created_at has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\\.php\\:350\\:\\:\\$deleted has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\\.php\\:350\\:\\:\\$email has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\\.php\\:350\\:\\:\\$id has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\\.php\\:350\\:\\:\\$name has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\\.php\\:350\\:\\:\\$updated_at has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: deadCode.unreachable
-	'message' => '#^Unreachable statement \\- code above always terminates\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.property
-	'message' => '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Models/ValidationModelTest\\.php\\:245\\:\\:\\$grouptest has no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/ValidationModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.nonObject
-	'message' => '#^Cannot access property \\$key on array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 7,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/WhenWhenNotModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.nonObject
-	'message' => '#^Cannot access property \\$value on array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models/WhenWhenNotModelTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccess
-	'message' => '#^Accessing offset \'page\' directly on \\$_GET is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Pager/PagerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccess
-	'message' => '#^Accessing offset \'page_foo\' directly on \\$_GET is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Pager/PagerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/ci/v4/index\\.php\' directly on offset \'SCRIPT_NAME\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Pager/PagerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/ci/v4/x/y\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Pager/PagerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/index\\.php\' directly on offset \'SCRIPT_NAME\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Pager/PagerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'bar\' directly on offset \'foo\' of \\$_GET is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Pager/PagerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'example\\.com\' directly on offset \'HTTP_HOST\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Pager/PagerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning 2 directly on offset \'page\' of \\$_GET is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Pager/PagerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning 2 directly on offset \'page_foo\' of \\$_GET is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 5,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Pager/PagerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning 3 directly on offset \'page\' of \\$_GET is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Pager/PagerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning string directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Pager/PagerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.getReassignArray
-	'message' => '#^Re\\-assigning arrays to \\$_GET directly is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 5,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Pager/PagerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Publisher\\\\PublisherRestrictionsTest\\:\\:provideDefaultPublicRestrictions\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Publisher/PublisherRestrictionsTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Publisher\\\\PublisherRestrictionsTest\\:\\:provideDestinations\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Publisher/PublisherRestrictionsTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: ternary.shortNotAllowed
-	'message' => '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Publisher/PublisherSupportTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/work\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/work/1\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/work/1/edit\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/work/123\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/work/new\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'DELETE\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_METHOD\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'GET\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_METHOD\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 4,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'HTTP/1\\.1\' directly on offset \'SERVER_PROTOCOL\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'PATCH\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_METHOD\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'POST\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_METHOD\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'PUT\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_METHOD\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning 2 directly on offset \'argc\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning 3 directly on offset \'argc\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 5,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning 4 directly on offset \'argc\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning array\\{\'index\\.php\', \'work\', \'1\', \'edit\'\\} directly on offset \'argv\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning array\\{\'index\\.php\', \'work\', \'1\'\\} directly on offset \'argv\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning array\\{\'index\\.php\', \'work\', \'123\'\\} directly on offset \'argv\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning array\\{\'index\\.php\', \'work\', \'new\'\\} directly on offset \'argv\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning array\\{\'index\\.php\', \'work\'\\} directly on offset \'argv\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\\\HTTP\\\\ResponseInterface\\:\\:pretend\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\RESTful\\\\ResourceControllerTest\\:\\:invoke\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\RESTful\\\\ResourceControllerTest\\:\\:invoke\\(\\) has parameter \\$args with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.phpDocType
-	'message' => '#^PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\RouteCollection of property CodeIgniter\\\\RESTful\\\\ResourceControllerTest\\:\\:\\$routes is not the same as PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\RouteCollection\\|null of overridden property CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\CIUnitTestCase\\:\\:\\$routes\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$format of method CodeIgniter\\\\RESTful\\\\ResourceController\\:\\:setFormat\\(\\) expects \'json\'\\|\'xml\', \'Nonsense\' given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/work\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/work/create\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/work/delete/123\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/work/edit/1\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/work/new\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/work/remove/123\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/work/show/1\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'/work/update/123\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_URI\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'GET\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_METHOD\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 5,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'HTTP/1\\.1\' directly on offset \'SERVER_PROTOCOL\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'POST\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_METHOD\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning 2 directly on offset \'argc\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning 3 directly on offset \'argc\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 4,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning 4 directly on offset \'argc\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning array\\{\'index\\.php\', \'work\', \'create\'\\} directly on offset \'argv\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning array\\{\'index\\.php\', \'work\', \'delete\', \'123\'\\} directly on offset \'argv\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning array\\{\'index\\.php\', \'work\', \'edit\', \'1\', \'edit\'\\} directly on offset \'argv\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning array\\{\'index\\.php\', \'work\', \'new\'\\} directly on offset \'argv\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning array\\{\'index\\.php\', \'work\', \'remove\', \'123\'\\} directly on offset \'argv\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning array\\{\'index\\.php\', \'work\', \'show\', \'1\'\\} directly on offset \'argv\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning array\\{\'index\\.php\', \'work\', \'update\', \'123\'\\} directly on offset \'argv\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning array\\{\'index\\.php\', \'work\'\\} directly on offset \'argv\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.phpDocType
-	'message' => '#^PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\RouteCollection of property CodeIgniter\\\\RESTful\\\\ResourcePresenterTest\\:\\:\\$routes is not the same as PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\RouteCollection\\|null of overridden property CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\CIUnitTestCase\\:\\:\\$routes\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\AutoRouterImprovedTest\\:\\:provideRejectTranslateUriToCamelCase\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/AutoRouterImprovedTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\AutoRouterImprovedTest\\:\\:provideTranslateUriToCamelCase\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/AutoRouterImprovedTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\Controllers\\\\BlogController\\:\\:getSomeMethod\\(\\) has parameter \\$first with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/Controllers/BlogController.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\Controllers\\\\Index\\:\\:getIndex\\(\\) has parameter \\$p1 with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/Controllers/Index.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\Controllers\\\\Mycontroller\\:\\:getSomemethod\\(\\) has parameter \\$first with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/Controllers/Mycontroller.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\Controllers\\\\Remap\\:\\:_remap\\(\\) has parameter \\$params with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/Controllers/Remap.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\Controllers\\\\SubDir\\\\BlogController\\:\\:getSomeMethod\\(\\) has parameter \\$first with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/Controllers/SubDir/BlogController.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\Controllers\\\\Subfolder\\\\Home\\:\\:getIndex\\(\\) has parameter \\$p1 with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/Controllers/Subfolder/Home.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\Controllers\\\\Subfolder\\\\Home\\:\\:getIndex\\(\\) has parameter \\$p2 with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/Controllers/Subfolder/Home.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\Controllers\\\\Subfolder\\\\Sub\\\\BlogController\\:\\:getSomeMethod\\(\\) has parameter \\$first with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/Controllers/Subfolder/Sub/BlogController.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\DefinedRouteCollectorTest\\:\\:createRouteCollection\\(\\) has parameter \\$config with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/DefinedRouteCollectorTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\DefinedRouteCollectorTest\\:\\:createRouteCollection\\(\\) has parameter \\$moduleConfig with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/DefinedRouteCollectorTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\RouteCollectionReverseRouteTest\\:\\:getCollector\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionReverseRouteTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\RouteCollectionReverseRouteTest\\:\\:getCollector\\(\\) has parameter \\$config with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionReverseRouteTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\RouteCollectionReverseRouteTest\\:\\:getCollector\\(\\) has parameter \\$files with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionReverseRouteTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\RouteCollectionReverseRouteTest\\:\\:getCollector\\(\\) has parameter \\$moduleConfig with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionReverseRouteTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\RouteCollectionReverseRouteTest\\:\\:provideReverseRoutingDefaultNamespaceAppController\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionReverseRouteTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'adm\\.example\\.com\' directly on offset \'HTTP_HOST\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 4,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'dev\\.example\\.com\' directly on offset \'HTTP_HOST\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'doc\\.domain\\.com\' directly on offset \'HTTP_HOST\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 5,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'doc\\.example\\.com\' directly on offset \'HTTP_HOST\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'example\\.co\\.uk\' directly on offset \'HTTP_HOST\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'example\\.com\' directly on offset \'HTTP_HOST\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 5,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'www\\.example\\.com\' directly on offset \'HTTP_HOST\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: class.nameCase
-	'message' => '#^Class CodeIgniter\\\\Controller referenced with incorrect case\\: CodeIgniter\\\\controller\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\RouteCollectionTest\\:\\:getCollector\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\RouteCollectionTest\\:\\:getCollector\\(\\) has parameter \\$config with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\RouteCollectionTest\\:\\:getCollector\\(\\) has parameter \\$files with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\RouteCollectionTest\\:\\:getCollector\\(\\) has parameter \\$moduleConfig with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\RouteCollectionTest\\:\\:provideNestedGroupingWorksWithRootPrefix\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\RouteCollectionTest\\:\\:provideRouteDefaultNamespace\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\RouteCollectionTest\\:\\:provideRoutesOptionsWithSameFromTwoRoutes\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\RouteCollectionTest\\:\\:testNestedGroupingWorksWithRootPrefix\\(\\) has parameter \\$expected with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\RouteCollectionTest\\:\\:testRoutesOptionsWithSameFromTwoRoutes\\(\\) has parameter \\$options1 with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\RouteCollectionTest\\:\\:testRoutesOptionsWithSameFromTwoRoutes\\(\\) has parameter \\$options2 with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\RouterTest\\:\\:provideRedirectRoute\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Router/RouterTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'POST\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_METHOD\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFCookieRandomizeTokenTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\\\Config\\\\BaseConfig\\:\\:\\$regenerate\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionRandomizeTokenTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\\\Config\\\\BaseConfig\\:\\:\\$tokenRandomize\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionRandomizeTokenTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'POST\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_METHOD\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 10,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionRandomizeTokenTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'PUT\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_METHOD\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionRandomizeTokenTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Security\\\\SecurityCSRFSessionRandomizeTokenTest\\:\\:createSession\\(\\) has parameter \\$options with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionRandomizeTokenTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$config of class CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\Mock\\\\MockSecurity constructor expects Config\\\\Security, CodeIgniter\\\\Config\\\\BaseConfig\\|null given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionRandomizeTokenTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: property.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\\\Config\\\\BaseConfig\\:\\:\\$regenerate\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'POST\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_METHOD\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 8,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'PUT\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_METHOD\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Security\\\\SecurityCSRFSessionTest\\:\\:createSession\\(\\) has parameter \\$options with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'GET\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_METHOD\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Security/SecurityTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'POST\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_METHOD\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 9,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Security/SecurityTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'PUT\' directly on offset \'REQUEST_METHOD\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Security/SecurityTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Session\\\\Handlers\\\\Database\\\\AbstractHandlerTestCase\\:\\:getInstance\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/AbstractHandlerTestCase.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Session\\\\Handlers\\\\Database\\\\AbstractHandlerTestCase\\:\\:getInstance\\(\\) has parameter \\$options with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/AbstractHandlerTestCase.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Session\\\\Handlers\\\\Database\\\\MySQLiHandlerTest\\:\\:getInstance\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/MySQLiHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Session\\\\Handlers\\\\Database\\\\MySQLiHandlerTest\\:\\:getInstance\\(\\) has parameter \\$options with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/MySQLiHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Session\\\\Handlers\\\\Database\\\\PostgreHandlerTest\\:\\:getInstance\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/PostgreHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Session\\\\Handlers\\\\Database\\\\PostgreHandlerTest\\:\\:getInstance\\(\\) has parameter \\$options with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/PostgreHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Session\\\\Handlers\\\\Database\\\\RedisHandlerTest\\:\\:getInstance\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/RedisHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Session\\\\Handlers\\\\Database\\\\RedisHandlerTest\\:\\:getInstance\\(\\) has parameter \\$options with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/RedisHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Session\\\\Handlers\\\\Database\\\\RedisHandlerTest\\:\\:provideSetSavePath\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/RedisHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Session\\\\Handlers\\\\Database\\\\RedisHandlerTest\\:\\:testSetSavePath\\(\\) has parameter \\$expected with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/RedisHandlerTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'xmlhttprequest\' directly on offset \'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Session/SessionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: empty.notAllowed
-	'message' => '#^Construct empty\\(\\) is not allowed\\. Use more strict comparison\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Session/SessionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Session\\\\SessionTest\\:\\:getInstance\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Session/SessionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Session\\\\SessionTest\\:\\:getInstance\\(\\) has parameter \\$options with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Session/SessionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: assign.propertyType
-	'message' => '#^Property Config\\\\Cookie\\:\\:\\$samesite \\(\'\'\\|\'Lax\'\\|\'None\'\\|\'Strict\'\\) does not accept \'Invalid\'\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Session/SessionTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\BootstrapFCPATHTest\\:\\:correctFCPATH\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Test/BootstrapFCPATHTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\BootstrapFCPATHTest\\:\\:fileContents\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
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-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
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-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
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-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
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-	'count' => 1,
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-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
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-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
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-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
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-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
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-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
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-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
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-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
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-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php',
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-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
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-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php',
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-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
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-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
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-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php',
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-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php',
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-	'count' => 1,
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-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
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-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/CreditCardRulesTest.php',
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-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
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-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/CreditCardRulesTest.php',
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-	// identifier: argument.type
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-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/CreditCardRulesTest.php',
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-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\StrictRules\\\\CreditCardRulesTest\\:\\:\\$config type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
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-	// identifier: missingType.return
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-	'count' => 1,
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-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/DatabaseRelatedRulesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$config of class CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\Validation constructor expects Config\\\\Validation, stdClass given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/FileRulesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\StrictRules\\\\FileRulesTest\\:\\:\\$config type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/FileRulesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\StrictRules\\\\FormatRulesTest\\:\\:provideAlphaSpace\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/FormatRulesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\StrictRules\\\\FormatRulesTest\\:\\:provideInvalidIntegerType\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/FormatRulesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\StrictRules\\\\FormatRulesTest\\:\\:\\$config type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/FormatRulesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\StrictRules\\\\RulesTest\\:\\:provideDiffers\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/RulesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\StrictRules\\\\RulesTest\\:\\:provideGreaterThanEqualStrict\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/RulesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\StrictRules\\\\RulesTest\\:\\:provideGreaterThanStrict\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/RulesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\StrictRules\\\\RulesTest\\:\\:provideLessEqualThanStrict\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/RulesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\StrictRules\\\\RulesTest\\:\\:provideLessThanStrict\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/RulesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\StrictRules\\\\RulesTest\\:\\:provideMatches\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/RulesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\StrictRules\\\\RulesTest\\:\\:providePermitEmptyStrict\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/RulesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\StrictRules\\\\RulesTest\\:\\:testDiffers\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/RulesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\StrictRules\\\\RulesTest\\:\\:testMatches\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/RulesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\StrictRules\\\\RulesTest\\:\\:testPermitEmptyStrict\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/RulesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\StrictRules\\\\RulesTest\\:\\:testPermitEmptyStrict\\(\\) has parameter \\$rules with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/RulesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\StrictRules\\\\RulesTest\\:\\:\\$config type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/RulesTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\StrictRules\\\\ValidationTest\\:\\:\\$config type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/ValidationTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccess
-	'message' => '#^Accessing offset \'CONTENT_TYPE\' directly on \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign
-	'message' => '#^Assigning \'application/json\' directly on offset \'CONTENT_TYPE\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\ValidationTest\\:\\:placeholderReplacementResultDetermination\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\ValidationTest\\:\\:provideCanValidatetArrayData\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\ValidationTest\\:\\:provideIfExistRuleWithAsterisk\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\ValidationTest\\:\\:provideIsIntWithInvalidTypeData\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\ValidationTest\\:\\:provideRulesForArrayField\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\ValidationTest\\:\\:provideRulesSetup\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\ValidationTest\\:\\:provideSetRuleRulesFormat\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\ValidationTest\\:\\:provideSplittingOfComplexStringRules\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\ValidationTest\\:\\:provideValidationOfArrayData\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\ValidationTest\\:\\:rule1\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\ValidationTest\\:\\:rule2\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\ValidationTest\\:\\:rule2\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\ValidationTest\\:\\:testIfExistRuleWithAsterisk\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\ValidationTest\\:\\:testIfExistRuleWithAsterisk\\(\\) has parameter \\$rules with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\ValidationTest\\:\\:testRulesForArrayField\\(\\) has parameter \\$body with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\ValidationTest\\:\\:testRulesForArrayField\\(\\) has parameter \\$results with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\ValidationTest\\:\\:testRulesForArrayField\\(\\) has parameter \\$rules with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\ValidationTest\\:\\:testRulesSetup\\(\\) has parameter \\$errors with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\ValidationTest\\:\\:testSplittingOfComplexStringRules\\(\\) has parameter \\$expected with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\ValidationTest\\:\\:testValidationOfArrayData\\(\\) has parameter \\$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\ValidationTest\\:\\:testValidationOfArrayData\\(\\) has parameter \\$rules with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$config of class CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\Validation constructor expects Config\\\\Validation, stdClass given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#3 \\$errors of method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\Validation\\:\\:check\\(\\) expects array\\<int, string\\>, array\\<string, string\\> given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\ValidationTest\\:\\:\\$config type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.return
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\ParserPluginTest\\:\\:setHints\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/View/ParserPluginTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.parameter
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\ParserPluginTest\\:\\:setHints\\(\\) has parameter \\$output with no type specified\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/View/ParserPluginTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: assign.propertyType
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\ParserPluginTest\\:\\:\\$validator \\(CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\Validation\\) does not accept CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\ValidationInterface\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/View/ParserPluginTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\ParserTest\\:\\:provideEscHandling\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/View/ParserTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#2 \\$context of method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\Parser\\:\\:setData\\(\\) expects \'attr\'\\|\'css\'\\|\'html\'\\|\'js\'\\|\'raw\'\\|\'url\'\\|null, \'unknown\' given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 3,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/View/ParserTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\Table\\:\\:compileTemplate\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/View/TableTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\Table\\:\\:defaultTemplate\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/View/TableTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\Table\\:\\:prepArgs\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/View/TableTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\Table\\:\\:setFromArray\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 2,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/View/TableTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: method.notFound
-	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\Table\\:\\:setFromDBResult\\(\\)\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/View/TableTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\DBResultDummy\\:\\:getFieldNames\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/View/TableTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\DBResultDummy\\:\\:getResultArray\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/View/TableTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\TableTest\\:\\:orderedColumnUsecases\\(\\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/View/TableTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\TableTest\\:\\:testAddRowAndGenerateOrderedColumns\\(\\) has parameter \\$heading with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/View/TableTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\TableTest\\:\\:testAddRowAndGenerateOrderedColumns\\(\\) has parameter \\$row with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/View/TableTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\TableTest\\:\\:testGenerateOrderedColumns\\(\\) has parameter \\$heading with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/View/TableTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: missingType.iterableValue
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\TableTest\\:\\:testGenerateOrderedColumns\\(\\) has parameter \\$row with no value type specified in iterable type array\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/View/TableTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$array of method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\Table\\:\\:makeColumns\\(\\) expects array\\<int, string\\>, string given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/View/TableTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: argument.type
-	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#2 \\$columnLimit of method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\Table\\:\\:makeColumns\\(\\) expects int, string given\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/View/TableTest.php',
-];
-$ignoreErrors[] = [
-	// identifier: assign.propertyType
-	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\Table\\:\\:\\$function \\(\\(callable\\(\\)\\: mixed\\)\\|null\\) does not accept \'ticklemyfancy\'\\.$#',
-	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/tests/system/View/TableTest.php',
-];
-
-return ['parameters' => ['ignoreErrors' => $ignoreErrors]];
diff --git a/phpstan-bootstrap.php b/phpstan-bootstrap.php
index 99acf96227fe..0f45bf0cb559 100644
--- a/phpstan-bootstrap.php
+++ b/phpstan-bootstrap.php
@@ -1,7 +1,18 @@
 <?php
 
-require __DIR__ . '/system/Test/bootstrap.php';
+require __DIR__ . '/system/util_bootstrap.php';
 
-if (! defined('OCI_COMMIT_ON_SUCCESS')) {
-    define('OCI_COMMIT_ON_SUCCESS', 32);
+defined('OCI_COMMIT_ON_SUCCESS') || define('OCI_COMMIT_ON_SUCCESS', 32);
+
+foreach ([
+    'app/Config',
+] as $directory) {
+    $iterator = new RecursiveIteratorIterator(new RecursiveDirectoryIterator($directory));
+
+    /** @var SplFileInfo $file */
+    foreach ($iterator as $file) {
+        if ($file->isFile() && $file->getExtension() === 'php') {
+            require_once $file->getRealPath();
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/phpstan.neon.dist b/phpstan.neon.dist
index c67aa93fcb04..e6cc288cc678 100644
--- a/phpstan.neon.dist
+++ b/phpstan.neon.dist
@@ -1,44 +1,50 @@
-services:
-	-
-		class: Utils\PHPStan\CheckUseStatementsAfterLicenseRule
-		tags:
-			- phpstan.rules.rule
-
 includes:
-	- phpstan-baseline.php
+    - utils/phpstan-baseline/loader.neon
 
 parameters:
-	phpVersion: 80100
-	tmpDir: build/phpstan
-	level: 6
-	bootstrapFiles:
-		- phpstan-bootstrap.php
-	paths:
-		- admin/starter/tests
-		- app
-		- system
-		- tests
-		- utils/src/PHPStan
-	excludePaths:
-		- app/Views/errors/cli/*
-		- app/Views/errors/html/*
-		- system/Commands/Generators/Views/*
-		- system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbar.tpl.php
-		- system/Images/Handlers/GDHandler.php
-		- system/Test/Filters/CITestStreamFilter.php
-		- system/ThirdParty/*
-		- system/Validation/Views/single.php
-		- tests/system/View/Views/*
-	scanDirectories:
-		- system/Helpers
-	ignoreErrors:
-		-
-			identifier: missingType.generics
-	checkMissingCallableSignature: true
-	treatPhpDocTypesAsCertain: false
-	strictRules:
-		allRules: false
-		disallowedLooseComparison: true
-		booleansInConditions: true
-		disallowedConstructs: true
-		matchingInheritedMethodNames: true
+    phpVersion: 80100
+    tmpDir: build/phpstan
+    level: 6
+    bootstrapFiles:
+        - phpstan-bootstrap.php
+    paths:
+        - admin/starter/tests
+        - app
+        - system
+        - tests
+    excludePaths:
+        analyseAndScan:
+            - app/Views/errors/cli/*
+            - app/Views/errors/html/*
+            - system/Commands/Generators/Views/*
+            - system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbar.tpl.php
+            - system/Images/Handlers/GDHandler.php
+            - system/ThirdParty/*
+            - system/Validation/Views/single.php
+            - tests/system/View/Views/*
+        analyse:
+            - tests/_support/*
+    scanDirectories:
+        - system/Helpers
+    ignoreErrors:
+        -
+            identifier: missingType.generics
+    checkMissingCallableSignature: true
+    treatPhpDocTypesAsCertain: false
+    strictRules:
+        allRules: false
+        disallowedLooseComparison: true
+        booleansInConditions: true
+        disallowedBacktick: true
+        disallowedEmpty: true
+        disallowedImplicitArrayCreation: true
+        disallowedShortTernary: true
+        matchingInheritedMethodNames: true
+    codeigniter:
+        additionalServices:
+            - AfterAutoloadModule\Config\Services
+        additionalModelNamespaces:
+            - Tests\Support\Models
+        checkArgumentTypeOfModel: false
+    shipmonkBaselinePerIdentifier:
+        directory: %currentWorkingDirectory%
diff --git a/phpunit.xml.dist b/phpunit.xml.dist
index 7464323e4078..0e5c9e24f82c 100644
--- a/phpunit.xml.dist
+++ b/phpunit.xml.dist
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
     failOnWarning="true"
     cacheDirectory="build/.phpunit.cache">
     <coverage
-        includeUncoveredFiles="true"
         pathCoverage="false"
         ignoreDeprecatedCodeUnits="true"
         disableCodeCoverageIgnore="true">
diff --git a/preload.php b/preload.php
index 755df5e4a4ed..288b30b4ef48 100644
--- a/preload.php
+++ b/preload.php
@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@
  * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
  */
 
+use CodeIgniter\Boot;
+use Config\Paths;
+
 /*
  *---------------------------------------------------------------
  * Sample file for Preloading
@@ -54,6 +57,7 @@ class preload
                 '/system/Config/Routes.php',
                 '/system/Language/',
                 '/system/bootstrap.php',
+                '/system/util_bootstrap.php',
                 '/system/rewrite.php',
                 '/Views/',
                 // Errors occur.
@@ -69,10 +73,10 @@ public function __construct()
 
     private function loadAutoloader(): void
     {
-        $paths = new Config\Paths();
+        $paths = new Paths();
         require rtrim($paths->systemDirectory, '\\/ ') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'Boot.php';
 
-        CodeIgniter\Boot::preload($paths);
+        Boot::preload($paths);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -86,7 +90,7 @@ public function load(): void
             $phpFiles  = new RegexIterator(
                 $fullTree,
                 '/.+((?<!Test)+\.php$)/i',
-                RecursiveRegexIterator::GET_MATCH
+                RecursiveRegexIterator::GET_MATCH,
             );
 
             foreach ($phpFiles as $key => $file) {
@@ -97,7 +101,9 @@ public function load(): void
                 }
 
                 require_once $file[0];
-                echo 'Loaded: ' . $file[0] . "\n";
+                // Uncomment only for debugging (to inspect which files are included).
+                // Never use this in production - preload scripts must not generate output.
+                // echo 'Loaded: ' . $file[0] . "\n";
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/psalm-autoload.php b/psalm-autoload.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..852ef4d6aab3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/psalm-autoload.php
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+require __DIR__ . '/system/util_bootstrap.php';
+
+$directories = [
+    'system/Helpers',
+    'tests/_support',
+    'tests/system/Config/fixtures',
+];
+$excludeDirs = [
+    'tests/_support/View/Cells',
+    'tests/_support/View/Views',
+];
+$excludeFiles = [
+    'tests/_support/Config/Filters.php',
+    'tests/_support/Config/Routes.php',
+];
+
+foreach ($directories as $directory) {
+    $iterator = new RecursiveIteratorIterator(
+        new RecursiveDirectoryIterator(
+            $directory,
+            RecursiveDirectoryIterator::UNIX_PATHS | RecursiveDirectoryIterator::CURRENT_AS_FILEINFO,
+        ),
+        RecursiveIteratorIterator::CHILD_FIRST,
+    );
+
+    /** @var SplFileInfo $file */
+    foreach ($iterator as $file) {
+        if (! $file->isFile()) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (in_array($file->getPath(), $excludeDirs, true)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if ($file->getExtension() !== 'php') {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (in_array($file->getPathname(), $excludeFiles, true)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        require_once $file->getPathname();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/psalm-baseline.xml b/psalm-baseline.xml
index 53d1b6ce876a..160ba4d97cd8 100644
--- a/psalm-baseline.xml
+++ b/psalm-baseline.xml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
-<files psalm-version="5.22.2@d768d914152dbbf3486c36398802f74e80cfde48">
+<files psalm-version="6.13.0@70cdf647255a1362b426bb0f522a85817b8c791c">
   <file src="app/Config/View.php">
     <UndefinedDocblockClass>
       <code><![CDATA[array<string, list<parser_callable_string>|parser_callable_string|parser_callable>]]></code>
@@ -10,28 +10,6 @@
       <code><![CDATA[public $plugins = [];]]></code>
     </UndefinedDocblockClass>
   </file>
-  <file src="system/Cache/Handlers/MemcachedHandler.php">
-    <UndefinedClass>
-      <code><![CDATA[Memcache]]></code>
-      <code><![CDATA[Memcache]]></code>
-      <code><![CDATA[Memcache]]></code>
-    </UndefinedClass>
-    <UndefinedDocblockClass>
-      <code><![CDATA[$this->memcached]]></code>
-      <code><![CDATA[$this->memcached]]></code>
-      <code><![CDATA[$this->memcached]]></code>
-      <code><![CDATA[$this->memcached]]></code>
-      <code><![CDATA[$this->memcached]]></code>
-      <code><![CDATA[$this->memcached]]></code>
-      <code><![CDATA[Memcache|Memcached]]></code>
-    </UndefinedDocblockClass>
-  </file>
-  <file src="system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/ControllerMethodReader.php">
-    <DuplicateArrayKey>
-      <code><![CDATA[$routeWithoutController]]></code>
-      <code><![CDATA[$routeWithoutController]]></code>
-    </DuplicateArrayKey>
-  </file>
   <file src="system/Config/View.php">
     <UndefinedDocblockClass>
       <code><![CDATA[array<string, array<parser_callable_string>|parser_callable_string|parser_callable>]]></code>
@@ -39,11 +17,6 @@
       <code><![CDATA[array<string, parser_callable_string>]]></code>
     </UndefinedDocblockClass>
   </file>
-  <file src="system/Database/BasePreparedQuery.php">
-    <InaccessibleProperty>
-      <code><![CDATA[$this->db->transStatus]]></code>
-    </InaccessibleProperty>
-  </file>
   <file src="system/Database/OCI8/Connection.php">
     <UndefinedConstant>
       <code><![CDATA[OCI_COMMIT_ON_SUCCESS]]></code>
@@ -53,6 +26,17 @@
       <code><![CDATA[SQLT_CHR]]></code>
     </UndefinedConstant>
   </file>
+  <file src="system/Database/OCI8/PreparedQuery.php">
+    <UndefinedClass>
+      <code><![CDATA[$binaryData]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[OCILob]]></code>
+    </UndefinedClass>
+    <UndefinedConstant>
+      <code><![CDATA[OCI_B_BLOB]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[OCI_D_LOB]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[OCI_TEMP_BLOB]]></code>
+    </UndefinedConstant>
+  </file>
   <file src="system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbar.tpl.php">
     <InaccessibleMethod>
       <code><![CDATA[renderTimeline]]></code>
@@ -82,9 +66,14 @@
     <MissingImmutableAnnotation>
       <code><![CDATA[#[ReturnTypeWillChange]]]></code>
       <code><![CDATA[#[ReturnTypeWillChange]]]></code>
-      <code><![CDATA[#[ReturnTypeWillChange]]]></code>
     </MissingImmutableAnnotation>
   </file>
+  <file src="system/Language/Language.php">
+    <NoValue>
+      <code><![CDATA[$message]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$message]]></code>
+    </NoValue>
+  </file>
   <file src="system/View/Parser.php">
     <UndefinedDocblockClass>
       <code><![CDATA[array<string, array<parser_callable_string>|parser_callable_string|parser_callable>]]></code>
@@ -112,11 +101,6 @@
       <code><![CDATA[$this]]></code>
     </InvalidScope>
   </file>
-  <file src="tests/system/CLI/ConsoleTest.php">
-    <DuplicateArrayKey>
-      <code><![CDATA[$command]]></code>
-    </DuplicateArrayKey>
-  </file>
   <file src="tests/system/CommonFunctionsTest.php">
     <UndefinedClass>
       <code><![CDATA[UnexsistenceClass]]></code>
@@ -140,12 +124,64 @@
     <EmptyArrayAccess>
       <code><![CDATA[$current[$key]]]></code>
     </EmptyArrayAccess>
+    <InaccessibleProperty>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity->attributes]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity->casts]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity->casts]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity->casts]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity->casts]]></code>
+    </InaccessibleProperty>
   </file>
   <file src="tests/system/HTTP/RedirectResponseTest.php">
     <EmptyArrayAccess>
       <code><![CDATA[$_SESSION['_ci_old_input']]]></code>
     </EmptyArrayAccess>
   </file>
+  <file src="tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php">
+    <InaccessibleProperty>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity->country]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity->created_at]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity->deleted]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity->email]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity->name]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entityTwo->country]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entityTwo->created_at]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entityTwo->deleted]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entityTwo->email]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entityTwo->name]]></code>
+    </InaccessibleProperty>
+  </file>
+  <file src="tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php">
+    <InaccessibleProperty>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity->country]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity->created_at]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity->created_at]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity->deleted]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity->email]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity->name]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity->name]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity->name]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity->name]]></code>
+    </InaccessibleProperty>
+  </file>
+  <file src="tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php">
+    <InaccessibleProperty>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity->country]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity->deleted]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity->email]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity->id]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity->name]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity1->country]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity1->country]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity1->deleted]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity1->id]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity1->name]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity2->country]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity2->deleted]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity2->id]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$entity2->name]]></code>
+    </InaccessibleProperty>
+  </file>
   <file src="tests/system/Test/ControllerTestTraitTest.php">
     <UndefinedClass>
       <code><![CDATA[NeverHeardOfIt]]></code>
diff --git a/psalm.xml b/psalm.xml
index 45242620028f..d6033313a621 100644
--- a/psalm.xml
+++ b/psalm.xml
@@ -5,9 +5,10 @@
     xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
     xmlns="https://getpsalm.org/schema/config"
     xsi:schemaLocation="https://getpsalm.org/schema/config vendor/vimeo/psalm/config.xsd"
-    autoloader="psalm_autoload.php"
+    autoloader="psalm-autoload.php"
     cacheDirectory="build/psalm/"
     errorBaseline="psalm-baseline.xml"
+    ensureOverrideAttribute="false"
     findUnusedBaselineEntry="false"
     findUnusedCode="false"
 >
diff --git a/psalm_autoload.php b/psalm_autoload.php
deleted file mode 100644
index b973cc88bc7d..000000000000
--- a/psalm_autoload.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-
-declare(strict_types=1);
-
-require __DIR__ . '/system/Test/bootstrap.php';
-
-$helperDirs = [
-    'system/Helpers',
-];
-
-foreach ($helperDirs as $dir) {
-    $dir = __DIR__ . '/' . $dir;
-    if (! is_dir($dir)) {
-        continue;
-    }
-
-    chdir($dir);
-
-    foreach (glob('*_helper.php') as $filename) {
-        $filePath = realpath($dir . '/' . $filename);
-
-        require_once $filePath;
-    }
-}
-
-$dirs = [
-    'tests/_support/Controllers',
-    'tests/_support/_controller',
-    'tests/system/Config/fixtures',
-];
-
-foreach ($dirs as $dir) {
-    $dir = __DIR__ . '/' . $dir;
-    if (! is_dir($dir)) {
-        continue;
-    }
-
-    chdir($dir);
-
-    foreach (glob('*.php') as $filename) {
-        $filePath = realpath($dir . '/' . $filename);
-
-        require_once $filePath;
-    }
-}
-
-chdir(__DIR__);
diff --git a/public/index.php b/public/index.php
index 5ec58a7729c3..a0a20db43dbf 100644
--- a/public/index.php
+++ b/public/index.php
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 <?php
 
+use CodeIgniter\Boot;
+use Config\Paths;
+
 /*
  *---------------------------------------------------------------
  * CHECK PHP VERSION
@@ -11,7 +14,7 @@
     $message = sprintf(
         'Your PHP version must be %s or higher to run CodeIgniter. Current version: %s',
         $minPhpVersion,
-        PHP_VERSION
+        PHP_VERSION,
     );
 
     header('HTTP/1.1 503 Service Unavailable.', true, 503);
@@ -48,9 +51,9 @@
 require FCPATH . '../app/Config/Paths.php';
 // ^^^ Change this line if you move your application folder
 
-$paths = new Config\Paths();
+$paths = new Paths();
 
 // LOAD THE FRAMEWORK BOOTSTRAP FILE
 require $paths->systemDirectory . '/Boot.php';
 
-exit(CodeIgniter\Boot::bootWeb($paths));
+exit(Boot::bootWeb($paths));
diff --git a/rector.php b/rector.php
index 64abc9a73541..23d5de95427f 100644
--- a/rector.php
+++ b/rector.php
@@ -12,14 +12,10 @@
  */
 
 use Rector\Caching\ValueObject\Storage\FileCacheStorage;
-use Rector\CodeQuality\Rector\Class_\CompleteDynamicPropertiesRector;
 use Rector\CodeQuality\Rector\Empty_\SimplifyEmptyCheckOnEmptyArrayRector;
-use Rector\CodeQuality\Rector\Expression\InlineIfToExplicitIfRector;
-use Rector\CodeQuality\Rector\Foreach_\UnusedForeachValueToArrayKeysRector;
-use Rector\CodeQuality\Rector\FuncCall\ChangeArrayPushToArrayAssignRector;
+use Rector\CodeQuality\Rector\FuncCall\CompactToVariablesRector;
 use Rector\CodeQuality\Rector\FunctionLike\SimplifyUselessVariableRector;
-use Rector\CodeQuality\Rector\Identical\FlipTypeControlToUseExclusiveTypeRector;
-use Rector\CodeQuality\Rector\If_\ShortenElseIfRector;
+use Rector\CodeQuality\Rector\Isset_\IssetOnPropertyObjectToPropertyExistsRector;
 use Rector\CodeQuality\Rector\Ternary\TernaryEmptyArrayArrayDimFetchToCoalesceRector;
 use Rector\CodingStyle\Rector\ClassMethod\FuncGetArgsToVariadicParamRector;
 use Rector\CodingStyle\Rector\ClassMethod\MakeInheritedMethodVisibilitySameAsParentRector;
@@ -29,25 +25,25 @@
 use Rector\DeadCode\Rector\ClassMethod\RemoveUnusedConstructorParamRector;
 use Rector\DeadCode\Rector\ClassMethod\RemoveUnusedPrivateMethodRector;
 use Rector\DeadCode\Rector\If_\UnwrapFutureCompatibleIfPhpVersionRector;
+use Rector\DeadCode\Rector\MethodCall\RemoveNullArgOnNullDefaultParamRector;
 use Rector\EarlyReturn\Rector\Foreach_\ChangeNestedForeachIfsToEarlyContinueRector;
 use Rector\EarlyReturn\Rector\If_\ChangeIfElseValueAssignToEarlyReturnRector;
 use Rector\EarlyReturn\Rector\If_\RemoveAlwaysElseRector;
 use Rector\EarlyReturn\Rector\Return_\PreparedValueToEarlyReturnRector;
-use Rector\Php55\Rector\String_\StringClassNameToClassConstantRector;
 use Rector\Php70\Rector\FuncCall\RandomFunctionRector;
 use Rector\Php80\Rector\Class_\ClassPropertyAssignToConstructorPromotionRector;
-use Rector\Php80\Rector\FunctionLike\MixedTypeRector;
 use Rector\Php81\Rector\FuncCall\NullToStrictStringFuncCallArgRector;
 use Rector\PHPUnit\CodeQuality\Rector\Class_\YieldDataProviderRector;
-use Rector\PHPUnit\Set\PHPUnitSetList;
+use Rector\PHPUnit\CodeQuality\Rector\FuncCall\AssertFuncCallToPHPUnitAssertRector;
+use Rector\PHPUnit\CodeQuality\Rector\StmtsAwareInterface\DeclareStrictTypesTestsRector;
+use Rector\Privatization\Rector\Class_\FinalizeTestCaseClassRector;
 use Rector\Privatization\Rector\Property\PrivatizeFinalClassPropertyRector;
 use Rector\Strict\Rector\Empty_\DisallowedEmptyRuleFixerRector;
-use Rector\Strict\Rector\If_\BooleanInIfConditionRuleFixerRector;
+use Rector\TypeDeclaration\Rector\ArrowFunction\AddArrowFunctionReturnTypeRector;
 use Rector\TypeDeclaration\Rector\ClassMethod\AddMethodCallBasedStrictParamTypeRector;
 use Rector\TypeDeclaration\Rector\ClassMethod\ReturnNeverTypeRector;
 use Rector\TypeDeclaration\Rector\Closure\AddClosureVoidReturnTypeWhereNoReturnRector;
 use Rector\TypeDeclaration\Rector\Closure\ClosureReturnTypeRector;
-use Rector\TypeDeclaration\Rector\Empty_\EmptyOnNullableObjectToInstanceOfRector;
 use Rector\TypeDeclaration\Rector\Function_\AddFunctionVoidReturnTypeWhereNoReturnRector;
 use Rector\TypeDeclaration\Rector\Property\TypedPropertyFromAssignsRector;
 use Rector\TypeDeclaration\Rector\StmtsAwareInterface\DeclareStrictTypesRector;
@@ -57,16 +53,13 @@
 
 return RectorConfig::configure()
     ->withPhpSets(php81: true)
-    ->withPreparedSets(deadCode: true)
-    ->withSets([
-        PHPUnitSetList::PHPUNIT_CODE_QUALITY,
-        PHPUnitSetList::PHPUNIT_100,
-    ])
+    ->withPreparedSets(deadCode: true, instanceOf: true, phpunitCodeQuality: true)
+    ->withComposerBased(phpunit: true)
     ->withParallel(120, 8, 10)
     ->withCache(
         // Github action cache or local
         is_dir('/tmp') ? '/tmp/rector' : null,
-        FileCacheStorage::class
+        FileCacheStorage::class,
     )
     // paths to refactor; solid alternative to CLI arguments
     ->withPaths([
@@ -77,12 +70,13 @@
     ])
     // do you need to include constants, class aliases or custom autoloader? files listed will be executed
     ->withBootstrapFiles([
-        __DIR__ . '/system/Test/bootstrap.php',
+        __DIR__ . '/phpstan-bootstrap.php',
     ])
     ->withPHPStanConfigs([
         __DIR__ . '/phpstan.neon.dist',
         __DIR__ . '/vendor/codeigniter/phpstan-codeigniter/extension.neon',
         __DIR__ . '/vendor/phpstan/phpstan-strict-rules/rules.neon',
+        __DIR__ . '/vendor/shipmonk/phpstan-baseline-per-identifier/extension.neon',
     ])
     // is there a file you need to skip?
     ->withSkip([
@@ -133,7 +127,6 @@
             __DIR__ . '/system/Validation/Views',
             __DIR__ . '/system/View/Parser.php',
             __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Debug/ExceptionsTest.php',
-            __DIR__ . '/tests/system/View/Views',
         ],
 
         // use mt_rand instead of random_int on purpose on non-cryptographically random
@@ -151,7 +144,6 @@
             __DIR__ . '/system/Security/Security.php',
             __DIR__ . '/system/Session/Session.php',
         ],
-        MixedTypeRector::class,
 
         ReturnNeverTypeRector::class => [
             __DIR__ . '/system/Cache/Handlers/BaseHandler.php',
@@ -171,6 +163,30 @@
 
         // Unnecessary (string) is inserted
         NullToStrictStringFuncCallArgRector::class,
+
+        CompactToVariablesRector::class,
+
+        // possibly isset() on purpose, on updated Config classes property accross versions
+        IssetOnPropertyObjectToPropertyExistsRector::class,
+
+        AssertFuncCallToPHPUnitAssertRector::class => [
+            // use $this inside static closure
+            __DIR__ . '/tests/system/AutoReview/FrameworkCodeTest.php',
+        ],
+
+        // some tests extended by other tests
+        FinalizeTestCaseClassRector::class,
+
+        DeclareStrictTypesTestsRector::class => [
+            __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Debug/ExceptionsTest.php',
+        ],
+
+        RemoveNullArgOnNullDefaultParamRector::class => [
+            // skip form query usage, easier to read
+            __DIR__ . '/system/Model.php',
+            __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Database',
+            __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Models',
+        ],
     ])
     // auto import fully qualified class names
     ->withImportNames(removeUnusedImports: true)
@@ -183,31 +199,20 @@
         CountArrayToEmptyArrayComparisonRector::class,
         ChangeNestedForeachIfsToEarlyContinueRector::class,
         ChangeIfElseValueAssignToEarlyReturnRector::class,
-        InlineIfToExplicitIfRector::class,
         PreparedValueToEarlyReturnRector::class,
-        ShortenElseIfRector::class,
-        UnusedForeachValueToArrayKeysRector::class,
-        ChangeArrayPushToArrayAssignRector::class,
         RemoveErrorSuppressInTryCatchStmtsRector::class,
         FuncGetArgsToVariadicParamRector::class,
         MakeInheritedMethodVisibilitySameAsParentRector::class,
         SimplifyEmptyCheckOnEmptyArrayRector::class,
         TernaryEmptyArrayArrayDimFetchToCoalesceRector::class,
-        EmptyOnNullableObjectToInstanceOfRector::class,
         DisallowedEmptyRuleFixerRector::class,
         PrivatizeFinalClassPropertyRector::class,
-        CompleteDynamicPropertiesRector::class,
-        BooleanInIfConditionRuleFixerRector::class,
         VersionCompareFuncCallToConstantRector::class,
         AddClosureVoidReturnTypeWhereNoReturnRector::class,
         AddFunctionVoidReturnTypeWhereNoReturnRector::class,
         AddMethodCallBasedStrictParamTypeRector::class,
         TypedPropertyFromAssignsRector::class,
         ClosureReturnTypeRector::class,
-        FlipTypeControlToUseExclusiveTypeRector::class,
-    ])
-    ->withConfiguredRule(StringClassNameToClassConstantRector::class, [
-        // keep '\\' prefix string on string '\Foo\Bar'
-        StringClassNameToClassConstantRector::SHOULD_KEEP_PRE_SLASH => true,
+        AddArrowFunctionReturnTypeRector::class,
     ])
-    ->withCodeQualityLevel(24);
+    ->withCodeQualityLevel(61);
diff --git a/spark b/spark
index 992d044c9ee2..e7871ea8e682 100755
--- a/spark
+++ b/spark
@@ -10,6 +10,9 @@
  * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
  */
 
+use CodeIgniter\Boot;
+use Config\Paths;
+
 /*
  * --------------------------------------------------------------------
  * CODEIGNITER COMMAND-LINE TOOLS
@@ -40,7 +43,7 @@ if (version_compare(PHP_VERSION, $minPhpVersion, '<')) {
     $message = sprintf(
         'Your PHP version must be %s or higher to run CodeIgniter. Current version: %s',
         $minPhpVersion,
-        PHP_VERSION
+        PHP_VERSION,
     );
 
     exit($message);
@@ -76,9 +79,9 @@ chdir(FCPATH);
 require FCPATH . '../app/Config/Paths.php';
 // ^^^ Change this line if you move your application folder
 
-$paths = new Config\Paths();
+$paths = new Paths();
 
 // LOAD THE FRAMEWORK BOOTSTRAP FILE
 require $paths->systemDirectory . '/Boot.php';
 
-exit(CodeIgniter\Boot::bootSpark($paths));
+exit(Boot::bootSpark($paths));
diff --git a/system/API/ResponseTrait.php b/system/API/ResponseTrait.php
index 01ce42860b32..f64cc671a514 100644
--- a/system/API/ResponseTrait.php
+++ b/system/API/ResponseTrait.php
@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\API;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Format\Format;
 use CodeIgniter\Format\FormatterInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CLIRequest;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
 
@@ -22,8 +24,10 @@
  * consistent HTTP responses under a variety of common
  * situations when working as an API.
  *
- * @property bool $stringAsHtml Whether to treat string data as HTML in JSON response.
- *                              Setting `true` is only for backward compatibility.
+ * @property CLIRequest|IncomingRequest $request
+ * @property ResponseInterface          $response
+ * @property bool                       $stringAsHtml Whether to treat string data as HTML in JSON response.
+ *                                                    Setting `true` is only for backward compatibility.
  */
 trait ResponseTrait
 {
@@ -69,8 +73,7 @@ trait ResponseTrait
      * Either 'json' or 'xml'. If null is set, it will be determined through
      * content negotiation.
      *
-     * @var         string|null
-     * @phpstan-var 'html'|'json'|'xml'|null
+     * @var 'html'|'json'|'xml'|null
      */
     protected $format = 'json';
 
@@ -85,7 +88,7 @@ trait ResponseTrait
      * Provides a single, simple method to return an API response, formatted
      * to match the requested format, with proper content-type and status code.
      *
-     * @param array|string|null $data
+     * @param array<string, mixed>|string|null $data
      *
      * @return ResponseInterface
      */
@@ -119,9 +122,9 @@ protected function respond($data = null, ?int $status = null, string $message =
     /**
      * Used for generic failures that no custom methods exist for.
      *
-     * @param array|string $messages
-     * @param int          $status   HTTP status code
-     * @param string|null  $code     Custom, API-specific, error code
+     * @param array<array-key, string>|string $messages
+     * @param int                             $status   HTTP status code
+     * @param string|null                     $code     Custom, API-specific, error code
      *
      * @return ResponseInterface
      */
@@ -147,7 +150,7 @@ protected function fail($messages, int $status = 400, ?string $code = null, stri
     /**
      * Used after successfully creating a new resource.
      *
-     * @param array|string|null $data
+     * @param array<string, mixed>|string|null $data
      *
      * @return ResponseInterface
      */
@@ -159,7 +162,7 @@ protected function respondCreated($data = null, string $message = '')
     /**
      * Used after a resource has been successfully deleted.
      *
-     * @param array|string|null $data
+     * @param array<string, mixed>|string|null $data
      *
      * @return ResponseInterface
      */
@@ -171,7 +174,7 @@ protected function respondDeleted($data = null, string $message = '')
     /**
      * Used after a resource has been successfully updated.
      *
-     * @param array|string|null $data
+     * @param array<string, mixed>|string|null $data
      *
      * @return ResponseInterface
      */
@@ -224,22 +227,10 @@ protected function failNotFound(string $description = 'Not Found', ?string $code
         return $this->fail($description, $this->codes['resource_not_found'], $code, $message);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Used when the data provided by the client cannot be validated.
-     *
-     * @return ResponseInterface
-     *
-     * @deprecated Use failValidationErrors instead
-     */
-    protected function failValidationError(string $description = 'Bad Request', ?string $code = null, string $message = '')
-    {
-        return $this->fail($description, $this->codes['invalid_data'], $code, $message);
-    }
-
     /**
      * Used when the data provided by the client cannot be validated on one or more fields.
      *
-     * @param list<string>|string $errors
+     * @param array<array-key, string>|string $errors
      *
      * @return ResponseInterface
      */
@@ -300,15 +291,17 @@ protected function failServerError(string $description = 'Internal Server Error'
      * Handles formatting a response. Currently, makes some heavy assumptions
      * and needs updating! :)
      *
-     * @param array|string|null $data
+     * @param array<string, mixed>|string|null $data
      *
      * @return string|null
      */
     protected function format($data = null)
     {
+        /** @var Format $format */
         $format = service('format');
 
-        $mime = ($this->format === null) ? $format->getConfig()->supportedResponseFormats[0]
+        $mime = $this->format === null
+            ? $format->getConfig()->supportedResponseFormats[0]
             : "application/{$this->format}";
 
         // Determine correct response type through content negotiation if not explicitly declared
@@ -319,21 +312,17 @@ protected function format($data = null)
             $mime = $this->request->negotiate(
                 'media',
                 $format->getConfig()->supportedResponseFormats,
-                false
+                false,
             );
         }
 
         $this->response->setContentType($mime);
 
         // if we don't have a formatter, make one
-        if (! isset($this->formatter)) {
-            // if no formatter, use the default
-            $this->formatter = $format->getFormatter($mime);
-        }
+        $this->formatter ??= $format->getFormatter($mime);
 
         $asHtml = $this->stringAsHtml ?? false;
 
-        // Returns as HTML.
         if (
             ($mime === 'application/json' && $asHtml && is_string($data))
             || ($mime !== 'application/json' && is_string($data))
@@ -351,6 +340,7 @@ protected function format($data = null)
         if ($mime !== 'application/json') {
             // Recursively convert objects into associative arrays
             // Conversion not required for JSONFormatter
+            /** @var array<string, mixed>|string|null $data */
             $data = json_decode(json_encode($data), true);
         }
 
@@ -360,14 +350,13 @@ protected function format($data = null)
     /**
      * Sets the format the response should be in.
      *
-     * @param         string|null  $format Response format
-     * @phpstan-param 'json'|'xml' $format
+     * @param 'json'|'xml' $format Response format
      *
      * @return $this
      */
     protected function setResponseFormat(?string $format = null)
     {
-        $this->format = ($format === null) ? null : strtolower($format);
+        $this->format = $format === null ? null : strtolower($format);
 
         return $this;
     }
diff --git a/system/Autoloader/Autoloader.php b/system/Autoloader/Autoloader.php
index b338027c9c8a..65c535e8611e 100644
--- a/system/Autoloader/Autoloader.php
+++ b/system/Autoloader/Autoloader.php
@@ -14,16 +14,16 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Autoloader;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ConfigException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use Composer\Autoload\ClassLoader;
 use Composer\InstalledVersions;
 use Config\Autoload;
 use Config\Kint as KintConfig;
 use Config\Modules;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
-use Kint;
+use Kint\Kint;
 use Kint\Renderer\CliRenderer;
 use Kint\Renderer\RichRenderer;
-use RuntimeException;
 
 /**
  * An autoloader that uses both PSR4 autoloading, and traditional classmaps.
@@ -67,21 +67,21 @@ class Autoloader
     /**
      * Stores namespaces as key, and path as values.
      *
-     * @var array<string, list<string>>
+     * @var array<non-empty-string, list<non-empty-string>>
      */
     protected $prefixes = [];
 
     /**
      * Stores class name as key, and path as values.
      *
-     * @var array<class-string, string>
+     * @var array<class-string, non-empty-string>
      */
     protected $classmap = [];
 
     /**
      * Stores files as a list.
      *
-     * @var list<string>
+     * @var list<non-empty-string>
      */
     protected $files = [];
 
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class Autoloader
      * Stores helper list.
      * Always load the URL helper, it should be used in most apps.
      *
-     * @var list<string>
+     * @var list<non-empty-string>
      */
     protected $helpers = ['url'];
 
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ public function initialize(Autoload $config, Modules $modules)
             $this->files = $config->files;
         }
 
-        if (isset($config->helpers)) {
+        if ($config->helpers !== []) {
             $this->helpers = [...$this->helpers, ...$config->helpers];
         }
 
@@ -147,36 +147,35 @@ private function loadComposerAutoloader(Modules $modules): void
 
         // Should we load through Composer's namespaces, also?
         if ($modules->discoverInComposer) {
-            // @phpstan-ignore-next-line
-            $this->loadComposerNamespaces($composer, $modules->composerPackages ?? []);
+            $composerPackages = $modules->composerPackages;
+            $this->loadComposerNamespaces($composer, $composerPackages ?? []);
         }
 
         unset($composer);
     }
 
     /**
-     * Register the loader with the SPL autoloader stack.
+     * Register the loader with the SPL autoloader stack
+     * in the following order:
+     *
+     * 1. Classmap loader
+     * 2. PSR-4 autoloader
+     * 3. Non-class files
      *
      * @return void
      */
     public function register()
     {
-        // Register classmap loader for the files in our class map.
         spl_autoload_register($this->loadClassmap(...), true);
-
-        // Register the PSR-4 autoloader.
         spl_autoload_register($this->loadClass(...), true);
 
-        // Load our non-class files
         foreach ($this->files as $file) {
             $this->includeFile($file);
         }
     }
 
     /**
-     * Unregister autoloader.
-     *
-     * This method is for testing.
+     * Unregisters the autoloader from the SPL autoload stack.
      */
     public function unregister(): void
     {
@@ -187,7 +186,7 @@ public function unregister(): void
     /**
      * Registers namespaces with the autoloader.
      *
-     * @param array<string, list<string>|string>|string $namespace
+     * @param array<non-empty-string, list<non-empty-string>|non-empty-string>|non-empty-string $namespace
      *
      * @return $this
      */
@@ -219,8 +218,7 @@ public function addNamespace($namespace, ?string $path = null)
      *
      * If a prefix param is set, returns only paths to the given prefix.
      *
-     * @return         array<string, list<string>>|list<string>
-     * @phpstan-return ($prefix is null ? array<string, list<string>> : list<string>)
+     * @return ($prefix is null ? array<non-empty-string, list<non-empty-string>> : list<non-empty-string>)
      */
     public function getNamespace(?string $prefix = null)
     {
@@ -248,6 +246,8 @@ public function removeNamespace(string $namespace)
     /**
      * Load a class using available class mapping.
      *
+     * @param class-string $class The fully qualified class name.
+     *
      * @internal For `spl_autoload_register` use.
      */
     public function loadClassmap(string $class): void
@@ -262,9 +262,9 @@ public function loadClassmap(string $class): void
     /**
      * Loads the class file for a given class name.
      *
-     * @internal For `spl_autoload_register` use.
+     * @param class-string $class The fully qualified class name.
      *
-     * @param string $class The fully qualified class name.
+     * @internal For `spl_autoload_register` use.
      */
     public function loadClass(string $class): void
     {
@@ -274,9 +274,9 @@ public function loadClass(string $class): void
     /**
      * Loads the class file for a given class name.
      *
-     * @param string $class The fully-qualified class name
+     * @param class-string $class The fully qualified class name.
      *
-     * @return false|string The mapped file name on success, or boolean false on fail
+     * @return false|non-empty-string The mapped file name on success, or boolean false on fail
      */
     protected function loadInNamespace(string $class)
     {
@@ -294,21 +294,20 @@ protected function loadInNamespace(string $class)
                     $filePath = $directory . $relativeClassPath . '.php';
                     $filename = $this->includeFile($filePath);
 
-                    if ($filename) {
+                    if ($filename !== false) {
                         return $filename;
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
 
-        // never found a mapped file
         return false;
     }
 
     /**
      * A central way to include a file. Split out primarily for testing purposes.
      *
-     * @return false|string The filename on success, false if the file is not loaded
+     * @return false|non-empty-string The filename on success, false if the file is not loaded
      */
     protected function includeFile(string $file)
     {
@@ -347,7 +346,7 @@ public function sanitizeFilename(string $filename): string
 
             throw new InvalidArgumentException(
                 'The file path contains special characters "' . $chars
-                . '" that are not allowed: "' . $filename . '"'
+                . '" that are not allowed: "' . $filename . '"',
             );
         }
         if ($result === false) {
@@ -386,7 +385,7 @@ private function loadComposerNamespaces(ClassLoader $composer, array $composerPa
             throw new RuntimeException(
                 'Your Composer version is too old.'
                 . ' Please update Composer (run `composer self-update`) to v2.0.14 or later'
-                . ' and remove your vendor/ directory, and run `composer update`.'
+                . ' and remove your vendor/ directory, and run `composer update`.',
             );
         }
         // This method requires Composer 2.0.14 or later.
@@ -547,7 +546,7 @@ private function configureKint(): void
 
         RichRenderer::$theme  = $config->richTheme;
         RichRenderer::$folder = $config->richFolder;
-        RichRenderer::$sort   = $config->richSort;
+
         if (isset($config->richObjectPlugins) && is_array($config->richObjectPlugins)) {
             RichRenderer::$value_plugins = $config->richObjectPlugins;
         }
diff --git a/system/Autoloader/FileLocator.php b/system/Autoloader/FileLocator.php
index 8e2564e00941..f67708a4e836 100644
--- a/system/Autoloader/FileLocator.php
+++ b/system/Autoloader/FileLocator.php
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ public function __construct(Autoloader $autoloader)
      * Attempts to locate a file by examining the name for a namespace
      * and looking through the PSR-4 namespaced files that we know about.
      *
-     * @param string                $file   The relative file path or namespaced file to
+     * @param non-empty-string      $file   The relative file path or namespaced file to
      *                                      locate. If not namespaced, search in the app
      *                                      folder.
      * @param non-empty-string|null $folder The folder within the namespace that we should
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ public function __construct(Autoloader $autoloader)
      *                                      folder.
      * @param string                $ext    The file extension the file should have.
      *
-     * @return false|string The path to the file, or false if not found.
+     * @return false|non-empty-string The path to the file, or false if not found.
      */
     public function locateFile(string $file, ?string $folder = null, string $ext = 'php')
     {
@@ -156,9 +156,11 @@ public function getClassname(string $file): string
                 $dlm = false;
             }
 
-            if (($tokens[$i - 2][0] === T_CLASS || (isset($tokens[$i - 2][1]) && $tokens[$i - 2][1] === 'phpclass'))
+            if (
+                ($tokens[$i - 2][0] === T_CLASS || (isset($tokens[$i - 2][1]) && $tokens[$i - 2][1] === 'phpclass'))
                 && $tokens[$i - 1][0] === T_WHITESPACE
-                && $token[0] === T_STRING) {
+                && $token[0] === T_STRING
+            ) {
                 $className = $token[1];
                 break;
             }
@@ -184,7 +186,7 @@ public function getClassname(string $file): string
      *      'app/Modules/bar/Config/Routes.php',
      *  ]
      *
-     * @return list<string>
+     * @return list<non-empty-string>
      */
     public function search(string $path, string $ext = 'php', bool $prioritizeApp = true): array
     {
@@ -213,7 +215,6 @@ public function search(string $path, string $ext = 'php', bool $prioritizeApp =
             $foundPaths = [...$foundPaths, ...$appPaths];
         }
 
-        // Remove any duplicates
         return array_values(array_unique($foundPaths));
     }
 
@@ -236,13 +237,12 @@ protected function ensureExt(string $path, string $ext): string
     /**
      * Return the namespace mappings we know about.
      *
-     * @return array<int, array<string, string>>
+     * @return list<array{prefix: non-empty-string, path: non-empty-string}>
      */
     protected function getNamespaces()
     {
         $namespaces = [];
 
-        // Save system for last
         $system = [];
 
         foreach ($this->autoloader->getNamespace() as $prefix => $paths) {
@@ -263,15 +263,10 @@ protected function getNamespaces()
             }
         }
 
+        // Save system for last
         return array_merge($namespaces, $system);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Find the qualified name of a file according to
-     * the namespace of the first matched namespace path.
-     *
-     * @return false|string The qualified name or false if the path is not found
-     */
     public function findQualifiedNameFromPath(string $path)
     {
         $resolvedPath = realpath($path);
@@ -295,23 +290,23 @@ public function findQualifiedNameFromPath(string $path)
                         str_replace(
                             '/',
                             '\\',
-                            mb_substr($path, mb_strlen($namespace['path']))
+                            mb_substr($path, mb_strlen($namespace['path'])),
                         ),
-                        '\\'
+                        '\\',
                     );
+
                 // Remove the file extension (.php)
+                /** @var class-string $className */
                 $className = mb_substr($className, 0, -4);
 
                 if (in_array($className, $this->invalidClassnames, true)) {
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                // Check if this exists
                 if (class_exists($className)) {
                     return $className;
                 }
 
-                // If the class does not exist, it is an invalid classname.
                 $this->invalidClassnames[] = $className;
             }
         }
@@ -357,11 +352,11 @@ public function listFiles(string $path): array
      * Scans the provided namespace, returning a list of all files
      * that are contained within the sub path specified by $path.
      *
-     * @return list<string> List of file paths
+     * @return list<non-empty-string> List of file paths
      */
     public function listNamespaceFiles(string $prefix, string $path): array
     {
-        if ($path === '' || ($prefix === '')) {
+        if ($path === '' || $prefix === '') {
             return [];
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Autoloader/FileLocatorCached.php b/system/Autoloader/FileLocatorCached.php
index 8b17399444c6..0aa267b2a84b 100644
--- a/system/Autoloader/FileLocatorCached.php
+++ b/system/Autoloader/FileLocatorCached.php
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ public function getClassname(string $file): string
     }
 
     /**
-     * @return list<string>
+     * @return list<non-empty-string>
      */
     public function search(string $path, string $ext = 'php', bool $prioritizeApp = true): array
     {
diff --git a/system/Autoloader/FileLocatorInterface.php b/system/Autoloader/FileLocatorInterface.php
index 3a1112dd480e..0422ec2519db 100644
--- a/system/Autoloader/FileLocatorInterface.php
+++ b/system/Autoloader/FileLocatorInterface.php
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ interface FileLocatorInterface
      * Attempts to locate a file by examining the name for a namespace
      * and looking through the PSR-4 namespaced files that we know about.
      *
-     * @param string                $file   The relative file path or namespaced file to
+     * @param non-empty-string      $file   The relative file path or namespaced file to
      *                                      locate. If not namespaced, search in the app
      *                                      folder.
      * @param non-empty-string|null $folder The folder within the namespace that we should
@@ -32,12 +32,14 @@ interface FileLocatorInterface
      *                                      folder.
      * @param string                $ext    The file extension the file should have.
      *
-     * @return false|string The path to the file, or false if not found.
+     * @return false|non-empty-string The path to the file, or false if not found.
      */
     public function locateFile(string $file, ?string $folder = null, string $ext = 'php');
 
     /**
      * Examines a file and returns the fully qualified class name.
+     *
+     * @param non-empty-string $file
      */
     public function getClassname(string $file): string;
 
@@ -54,7 +56,7 @@ public function getClassname(string $file): string;
      *      'app/Modules/bar/Config/Routes.php',
      *  ]
      *
-     * @return list<string>
+     * @return list<non-empty-string>
      */
     public function search(string $path, string $ext = 'php', bool $prioritizeApp = true): array;
 
@@ -62,7 +64,7 @@ public function search(string $path, string $ext = 'php', bool $prioritizeApp =
      * Find the qualified name of a file according to
      * the namespace of the first matched namespace path.
      *
-     * @return false|string The qualified name or false if the path is not found
+     * @return class-string|false The qualified name or false if the path is not found
      */
     public function findQualifiedNameFromPath(string $path);
 
diff --git a/system/BaseModel.php b/system/BaseModel.php
index a360fe57f47f..fdc07ba2330d 100644
--- a/system/BaseModel.php
+++ b/system/BaseModel.php
@@ -21,12 +21,12 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Query;
 use CodeIgniter\DataConverter\DataConverter;
 use CodeIgniter\Entity\Entity;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ModelException;
 use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
 use CodeIgniter\Pager\Pager;
 use CodeIgniter\Validation\ValidationInterface;
 use Config\Feature;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 use ReflectionClass;
 use ReflectionException;
 use ReflectionProperty;
@@ -121,9 +121,13 @@ abstract class BaseModel
     protected ?DataConverter $converter = null;
 
     /**
-     * If this model should use "softDeletes" and
-     * simply set a date when rows are deleted, or
-     * do hard deletes.
+     * Determines whether the model should protect field names during
+     * mass assignment operations such as insert() and update().
+     *
+     * When set to true, only the fields explicitly defined in the $allowedFields
+     * property will be allowed for mass assignment. This helps prevent
+     * unintended modification of database fields and improves security
+     * by avoiding mass assignment vulnerabilities.
      *
      * @var bool
      */
@@ -379,7 +383,7 @@ protected function createDataConverter(): void
             $this->converter = new DataConverter(
                 $this->casts,
                 $this->castHandlers,
-                $this->db
+                $this->db,
             );
         }
     }
@@ -528,9 +532,8 @@ abstract protected function doOnlyDeleted();
      * Compiles a replace and runs the query.
      * This method works only with dbCalls.
      *
-     * @param         array|null     $row       Row data
-     * @phpstan-param row_array|null $row
-     * @param         bool           $returnSQL Set to true to return Query String
+     * @param row_array|null $row       Row data
+     * @param bool           $returnSQL Set to true to return Query String
      *
      * @return BaseResult|false|Query|string
      */
@@ -548,8 +551,7 @@ abstract protected function doErrors();
      * Public getter to return the id value using the idValue() method.
      * For example with SQL this will return $data->$this->primaryKey.
      *
-     * @param         array|object     $row Row data
-     * @phpstan-param row_array|object $row
+     * @param object|row_array $row Row data
      *
      * @return array|int|string|null
      */
@@ -570,8 +572,8 @@ abstract public function countAllResults(bool $reset = true, bool $test = false)
      * Loops over records in batches, allowing you to operate on them.
      * This method works only with dbCalls.
      *
-     * @param int     $size     Size
-     * @param Closure $userFunc Callback Function
+     * @param int                                          $size     Size
+     * @param Closure(array<string, string>|object): mixed $userFunc Callback Function
      *
      * @return void
      *
@@ -639,7 +641,7 @@ public function findColumn(string $columnName)
 
         $resultSet = $this->doFindColumn($columnName);
 
-        return $resultSet ? array_column($resultSet, $columnName) : null;
+        return $resultSet !== null ? array_column($resultSet, $columnName) : null;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -733,8 +735,7 @@ public function first()
      * you must ensure that the class will provide access to the class
      * variables, even if through a magic method.
      *
-     * @param         array|object     $row Row data
-     * @phpstan-param row_array|object $row
+     * @param object|row_array $row Row data
      *
      * @throws ReflectionException
      */
@@ -768,7 +769,7 @@ protected function shouldUpdate($row): bool
     {
         $id = $this->getIdValue($row);
 
-        return ! ($id === null || $id === [] || $id === '');
+        return ! in_array($id, [null, [], ''], true);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -785,12 +786,10 @@ public function getInsertID()
      * Inserts data into the database. If an object is provided,
      * it will attempt to convert it to an array.
      *
-     * @param         array|object|null     $row      Row data
-     * @phpstan-param row_array|object|null $row
-     * @param         bool                  $returnID Whether insert ID should be returned or not.
+     * @param object|row_array|null $row      Row data
+     * @param bool                  $returnID Whether insert ID should be returned or not.
      *
-     * @return         bool|int|string                               insert ID or true on success. false on failure.
-     * @phpstan-return ($returnID is true ? int|string|false : bool)
+     * @return ($returnID is true ? false|int|string : bool)
      *
      * @throws ReflectionException
      */
@@ -863,8 +862,8 @@ public function insert($row = null, bool $returnID = true)
     /**
      * Set datetime to created field.
      *
-     * @phpstan-param row_array  $row
-     * @param         int|string $date timestamp or datetime string
+     * @param row_array  $row
+     * @param int|string $date timestamp or datetime string
      */
     protected function setCreatedField(array $row, $date): array
     {
@@ -878,8 +877,8 @@ protected function setCreatedField(array $row, $date): array
     /**
      * Set datetime to updated field.
      *
-     * @phpstan-param row_array  $row
-     * @param         int|string $date timestamp or datetime string
+     * @param row_array  $row
+     * @param int|string $date timestamp or datetime string
      */
     protected function setUpdatedField(array $row, $date): array
     {
@@ -893,11 +892,10 @@ protected function setUpdatedField(array $row, $date): array
     /**
      * Compiles batch insert runs the queries, validating each row prior.
      *
-     * @param         list<array|object>|null     $set       an associative array of insert values
-     * @phpstan-param list<row_array|object>|null $set
-     * @param         bool|null                   $escape    Whether to escape values
-     * @param         int                         $batchSize The size of the batch to run
-     * @param         bool                        $testing   True means only number of records is returned, false will execute the query
+     * @param list<object|row_array>|null $set       an associative array of insert values
+     * @param bool|null                   $escape    Whether to escape values
+     * @param int                         $batchSize The size of the batch to run
+     * @param bool                        $testing   True means only number of records is returned, false will execute the query
      *
      * @return bool|int Number of rows inserted or FALSE on failure
      *
@@ -911,22 +909,7 @@ public function insertBatch(?array $set = null, ?bool $escape = null, int $batch
 
         if (is_array($set)) {
             foreach ($set as &$row) {
-                // If $row is using a custom class with public or protected
-                // properties representing the collection elements, we need to grab
-                // them as an array.
-                if (is_object($row) && ! $row instanceof stdClass) {
-                    $row = $this->objectToArray($row, false, true);
-                }
-
-                // If it's still a stdClass, go ahead and convert to
-                // an array so doProtectFields and other model methods
-                // don't have to do special checks.
-                if (is_object($row)) {
-                    $row = (array) $row;
-                }
-
-                // Convert any Time instances to appropriate $dateFormat
-                $row = $this->timeToString($row);
+                $row = $this->transformDataRowToArray($row);
 
                 // Validate every row.
                 if (! $this->skipValidation && ! $this->validate($row)) {
@@ -1039,11 +1022,10 @@ public function update($id = null, $row = null): bool
     /**
      * Compiles an update and runs the query.
      *
-     * @param         list<array|object>|null     $set       an associative array of insert values
-     * @phpstan-param list<row_array|object>|null $set
-     * @param         string|null                 $index     The where key
-     * @param         int                         $batchSize The size of the batch to run
-     * @param         bool                        $returnSQL True means SQL is returned, false will execute the query
+     * @param list<object|row_array>|null $set       an associative array of insert values
+     * @param string|null                 $index     The where key
+     * @param int                         $batchSize The size of the batch to run
+     * @param bool                        $returnSQL True means SQL is returned, false will execute the query
      *
      * @return false|int|list<string> Number of rows affected or FALSE on failure, SQL array when testMode
      *
@@ -1054,21 +1036,7 @@ public function updateBatch(?array $set = null, ?string $index = null, int $batc
     {
         if (is_array($set)) {
             foreach ($set as &$row) {
-                // If $row is using a custom class with public or protected
-                // properties representing the collection elements, we need to grab
-                // them as an array.
-                if (is_object($row) && ! $row instanceof stdClass) {
-                    // For updates the index field is needed even if it is not changed.
-                    // So set $onlyChanged to false.
-                    $row = $this->objectToArray($row, false, true);
-                }
-
-                // If it's still a stdClass, go ahead and convert to
-                // an array so doProtectFields and other model methods
-                // don't have to do special checks.
-                if (is_object($row)) {
-                    $row = (array) $row;
-                }
+                $row = $this->transformDataRowToArray($row);
 
                 // Validate data before saving.
                 if (! $this->skipValidation && ! $this->validate($row)) {
@@ -1081,7 +1049,7 @@ public function updateBatch(?array $set = null, ?string $index = null, int $batc
                 if ($updateIndex === null) {
                     throw new InvalidArgumentException(
                         'The index ("' . $index . '") for updateBatch() is missing in the data: '
-                        . json_encode($row)
+                        . json_encode($row),
                     );
                 }
 
@@ -1090,9 +1058,7 @@ public function updateBatch(?array $set = null, ?string $index = null, int $batc
                 $row = $this->doProtectFields($row);
 
                 // Restore updateIndex value in case it was wiped out
-                if ($updateIndex !== null) {
-                    $row[$index] = $updateIndex;
-                }
+                $row[$index] = $updateIndex;
 
                 $row = $this->setUpdatedField($row, $this->setDate());
             }
@@ -1124,8 +1090,8 @@ public function updateBatch(?array $set = null, ?string $index = null, int $batc
     /**
      * Deletes a single record from the database where $id matches.
      *
-     * @param array|int|string|null $id    The rows primary key(s)
-     * @param bool                  $purge Allows overriding the soft deletes setting.
+     * @param int|list<int|string>|string|null $id    The rows primary key(s)
+     * @param bool                             $purge Allows overriding the soft deletes setting.
      *
      * @return BaseResult|bool
      *
@@ -1137,7 +1103,7 @@ public function delete($id = null, bool $purge = false)
             throw new InvalidArgumentException('delete(): argument #1 ($id) should not be boolean.');
         }
 
-        if ($id && (is_numeric($id) || is_string($id))) {
+        if (! in_array($id, [null, 0, '0'], true) && (is_numeric($id) || is_string($id))) {
             $id = [$id];
         }
 
@@ -1213,9 +1179,8 @@ public function onlyDeleted()
     /**
      * Compiles a replace and runs the query.
      *
-     * @param         array|null     $row       Row data
-     * @phpstan-param row_array|null $row
-     * @param         bool           $returnSQL Set to true to return Query String
+     * @param row_array|null $row       Row data
+     * @param bool           $returnSQL Set to true to return Query String
      *
      * @return BaseResult|false|Query|string
      */
@@ -1226,7 +1191,9 @@ public function replace(?array $row = null, bool $returnSQL = false)
             return false;
         }
 
-        $row = $this->setUpdatedField((array) $row, $this->setDate());
+        $row = (array) $row;
+        $row = $this->setCreatedField($row, $this->setDate());
+        $row = $this->setUpdatedField($row, $this->setDate());
 
         return $this->doReplace($row, $returnSQL);
     }
@@ -1250,7 +1217,7 @@ public function errors(bool $forceDB = false)
         }
 
         // Do we have validation errors?
-        if (! $forceDB && ! $this->skipValidation && ($errors = $this->validation->getErrors())) {
+        if (! $forceDB && ! $this->skipValidation && ($errors = $this->validation->getErrors()) !== []) {
             return $errors;
         }
 
@@ -1700,6 +1667,52 @@ protected function trigger(string $event, array $eventData)
         return $eventData;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * If the model is using casts, this will convert the data
+     * in $row according to the rules defined in `$casts`.
+     *
+     * @param object|row_array|null $row Row data
+     *
+     * @return object|row_array|null Converted row data
+     *
+     * @used-by insertBatch()
+     * @used-by updateBatch()
+     *
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     * @deprecated Since 4.6.4, temporary solution - will be removed in 4.7
+     */
+    protected function transformDataRowToArray(array|object|null $row): array|object|null
+    {
+        // If casts are used, convert the data first
+        if ($this->useCasts()) {
+            if (is_array($row)) {
+                $row = $this->converter->toDataSource($row);
+            } elseif ($row instanceof stdClass) {
+                $row = (array) $row;
+                $row = $this->converter->toDataSource($row);
+            } elseif ($row instanceof Entity) {
+                $row = $this->converter->extract($row);
+            } elseif (is_object($row)) {
+                $row = $this->converter->extract($row);
+            }
+        } elseif (is_object($row) && ! $row instanceof stdClass) {
+            // If $row is using a custom class with public or protected
+            // properties representing the collection elements, we need to grab
+            // them as an array.
+            $row = $this->objectToArray($row, false, true);
+        }
+
+        // If it's still a stdClass, go ahead and convert to
+        // an array so doProtectFields and other model methods
+        // don't have to do special checks.
+        if (is_object($row)) {
+            $row = (array) $row;
+        }
+
+        // Convert any Time instances to appropriate $dateFormat
+        return $this->timeToString($row);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Sets the return type of the results to be as an associative array.
      *
@@ -1799,8 +1812,6 @@ protected function objectToRawArray($object, bool $onlyChanged = true, bool $rec
             // Loop over each property,
             // saving the name/value in a new array we can return.
             foreach ($props as $prop) {
-                // Must make protected values accessible.
-                $prop->setAccessible(true);
                 $properties[$prop->getName()] = $prop->getValue($object);
             }
         }
@@ -1811,9 +1822,8 @@ protected function objectToRawArray($object, bool $onlyChanged = true, bool $rec
     /**
      * Transform data to array.
      *
-     * @param         array|object|null     $row  Row data
-     * @phpstan-param row_array|object|null $row
-     * @param         string                $type Type of data (insert|update)
+     * @param object|row_array|null $row  Row data
+     * @param string                $type Type of data (insert|update)
      *
      * @throws DataException
      * @throws InvalidArgumentException
diff --git a/system/Boot.php b/system/Boot.php
index 8b75908ded09..ba3675516b16 100644
--- a/system/Boot.php
+++ b/system/Boot.php
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Cache\FactoriesCache;
 use CodeIgniter\CLI\Console;
 use CodeIgniter\Config\DotEnv;
+use Config\App;
 use Config\Autoload;
 use Config\Modules;
 use Config\Optimize;
@@ -75,6 +76,34 @@ public static function bootWeb(Paths $paths): int
         return EXIT_SUCCESS;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Used by command line scripts other than
+     * * `spark`
+     * * `php-cli`
+     * * `phpunit`
+     *
+     * @used-by `system/util_bootstrap.php`
+     */
+    public static function bootConsole(Paths $paths): void
+    {
+        static::definePathConstants($paths);
+        static::loadConstants();
+        static::checkMissingExtensions();
+
+        static::loadDotEnv($paths);
+        static::loadEnvironmentBootstrap($paths);
+
+        static::loadCommonFunctions();
+        static::loadAutoloader();
+        static::setExceptionHandler();
+        static::initializeKint();
+        static::autoloadHelpers();
+
+        // We need to force the request to be a CLIRequest since we're in console
+        Services::createRequest(new App(), true);
+        service('routes')->loadRoutes();
+    }
+
     /**
      * Used by `spark`
      *
@@ -196,7 +225,16 @@ protected static function definePathConstants(Paths $paths): void
 
         // The path to the writable directory.
         if (! defined('WRITEPATH')) {
-            define('WRITEPATH', realpath(rtrim($paths->writableDirectory, '\\/ ')) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+            $writePath = realpath(rtrim($paths->writableDirectory, '\\/ '));
+
+            if ($writePath === false) {
+                header('HTTP/1.1 503 Service Unavailable.', true, 503);
+                echo 'The WRITEPATH is not set correctly.';
+
+                // EXIT_ERROR is not yet defined
+                exit(1);
+            }
+            define('WRITEPATH', $writePath . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
         }
 
         // The path to the tests directory
@@ -279,7 +317,7 @@ protected static function checkMissingExtensions(): void
 
         $message = sprintf(
             'The framework needs the following extension(s) installed and loaded: %s.',
-            implode(', ', $missingExtensions)
+            implode(', ', $missingExtensions),
         );
 
         header('HTTP/1.1 503 Service Unavailable.', true, 503);
@@ -335,9 +373,8 @@ protected static function initializeConsole(): Console
         $console = new Console();
 
         // Show basic information before we do anything else.
-        // @phpstan-ignore-next-line
         if (is_int($suppress = array_search('--no-header', $_SERVER['argv'], true))) {
-            unset($_SERVER['argv'][$suppress]); // @phpstan-ignore-line
+            unset($_SERVER['argv'][$suppress]);
             $suppress = true;
         }
 
diff --git a/system/CLI/BaseCommand.php b/system/CLI/BaseCommand.php
index afeb80eb5267..57df52d47f55 100644
--- a/system/CLI/BaseCommand.php
+++ b/system/CLI/BaseCommand.php
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ public function showHelp()
     {
         CLI::write(lang('CLI.helpUsage'), 'yellow');
 
-        if (isset($this->usage)) {
+        if ($this->usage !== null) {
             $usage = $this->usage;
         } else {
             $usage = $this->name;
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ public function showHelp()
 
         CLI::write($this->setPad($usage, 0, 0, 2));
 
-        if (isset($this->description)) {
+        if ($this->description !== null) {
             CLI::newLine();
             CLI::write(lang('CLI.helpDescription'), 'yellow');
             CLI::write($this->setPad($this->description, 0, 0, 2));
diff --git a/system/CLI/CLI.php b/system/CLI/CLI.php
index 236e5b685fff..b7c9ed64e2de 100644
--- a/system/CLI/CLI.php
+++ b/system/CLI/CLI.php
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\CLI;
 
 use CodeIgniter\CLI\Exceptions\CLIException;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use Throwable;
 
 /**
@@ -107,12 +107,12 @@ class CLI
     /**
      * List of array segments.
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var list<string>
      */
     protected static $segments = [];
 
     /**
-     * @var array
+     * @var array<string, string|null>
      */
     protected static $options = [];
 
@@ -225,12 +225,12 @@ public static function prompt(string $field, $options = null, $validation = null
         $extraOutput = '';
         $default     = '';
 
-        if ($validation && ! is_array($validation) && ! is_string($validation)) {
+        if (isset($validation) && ! is_array($validation) && ! is_string($validation)) {
             throw new InvalidArgumentException('$rules can only be of type string|array');
         }
 
         if (! is_array($validation)) {
-            $validation = $validation ? explode('|', $validation) : [];
+            $validation = ($validation !== null) ? explode('|', $validation) : [];
         }
 
         if (is_string($options)) {
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ public static function promptByKey($text, array $options, $validation = null): s
 
         CLI::isZeroOptions($options);
 
-        if ($line = array_shift($text)) {
+        if (($line = array_shift($text)) !== null) {
             CLI::write($line);
         }
 
@@ -318,11 +318,7 @@ public static function promptByMultipleKeys(string $text, array $options): array
         if ($opts === []) {
             $extraOutput = $extraOutputDefault;
         } else {
-            $optsKey = [];
-
-            foreach (array_keys($opts) as $key) {
-                $optsKey[] = $key;
-            }
+            $optsKey     = array_keys($opts);
             $extraOutput = '[' . $extraOutputDefault . ', ' . implode(', ', $optsKey) . ']';
             $extraOutput = 'You can specify multiple values separated by commas.' . PHP_EOL . $extraOutput;
         }
@@ -339,7 +335,7 @@ public static function promptByMultipleKeys(string $text, array $options): array
             $pattern = preg_match_all('/^\d+(,\d+)*$/', trim($input));
 
             // separate input by comma and convert all to an int[]
-            $inputToArray = array_map(static fn ($value) => (int) $value, explode(',', $input));
+            $inputToArray = array_map(static fn ($value): int => (int) $value, explode(',', $input));
             // find max from key of $options
             $maxOptions = array_key_last($options);
             // find max from input
@@ -348,7 +344,7 @@ public static function promptByMultipleKeys(string $text, array $options): array
             // return the prompt again if $input contain(s) non-numeric character, except a comma.
             // And if max from $options less than max from input,
             // it means user tried to access null value in $options
-            if (! $pattern || $maxOptions < $maxInput) {
+            if ($pattern < 1 || $maxOptions < $maxInput) {
                 static::error('Please select correctly.');
                 CLI::newLine();
 
@@ -441,7 +437,7 @@ protected static function validate(string $field, string $value, $rules): bool
      */
     public static function print(string $text = '', ?string $foreground = null, ?string $background = null)
     {
-        if ($foreground || $background) {
+        if ((string) $foreground !== '' || (string) $background !== '') {
             $text = static::color($text, $foreground, $background);
         }
 
@@ -457,7 +453,7 @@ public static function print(string $text = '', ?string $foreground = null, ?str
      */
     public static function write(string $text = '', ?string $foreground = null, ?string $background = null)
     {
-        if ($foreground || $background) {
+        if ((string) $foreground !== '' || (string) $background !== '') {
             $text = static::color($text, $foreground, $background);
         }
 
@@ -480,7 +476,7 @@ public static function error(string $text, string $foreground = 'light_red', ?st
         $stdout            = static::$isColored;
         static::$isColored = static::hasColorSupport(STDERR);
 
-        if ($foreground || $background) {
+        if ($foreground !== '' || (string) $background !== '') {
             $text = static::color($text, $foreground, $background);
         }
 
@@ -589,7 +585,7 @@ public static function color(string $text, string $foreground, ?string $backgrou
             throw CLIException::forInvalidColor('foreground', $foreground);
         }
 
-        if ($background !== null && ! array_key_exists($background, static::$background_colors)) {
+        if ((string) $background !== '' && ! array_key_exists($background, static::$background_colors)) {
             throw CLIException::forInvalidColor('background', $background);
         }
 
@@ -610,11 +606,11 @@ public static function color(string $text, string $foreground, ?string $backgrou
             $nonColoredText = preg_replace(
                 $pattern,
                 '<<__colored_string__>>',
-                $text
+                $text,
             );
             $nonColoredChunks = preg_split(
                 '/<<__colored_string__>>/u',
-                $nonColoredText
+                $nonColoredText,
             );
 
             foreach ($nonColoredChunks as $i => $chunk) {
@@ -637,7 +633,7 @@ private static function getColoredText(string $text, string $foreground, ?string
     {
         $string = "\033[" . static::$foreground_colors[$foreground] . 'm';
 
-        if ($background !== null) {
+        if ((string) $background !== '') {
             $string .= "\033[" . static::$background_colors[$background] . 'm';
         }
 
@@ -654,7 +650,7 @@ private static function getColoredText(string $text, string $foreground, ?string
      */
     public static function strlen(?string $string): int
     {
-        if ($string === null) {
+        if ((string) $string === '') {
             return 0;
         }
 
@@ -768,7 +764,7 @@ public static function generateDimensions()
 
                     // Look for the next lines ending in ": <number>"
                     // Searching for "Columns:" or "Lines:" will fail on non-English locales
-                    if ($return === 0 && $output && preg_match('/:\s*(\d+)\n[^:]+:\s*(\d+)\n/', implode("\n", $output), $matches)) {
+                    if ($return === 0 && $output !== [] && preg_match('/:\s*(\d+)\n[^:]+:\s*(\d+)\n/', implode("\n", $output), $matches)) {
                         static::$height = (int) $matches[1];
                         static::$width  = (int) $matches[2];
                     }
@@ -835,7 +831,7 @@ public static function showProgress($thisStep = 1, int $totalSteps = 10)
      */
     public static function wrap(?string $string = null, int $max = 0, int $padLeft = 0): string
     {
-        if ($string === null || $string === '') {
+        if ((string) $string === '') {
             return '';
         }
 
@@ -944,6 +940,8 @@ public static function getSegment(int $index)
 
     /**
      * Returns the raw array of segments found.
+     *
+     * @return list<string>
      */
     public static function getSegments(): array
     {
@@ -971,6 +969,8 @@ public static function getOption(string $name)
 
     /**
      * Returns the raw array of options found.
+     *
+     * @return array<string, string|null>
      */
     public static function getOptions(): array
     {
diff --git a/system/CLI/Commands.php b/system/CLI/Commands.php
index 2115714106bc..5630ee0f7b69 100644
--- a/system/CLI/Commands.php
+++ b/system/CLI/Commands.php
@@ -21,13 +21,15 @@
 
 /**
  * Core functionality for running, listing, etc commands.
+ *
+ * @phpstan-type commands_list array<string, array{'class': class-string<BaseCommand>, 'file': string, 'group': string,'description': string}>
  */
 class Commands
 {
     /**
      * The found commands.
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var commands_list
      */
     protected $commands = [];
 
@@ -52,12 +54,14 @@ public function __construct($logger = null)
     /**
      * Runs a command given
      *
-     * @return int|void Exit code
+     * @param array<int|string, string|null> $params
+     *
+     * @return int Exit code
      */
     public function run(string $command, array $params)
     {
         if (! $this->verifyCommand($command, $this->commands)) {
-            return;
+            return EXIT_ERROR;
         }
 
         // The file would have already been loaded during the
@@ -77,7 +81,7 @@ public function run(string $command, array $params)
     /**
      * Provide access to the list of commands.
      *
-     * @return array
+     * @return commands_list
      */
     public function getCommands()
     {
@@ -96,7 +100,7 @@ public function discoverCommands()
             return;
         }
 
-        /** @var FileLocatorInterface $locator */
+        /** @var FileLocatorInterface */
         $locator = service('locator');
         $files   = $locator->listFiles('Commands/');
 
@@ -109,6 +113,7 @@ public function discoverCommands()
         // Loop over each file checking to see if a command with that
         // alias exists in the class.
         foreach ($files as $file) {
+            /** @var class-string<BaseCommand>|false */
             $className = $locator->findQualifiedNameFromPath($file);
 
             if ($className === false || ! class_exists($className)) {
@@ -122,10 +127,9 @@ public function discoverCommands()
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                /** @var BaseCommand $class */
                 $class = new $className($this->logger, $this);
 
-                if (isset($class->group) && ! isset($this->commands[$class->name])) {
+                if ($class->group !== null && ! isset($this->commands[$class->name])) {
                     $this->commands[$class->name] = [
                         'class'       => $className,
                         'file'        => $file,
@@ -146,6 +150,8 @@ public function discoverCommands()
     /**
      * Verifies if the command being sought is found
      * in the commands list.
+     *
+     * @param commands_list $commands
      */
     public function verifyCommand(string $command, array $commands): bool
     {
@@ -153,9 +159,9 @@ public function verifyCommand(string $command, array $commands): bool
             return true;
         }
 
-        $message = lang('CLI.commandNotFound', [$command]);
-
+        $message      = lang('CLI.commandNotFound', [$command]);
         $alternatives = $this->getCommandAlternatives($command, $commands);
+
         if ($alternatives !== []) {
             if (count($alternatives) === 1) {
                 $message .= "\n\n" . lang('CLI.altCommandSingular') . "\n    ";
@@ -175,11 +181,17 @@ public function verifyCommand(string $command, array $commands): bool
     /**
      * Finds alternative of `$name` among collection
      * of commands.
+     *
+     * @param commands_list $collection
+     *
+     * @return list<string>
      */
     protected function getCommandAlternatives(string $name, array $collection): array
     {
+        /** @var array<string, int> */
         $alternatives = [];
 
+        /** @var string $commandName */
         foreach (array_keys($collection) as $commandName) {
             $lev = levenshtein($name, $commandName);
 
diff --git a/system/CLI/Console.php b/system/CLI/Console.php
index 725193d424b5..89415e265134 100644
--- a/system/CLI/Console.php
+++ b/system/CLI/Console.php
@@ -38,14 +38,13 @@ public function run()
         $appConfig = config(App::class);
         Services::createRequest($appConfig, true);
         // Load Routes
-        Services::routes()->loadRoutes();
+        service('routes')->loadRoutes();
 
-        $runner  = Services::commands();
         $params  = array_merge(CLI::getSegments(), CLI::getOptions());
         $params  = $this->parseParamsForHelpOption($params);
         $command = array_shift($params) ?? 'list';
 
-        return $runner->run($command, $params);
+        return service('commands')->run($command, $params);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -60,10 +59,9 @@ public function showHeader(bool $suppress = false)
         }
 
         CLI::write(sprintf(
-            'CodeIgniter v%s Command Line Tool - Server Time: %s UTC%s',
+            'CodeIgniter v%s Command Line Tool - Server Time: %s',
             CodeIgniter::CI_VERSION,
-            date('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
-            date('P')
+            date('Y-m-d H:i:s \\U\\T\\CP'),
         ), 'green');
         CLI::newLine();
     }
@@ -75,6 +73,8 @@ public function showHeader(bool $suppress = false)
      * If present, it will be found as `['help' => null]`.
      * We'll remove that as an option from `$params` and
      * unshift it as argument instead.
+     *
+     * @param array<int|string, string|null> $params
      */
     private function parseParamsForHelpOption(array $params): array
     {
diff --git a/system/CLI/Exceptions/CLIException.php b/system/CLI/Exceptions/CLIException.php
index fae92c001d75..304b2ea4f444 100644
--- a/system/CLI/Exceptions/CLIException.php
+++ b/system/CLI/Exceptions/CLIException.php
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\CLI\Exceptions;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\DebugTraceableTrait;
-use RuntimeException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 
 /**
  * CLIException
diff --git a/system/CLI/GeneratorTrait.php b/system/CLI/GeneratorTrait.php
index 6a061a36b8b3..62f5ceec09ae 100644
--- a/system/CLI/GeneratorTrait.php
+++ b/system/CLI/GeneratorTrait.php
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ private function generateFile(string $target, string $content): void
                 CLI::prompt(
                     'Are you sure you want to continue?',
                     ['y', 'n'],
-                    'required'
+                    'required',
                 ) === 'n'
             ) {
                 CLI::newLine();
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ private function generateFile(string $target, string $content): void
             CLI::error(
                 lang('CLI.generator.fileExist', [clean_path($target)]),
                 'light_gray',
-                'red'
+                'red',
             );
             CLI::newLine();
 
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ private function generateFile(string $target, string $content): void
             CLI::error(
                 lang('CLI.generator.fileError', [clean_path($target)]),
                 'light_gray',
-                'red'
+                'red',
             );
             CLI::newLine();
 
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ private function generateFile(string $target, string $content): void
         if ($this->getOption('force') && $isFile) {
             CLI::write(
                 lang('CLI.generator.fileOverwrite', [clean_path($target)]),
-                'yellow'
+                'yellow',
             );
             CLI::newLine();
 
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ private function generateFile(string $target, string $content): void
 
         CLI::write(
             lang('CLI.generator.fileCreate', [clean_path($target)]),
-            'green'
+            'green',
         );
         CLI::newLine();
     }
@@ -282,22 +282,21 @@ protected function qualifyClassName(): string
         return $namespace . $directoryString . str_replace('/', '\\', $class);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Normalize input classname.
-     */
     private function normalizeInputClassName(): string
     {
         // Gets the class name from input.
         $class = $this->params[0] ?? CLI::getSegment(2);
 
         if ($class === null && $this->hasClassName) {
-            // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
-            $nameLang = $this->classNameLang !== ''
+            $nameField = $this->classNameLang !== ''
                 ? $this->classNameLang
                 : 'CLI.generator.className.default';
-            $class = CLI::prompt(lang($nameLang), null, 'required');
+            $class = CLI::prompt(lang($nameField), null, 'required');
+
+            // Reassign the class name to the params array in case
+            // the class name is requested again
+            $this->params[0] = $class;
             CLI::newLine();
-            // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
         }
 
         helper('inflector');
@@ -326,10 +325,10 @@ private function normalizeInputClassName(): string
                 '\\',
                 array_map(
                     pascalize(...),
-                    explode('\\', str_replace('/', '\\', trim($class)))
-                )
+                    explode('\\', str_replace('/', '\\', trim($class))),
+                ),
             ),
-            '\\/'
+            '\\/',
         );
     }
 
@@ -351,7 +350,7 @@ protected function renderTemplate(array $data = []): string
             return view(
                 "CodeIgniter\\Commands\\Generators\\Views\\{$this->template}",
                 $data,
-                ['debug' => false]
+                ['debug' => false],
             );
         }
     }
@@ -370,15 +369,15 @@ protected function parseTemplate(
         string $class,
         array $search = [],
         array $replace = [],
-        array $data = []
+        array $data = [],
     ): string {
         // Retrieves the namespace part from the fully qualified class name.
         $namespace = trim(
             implode(
                 '\\',
-                array_slice(explode('\\', $class), 0, -1)
+                array_slice(explode('\\', $class), 0, -1),
             ),
-            '\\'
+            '\\',
         );
         $search[]  = '<@php';
         $search[]  = '{namespace}';
@@ -404,7 +403,7 @@ protected function buildContent(string $class): string
             && preg_match(
                 '/(?P<imports>(?:^use [^;]+;$\n?)+)/m',
                 $template,
-                $match
+                $match,
             )
         ) {
             $imports = explode("\n", trim($match['imports']));
@@ -432,7 +431,7 @@ protected function buildPath(string $class): string
             CLI::error(
                 lang('CLI.namespaceNotDefined', [$namespace]),
                 'light_gray',
-                'red'
+                'red',
             );
             CLI::newLine();
 
@@ -446,7 +445,7 @@ protected function buildPath(string $class): string
             . str_replace(
                 '\\',
                 DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR,
-                trim(str_replace($namespace . '\\', '', $class), '\\')
+                trim(str_replace($namespace . '\\', '', $class), '\\'),
             ) . '.php';
 
         return implode(
@@ -454,8 +453,8 @@ protected function buildPath(string $class): string
             array_slice(
                 explode(DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, $file),
                 0,
-                -1
-            )
+                -1,
+            ),
         ) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $this->basename($file);
     }
 
@@ -470,9 +469,9 @@ protected function getNamespace(): string
             str_replace(
                 '/',
                 '\\',
-                $this->getOption('namespace') ?? APP_NAMESPACE
+                $this->getOption('namespace') ?? APP_NAMESPACE,
             ),
-            '\\'
+            '\\',
         );
     }
 
diff --git a/system/Cache/CacheFactory.php b/system/Cache/CacheFactory.php
index fb60d73c5cd7..e84254142125 100644
--- a/system/Cache/CacheFactory.php
+++ b/system/Cache/CacheFactory.php
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ public static function getHandler(Cache $config, ?string $handler = null, ?strin
             }
         }
 
-        // If $adapter->initialization throws a CriticalError exception, we will attempt to
+        // If $adapter->initialize() throws a CriticalError exception, we will attempt to
         // use the $backup handler, if that also fails, we resort to the dummy handler.
         try {
             $adapter->initialize();
diff --git a/system/Cache/CacheInterface.php b/system/Cache/CacheInterface.php
index d76d5aa15ba3..0f94cd56f930 100644
--- a/system/Cache/CacheInterface.php
+++ b/system/Cache/CacheInterface.php
@@ -13,9 +13,6 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Cache;
 
-/**
- * Cache interface
- */
 interface CacheInterface
 {
     /**
@@ -30,16 +27,16 @@ public function initialize();
      *
      * @param string $key Cache item name
      *
-     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
+     * @return mixed
      */
     public function get(string $key);
 
     /**
      * Saves an item to the cache store.
      *
-     * @param string                                  $key   Cache item name
-     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $value The data to save
-     * @param int                                     $ttl   Time To Live, in seconds (default 60)
+     * @param string $key   Cache item name
+     * @param mixed  $value The data to save
+     * @param int    $ttl   Time To Live, in seconds (default 60)
      *
      * @return bool Success or failure
      */
@@ -87,7 +84,7 @@ public function clean();
      * The information returned and the structure of the data
      * varies depending on the handler.
      *
-     * @return array|false|object|null
+     * @return array<array-key, mixed>|false|object|null
      */
     public function getCacheInfo();
 
@@ -96,10 +93,9 @@ public function getCacheInfo();
      *
      * @param string $key Cache item name.
      *
-     * @return array|false|null
-     *                          Returns null if the item does not exist, otherwise array<string, mixed>
-     *                          with at least the 'expire' key for absolute epoch expiry (or null).
-     *                          Some handlers may return false when an item does not exist, which is deprecated.
+     * @return array<string, mixed>|false|null Returns null if the item does not exist, otherwise array<string, mixed>
+     *                                         with at least the 'expire' key for absolute epoch expiry (or null).
+     *                                         Some handlers may return false when an item does not exist, which is deprecated.
      */
     public function getMetaData(string $key);
 
diff --git a/system/Cache/Exceptions/CacheException.php b/system/Cache/Exceptions/CacheException.php
index 852e6302ced1..c4871a00e8b4 100644
--- a/system/Cache/Exceptions/CacheException.php
+++ b/system/Cache/Exceptions/CacheException.php
@@ -14,20 +14,16 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Cache\Exceptions;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\DebugTraceableTrait;
-use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface;
-use RuntimeException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 
-/**
- * CacheException
- */
-class CacheException extends RuntimeException implements ExceptionInterface
+class CacheException extends RuntimeException
 {
     use DebugTraceableTrait;
 
     /**
      * Thrown when handler has no permission to write cache.
      *
-     * @return CacheException
+     * @return static
      */
     public static function forUnableToWrite(string $path)
     {
@@ -37,7 +33,7 @@ public static function forUnableToWrite(string $path)
     /**
      * Thrown when an unrecognized handler is used.
      *
-     * @return CacheException
+     * @return static
      */
     public static function forInvalidHandlers()
     {
@@ -47,7 +43,7 @@ public static function forInvalidHandlers()
     /**
      * Thrown when no backup handler is setup in config.
      *
-     * @return CacheException
+     * @return static
      */
     public static function forNoBackup()
     {
@@ -57,7 +53,7 @@ public static function forNoBackup()
     /**
      * Thrown when specified handler was not found.
      *
-     * @return CacheException
+     * @return static
      */
     public static function forHandlerNotFound()
     {
diff --git a/system/Cache/FactoriesCache.php b/system/Cache/FactoriesCache.php
index e4b7488f43df..6e49996c5d45 100644
--- a/system/Cache/FactoriesCache.php
+++ b/system/Cache/FactoriesCache.php
@@ -18,15 +18,9 @@
 
 final class FactoriesCache
 {
-    /**
-     * @var CacheInterface|FileVarExportHandler
-     */
-    private $cache;
-
-    /**
-     * @param CacheInterface|FileVarExportHandler|null $cache
-     */
-    public function __construct($cache = null)
+    private readonly CacheInterface|FileVarExportHandler $cache;
+
+    public function __construct(CacheInterface|FileVarExportHandler|null $cache = null)
     {
         $this->cache = $cache ?? new FileVarExportHandler();
     }
@@ -51,7 +45,9 @@ public function load(string $component): bool
     {
         $key = $this->getCacheKey($component);
 
-        if (! $data = $this->cache->get($key)) {
+        $data = $this->cache->get($key);
+
+        if (! is_array($data) || $data === []) {
             return false;
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Cache/FactoriesCache/FileVarExportHandler.php b/system/Cache/FactoriesCache/FileVarExportHandler.php
index b7c1a043c86e..092cd67ebd80 100644
--- a/system/Cache/FactoriesCache/FileVarExportHandler.php
+++ b/system/Cache/FactoriesCache/FileVarExportHandler.php
@@ -17,10 +17,7 @@ final class FileVarExportHandler
 {
     private string $path = WRITEPATH . 'cache';
 
-    /**
-     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $val
-     */
-    public function save(string $key, $val): void
+    public function save(string $key, mixed $val): void
     {
         $val = var_export($val, true);
 
@@ -36,10 +33,7 @@ public function delete(string $key): void
         @unlink($this->path . "/{$key}");
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
-     */
-    public function get(string $key)
+    public function get(string $key): mixed
     {
         return @include $this->path . "/{$key}";
     }
diff --git a/system/Cache/Handlers/BaseHandler.php b/system/Cache/Handlers/BaseHandler.php
index 43d316f87b0d..db482952022a 100644
--- a/system/Cache/Handlers/BaseHandler.php
+++ b/system/Cache/Handlers/BaseHandler.php
@@ -15,9 +15,10 @@
 
 use Closure;
 use CodeIgniter\Cache\CacheInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\BadMethodCallException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use Config\Cache;
 use Exception;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 
 /**
  * Base class for cache handling
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ abstract class BaseHandler implements CacheInterface
      * Keys that exceed MAX_KEY_LENGTH are hashed.
      * From https://github.com/symfony/cache/blob/7b024c6726af21fd4984ac8d1eae2b9f3d90de88/CacheItem.php#L158
      *
-     * @param string $key    The key to validate
+     * @param mixed  $key    The key to validate
      * @param string $prefix Optional prefix to include in length calculations
      *
      * @throws InvalidArgumentException When $key is not valid
@@ -66,8 +67,9 @@ public static function validateKey($key, $prefix = ''): string
             throw new InvalidArgumentException('Cache key cannot be empty.');
         }
 
-        $reserved = config(Cache::class)->reservedCharacters ?? self::RESERVED_CHARACTERS;
-        if ($reserved && strpbrk($key, $reserved) !== false) {
+        $reserved = config(Cache::class)->reservedCharacters;
+
+        if ($reserved !== '' && strpbrk($key, $reserved) !== false) {
             throw new InvalidArgumentException('Cache key contains reserved characters ' . $reserved);
         }
 
@@ -82,7 +84,7 @@ public static function validateKey($key, $prefix = ''): string
      * @param int              $ttl      Time to live
      * @param Closure(): mixed $callback Callback return value
      *
-     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
+     * @return mixed
      */
     public function remember(string $key, int $ttl, Closure $callback)
     {
@@ -102,12 +104,12 @@ public function remember(string $key, int $ttl, Closure $callback)
      *
      * @param string $pattern Cache items glob-style pattern
      *
-     * @return int|never
+     * @return int
      *
      * @throws Exception
      */
     public function deleteMatching(string $pattern)
     {
-        throw new Exception('The deleteMatching method is not implemented.');
+        throw new BadMethodCallException('The deleteMatching method is not implemented.');
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/Cache/Handlers/FileHandler.php b/system/Cache/Handlers/FileHandler.php
index a86a45e83d00..010fc86d9cdd 100644
--- a/system/Cache/Handlers/FileHandler.php
+++ b/system/Cache/Handlers/FileHandler.php
@@ -54,22 +54,22 @@ class FileHandler extends BaseHandler
      */
     public function __construct(Cache $config)
     {
-        if (! property_exists($config, 'file')) {
-            $config->file = [
-                'storePath' => $config->storePath ?? WRITEPATH . 'cache',
-                'mode'      => 0640,
-            ];
-        }
+        $options = [
+            ...['storePath' => WRITEPATH . 'cache', 'mode' => 0640],
+            ...$config->file,
+        ];
 
-        $this->path = ! empty($config->file['storePath']) ? $config->file['storePath'] : WRITEPATH . 'cache';
-        $this->path = rtrim($this->path, '/') . '/';
+        $this->path = $options['storePath'] !== '' ? $options['storePath'] : WRITEPATH . 'cache';
+        $this->path = rtrim($this->path, '\\/') . '/';
 
         if (! is_really_writable($this->path)) {
             throw CacheException::forUnableToWrite($this->path);
         }
 
-        $this->mode   = $config->file['mode'] ?? 0640;
+        $this->mode   = $options['mode'];
         $this->prefix = $config->prefix;
+
+        helper('filesystem');
     }
 
     /**
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ public function save(string $key, $value, int $ttl = 60)
             'data' => $value,
         ];
 
-        if ($this->writeFile($this->path . $key, serialize($contents))) {
+        if (write_file($this->path . $key, serialize($contents))) {
             try {
                 chmod($this->path . $key, $this->mode);
 
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ public function decrement(string $key, int $offset = 1)
      */
     public function clean()
     {
-        return $this->deleteFiles($this->path, false, true);
+        return delete_files($this->path, false, true);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ public function clean()
      */
     public function getCacheInfo()
     {
-        return $this->getDirFileInfo($this->path);
+        return get_dir_file_info($this->path);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ public function isSupported(): bool
 
     /**
      * Does the heavy lifting of actually retrieving the file and
-     * verifying it's age.
+     * verifying its age.
      *
      * @return array{data: mixed, ttl: int, time: int}|false
      */
@@ -232,7 +232,17 @@ protected function getItem(string $filename)
             return false;
         }
 
-        $data = @unserialize(file_get_contents($this->path . $filename));
+        $content = @file_get_contents($this->path . $filename);
+
+        if ($content === false) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            $data = unserialize($content);
+        } catch (Throwable) {
+            return false;
+        }
 
         if (! is_array($data)) {
             return false;
@@ -258,6 +268,8 @@ protected function getItem(string $filename)
     /**
      * Writes a file to disk, or returns false if not successful.
      *
+     * @deprecated 4.6.1 Use `write_file()` instead.
+     *
      * @param string $path
      * @param string $data
      * @param string $mode
@@ -272,7 +284,9 @@ protected function writeFile($path, $data, $mode = 'wb')
 
         flock($fp, LOCK_EX);
 
-        for ($result = $written = 0, $length = strlen($data); $written < $length; $written += $result) {
+        $result = 0;
+
+        for ($written = 0, $length = strlen($data); $written < $length; $written += $result) {
             if (($result = fwrite($fp, substr($data, $written))) === false) {
                 break;
             }
@@ -290,6 +304,8 @@ protected function writeFile($path, $data, $mode = 'wb')
      * If the second parameter is set to TRUE, any directories contained
      * within the supplied base directory will be nuked as well.
      *
+     * @deprecated 4.6.1 Use `delete_files()` instead.
+     *
      * @param string $path   File path
      * @param bool   $delDir Whether to delete any directories found in the path
      * @param bool   $htdocs Whether to skip deleting .htaccess and index page files
@@ -308,7 +324,7 @@ protected function deleteFiles(string $path, bool $delDir = false, bool $htdocs
             if ($filename !== '.' && $filename !== '..') {
                 if (is_dir($path . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $filename) && $filename[0] !== '.') {
                     $this->deleteFiles($path . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $filename, $delDir, $htdocs, $_level + 1);
-                } elseif (! $htdocs || ! preg_match('/^(\.htaccess|index\.(html|htm|php)|web\.config)$/i', $filename)) {
+                } elseif (! $htdocs || preg_match('/^(\.htaccess|index\.(html|htm|php)|web\.config)$/i', $filename) !== 1) {
                     @unlink($path . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $filename);
                 }
             }
@@ -325,37 +341,52 @@ protected function deleteFiles(string $path, bool $delDir = false, bool $htdocs
      *
      * Any sub-folders contained within the specified path are read as well.
      *
+     * @deprecated 4.6.1 Use `get_dir_file_info()` instead.
+     *
      * @param string $sourceDir    Path to source
      * @param bool   $topLevelOnly Look only at the top level directory specified?
      * @param bool   $_recursion   Internal variable to determine recursion status - do not use in calls
      *
-     * @return array|false
+     * @return array<string, array{
+     *  name: string,
+     *  server_path: string,
+     *  size: int,
+     *  date: int,
+     *  relative_path: string,
+     * }>|false
      */
     protected function getDirFileInfo(string $sourceDir, bool $topLevelOnly = true, bool $_recursion = false)
     {
-        static $_filedata = [];
-        $relativePath     = $sourceDir;
+        static $filedata = [];
+
+        $relativePath = $sourceDir;
+        $filePointer  = @opendir($sourceDir);
 
-        if ($fp = @opendir($sourceDir)) {
-            // reset the array and make sure $source_dir has a trailing slash on the initial call
+        if (! is_bool($filePointer)) {
+            // reset the array and make sure $sourceDir has a trailing slash on the initial call
             if ($_recursion === false) {
-                $_filedata = [];
-                $sourceDir = rtrim(realpath($sourceDir) ?: $sourceDir, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+                $filedata = [];
+
+                $resolvedSrc = realpath($sourceDir);
+                $resolvedSrc = $resolvedSrc === false ? $sourceDir : $resolvedSrc;
+
+                $sourceDir = rtrim($resolvedSrc, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
             }
 
-            // Used to be foreach (scandir($source_dir, 1) as $file), but scandir() is simply not as fast
-            while (false !== ($file = readdir($fp))) {
+            // Used to be foreach (scandir($sourceDir, 1) as $file), but scandir() is simply not as fast
+            while (false !== $file = readdir($filePointer)) {
                 if (is_dir($sourceDir . $file) && $file[0] !== '.' && $topLevelOnly === false) {
                     $this->getDirFileInfo($sourceDir . $file . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, $topLevelOnly, true);
                 } elseif (! is_dir($sourceDir . $file) && $file[0] !== '.') {
-                    $_filedata[$file]                  = $this->getFileInfo($sourceDir . $file);
-                    $_filedata[$file]['relative_path'] = $relativePath;
+                    $filedata[$file] = $this->getFileInfo($sourceDir . $file);
+
+                    $filedata[$file]['relative_path'] = $relativePath;
                 }
             }
 
-            closedir($fp);
+            closedir($filePointer);
 
-            return $_filedata;
+            return $filedata;
         }
 
         return false;
@@ -367,10 +398,21 @@ protected function getDirFileInfo(string $sourceDir, bool $topLevelOnly = true,
      * Options are: name, server_path, size, date, readable, writable, executable, fileperms
      * Returns FALSE if the file cannot be found.
      *
-     * @param string       $file           Path to file
-     * @param array|string $returnedValues Array or comma separated string of information returned
+     * @deprecated 4.6.1 Use `get_file_info()` instead.
+     *
+     * @param string              $file           Path to file
+     * @param list<string>|string $returnedValues Array or comma separated string of information returned
      *
-     * @return array|false
+     * @return array{
+     *  name?: string,
+     *  server_path?: string,
+     *  size?: int,
+     *  date?: int,
+     *  readable?: bool,
+     *  writable?: bool,
+     *  executable?: bool,
+     *  fileperms?: int
+     * }|false
      */
     protected function getFileInfo(string $file, $returnedValues = ['name', 'server_path', 'size', 'date'])
     {
diff --git a/system/Cache/Handlers/MemcachedHandler.php b/system/Cache/Handlers/MemcachedHandler.php
index e1048004077a..91ac38a9427d 100644
--- a/system/Cache/Handlers/MemcachedHandler.php
+++ b/system/Cache/Handlers/MemcachedHandler.php
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\BadMethodCallException;
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\CriticalError;
 use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
 use Config\Cache;
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ class MemcachedHandler extends BaseHandler
     /**
      * Memcached Configuration
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var array{host: string, port: int, weight: int, raw: bool}
      */
     protected $config = [
         'host'   => '127.0.0.1',
@@ -75,48 +76,37 @@ public function initialize()
     {
         try {
             if (class_exists(Memcached::class)) {
-                // Create new instance of Memcached
                 $this->memcached = new Memcached();
+
                 if ($this->config['raw']) {
                     $this->memcached->setOption(Memcached::OPT_BINARY_PROTOCOL, true);
                 }
 
-                // Add server
                 $this->memcached->addServer(
                     $this->config['host'],
                     $this->config['port'],
-                    $this->config['weight']
+                    $this->config['weight'],
                 );
 
-                // attempt to get status of servers
                 $stats = $this->memcached->getStats();
 
                 // $stats should be an associate array with a key in the format of host:port.
                 // If it doesn't have the key, we know the server is not working as expected.
-                if (! isset($stats[$this->config['host'] . ':' . $this->config['port']])) {
+                if (! is_array($stats) || ! isset($stats[$this->config['host'] . ':' . $this->config['port']])) {
                     throw new CriticalError('Cache: Memcached connection failed.');
                 }
             } elseif (class_exists(Memcache::class)) {
-                // Create new instance of Memcache
                 $this->memcached = new Memcache();
 
-                // Check if we can connect to the server
-                $canConnect = $this->memcached->connect(
-                    $this->config['host'],
-                    $this->config['port']
-                );
-
-                // If we can't connect, throw a CriticalError exception
-                if ($canConnect === false) {
+                if (! $this->memcached->connect($this->config['host'], $this->config['port'])) {
                     throw new CriticalError('Cache: Memcache connection failed.');
                 }
 
-                // Add server, third parameter is persistence and defaults to TRUE.
                 $this->memcached->addServer(
                     $this->config['host'],
                     $this->config['port'],
                     true,
-                    $this->config['weight']
+                    $this->config['weight'],
                 );
             } else {
                 throw new CriticalError('Cache: Not support Memcache(d) extension.');
@@ -197,7 +187,7 @@ public function delete(string $key)
      */
     public function deleteMatching(string $pattern)
     {
-        throw new Exception('The deleteMatching method is not implemented for Memcached. You must select File, Redis or Predis handlers to use it.');
+        throw new BadMethodCallException('The deleteMatching method is not implemented for Memcached. You must select File, Redis or Predis handlers to use it.');
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/system/Cache/Handlers/PredisHandler.php b/system/Cache/Handlers/PredisHandler.php
index 59e35aa4208f..8d0ce9998807 100644
--- a/system/Cache/Handlers/PredisHandler.php
+++ b/system/Cache/Handlers/PredisHandler.php
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 use Exception;
 use Predis\Client;
 use Predis\Collection\Iterator\Keyspace;
+use Predis\Response\Status;
 
 /**
  * Predis cache handler
@@ -30,7 +31,13 @@ class PredisHandler extends BaseHandler
     /**
      * Default config
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var array{
+     *   scheme: string,
+     *   host: string,
+     *   password: string|null,
+     *   port: int,
+     *   timeout: int
+     * }
      */
     protected $config = [
         'scheme'   => 'tcp',
@@ -81,7 +88,7 @@ public function get(string $key)
 
         $data = array_combine(
             ['__ci_type', '__ci_value'],
-            $this->redis->hmget($key, ['__ci_type', '__ci_value'])
+            $this->redis->hmget($key, ['__ci_type', '__ci_value']),
         );
 
         if (! isset($data['__ci_type'], $data['__ci_value']) || $data['__ci_value'] === false) {
@@ -121,7 +128,7 @@ public function save(string $key, $value, int $ttl = 60)
                 return false;
         }
 
-        if (! $this->redis->hmset($key, ['__ci_type' => $dataType, '__ci_value' => $value])) {
+        if (! $this->redis->hmset($key, ['__ci_type' => $dataType, '__ci_value' => $value]) instanceof Status) {
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -155,6 +162,10 @@ public function deleteMatching(string $pattern)
             $matchedKeys[] = $key;
         }
 
+        if ($matchedKeys === []) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
         return $this->redis->del($matchedKeys);
     }
 
diff --git a/system/Cache/Handlers/RedisHandler.php b/system/Cache/Handlers/RedisHandler.php
index 6cd43506bdb5..06a089e2660b 100644
--- a/system/Cache/Handlers/RedisHandler.php
+++ b/system/Cache/Handlers/RedisHandler.php
@@ -29,7 +29,13 @@ class RedisHandler extends BaseHandler
     /**
      * Default config
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var array{
+     *   host: string,
+     *   password: string|null,
+     *   port: int,
+     *   timeout: int,
+     *   database: int,
+     * }
      */
     protected $config = [
         'host'     => '127.0.0.1',
@@ -181,7 +187,7 @@ public function deleteMatching(string $pattern)
         $iterator    = null;
 
         do {
-            /** @var false|list<string>|Redis $keys */
+            /** @var false|list<string> $keys */
             $keys = $this->redis->scan($iterator, $pattern);
 
             if (is_array($keys)) {
@@ -189,7 +195,7 @@ public function deleteMatching(string $pattern)
             }
         } while ($iterator > 0);
 
-        return $this->redis->del($matchedKeys);
+        return (int) $this->redis->del($matchedKeys);
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/system/Cache/Handlers/WincacheHandler.php b/system/Cache/Handlers/WincacheHandler.php
index 0ddee50a7fde..d4d97701b135 100644
--- a/system/Cache/Handlers/WincacheHandler.php
+++ b/system/Cache/Handlers/WincacheHandler.php
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\BadMethodCallException;
 use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
 use Config\Cache;
-use Exception;
 
 /**
  * Cache handler for WinCache from Microsoft & IIS.
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ public function delete(string $key)
      */
     public function deleteMatching(string $pattern)
     {
-        throw new Exception('The deleteMatching method is not implemented for Wincache. You must select File, Redis or Predis handlers to use it.');
+        throw new BadMethodCallException('The deleteMatching method is not implemented for Wincache. You must select File, Redis or Predis handlers to use it.');
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/system/Cache/ResponseCache.php b/system/Cache/ResponseCache.php
index 388931813c7c..2c92dc5058be 100644
--- a/system/Cache/ResponseCache.php
+++ b/system/Cache/ResponseCache.php
@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Cache;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CLIRequest;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Header;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
 use Config\Cache as CacheConfig;
-use Exception;
 
 /**
  * Web Page Caching
@@ -40,12 +40,10 @@ final class ResponseCache
      *
      * @var bool|list<string>
      */
-    private $cacheQueryString = false;
+    private array|bool $cacheQueryString = false;
 
     /**
-     * Cache time to live.
-     *
-     * @var int seconds
+     * Cache time to live (TTL) in seconds.
      */
     private int $ttl = 0;
 
@@ -54,10 +52,7 @@ public function __construct(CacheConfig $config, private readonly CacheInterface
         $this->cacheQueryString = $config->cacheQueryString;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @return $this
-     */
-    public function setTtl(int $ttl)
+    public function setTtl(int $ttl): self
     {
         $this->ttl = $ttl;
 
@@ -67,11 +62,9 @@ public function setTtl(int $ttl)
     /**
      * Generates the cache key to use from the current request.
      *
-     * @param CLIRequest|IncomingRequest $request
-     *
      * @internal for testing purposes only
      */
-    public function generateCacheKey($request): string
+    public function generateCacheKey(CLIRequest|IncomingRequest $request): string
     {
         if ($request instanceof CLIRequest) {
             return md5($request->getPath());
@@ -79,7 +72,7 @@ public function generateCacheKey($request): string
 
         $uri = clone $request->getUri();
 
-        $query = $this->cacheQueryString
+        $query = (bool) $this->cacheQueryString
             ? $uri->getQuery(is_array($this->cacheQueryString) ? ['only' => $this->cacheQueryString] : [])
             : '';
 
@@ -88,10 +81,8 @@ public function generateCacheKey($request): string
 
     /**
      * Caches the response.
-     *
-     * @param CLIRequest|IncomingRequest $request
      */
-    public function make($request, ResponseInterface $response): bool
+    public function make(CLIRequest|IncomingRequest $request, ResponseInterface $response): bool
     {
         if ($this->ttl === 0) {
             return true;
@@ -112,18 +103,18 @@ public function make($request, ResponseInterface $response): bool
         return $this->cache->save(
             $this->generateCacheKey($request),
             serialize(['headers' => $headers, 'output' => $response->getBody()]),
-            $this->ttl
+            $this->ttl,
         );
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the cached response for the request.
-     *
-     * @param CLIRequest|IncomingRequest $request
      */
-    public function get($request, ResponseInterface $response): ?ResponseInterface
+    public function get(CLIRequest|IncomingRequest $request, ResponseInterface $response): ?ResponseInterface
     {
-        if ($cachedResponse = $this->cache->get($this->generateCacheKey($request))) {
+        $cachedResponse = $this->cache->get($this->generateCacheKey($request));
+
+        if (is_string($cachedResponse) && $cachedResponse !== '') {
             $cachedResponse = unserialize($cachedResponse);
 
             if (
@@ -131,7 +122,7 @@ public function get($request, ResponseInterface $response): ?ResponseInterface
                 || ! isset($cachedResponse['output'])
                 || ! isset($cachedResponse['headers'])
             ) {
-                throw new Exception('Error unserializing page cache');
+                throw new RuntimeException('Error unserializing page cache');
             }
 
             $headers = $cachedResponse['headers'];
diff --git a/system/CodeIgniter.php b/system/CodeIgniter.php
index 359e3ff7d08d..4156c99453a5 100644
--- a/system/CodeIgniter.php
+++ b/system/CodeIgniter.php
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Debug\Timer;
 use CodeIgniter\Events\Events;
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\FrameworkException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\LogicException;
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\PageNotFoundException;
 use CodeIgniter\Filters\Filters;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CLIRequest;
@@ -28,7 +29,6 @@
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponsableInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\URI;
-use CodeIgniter\Router\Exceptions\RedirectException as DeprecatedRedirectException;
 use CodeIgniter\Router\RouteCollectionInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\Router\Router;
 use Config\App;
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@
 use Kint\Renderer\CliRenderer;
 use Kint\Renderer\RichRenderer;
 use Locale;
-use LogicException;
 use Throwable;
 
 /**
@@ -56,7 +55,7 @@ class CodeIgniter
     /**
      * The current version of CodeIgniter Framework
      */
-    public const CI_VERSION = '4.5.5';
+    public const CI_VERSION = '4.6.4';
 
     /**
      * App startup time.
@@ -142,7 +141,7 @@ class CodeIgniter
      *  web:     Invoked by HTTP request
      *  php-cli: Invoked by CLI via `php public/index.php`
      *
-     * @phpstan-var 'php-cli'|'web'
+     * @var 'php-cli'|'web'|null
      */
     protected ?string $context = null;
 
@@ -294,7 +293,7 @@ private function configureKint(): void
 
         RichRenderer::$theme  = $config->richTheme;
         RichRenderer::$folder = $config->richFolder;
-        RichRenderer::$sort   = $config->richSort;
+
         if (isset($config->richObjectPlugins) && is_array($config->richObjectPlugins)) {
             RichRenderer::$value_plugins = $config->richObjectPlugins;
         }
@@ -318,14 +317,14 @@ private function configureKint(): void
      *
      * @param bool $returnResponse Used for testing purposes only.
      *
-     * @return ResponseInterface|void
+     * @return ResponseInterface|null
      */
     public function run(?RouteCollectionInterface $routes = null, bool $returnResponse = false)
     {
         if ($this->context === null) {
             throw new LogicException(
                 'Context must be set before run() is called. If you are upgrading from 4.1.x, '
-                . 'you need to merge `public/index.php` and `spark` file from `vendor/codeigniter4/framework`.'
+                . 'you need to merge `public/index.php` and `spark` file from `vendor/codeigniter4/framework`.',
             );
         }
 
@@ -353,11 +352,8 @@ public function run(?RouteCollectionInterface $routes = null, bool $returnRespon
         } else {
             try {
                 $this->response = $this->handleRequest($routes, config(Cache::class), $returnResponse);
-            } catch (DeprecatedRedirectException|ResponsableInterface $e) {
+            } catch (ResponsableInterface $e) {
                 $this->outputBufferingEnd();
-                if ($e instanceof DeprecatedRedirectException) {
-                    $e = new RedirectException($e->getMessage(), $e->getCode(), $e);
-                }
 
                 $this->response = $e->getResponse();
             } catch (PageNotFoundException $e) {
@@ -379,6 +375,8 @@ public function run(?RouteCollectionInterface $routes = null, bool $returnRespon
         }
 
         $this->sendResponse();
+
+        return null;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -799,7 +797,7 @@ public function displayPerformanceMetrics(string $output): string
         return str_replace(
             ['{elapsed_time}', '{memory_usage}'],
             [(string) $this->totalTime, number_format(memory_get_peak_usage() / 1024 / 1024, 3)],
-            $output
+            $output,
         );
     }
 
@@ -863,7 +861,7 @@ protected function determinePath()
      * controller method and make the script go. If it's not able to, will
      * show the appropriate Page Not Found error.
      *
-     * @return ResponseInterface|string|void
+     * @return ResponseInterface|string|null
      */
     protected function startController()
     {
@@ -889,6 +887,8 @@ protected function startController()
         ) {
             throw PageNotFoundException::forControllerNotFound($this->controller, $this->method);
         }
+
+        return null;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -948,7 +948,9 @@ protected function display404errors(PageNotFoundException $e)
         $this->response->setStatusCode($e->getCode());
 
         // Is there a 404 Override available?
-        if ($override = $this->router->get404Override()) {
+        $override = $this->router->get404Override();
+
+        if ($override !== null) {
             $returned = null;
 
             if ($override instanceof Closure) {
@@ -979,7 +981,7 @@ protected function display404errors(PageNotFoundException $e)
 
         // Throws new PageNotFoundException and remove exception message on production.
         throw PageNotFoundException::forPageNotFound(
-            (ENVIRONMENT !== 'production' || ! $this->isWeb()) ? $e->getMessage() : null
+            (ENVIRONMENT !== 'production' || ! $this->isWeb()) ? $e->getMessage() : null,
         );
     }
 
@@ -1064,7 +1066,7 @@ public function storePreviousURL($uri)
                 $uri->getAuthority(),
                 $uri->getPath(),
                 $uri->getQuery(),
-                $uri->getFragment()
+                $uri->getFragment(),
             ));
         }
     }
@@ -1126,7 +1128,7 @@ protected function callExit($code)
     /**
      * Sets the app context.
      *
-     * @phpstan-param 'php-cli'|'web' $context
+     * @param 'php-cli'|'web' $context
      *
      * @return $this
      */
diff --git a/system/Commands/Database/CreateDatabase.php b/system/Commands/Database/CreateDatabase.php
index 0c8d2016dc93..facd060abf6e 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Database/CreateDatabase.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Database/CreateDatabase.php
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ public function run(array $params)
                 $config->{$group}['database'] = $name;
 
                 if ($name !== ':memory:') {
-                    $dbName = ! str_contains($name, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) ? WRITEPATH . $name : $name;
+                    $dbName = str_contains($name, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) ? $name : WRITEPATH . $name;
 
                     if (is_file($dbName)) {
                         CLI::error("Database \"{$dbName}\" already exists.", 'light_gray', 'red');
diff --git a/system/Commands/Database/MigrateRollback.php b/system/Commands/Database/MigrateRollback.php
index e1c788e7702e..cb6cbe3a7adb 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Database/MigrateRollback.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Database/MigrateRollback.php
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ public function run(array $params)
             $force = array_key_exists('f', $params) || CLI::getOption('f');
 
             if (! $force && CLI::prompt(lang('Migrations.rollBackConfirm'), ['y', 'n']) === 'n') {
-                return;
+                return null;
             }
             // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
         }
@@ -115,5 +115,7 @@ public function run(array $params)
             $this->showError($e);
             // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
         }
+
+        return null;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/Commands/Database/ShowTableInfo.php b/system/Commands/Database/ShowTableInfo.php
index 147b6eb61446..390bf586c51b 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Database/ShowTableInfo.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Database/ShowTableInfo.php
@@ -16,8 +16,9 @@
 use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
 use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnection;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\TableName;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use Config\Database;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 
 /**
  * Get table data if it exists in the database.
@@ -144,7 +145,7 @@ public function run(array $params)
             $tableNameNo = CLI::promptByKey(
                 ['Here is the list of your database tables:', 'Which table do you want to see?'],
                 $tables,
-                'required'
+                'required',
             );
             CLI::newLine();
 
@@ -174,7 +175,7 @@ private function showDBConfig(): void
         ]];
         CLI::table(
             $data,
-            ['hostname', 'database', 'username', 'DBDriver', 'DBPrefix', 'port']
+            ['hostname', 'database', 'username', 'DBDriver', 'DBPrefix', 'port'],
         );
     }
 
@@ -199,7 +200,7 @@ private function showDataOfTable(string $tableName, int $limitRows, int $limitFi
         CLI::newLine();
 
         $this->removeDBPrefix();
-        $thead = $this->db->getFieldNames($tableName);
+        $thead = $this->db->getFieldNames(TableName::fromActualName($this->db->DBPrefix, $tableName));
         $this->restoreDBPrefix();
 
         // If there is a field named `id`, sort by it.
@@ -272,12 +273,12 @@ private function makeTableRows(
         string $tableName,
         int $limitRows,
         int $limitFieldValue,
-        ?string $sortField = null
+        ?string $sortField = null,
     ): array {
         $this->tbody = [];
 
         $this->removeDBPrefix();
-        $builder = $this->db->table($tableName);
+        $builder = $this->db->table(TableName::fromActualName($this->db->DBPrefix, $tableName));
         $builder->limit($limitRows);
         if ($sortField !== null) {
             $builder->orderBy($sortField, $this->sortDesc ? 'DESC' : 'ASC');
@@ -290,7 +291,7 @@ private function makeTableRows(
                 static fn ($item): string => mb_strlen((string) $item) > $limitFieldValue
                     ? mb_substr((string) $item, 0, $limitFieldValue) . '...'
                     : (string) $item,
-                $row
+                $row,
             );
             $this->tbody[] = $row;
         }
diff --git a/system/Commands/Encryption/GenerateKey.php b/system/Commands/Encryption/GenerateKey.php
index 21a582a06725..a3fdbd4393a9 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Encryption/GenerateKey.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Encryption/GenerateKey.php
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ protected function writeNewEncryptionKeyToFile(string $oldKey, string $newKey):
             $newFileContents = preg_replace(
                 '/^[#\s]*encryption.key[=\s]*(?:hex2bin\:[a-f0-9]{64}|base64\:(?:[A-Za-z0-9+\/]{4})*(?:[A-Za-z0-9+\/]{2}==|[A-Za-z0-9+\/]{3}=)?)$/m',
                 $replacementKey,
-                $oldFileContents
+                $oldFileContents,
             );
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/CellGenerator.php b/system/Commands/Generators/CellGenerator.php
index 57d79ac8902b..04c5bd8adf04 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Generators/CellGenerator.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/CellGenerator.php
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ public function run(array $params)
         $viewName  = preg_replace(
             '/([a-z][a-z0-9_\/\\\\]+)(_cell)$/i',
             '$1',
-            $viewName
+            $viewName,
         ) ?? $viewName;
         $namespace = substr($className, 0, strrpos($className, '\\') + 1);
 
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/CommandGenerator.php b/system/Commands/Generators/CommandGenerator.php
index 8c2ebcfb5d44..a0872f63c2ba 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Generators/CommandGenerator.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/CommandGenerator.php
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ protected function prepare(string $class): string
             $class,
             ['{group}', '{command}'],
             [$group, $command],
-            ['type' => $type]
+            ['type' => $type],
         );
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/ControllerGenerator.php b/system/Commands/Generators/ControllerGenerator.php
index c6f54cac2888..287f92f87c30 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Generators/ControllerGenerator.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/ControllerGenerator.php
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ protected function prepare(string $class): string
             $class,
             ['{useStatement}', '{extends}'],
             [$useStatement, $extends],
-            ['type' => $rest]
+            ['type' => $rest],
         );
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/MigrationGenerator.php b/system/Commands/Generators/MigrationGenerator.php
index b7d7d585e945..b5e64ec1bce1 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Generators/MigrationGenerator.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/MigrationGenerator.php
@@ -112,10 +112,7 @@ protected function prepare(string $class): string
             $data['DBGroup']  = is_string($DBGroup) ? $DBGroup : 'default';
             $data['DBDriver'] = config(Database::class)->{$data['DBGroup']}['DBDriver'];
 
-            /** @var SessionConfig|null $session */
-            $session = config(SessionConfig::class);
-
-            $data['matchIP'] = $session->matchIP;
+            $data['matchIP'] = config(SessionConfig::class)->matchIP;
         }
 
         return $this->parseTemplate($class, [], [], $data);
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/TestGenerator.php b/system/Commands/Generators/TestGenerator.php
index 35019c72b826..47f71294c823 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Generators/TestGenerator.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/TestGenerator.php
@@ -76,6 +76,9 @@ class TestGenerator extends BaseCommand
      */
     public function run(array $params)
     {
+        // Ensure tests are always suffixed with 'Test'
+        $params['suffix'] = null;
+
         $this->component = 'Test';
         $this->template  = 'test.tpl.php';
 
@@ -102,9 +105,9 @@ protected function getNamespace(): string
                 str_replace(
                     '/',
                     '\\',
-                    $this->getOption('namespace')
+                    $this->getOption('namespace'),
                 ),
-                '\\'
+                '\\',
             );
         }
 
@@ -143,7 +146,7 @@ protected function buildPath(string $class): string
             CLI::error(
                 lang('CLI.namespaceNotDefined', [$namespace]),
                 'light_gray',
-                'red'
+                'red',
             );
             CLI::newLine();
 
@@ -157,7 +160,7 @@ protected function buildPath(string $class): string
             . str_replace(
                 '\\',
                 DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR,
-                trim(str_replace($namespace . '\\', '', $class), '\\')
+                trim(str_replace($namespace . '\\', '', $class), '\\'),
             ) . '.php';
 
         return implode(
@@ -165,28 +168,25 @@ protected function buildPath(string $class): string
             array_slice(
                 explode(DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, $file),
                 0,
-                -1
-            )
+                -1,
+            ),
         ) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $this->basename($file);
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns test file path for the namespace.
      */
-    private function searchTestFilePath(string $namespace): ?string
+    private function searchTestFilePath(string $testNamespace): ?string
     {
-        $bases = service('autoloader')->getNamespace($namespace);
-
-        $base = null;
-
-        foreach ($bases as $candidate) {
-            if (str_contains($candidate, '/tests/')) {
-                $base = $candidate;
+        /** @var list<non-empty-string> $testPaths */
+        $testPaths = service('autoloader')->getNamespace($testNamespace);
 
-                break;
+        foreach ($testPaths as $candidate) {
+            if (str_contains($candidate, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'tests' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR)) {
+                return $candidate;
             }
         }
 
-        return $base;
+        return null;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/Views/migration.tpl.php b/system/Commands/Generators/Views/migration.tpl.php
index 321895e670c2..124b1b83c4c7 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Generators/Views/migration.tpl.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/Views/migration.tpl.php
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ public function up()
             'id' => ['type' => 'VARCHAR', 'constraint' => 128, 'null' => false],
 <?php if ($DBDriver === 'MySQLi'): ?>
             'ip_address' => ['type' => 'VARCHAR', 'constraint' => 45, 'null' => false],
-            'timestamp timestamp DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP NOT NULL',
+            '`timestamp` timestamp DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP NOT NULL',
             'data' => ['type' => 'BLOB', 'null' => false],
  <?php elseif ($DBDriver === 'Postgre'): ?>
             'ip_address inet NOT NULL',
diff --git a/system/Commands/ListCommands.php b/system/Commands/ListCommands.php
index 3411b103430d..8761e2bb7bbc 100644
--- a/system/Commands/ListCommands.php
+++ b/system/Commands/ListCommands.php
@@ -71,6 +71,8 @@ class ListCommands extends BaseCommand
 
     /**
      * Displays the help for the spark cli script itself.
+     *
+     * @return int
      */
     public function run(array $params)
     {
@@ -78,7 +80,7 @@ public function run(array $params)
         ksort($commands);
 
         // Check for 'simple' format
-        return array_key_exists('simple', $params) || CLI::getOption('simple')
+        return array_key_exists('simple', $params) || CLI::getOption('simple') === true
             ? $this->listSimple($commands)
             : $this->listFull($commands);
     }
@@ -86,7 +88,7 @@ public function run(array $params)
     /**
      * Lists the commands with accompanying info.
      *
-     * @return void
+     * @return int
      */
     protected function listFull(array $commands)
     {
@@ -124,17 +126,21 @@ protected function listFull(array $commands)
                 CLI::newLine();
             }
         }
+
+        return EXIT_SUCCESS;
     }
 
     /**
      * Lists the commands only.
      *
-     * @return void
+     * @return int
      */
     protected function listSimple(array $commands)
     {
         foreach (array_keys($commands) as $title) {
             CLI::write($title);
         }
+
+        return EXIT_SUCCESS;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/Commands/Server/Serve.php b/system/Commands/Server/Serve.php
index 82e58998a732..594e4e587e27 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Server/Serve.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Server/Serve.php
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ public function run(array $params)
         // to ensure our environment is set and it simulates basic mod_rewrite.
         passthru($php . ' -S ' . $host . ':' . $port . ' -t ' . $docroot . ' ' . $rewrite, $status);
 
-        if ($status && $this->portOffset < $this->tries) {
+        if ($status !== EXIT_SUCCESS && $this->portOffset < $this->tries) {
             $this->portOffset++;
 
             $this->run($params);
diff --git a/system/Commands/Translation/LocalizationFinder.php b/system/Commands/Translation/LocalizationFinder.php
index e7d4eff69663..e6557b74d1c4 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Translation/LocalizationFinder.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Translation/LocalizationFinder.php
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ public function run(array $params)
             if (! in_array($optionLocale, config(App::class)->supportedLocales, true)) {
                 CLI::error(
                     'Error: "' . $optionLocale . '" is not supported. Supported locales: '
-                    . implode(', ', config(App::class)->supportedLocales)
+                    . implode(', ', config(App::class)->supportedLocales),
                 );
 
                 return EXIT_USER_INPUT;
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ private function process(string $currentDir, string $currentLocale): void
         [
             'foundLanguageKeys' => $foundLanguageKeys,
             'badLanguageKeys'   => $badLanguageKeys,
-            'countFiles'        => $countFiles
+            'countFiles'        => $countFiles,
         ] = $this->findLanguageKeysInFiles($files);
 
         ksort($foundLanguageKeys);
@@ -361,8 +361,7 @@ private function isSubDirectory(string $directory, string $rootDirectory): bool
     /**
      * @param list<SplFileInfo> $files
      *
-     * @return         array<string, array|int>
-     * @phpstan-return array{'foundLanguageKeys': array<string, array<string, string>>, 'badLanguageKeys': array<int, array<int, string>>, 'countFiles': int}
+     * @return array{'foundLanguageKeys': array<string, array<string, string>>, 'badLanguageKeys': array<int, array<int, string>>, 'countFiles': int}
      */
     private function findLanguageKeysInFiles(array $files): array
     {
diff --git a/system/Commands/Translation/LocalizationSync.php b/system/Commands/Translation/LocalizationSync.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6381ab33ccad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Translation/LocalizationSync.php
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Translation;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\LogicException;
+use Config\App;
+use ErrorException;
+use FilesystemIterator;
+use Locale;
+use RecursiveDirectoryIterator;
+use RecursiveIteratorIterator;
+use SplFileInfo;
+
+/**
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Commands\Translation\LocalizationSyncTest
+ */
+class LocalizationSync extends BaseCommand
+{
+    protected $group       = 'Translation';
+    protected $name        = 'lang:sync';
+    protected $description = 'Synchronize translation files from one language to another.';
+    protected $usage       = 'lang:sync [options]';
+    protected $arguments   = [];
+    protected $options     = [
+        '--locale' => 'The original locale (en, ru, etc.).',
+        '--target' => 'Target locale (en, ru, etc.).',
+    ];
+    private string $languagePath;
+
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        $optionTargetLocale = '';
+        $optionLocale       = $params['locale'] ?? Locale::getDefault();
+        $this->languagePath = APPPATH . 'Language';
+
+        if (isset($params['target']) && $params['target'] !== '') {
+            $optionTargetLocale = $params['target'];
+        }
+
+        if (! in_array($optionLocale, config(App::class)->supportedLocales, true)) {
+            CLI::error(
+                'Error: "' . $optionLocale . '" is not supported. Supported locales: '
+                . implode(', ', config(App::class)->supportedLocales),
+            );
+
+            return EXIT_USER_INPUT;
+        }
+
+        if ($optionTargetLocale === '') {
+            CLI::error(
+                'Error: "--target" is not configured. Supported locales: '
+                . implode(', ', config(App::class)->supportedLocales),
+            );
+
+            return EXIT_USER_INPUT;
+        }
+
+        if (! in_array($optionTargetLocale, config(App::class)->supportedLocales, true)) {
+            CLI::error(
+                'Error: "' . $optionTargetLocale . '" is not supported. Supported locales: '
+                . implode(', ', config(App::class)->supportedLocales),
+            );
+
+            return EXIT_USER_INPUT;
+        }
+
+        if ($optionTargetLocale === $optionLocale) {
+            CLI::error(
+                'Error: You cannot have the same values for "--target" and "--locale".',
+            );
+
+            return EXIT_USER_INPUT;
+        }
+
+        if (ENVIRONMENT === 'testing') {
+            $this->languagePath = SUPPORTPATH . 'Language';
+        }
+
+        if ($this->process($optionLocale, $optionTargetLocale) === EXIT_ERROR) {
+            return EXIT_ERROR;
+        }
+
+        CLI::write('All operations done!');
+
+        return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    private function process(string $originalLocale, string $targetLocale): int
+    {
+        $originalLocaleDir = $this->languagePath . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $originalLocale;
+        $targetLocaleDir   = $this->languagePath . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $targetLocale;
+
+        if (! is_dir($originalLocaleDir)) {
+            CLI::error(
+                'Error: The "' . clean_path($originalLocaleDir) . '" directory was not found.',
+            );
+
+            return EXIT_ERROR;
+        }
+
+        // Unifying the error - mkdir() may cause an exception.
+        try {
+            if (! is_dir($targetLocaleDir) && ! mkdir($targetLocaleDir, 0775)) {
+                throw new ErrorException();
+            }
+        } catch (ErrorException $e) {
+            CLI::error(
+                'Error: The target directory "' . clean_path($targetLocaleDir) . '" cannot be accessed.',
+            );
+
+            return EXIT_ERROR;
+        }
+
+        $iterator = new RecursiveIteratorIterator(
+            new RecursiveDirectoryIterator(
+                $originalLocaleDir,
+                FilesystemIterator::KEY_AS_PATHNAME | FilesystemIterator::CURRENT_AS_FILEINFO | FilesystemIterator::SKIP_DOTS,
+            ),
+        );
+
+        /**
+         * @var array<non-empty-string, SplFileInfo> $files
+         */
+        $files = iterator_to_array($iterator, true);
+        ksort($files);
+
+        foreach ($files as $originalLanguageFile) {
+            if ($originalLanguageFile->getExtension() !== 'php') {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $targetLanguageFile = $targetLocaleDir . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $originalLanguageFile->getFilename();
+
+            $targetLanguageKeys   = [];
+            $originalLanguageKeys = include $originalLanguageFile;
+
+            if (is_file($targetLanguageFile)) {
+                $targetLanguageKeys = include $targetLanguageFile;
+            }
+
+            $targetLanguageKeys = $this->mergeLanguageKeys($originalLanguageKeys, $targetLanguageKeys, $originalLanguageFile->getBasename('.php'));
+
+            $content = "<?php\n\nreturn " . var_export($targetLanguageKeys, true) . ";\n";
+            file_put_contents($targetLanguageFile, $content);
+        }
+
+        return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, array<string,mixed>|string|null> $originalLanguageKeys
+     * @param array<string, array<string,mixed>|string|null> $targetLanguageKeys
+     *
+     * @return array<string, array<string,mixed>|string|null>
+     */
+    private function mergeLanguageKeys(array $originalLanguageKeys, array $targetLanguageKeys, string $prefix = ''): array
+    {
+        $mergedLanguageKeys = [];
+
+        foreach ($originalLanguageKeys as $key => $value) {
+            $placeholderValue = $prefix !== '' ? $prefix . '.' . $key : $key;
+
+            if (is_string($value)) {
+                // Keep the old value
+                // TODO: The value type may not match the original one
+                if (array_key_exists($key, $targetLanguageKeys)) {
+                    $mergedLanguageKeys[$key] = $targetLanguageKeys[$key];
+
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // Set new key with placeholder
+                $mergedLanguageKeys[$key] = $placeholderValue;
+            } elseif (is_array($value)) {
+                if (! array_key_exists($key, $targetLanguageKeys)) {
+                    $mergedLanguageKeys[$key] = $this->mergeLanguageKeys($value, [], $placeholderValue);
+
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                $mergedLanguageKeys[$key] = $this->mergeLanguageKeys($value, $targetLanguageKeys[$key], $placeholderValue);
+            } else {
+                throw new LogicException('Value for the key "' . $placeholderValue . '" is of the wrong type. Only "array" or "string" is allowed.');
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $mergedLanguageKeys;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/ConfigCheck.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/ConfigCheck.php
index 7d6dc332ca45..4583c67dae87 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Utilities/ConfigCheck.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/ConfigCheck.php
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ final class ConfigCheck extends BaseCommand
     protected $options = [];
 
     /**
-     * {@inheritDoc}
+     * @return int
      */
     public function run(array $params)
     {
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ public function run(array $params)
             CLI::write($this->getKintD($config));
         } else {
             CLI::write(
-                CLI::color($this->getVarDump($config), 'cyan')
+                CLI::color($this->getVarDump($config), 'cyan'),
             );
         }
 
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ private function getVarDump(object $config): string
         return preg_replace(
             '!.*system/Commands/Utilities/ConfigCheck.php.*\n!u',
             '',
-            $output
+            $output,
         );
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Environment.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Environment.php
index 17a08d21d2ce..22794fe9d51d 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Utilities/Environment.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Environment.php
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ final class Environment extends BaseCommand
     ];
 
     /**
-     * {@inheritDoc}
+     * @return int
      */
     public function run(array $params)
     {
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ public function run(array $params)
             CLI::write(sprintf('Your environment is currently set as %s.', CLI::color($_SERVER['CI_ENVIRONMENT'] ?? ENVIRONMENT, 'green')));
             CLI::newLine();
 
-            return;
+            return EXIT_ERROR;
         }
 
         $env = strtolower(array_shift($params));
@@ -98,21 +98,21 @@ public function run(array $params)
             CLI::error('You will not be able to run spark under a "testing" environment.', 'light_gray', 'red');
             CLI::newLine();
 
-            return;
+            return EXIT_ERROR;
         }
 
         if (! in_array($env, self::$knownTypes, true)) {
             CLI::error(sprintf('Invalid environment type "%s". Expected one of "%s".', $env, implode('" and "', self::$knownTypes)), 'light_gray', 'red');
             CLI::newLine();
 
-            return;
+            return EXIT_ERROR;
         }
 
         if (! $this->writeNewEnvironmentToEnvFile($env)) {
             CLI::error('Error in writing new environment to .env file.', 'light_gray', 'red');
             CLI::newLine();
 
-            return;
+            return EXIT_ERROR;
         }
 
         // force DotEnv to reload the new environment
@@ -124,6 +124,8 @@ public function run(array $params)
         CLI::write(sprintf('Environment is successfully changed to "%s".', $env), 'green');
         CLI::write('The ENVIRONMENT constant will be changed in the next script execution.');
         CLI::newLine();
+
+        return EXIT_SUCCESS;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -151,7 +153,7 @@ private function writeNewEnvironmentToEnvFile(string $newEnv): bool
 
         return file_put_contents(
             $envFile,
-            preg_replace($pattern, "\nCI_ENVIRONMENT = {$newEnv}", file_get_contents($envFile), -1, $count)
+            preg_replace($pattern, "\nCI_ENVIRONMENT = {$newEnv}", file_get_contents($envFile), -1, $count),
         ) !== false && $count > 0;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/FilterCheck.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/FilterCheck.php
index 56fcdb00b971..e2043fe9a3a4 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Utilities/FilterCheck.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/FilterCheck.php
@@ -73,13 +73,7 @@ class FilterCheck extends BaseCommand
      */
     public function run(array $params)
     {
-        $tbody = [];
-        if (! isset($params[0], $params[1])) {
-            CLI::error('You must specify a HTTP verb and a route.');
-            CLI::write('  Usage: ' . $this->usage);
-            CLI::write('Example: filter:check GET /');
-            CLI::write('         filter:check PUT products/1');
-
+        if (! $this->checkParams($params)) {
             return EXIT_ERROR;
         }
 
@@ -100,22 +94,45 @@ public function run(array $params)
                 CLI::color(
                     '"' . strtoupper($method) . ' ' . $route . '"',
                     'black',
-                    'light_gray'
+                    'light_gray',
                 ),
             );
 
             return EXIT_ERROR;
         }
 
-        $filters = $this->addRequiredFilters($filterCollector, $filters);
+        $this->showTable($filterCollector, $filters, $method, $route);
+        $this->showFilterClasses($filterCollector, $method, $route);
 
-        $tbody[] = [
-            strtoupper($method),
-            $route,
-            implode(' ', $filters['before']),
-            implode(' ', $filters['after']),
-        ];
+        return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+    }
 
+    /**
+     * @param array<int|string, string|null> $params
+     */
+    private function checkParams(array $params): bool
+    {
+        if (! isset($params[0], $params[1])) {
+            CLI::error('You must specify a HTTP verb and a route.');
+            CLI::write('  Usage: ' . $this->usage);
+            CLI::write('Example: filter:check GET /');
+            CLI::write('         filter:check PUT products/1');
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array{before: list<string>, after: list<string>} $filters
+     */
+    private function showTable(
+        FilterCollector $filterCollector,
+        array $filters,
+        string $method,
+        string $route,
+    ): void {
         $thead = [
             'Method',
             'Route',
@@ -123,33 +140,60 @@ public function run(array $params)
             'After Filters',
         ];
 
-        CLI::table($tbody, $thead);
+        $required = $filterCollector->getRequiredFilters();
 
-        return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+        $coloredRequired = $this->colorItems($required);
+
+        $before = array_merge($coloredRequired['before'], $filters['before']);
+        $after  = array_merge($filters['after'], $coloredRequired['after']);
+
+        $tbody   = [];
+        $tbody[] = [
+            strtoupper($method),
+            $route,
+            implode(' ', $before),
+            implode(' ', $after),
+        ];
+
+        CLI::table($tbody, $thead);
     }
 
-    private function addRequiredFilters(FilterCollector $filterCollector, array $filters): array
+    /**
+     * Color all elements of the array.
+     *
+     * @param array<array-key, mixed> $array
+     *
+     * @return array<array-key, mixed>
+     */
+    private function colorItems(array $array): array
     {
-        $output = [];
+        return array_map(function ($item): array|string {
+            if (is_array($item)) {
+                return $this->colorItems($item);
+            }
 
-        $required = $filterCollector->getRequiredFilters();
+            return CLI::color($item, 'yellow');
+        }, $array);
+    }
 
-        $colored = [];
+    private function showFilterClasses(
+        FilterCollector $filterCollector,
+        string $method,
+        string $route,
+    ): void {
+        $requiredFilterClasses = $filterCollector->getRequiredFilterClasses();
+        $filterClasses         = $filterCollector->getClasses($method, $route);
 
-        foreach ($required['before'] as $filter) {
-            $filter    = CLI::color($filter, 'yellow');
-            $colored[] = $filter;
-        }
-        $output['before'] = array_merge($colored, $filters['before']);
+        $coloredRequiredFilterClasses = $this->colorItems($requiredFilterClasses);
 
-        $colored = [];
+        $classList = [
+            'before' => array_merge($coloredRequiredFilterClasses['before'], $filterClasses['before']),
+            'after'  => array_merge($filterClasses['after'], $coloredRequiredFilterClasses['after']),
+        ];
 
-        foreach ($required['after'] as $filter) {
-            $filter    = CLI::color($filter, 'yellow');
-            $colored[] = $filter;
+        foreach ($classList as $position => $classes) {
+            CLI::write(ucfirst($position) . ' Filter Classes:', 'cyan');
+            CLI::write(implode(' → ', $classes));
         }
-        $output['after'] = array_merge($filters['after'], $colored);
-
-        return $output;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Namespaces.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Namespaces.php
index c16f692cfb37..8dda8ce0732e 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Utilities/Namespaces.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Namespaces.php
@@ -120,10 +120,10 @@ private function outputAllNamespaces(array $params): array
 
     private function truncate(string $string, int $max): string
     {
-        $length = strlen($string);
+        $length = mb_strlen($string);
 
         if ($length > $max) {
-            return substr($string, 0, $max - 3) . '...';
+            return mb_substr($string, 0, $max - 3) . '...';
         }
 
         return $string;
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Optimize.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Optimize.php
index fa7612d524a6..1a103a1b9c52 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Utilities/Optimize.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Optimize.php
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Autoloader\FileLocatorCached;
 use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
 use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use CodeIgniter\Publisher\Publisher;
-use RuntimeException;
 
 /**
  * Optimize for production.
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ final class Optimize extends BaseCommand
     protected $usage = 'optimize';
 
     /**
-     * {@inheritDoc}
+     * @return int
      */
     public function run(array $params)
     {
@@ -63,13 +63,13 @@ public function run(array $params)
             $this->enableCaching();
             $this->clearCache();
             $this->removeDevPackages();
+
+            return EXIT_SUCCESS;
         } catch (RuntimeException) {
             CLI::error('The "spark optimize" failed.');
 
             return EXIT_ERROR;
         }
-
-        return EXIT_SUCCESS;
     }
 
     private function clearCache(): void
@@ -110,13 +110,13 @@ private function enableCaching(): void
             [
                 'public bool $configCacheEnabled = false;'  => 'public bool $configCacheEnabled = true;',
                 'public bool $locatorCacheEnabled = false;' => 'public bool $locatorCacheEnabled = true;',
-            ]
+            ],
         );
 
         if ($result) {
             CLI::write(
                 'Config Caching and FileLocator Caching are enabled in "app/Config/Optimize.php".',
-                'green'
+                'green',
             );
 
             return;
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/PhpIniCheck.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/PhpIniCheck.php
index 0426f9078b77..f25518fb283d 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Utilities/PhpIniCheck.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/PhpIniCheck.php
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities;
 
 use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
 use CodeIgniter\Security\CheckPhpIni;
 
 /**
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ final class PhpIniCheck extends BaseCommand
      *
      * @var string
      */
-    protected $description = 'Check your php.ini values.';
+    protected $description = 'Check your php.ini values in production environment.';
 
     /**
      * The Command's usage
@@ -56,6 +57,7 @@ final class PhpIniCheck extends BaseCommand
      * @var array<string, string>
      */
     protected $arguments = [
+        'opcache' => 'Check detail opcache values in production environment.',
     ];
 
     /**
@@ -66,11 +68,28 @@ final class PhpIniCheck extends BaseCommand
     protected $options = [];
 
     /**
-     * {@inheritDoc}
+     * @return int
      */
     public function run(array $params)
     {
-        CheckPhpIni::run();
+        if (isset($params[0]) && ! in_array($params[0], array_keys($this->arguments), true)) {
+            CLI::error('You must specify a correct argument.');
+            CLI::write('    Usage: ' . $this->usage);
+            CLI::write('  Example: phpini:check opcache');
+            CLI::write('Arguments:');
+
+            $length = max(array_map(strlen(...), array_keys($this->arguments)));
+
+            foreach ($this->arguments as $argument => $description) {
+                CLI::write(CLI::color($this->setPad($argument, $length, 2, 2), 'green') . $description);
+            }
+
+            return EXIT_ERROR;
+        }
+
+        $argument = $params[0] ?? null;
+
+        CheckPhpIni::run(argument: $argument);
 
         return EXIT_SUCCESS;
     }
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Publish.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Publish.php
index 3e19685cba81..13ffa96eafc6 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Utilities/Publish.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Publish.php
@@ -67,17 +67,24 @@ class Publish extends BaseCommand
      *
      * @var array<string, string>
      */
-    protected $options = [];
+    protected $options = [
+        '--namespace' => 'The namespace from which to search for files to publish. By default, all namespaces are analysed.',
+    ];
 
     /**
      * Displays the help for the spark cli script itself.
      */
     public function run(array $params)
     {
-        $directory = array_shift($params) ?? 'Publishers';
+        $directory = $params[0] ?? 'Publishers';
+        $namespace = $params['namespace'] ?? '';
 
-        if ([] === $publishers = Publisher::discover($directory)) {
-            CLI::write(lang('Publisher.publishMissing', [$directory]));
+        if ([] === $publishers = Publisher::discover($directory, $namespace)) {
+            if ($namespace === '') {
+                CLI::write(lang('Publisher.publishMissing', [$directory]));
+            } else {
+                CLI::write(lang('Publisher.publishMissingNamespace', [$directory, $namespace]));
+            }
 
             return;
         }
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes.php
index 9adcc1bc39e7..2a6122cab01c 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes.php
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ public function run(array $params)
         $host          = $params['host'] ?? null;
 
         // Set HTTP_HOST
-        if ($host) {
+        if ($host !== null) {
             $request              = service('request');
             $_SERVER              = $request->getServer();
             $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'] = $host;
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ public function run(array $params)
         $collection = service('routes')->loadRoutes();
 
         // Reset HTTP_HOST
-        if ($host) {
+        if ($host !== null) {
             unset($_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']);
         }
 
@@ -133,13 +133,15 @@ public function run(array $params)
                     $collection->getDefaultController(),
                     $collection->getDefaultMethod(),
                     $methods,
-                    $collection->getRegisteredControllers('*')
+                    $collection->getRegisteredControllers('*'),
                 );
 
                 $autoRoutes = $autoRouteCollector->get();
 
                 // Check for Module Routes.
-                if ($routingConfig = config(Routing::class)) {
+                $routingConfig = config(Routing::class);
+
+                if ($routingConfig instanceof Routing) {
                     foreach ($routingConfig->moduleRoutes as $uri => $namespace) {
                         $autoRouteCollector = new AutoRouteCollectorImproved(
                             $namespace,
@@ -147,7 +149,7 @@ public function run(array $params)
                             $collection->getDefaultMethod(),
                             $methods,
                             $collection->getRegisteredControllers('*'),
-                            $uri
+                            $uri,
                         );
 
                         $autoRoutes = [...$autoRoutes, ...$autoRouteCollector->get()];
@@ -157,7 +159,7 @@ public function run(array $params)
                 $autoRouteCollector = new AutoRouteCollector(
                     $collection->getDefaultNamespace(),
                     $collection->getDefaultController(),
-                    $collection->getDefaultMethod()
+                    $collection->getDefaultMethod(),
                 );
 
                 $autoRoutes = $autoRouteCollector->get();
@@ -185,10 +187,10 @@ public function run(array $params)
 
         // Sort by Handler.
         if ($sortByHandler) {
-            usort($tbody, static fn ($handler1, $handler2) => strcmp($handler1[3], $handler2[3]));
+            usort($tbody, static fn ($handler1, $handler2): int => strcmp($handler1[3], $handler2[3]));
         }
 
-        if ($host) {
+        if ($host !== null) {
             CLI::write('Host: ' . $host);
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouteCollector.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouteCollector.php
index 73009b9c9eb8..3b91d365ac80 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouteCollector.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouteCollector.php
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ public function get(): array
             $output = $reader->read(
                 $class,
                 $this->defaultController,
-                $this->defaultMethod
+                $this->defaultMethod,
             );
 
             foreach ($output as $item) {
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/AutoRouteCollector.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/AutoRouteCollector.php
index 4c705fd439b1..d29f6a9b7049 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/AutoRouteCollector.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/AutoRouteCollector.php
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ public function __construct(
         private readonly string $defaultMethod,
         private readonly array $httpMethods,
         private readonly array $protectedControllers,
-        private readonly string $prefix = ''
+        private readonly string $prefix = '',
     ) {
     }
 
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ public function get(): array
             $routes = $reader->read(
                 $class,
                 $this->defaultController,
-                $this->defaultMethod
+                $this->defaultMethod,
             );
 
             if ($routes === []) {
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ public function get(): array
      *
      * @return list<array<string, array|string>>
      */
-    private function addFilters($routes)
+    private function addFilters(array $routes): array
     {
         $filterCollector = new FilterCollector(true);
 
@@ -122,8 +122,10 @@ private function addFilters($routes)
             $filtersShortest = $filterCollector->get($route['method'], $routePath . $sampleUri);
 
             // Get common array elements
-            $filters['before'] = array_intersect($filtersLongest['before'], $filtersShortest['before']);
-            $filters['after']  = array_intersect($filtersLongest['after'], $filtersShortest['after']);
+            $filters = [
+                'before' => array_intersect($filtersLongest['before'], $filtersShortest['before']),
+                'after'  => array_intersect($filtersLongest['after'], $filtersShortest['after']),
+            ];
 
             $route['before'] = implode(' ', array_map(class_basename(...), $filters['before']));
             $route['after']  = implode(' ', array_map(class_basename(...), $filters['after']));
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/ControllerMethodReader.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/ControllerMethodReader.php
index e08a16ff7a60..a0a98afc829a 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/ControllerMethodReader.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/ControllerMethodReader.php
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ final class ControllerMethodReader
      */
     public function __construct(
         private readonly string $namespace,
-        private readonly array $httpMethods
+        private readonly array $httpMethods,
     ) {
         $config                        = config(Routing::class);
         $this->translateURIDashes      = $config->translateURIDashes;
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ public function read(string $class, string $defaultController = 'Home', string $
                             $classname,
                             $methodName,
                             $httpVerb,
-                            $method
+                            $method,
                         );
 
                         if ($routeForDefaultController !== []) {
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ private function translateToUri(string $string): string
     {
         if ($this->translateUriToCamelCase) {
             $string = strtolower(
-                preg_replace('/([a-z\d])([A-Z])/', '$1-$2', $string)
+                preg_replace('/([a-z\d])([A-Z])/', '$1-$2', $string),
             );
         } elseif ($this->translateURIDashes) {
             $string = str_replace('_', '-', $string);
@@ -214,14 +214,14 @@ private function getRouteForDefaultController(
         string $classname,
         string $methodName,
         string $httpVerb,
-        ReflectionMethod $method
+        ReflectionMethod $method,
     ): array {
         $output = [];
 
         if ($classShortname === $defaultController) {
             $pattern                = '#' . preg_quote(lcfirst($defaultController), '#') . '\z#';
             $routeWithoutController = rtrim(preg_replace($pattern, '', $uriByClass), '/');
-            $routeWithoutController = $routeWithoutController ?: '/';
+            $routeWithoutController = $routeWithoutController !== '' && $routeWithoutController !== '0' ? $routeWithoutController : '/';
 
             [$params, $routeParams] = $this->getParameters($method);
 
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/ControllerFinder.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/ControllerFinder.php
index 71de1681b547..400e30e82d2e 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/ControllerFinder.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/ControllerFinder.php
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ final class ControllerFinder
      * @param string $namespace namespace to search
      */
     public function __construct(
-        private readonly string $namespace
+        private readonly string $namespace,
     ) {
         $this->locator = service('locator');
     }
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/ControllerMethodReader.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/ControllerMethodReader.php
index c443b669465a..cd47085932bb 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/ControllerMethodReader.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/ControllerMethodReader.php
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ public function read(string $class, string $defaultController = 'Home', string $
                 $defaultController,
                 $uriByClass,
                 $classname,
-                $methodName
+                $methodName,
             );
             $output = [...$output, ...$routeWithoutController];
 
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ public function read(string $class, string $defaultController = 'Home', string $
                     $defaultController,
                     $uriByClass,
                     $classname,
-                    $methodName
+                    $methodName,
                 );
                 $output = [...$output, ...$routeWithoutController];
 
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ private function getRouteWithoutController(
         string $defaultController,
         string $uriByClass,
         string $classname,
-        string $methodName
+        string $methodName,
     ): array {
         if ($classShortname !== $defaultController) {
             return [];
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ private function getRouteWithoutController(
 
         $pattern                = '#' . preg_quote(lcfirst($defaultController), '#') . '\z#';
         $routeWithoutController = rtrim(preg_replace($pattern, '', $uriByClass), '/');
-        $routeWithoutController = $routeWithoutController ?: '/';
+        $routeWithoutController = $routeWithoutController !== '' && $routeWithoutController !== '0' ? $routeWithoutController : '/';
 
         return [[
             'route'   => $routeWithoutController,
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterCollector.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterCollector.php
index b646dcb250a1..052884a644b7 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterCollector.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterCollector.php
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ public function __construct(
          *
          * If set to true, route filters are not found.
          */
-        private readonly bool $resetRoutes = false
+        private readonly bool $resetRoutes = false,
     ) {
     }
 
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ public function __construct(
      * @param string $method HTTP verb like `GET`,`POST` or `CLI`.
      * @param string $uri    URI path to find filters for
      *
-     * @return array{before: list<string>, after: list<string>} array of filter alias or classname
+     * @return array{before: list<string>, after: list<string>} array of alias/classname:args
      */
     public function get(string $method, string $uri): array
     {
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ public function get(string $method, string $uri): array
             @trigger_error(
                 'Passing lowercase HTTP method "' . $method . '" is deprecated.'
                 . ' Use uppercase HTTP method like "' . strtoupper($method) . '".',
-                E_USER_DEPRECATED
+                E_USER_DEPRECATED,
             );
         }
 
@@ -78,10 +78,52 @@ public function get(string $method, string $uri): array
         return $finder->find($uri);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Returns filter classes for the URI
+     *
+     * @param string $method HTTP verb like `GET`,`POST` or `CLI`.
+     * @param string $uri    URI path to find filters for
+     *
+     * @return array{before: list<string>, after: list<string>} array of classname:args
+     */
+    public function getClasses(string $method, string $uri): array
+    {
+        if ($method === strtolower($method)) {
+            @trigger_error(
+                'Passing lowercase HTTP method "' . $method . '" is deprecated.'
+                . ' Use uppercase HTTP method like "' . strtoupper($method) . '".',
+                E_USER_DEPRECATED,
+            );
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @deprecated 4.5.0
+         * @TODO Remove this in the future.
+         */
+        $method = strtoupper($method);
+
+        if ($method === 'CLI') {
+            return [
+                'before' => [],
+                'after'  => [],
+            ];
+        }
+
+        $request = service('incomingrequest', null, false);
+        $request->setMethod($method);
+
+        $router  = $this->createRouter($request);
+        $filters = $this->createFilters($request);
+
+        $finder = new FilterFinder($router, $filters);
+
+        return $finder->findClasses($uri);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Returns Required Filters
      *
-     * @return array{before: list<string>, after: list<string>} array of filter alias or classname
+     * @return array{before: list<string>, after: list<string>} array of aliases
      */
     public function getRequiredFilters(): array
     {
@@ -96,6 +138,24 @@ public function getRequiredFilters(): array
         return $finder->getRequiredFilters();
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Returns Required Filter class list
+     *
+     * @return array{before: list<string>, after: list<string>} array of classnames
+     */
+    public function getRequiredFilterClasses(): array
+    {
+        $request = service('incomingrequest', null, false);
+        $request->setMethod(Method::GET);
+
+        $router  = $this->createRouter($request);
+        $filters = $this->createFilters($request);
+
+        $finder = new FilterFinder($router, $filters);
+
+        return $finder->getRequiredFilterClasses();
+    }
+
     private function createRouter(Request $request): Router
     {
         $routes = service('routes');
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterFinder.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterFinder.php
index 7971e5c1be84..f34ea26aa702 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterFinder.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterFinder.php
@@ -46,23 +46,20 @@ private function getRouteFilters(string $uri): array
     /**
      * @param string $uri URI path to find filters for
      *
-     * @return array{before: list<string>, after: list<string>} array of filter alias or classname
+     * @return array{before: list<string>, after: list<string>} array of alias/classname:args
      */
     public function find(string $uri): array
     {
         $this->filters->reset();
 
-        // Add route filters
         try {
+            // Add route filters
             $routeFilters = $this->getRouteFilters($uri);
-
             $this->filters->enableFilters($routeFilters, 'before');
-
             $oldFilterOrder = config(Feature::class)->oldFilterOrder ?? false;
             if (! $oldFilterOrder) {
                 $routeFilters = array_reverse($routeFilters);
             }
-
             $this->filters->enableFilters($routeFilters, 'after');
 
             $this->filters->initialize($uri);
@@ -81,10 +78,66 @@ public function find(string $uri): array
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @param string $uri URI path to find filters for
+     *
+     * @return array{before: list<string>, after: list<string>} array of classname:args
+     */
+    public function findClasses(string $uri): array
+    {
+        $this->filters->reset();
+
+        try {
+            // Add route filters
+            $routeFilters = $this->getRouteFilters($uri);
+            $this->filters->enableFilters($routeFilters, 'before');
+            $oldFilterOrder = config(Feature::class)->oldFilterOrder ?? false;
+            if (! $oldFilterOrder) {
+                $routeFilters = array_reverse($routeFilters);
+            }
+            $this->filters->enableFilters($routeFilters, 'after');
+
+            $this->filters->initialize($uri);
+
+            $filterClassList = $this->filters->getFiltersClass();
+
+            $filterClasses = [
+                'before' => [],
+                'after'  => [],
+            ];
+
+            foreach ($filterClassList['before'] as $classInfo) {
+                $classWithArguments = ($classInfo[1] === []) ? $classInfo[0]
+                    : $classInfo[0] . ':' . implode(',', $classInfo[1]);
+
+                $filterClasses['before'][] = $classWithArguments;
+            }
+
+            foreach ($filterClassList['after'] as $classInfo) {
+                $classWithArguments = ($classInfo[1] === []) ? $classInfo[0]
+                    : $classInfo[0] . ':' . implode(',', $classInfo[1]);
+
+                $filterClasses['after'][] = $classWithArguments;
+            }
+
+            return $filterClasses;
+        } catch (RedirectException) {
+            return [
+                'before' => [],
+                'after'  => [],
+            ];
+        } catch (BadRequestException|PageNotFoundException) {
+            return [
+                'before' => ['<unknown>'],
+                'after'  => ['<unknown>'],
+            ];
+        }
+    }
+
     /**
      * Returns Required Filters
      *
-     * @return array{before: list<string>, after:list<string>}
+     * @return array{before: list<string>, after:list<string>} array of aliases
      */
     public function getRequiredFilters(): array
     {
@@ -96,4 +149,31 @@ public function getRequiredFilters(): array
             'after'  => $requiredAfter,
         ];
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns Required Filter classes
+     *
+     * @return array{before: list<string>, after:list<string>}
+     */
+    public function getRequiredFilterClasses(): array
+    {
+        $before = $this->filters->getRequiredClasses('before');
+        $after  = $this->filters->getRequiredClasses('after');
+
+        $requiredBefore = [];
+        $requiredAfter  = [];
+
+        foreach ($before as $classInfo) {
+            $requiredBefore[] = $classInfo[0];
+        }
+
+        foreach ($after as $classInfo) {
+            $requiredAfter[] = $classInfo[0];
+        }
+
+        return [
+            'before' => $requiredBefore,
+            'after'  => $requiredAfter,
+        ];
+    }
 }
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/SampleURIGenerator.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/SampleURIGenerator.php
index 45eb2f93201b..a0e5f09bc2cb 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/SampleURIGenerator.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/SampleURIGenerator.php
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ public function get(string $routeKey): string
             $sampleUri = str_replace(
                 '{locale}',
                 config(App::class)->defaultLocale,
-                $routeKey
+                $routeKey,
             );
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Common.php b/system/Common.php
index 85db03f2870c..41b16100c295 100644
--- a/system/Common.php
+++ b/system/Common.php
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnection;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\ConnectionInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\Debug\Timer;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use CodeIgniter\Files\Exceptions\FileNotFoundException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CLIRequest;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
@@ -67,8 +69,7 @@ function app_timezone(): string
      *    cache()->save('foo', 'bar');
      *    $foo = cache('bar');
      *
-     * @return         array|bool|CacheInterface|float|int|object|string|null
-     * @phpstan-return ($key is null ? CacheInterface : array|bool|float|int|object|string|null)
+     * @return ($key is null ? CacheInterface : mixed)
      */
     function cache(?string $key = null)
     {
@@ -122,7 +123,6 @@ function clean_path(string $path): string
      */
     function command(string $command)
     {
-        $runner      = service('commands');
         $regexString = '([^\s]+?)(?:\s|(?<!\\\\)"|(?<!\\\\)\'|$)';
         $regexQuoted = '(?:"([^"\\\\]*(?:\\\\.[^"\\\\]*)*)"|\'([^\'\\\\]*(?:\\\\.[^\'\\\\]*)*)\')';
 
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ function command(string $command)
                 // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
                 throw new InvalidArgumentException(sprintf(
                     'Unable to parse input near "... %s ...".',
-                    substr($command, $cursor, 10)
+                    substr($command, $cursor, 10),
                 ));
                 // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
             }
@@ -154,8 +154,9 @@ function command(string $command)
             $cursor += strlen($match[0]);
         }
 
-        $command     = array_shift($args);
+        /** @var array<int|string, string|null> */
         $params      = [];
+        $command     = array_shift($args);
         $optionValue = false;
 
         foreach ($args as $i => $arg) {
@@ -185,7 +186,7 @@ function command(string $command)
         }
 
         ob_start();
-        $runner->run($command, $params);
+        service('commands')->run($command, $params);
 
         return ob_get_clean();
     }
@@ -199,8 +200,7 @@ function command(string $command)
      *
      * @param class-string<ConfigTemplate>|string $name
      *
-     * @return         ConfigTemplate|null
-     * @phpstan-return ($name is class-string<ConfigTemplate> ? ConfigTemplate : object|null)
+     * @return ($name is class-string<ConfigTemplate> ? ConfigTemplate : object|null)
      */
     function config(string $name, bool $getShared = true)
     {
@@ -216,9 +216,19 @@ function config(string $name, bool $getShared = true)
     /**
      * Simpler way to create a new Cookie instance.
      *
-     * @param string $name    Name of the cookie
-     * @param string $value   Value of the cookie
-     * @param array  $options Array of options to be passed to the cookie
+     * @param string $name  Name of the cookie
+     * @param string $value Value of the cookie
+     * @param array{
+     *     prefix?: string,
+     *     max-age?: int|numeric-string,
+     *     expires?: DateTimeInterface|int|string,
+     *     path?: string,
+     *     domain?: string,
+     *     secure?: bool,
+     *     httponly?: bool,
+     *     samesite?: string,
+     *     raw?: bool
+     * } $options Cookie configuration options
      *
      * @throws CookieException
      */
@@ -352,7 +362,27 @@ function csp_script_nonce(): string
      * If $getShared === false then a new connection instance will be provided,
      * otherwise it will all calls will return the same instance.
      *
-     * @param array|ConnectionInterface|string|null $db
+     * @param array{
+     *     DSN?: string,
+     *     hostname?: string,
+     *     username?: string,
+     *     password?: string,
+     *     database?: string,
+     *     DBDriver?: 'MySQLi'|'OCI8'|'Postgre'|'SQLite3'|'SQLSRV',
+     *     DBPrefix?: string,
+     *     pConnect?: bool,
+     *     DBDebug?: bool,
+     *     charset?: string,
+     *     DBCollat?: string,
+     *     swapPre?: string,
+     *     encrypt?: bool,
+     *     compress?: bool,
+     *     strictOn?: bool,
+     *     failover?: array<string, mixed>,
+     *     port?: int,
+     *     dateFormat?: array<string, string>,
+     *     foreignKeys?: bool
+     * }|ConnectionInterface|string|null $db
      *
      * @return BaseConnection
      */
@@ -369,9 +399,9 @@ function db_connect($db = null, bool $getShared = true)
      * retrieving values set from the .env file for
      * use in config files.
      *
-     * @param string|null $default
+     * @param array<int|string, mixed>|bool|float|int|object|string|null $default
      *
-     * @return bool|string|null
+     * @return array<int|string, mixed>|bool|float|int|object|string|null
      */
     function env(string $key, $default = null)
     {
@@ -402,13 +432,13 @@ function env(string $key, $default = null)
      * If $data is an array, then it loops over it, escaping each
      * 'value' of the key/value pairs.
      *
-     * @param         array|string                         $data
-     * @phpstan-param 'html'|'js'|'css'|'url'|'attr'|'raw' $context
-     * @param         string|null                          $encoding Current encoding for escaping.
-     *                                                               If not UTF-8, we convert strings from this encoding
-     *                                                               pre-escaping and back to this encoding post-escaping.
+     * @param array<int|string, array<int|string, mixed>|string>|string $data
+     * @param 'attr'|'css'|'html'|'js'|'raw'|'url'                      $context
+     * @param string|null                                               $encoding Current encoding for escaping.
+     *                                                                            If not UTF-8, we convert strings from this encoding
+     *                                                                            pre-escaping and back to this encoding post-escaping.
      *
-     * @return array|string
+     * @return ($data is string ? string : array<int|string, array<int|string, mixed>|string>)
      *
      * @throws InvalidArgumentException
      */
@@ -441,7 +471,7 @@ function esc($data, string $context = 'html', ?string $encoding = null)
                 $escaper = new Escaper($encoding);
             }
 
-            if ($encoding && $escaper->getEncoding() !== $encoding) {
+            if ($encoding !== null && $escaper->getEncoding() !== $encoding) {
                 $escaper = new Escaper($encoding);
             }
 
@@ -470,7 +500,7 @@ function esc($data, string $context = 'html', ?string $encoding = null)
     function force_https(
         int $duration = 31_536_000,
         ?RequestInterface $request = null,
-        ?ResponseInterface $response = null
+        ?ResponseInterface $response = null,
     ): void {
         $request ??= service('request');
 
@@ -560,7 +590,7 @@ function function_usable(string $functionName): bool
      *   2. {namespace}/Helpers
      *   3. system/Helpers
      *
-     * @param array|string $filenames
+     * @param list<string>|string $filenames
      *
      * @throws FileNotFoundException
      */
@@ -598,7 +628,7 @@ function helper($filenames): void
             if (str_contains($filename, '\\')) {
                 $path = $loader->locateFile($filename, 'Helpers');
 
-                if ($path !== '') {
+                if ($path === false) {
                     throw FileNotFoundException::forFileNotFound($filename);
                 }
 
@@ -729,6 +759,8 @@ function is_windows(?bool $mock = null): bool
      * A convenience method to translate a string or array of them and format
      * the result with the intl extension's MessageFormatter.
      *
+     * @param array<array-key, float|int|string> $args
+     *
      * @return list<string>|string
      */
     function lang(string $line, array $args = [], ?string $locale = null)
@@ -739,13 +771,13 @@ function lang(string $line, array $args = [], ?string $locale = null)
         // Get active locale
         $activeLocale = $language->getLocale();
 
-        if ($locale && $locale !== $activeLocale) {
+        if ((string) $locale !== '' && $locale !== $activeLocale) {
             $language->setLocale($locale);
         }
 
         $lines = $language->getLine($line, $args);
 
-        if ($locale && $locale !== $activeLocale) {
+        if ((string) $locale !== '' && $locale !== $activeLocale) {
             // Reset to active locale
             $language->setLocale($activeLocale);
         }
@@ -794,8 +826,7 @@ function log_message(string $level, string $message, array $context = []): void
      *
      * @param class-string<ModelTemplate>|string $name
      *
-     * @return         ModelTemplate|null
-     * @phpstan-return ($name is class-string<ModelTemplate> ? ModelTemplate : object|null)
+     * @return ($name is class-string<ModelTemplate> ? ModelTemplate : object|null)
      */
     function model(string $name, bool $getShared = true, ?ConnectionInterface &$conn = null)
     {
@@ -808,9 +839,8 @@ function model(string $name, bool $getShared = true, ?ConnectionInterface &$conn
      * Provides access to "old input" that was set in the session
      * during a redirect()->withInput().
      *
-     * @param         string|null                                $default
-     * @param         false|string                               $escape
-     * @phpstan-param false|'attr'|'css'|'html'|'js'|'raw'|'url' $escape
+     * @param string|null                                $default
+     * @param 'attr'|'css'|'html'|'js'|'raw'|'url'|false $escape
      *
      * @return array|string|null
      */
@@ -849,7 +879,7 @@ function redirect(?string $route = null): RedirectResponse
     {
         $response = service('redirectresponse');
 
-        if ($route !== null) {
+        if ((string) $route !== '') {
             return $response->route($route);
         }
 
@@ -963,8 +993,7 @@ function route_to(string $method, ...$params)
      *    session()->set('foo', 'bar');
      *    $foo = session('bar');
      *
-     * @return         array|bool|float|int|object|Session|string|null
-     * @phpstan-return ($val is null ? Session : array|bool|float|int|object|string|null)
+     * @return ($val is null ? Session : mixed)
      */
     function session(?string $val = null)
     {
@@ -1065,7 +1094,7 @@ function slash_item(string $item): ?string
                 'Cannot convert "%s::$%s" of type "%s" to type "string".',
                 App::class,
                 $item,
-                gettype($configItem)
+                gettype($configItem),
             ));
         }
 
@@ -1092,7 +1121,7 @@ function stringify_attributes($attributes, bool $js = false): string
     {
         $atts = '';
 
-        if ($attributes === '' || $attributes === [] || $attributes === null) {
+        if (in_array($attributes, ['', [], null], true)) {
             return $atts;
         }
 
@@ -1121,8 +1150,7 @@ function stringify_attributes($attributes, bool $js = false): string
      * @param non-empty-string|null    $name
      * @param (callable(): mixed)|null $callable
      *
-     * @return         mixed|Timer
-     * @phpstan-return ($name is null ? Timer : ($callable is (callable(): mixed) ? mixed : Timer))
+     * @return ($name is null ? Timer : ($callable is (callable(): mixed) ? mixed : Timer))
      */
     function timer(?string $name = null, ?callable $callable = null)
     {
@@ -1198,7 +1226,7 @@ function view_cell(string $library, $params = null, int $ttl = 0, ?string $cache
     /**
      * Get the class "basename" of the given object / class.
      *
-     * @param object|string $class
+     * @param class-string|object $class
      *
      * @return string
      *
@@ -1216,9 +1244,9 @@ function class_basename($class)
     /**
      * Returns all traits used by a class, its parent classes and trait of their traits.
      *
-     * @param object|string $class
+     * @param class-string|object $class
      *
-     * @return array
+     * @return array<class-string, class-string>
      *
      * @codeCoverageIgnore
      */
@@ -1242,9 +1270,9 @@ function class_uses_recursive($class)
     /**
      * Returns all traits used by a trait and its traits.
      *
-     * @param string $trait
+     * @param class-string $trait
      *
-     * @return array
+     * @return array<class-string, class-string>
      *
      * @codeCoverageIgnore
      */
diff --git a/system/ComposerScripts.php b/system/ComposerScripts.php
index 661247dab532..1794e7ffe9eb 100644
--- a/system/ComposerScripts.php
+++ b/system/ComposerScripts.php
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ final class ComposerScripts
      * This static method is called by Composer after every update event,
      * i.e., `composer install`, `composer update`, `composer remove`.
      */
-    public static function postUpdate()
+    public static function postUpdate(): void
     {
         self::recursiveDelete(self::$path);
 
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ private static function recursiveDelete(string $directory): void
         /** @var SplFileInfo $file */
         foreach (new RecursiveIteratorIterator(
             new RecursiveDirectoryIterator(rtrim($directory, '\\/'), FilesystemIterator::SKIP_DOTS),
-            RecursiveIteratorIterator::CHILD_FIRST
+            RecursiveIteratorIterator::CHILD_FIRST,
         ) as $file) {
             $path = $file->getPathname();
 
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ private static function recursiveMirror(string $originDir, string $targetDir): v
         /** @var SplFileInfo $file */
         foreach (new RecursiveIteratorIterator(
             new RecursiveDirectoryIterator($originDir, FilesystemIterator::SKIP_DOTS),
-            RecursiveIteratorIterator::SELF_FIRST
+            RecursiveIteratorIterator::SELF_FIRST,
         ) as $file) {
             $origin = $file->getPathname();
             $target = $targetDir . substr($origin, $dirLen);
diff --git a/system/Config/AutoloadConfig.php b/system/Config/AutoloadConfig.php
index 0a99cdb0bb28..b6d7f72bdd54 100644
--- a/system/Config/AutoloadConfig.php
+++ b/system/Config/AutoloadConfig.php
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Config;
 
 use Laminas\Escaper\Escaper;
+use Laminas\Escaper\EscaperInterface;
 use Laminas\Escaper\Exception\ExceptionInterface;
 use Laminas\Escaper\Exception\InvalidArgumentException as EscaperInvalidArgumentException;
 use Laminas\Escaper\Exception\RuntimeException;
@@ -119,6 +120,7 @@ class AutoloadConfig
         ExceptionInterface::class              => SYSTEMPATH . 'ThirdParty/Escaper/Exception/ExceptionInterface.php',
         EscaperInvalidArgumentException::class => SYSTEMPATH . 'ThirdParty/Escaper/Exception/InvalidArgumentException.php',
         RuntimeException::class                => SYSTEMPATH . 'ThirdParty/Escaper/Exception/RuntimeException.php',
+        EscaperInterface::class                => SYSTEMPATH . 'ThirdParty/Escaper/EscaperInterface.php',
         Escaper::class                         => SYSTEMPATH . 'ThirdParty/Escaper/Escaper.php',
     ];
 
diff --git a/system/Config/BaseConfig.php b/system/Config/BaseConfig.php
index 8a82cbf7ce64..ce6594d45d36 100644
--- a/system/Config/BaseConfig.php
+++ b/system/Config/BaseConfig.php
@@ -11,11 +11,13 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Config;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Autoloader\FileLocatorInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ConfigException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use Config\Encryption;
 use Config\Modules;
 use ReflectionClass;
 use ReflectionException;
-use RuntimeException;
 
 /**
  * Class BaseConfig
@@ -45,12 +47,22 @@ class BaseConfig
     public static bool $override = true;
 
     /**
-     * Has module discovery happened yet?
+     * Has module discovery completed?
      *
      * @var bool
      */
     protected static $didDiscovery = false;
 
+    /**
+     * Is module discovery running or not?
+     */
+    protected static bool $discovering = false;
+
+    /**
+     * The processing Registrar file for error message.
+     */
+    protected static string $registrarFile = '';
+
     /**
      * The modules configuration.
      *
@@ -230,10 +242,25 @@ protected function registerProperties()
         }
 
         if (! static::$didDiscovery) {
+            // Discovery must be completed before the first instantiation of any Config class.
+            if (static::$discovering) {
+                throw new ConfigException(
+                    'During Auto-Discovery of Registrars,'
+                    . ' "' . static::class . '" executes Auto-Discovery again.'
+                    . ' "' . clean_path(static::$registrarFile) . '" seems to have bad code.',
+                );
+            }
+
+            static::$discovering = true;
+
+            /** @var FileLocatorInterface */
             $locator         = service('locator');
             $registrarsFiles = $locator->search('Config/Registrar.php');
 
             foreach ($registrarsFiles as $file) {
+                // Saves the file for error message.
+                static::$registrarFile = $file;
+
                 $className = $locator->findQualifiedNameFromPath($file);
 
                 if ($className === false) {
@@ -244,6 +271,7 @@ protected function registerProperties()
             }
 
             static::$didDiscovery = true;
+            static::$discovering  = false;
         }
 
         $shortName = (new ReflectionClass($this))->getShortName();
diff --git a/system/Config/BaseService.php b/system/Config/BaseService.php
index 687044be0713..0fb4c3c7c3ad 100644
--- a/system/Config/BaseService.php
+++ b/system/Config/BaseService.php
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar;
 use CodeIgniter\Email\Email;
 use CodeIgniter\Encryption\EncrypterInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use CodeIgniter\Filters\Filters;
 use CodeIgniter\Format\Format;
 use CodeIgniter\Honeypot\Honeypot;
@@ -79,7 +80,6 @@
 use Config\Toolbar as ConfigToolbar;
 use Config\Validation as ConfigValidation;
 use Config\View as ConfigView;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 
 /**
  * Services Configuration file.
@@ -389,6 +389,15 @@ public static function injectMock(string $name, $mock)
         static::$mocks[strtolower($name)] = $mock;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Resets the service cache.
+     */
+    public static function resetServicesCache(): void
+    {
+        self::$serviceNames = [];
+        static::$discovered = false;
+    }
+
     protected static function buildServicesCache(): void
     {
         if (! static::$discovered) {
diff --git a/system/Config/DotEnv.php b/system/Config/DotEnv.php
index db7152fd09d5..6778c44e0d8d 100644
--- a/system/Config/DotEnv.php
+++ b/system/Config/DotEnv.php
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Config;
 
-use InvalidArgumentException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 
 /**
  * Environment-specific configuration
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ public function parse(): ?array
      */
     protected function setVariable(string $name, string $value = '')
     {
-        if (! getenv($name, true)) {
+        if (getenv($name, true) === false) {
             putenv("{$name}={$value}");
         }
 
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ protected function sanitizeValue(string $value): string
                 %1$s          # and the closing quote
                 .*$           # and discard any string after the closing quote
                 /mx',
-                $quote
+                $quote,
             );
 
             $value = preg_replace($regexPattern, '$1', $value);
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ function ($matchedPatterns) {
 
                     return $nestedVariable;
                 },
-                $value
+                $value,
             );
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Config/Factories.php b/system/Config/Factories.php
index b845d5825f43..ab5343d15fb8 100644
--- a/system/Config/Factories.php
+++ b/system/Config/Factories.php
@@ -13,9 +13,10 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Config;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Autoloader\FileLocatorInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\ConnectionInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 
 /**
  * Factories for creating instances.
@@ -106,7 +107,7 @@ public static function define(string $component, string $alias, string $classnam
             }
 
             throw new InvalidArgumentException(
-                'Already defined in Factories: ' . $component . ' ' . $alias . ' -> ' . self::$aliases[$component][$alias]
+                'Already defined in Factories: ' . $component . ' ' . $alias . ' -> ' . self::$aliases[$component][$alias],
             );
         }
 
@@ -299,6 +300,7 @@ class_exists($alias, false)
         }
 
         // Have to do this the hard way...
+        /** @var FileLocatorInterface */
         $locator = service('locator');
 
         // Check if the class alias was namespaced
@@ -448,7 +450,7 @@ public static function reset(?string $component = null)
                 self::$options[$component],
                 self::$aliases[$component],
                 self::$instances[$component],
-                self::$updated[$component]
+                self::$updated[$component],
             );
 
             return;
@@ -511,6 +513,12 @@ public static function getBasename(string $alias): string
     /**
      * Gets component data for caching.
      *
+     * @return array{
+     *   options: array<string, bool|string|null>,
+     *   aliases: array<string, class-string>,
+     *   instances: array<class-string, object>,
+     * }
+     *
      * @internal For caching only
      */
     public static function getComponentInstances(string $component): array
diff --git a/system/Config/Filters.php b/system/Config/Filters.php
index 562eae8a26ef..80662ede4bb3 100644
--- a/system/Config/Filters.php
+++ b/system/Config/Filters.php
@@ -78,7 +78,10 @@ class Filters extends BaseConfig
      * List of filter aliases that are always
      * applied before and after every request.
      *
-     * @var array<string, array<string, array<string, string>>>|array<string, list<string>>
+     * @var array{
+     *    before: array<string, array{except: list<string>|string}>|list<string>,
+     *    after: array<string, array{except: list<string>|string}>|list<string>
+     * }
      */
     public array $globals = [
         'before' => [
@@ -113,6 +116,8 @@ class Filters extends BaseConfig
      *
      * Example:
      * 'isLoggedIn' => ['before' => ['account/*', 'profiles/*']]
+     *
+     * @var array<string, array<string, list<string>>>
      */
     public array $filters = [];
 }
diff --git a/system/Config/Services.php b/system/Config/Services.php
index 61026de4292c..c2a73f839f28 100644
--- a/system/Config/Services.php
+++ b/system/Config/Services.php
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ public static function curlrequest(array $options = [], ?ResponseInterface $resp
             $config,
             new URI($options['baseURI'] ?? null),
             $response,
-            $options
+            $options,
         );
     }
 
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ public static function encrypter(?EncryptionConfig $config = null, $getShared =
      */
     public static function exceptions(
         ?ExceptionsConfig $config = null,
-        bool $getShared = true
+        bool $getShared = true,
     ) {
         if ($getShared) {
             return static::getSharedInstance('exceptions', $config);
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ public static function image(?string $handler = null, ?Images $config = null, bo
         $config ??= config(Images::class);
         assert($config instanceof Images);
 
-        $handler = $handler ?: $config->defaultHandler;
+        $handler = in_array($handler, [null, '', '0'], true) ? $config->defaultHandler : $handler;
         $class   = $config->handlers[$handler];
 
         return new $class($config);
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ public static function language(?string $locale = null, bool $getShared = true)
         }
 
         // Use '?:' for empty string check
-        $locale = $locale ?: $requestLocale;
+        $locale = in_array($locale, [null, '', '0'], true) ? $requestLocale : $locale;
 
         return new Language($locale);
     }
@@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ public static function parser(?string $viewPath = null, ?ViewConfig $config = nu
             return static::getSharedInstance('parser', $viewPath, $config);
         }
 
-        $viewPath = $viewPath ?: (new Paths())->viewDirectory;
+        $viewPath = in_array($viewPath, [null, '', '0'], true) ? (new Paths())->viewDirectory : $viewPath;
         $config ??= config(ViewConfig::class);
 
         return new Parser($config, $viewPath, AppServices::get('locator'), CI_DEBUG, AppServices::get('logger'));
@@ -503,7 +503,7 @@ public static function renderer(?string $viewPath = null, ?ViewConfig $config =
             return static::getSharedInstance('renderer', $viewPath, $config);
         }
 
-        $viewPath = $viewPath ?: (new Paths())->viewDirectory;
+        $viewPath = in_array($viewPath, [null, '', '0'], true) ? (new Paths())->viewDirectory : $viewPath;
         $config ??= config(ViewConfig::class);
 
         return new View($config, $viewPath, AppServices::get('locator'), CI_DEBUG, AppServices::get('logger'));
@@ -569,7 +569,7 @@ public static function incomingrequest(?App $config = null, bool $getShared = tr
             $config,
             AppServices::get('uri'),
             'php://input',
-            new UserAgent()
+            new UserAgent(),
         );
     }
 
@@ -619,7 +619,7 @@ public static function routes(bool $getShared = true)
             return static::getSharedInstance('routes');
         }
 
-        return new RouteCollection(AppServices::get('locator'), config(Modules::class), config(Routing::class));
+        return new RouteCollection(AppServices::get('locator'), new Modules(), config(Routing::class));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -683,13 +683,18 @@ public static function session(?SessionConfig $config = null, bool $getShared =
                 $driverName = MySQLiHandler::class;
             } elseif ($driverPlatform === 'Postgre') {
                 $driverName = PostgreHandler::class;
+            } else {
+                throw new InvalidArgumentException(sprintf(
+                    'Invalid session database handler "%s" provided. Only "MySQLi" and "Postgre" are supported.',
+                    $driverPlatform,
+                ));
             }
         }
 
         if (! class_exists($driverName) || ! is_a($driverName, SessionBaseHandler::class, true)) {
             throw new InvalidArgumentException(sprintf(
                 'Invalid session handler "%s" provided.',
-                $driverName
+                $driverName,
             ));
         }
 
@@ -721,7 +726,7 @@ public static function session(?SessionConfig $config = null, bool $getShared =
     public static function siteurifactory(
         ?App $config = null,
         ?Superglobals $superglobals = null,
-        bool $getShared = true
+        bool $getShared = true,
     ) {
         if ($getShared) {
             return static::getSharedInstance('siteurifactory', $config, $superglobals);
@@ -741,7 +746,7 @@ public static function siteurifactory(
     public static function superglobals(
         ?array $server = null,
         ?array $get = null,
-        bool $getShared = true
+        bool $getShared = true,
     ) {
         if ($getShared) {
             return static::getSharedInstance('superglobals', $server, $get);
diff --git a/system/Controller.php b/system/Controller.php
index fc0c41bf18fa..af74f3a3af10 100644
--- a/system/Controller.php
+++ b/system/Controller.php
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CLIRequest;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\RedirectException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
@@ -24,8 +25,6 @@
 use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
 
 /**
- * Class Controller
- *
  * @see \CodeIgniter\ControllerTest
  */
 class Controller
@@ -77,7 +76,7 @@ class Controller
      *
      * @return void
      *
-     * @throws HTTPException
+     * @throws HTTPException|RedirectException
      */
     public function initController(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, LoggerInterface $logger)
     {
@@ -105,7 +104,7 @@ public function initController(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $res
      *
      * @return void
      *
-     * @throws HTTPException
+     * @throws HTTPException|RedirectException
      */
     protected function forceHTTPS(int $duration = 31_536_000)
     {
diff --git a/system/Cookie/CloneableCookieInterface.php b/system/Cookie/CloneableCookieInterface.php
index 0b7d6fdf5015..3055129a0b4b 100644
--- a/system/Cookie/CloneableCookieInterface.php
+++ b/system/Cookie/CloneableCookieInterface.php
@@ -58,15 +58,6 @@ public function withExpires($expires);
      */
     public function withExpired();
 
-    /**
-     * Creates a new Cookie that will virtually never expire from the browser.
-     *
-     * @return static
-     *
-     * @deprecated See https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6413
-     */
-    public function withNeverExpiring();
-
     /**
      * Creates a new Cookie with a new path on the server the cookie is available.
      *
diff --git a/system/Cookie/Cookie.php b/system/Cookie/Cookie.php
index 01b10db19b65..e3d2488e6a10 100644
--- a/system/Cookie/Cookie.php
+++ b/system/Cookie/Cookie.php
@@ -15,11 +15,11 @@
 
 use ArrayAccess;
 use CodeIgniter\Cookie\Exceptions\CookieException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\LogicException;
 use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
 use Config\Cookie as CookieConfig;
 use DateTimeInterface;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
-use LogicException;
 use ReturnTypeWillChange;
 
 /**
@@ -99,7 +99,16 @@ class Cookie implements ArrayAccess, CloneableCookieInterface
      * Default attributes for a Cookie object. The keys here are the
      * lowercase attribute names. Do not camelCase!
      *
-     * @var array<string, bool|int|string>
+     * @var array{
+     *  prefix: string,
+     *  expires: int,
+     *  path: string,
+     *  domain: string,
+     *  secure: bool,
+     *  httponly: bool,
+     *  samesite: string,
+     *  raw: bool,
+     * }
      */
     private static array $defaults = [
         'prefix'   => '',
@@ -127,9 +136,27 @@ class Cookie implements ArrayAccess, CloneableCookieInterface
      *
      * This method is called from Response::__construct().
      *
-     * @param array<string, bool|int|string>|CookieConfig $config
+     * @param array{
+     *  prefix?: string,
+     *  expires?: int,
+     *  path?: string,
+     *  domain?: string,
+     *  secure?: bool,
+     *  httponly?: bool,
+     *  samesite?: string,
+     *  raw?: bool,
+     * }|CookieConfig $config
      *
-     * @return array<string, mixed> The old defaults array. Useful for resetting.
+     * @return array{
+     *  prefix: string,
+     *  expires: int,
+     *  path: string,
+     *  domain: string,
+     *  secure: bool,
+     *  httponly: bool,
+     *  samesite: string,
+     *  raw: bool,
+     * } The old defaults array. Useful for resetting.
      */
     public static function setDefaults($config = [])
     {
@@ -198,9 +225,19 @@ public static function fromHeaderString(string $cookie, bool $raw = false)
     /**
      * Construct a new Cookie instance.
      *
-     * @param string                         $name    The cookie's name
-     * @param string                         $value   The cookie's value
-     * @param array<string, bool|int|string> $options The cookie's options
+     * @param string $name  The cookie's name
+     * @param string $value The cookie's value
+     * @param array{
+     *   prefix?: string,
+     *   max-age?: int|numeric-string,
+     *   expires?: DateTimeInterface|int|string,
+     *   path?: string,
+     *   domain?: string,
+     *   secure?: bool,
+     *   httponly?: bool,
+     *   samesite?: string,
+     *   raw?: bool,
+     * } $options The cookie's options
      *
      * @throws CookieException
      */
@@ -465,24 +502,12 @@ public function withExpired()
         return $cookie;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @deprecated See https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6413
-     */
-    public function withNeverExpiring()
-    {
-        $cookie = clone $this;
-
-        $cookie->expires = Time::now()->getTimestamp() + 5 * YEAR;
-
-        return $cookie;
-    }
-
     /**
      * {@inheritDoc}
      */
     public function withPath(?string $path)
     {
-        $path = $path ?: self::$defaults['path'];
+        $path = in_array($path, [null, '', '0'], true) ? self::$defaults['path'] : $path;
         $this->validatePrefix($this->prefix, $this->secure, $path, $this->domain);
 
         $cookie = clone $this;
diff --git a/system/Cookie/CookieInterface.php b/system/Cookie/CookieInterface.php
index c848fa8884ec..b4a7ea3d7320 100644
--- a/system/Cookie/CookieInterface.php
+++ b/system/Cookie/CookieInterface.php
@@ -145,7 +145,14 @@ public function isRaw(): bool;
      * Gets the options that are passable to the `setcookie` variant
      * available on PHP 7.3+
      *
-     * @return array<string, bool|int|string>
+     * @return array{
+     *  expires: int,
+     *  path: string,
+     *  domain: string,
+     *  secure: bool,
+     *  httponly: bool,
+     *  samesite: string,
+     * }
      */
     public function getOptions(): array;
 
@@ -164,7 +171,18 @@ public function __toString();
     /**
      * Returns the array representation of the Cookie object.
      *
-     * @return array<string, bool|int|string>
+     * @return array{
+     *  name: string,
+     *  value: string,
+     *  prefix: string,
+     *  raw: bool,
+     *  expires: int,
+     *  path: string,
+     *  domain: string,
+     *  secure: bool,
+     *  httponly: bool,
+     *  samesite: string,
+     * }
      */
     public function toArray(): array;
 }
diff --git a/system/Cookie/CookieStore.php b/system/Cookie/CookieStore.php
index 05ebf9925ee6..6d5caa2aa5e0 100644
--- a/system/Cookie/CookieStore.php
+++ b/system/Cookie/CookieStore.php
@@ -159,28 +159,6 @@ public function remove(string $name, string $prefix = '')
         return $store;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Dispatches all cookies in store.
-     *
-     * @deprecated Response should dispatch cookies.
-     */
-    public function dispatch(): void
-    {
-        foreach ($this->cookies as $cookie) {
-            $name    = $cookie->getPrefixedName();
-            $value   = $cookie->getValue();
-            $options = $cookie->getOptions();
-
-            if ($cookie->isRaw()) {
-                $this->setRawCookie($name, $value, $options);
-            } else {
-                $this->setCookie($name, $value, $options);
-            }
-        }
-
-        $this->clear();
-    }
-
     /**
      * Returns all cookie instances in store.
      *
@@ -232,28 +210,4 @@ protected function validateCookies(array $cookies): void
             }
         }
     }
-
-    /**
-     * Extracted call to `setrawcookie()` in order to run unit tests on it.
-     *
-     * @codeCoverageIgnore
-     *
-     * @deprecated
-     */
-    protected function setRawCookie(string $name, string $value, array $options): void
-    {
-        setrawcookie($name, $value, $options);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Extracted call to `setcookie()` in order to run unit tests on it.
-     *
-     * @codeCoverageIgnore
-     *
-     * @deprecated
-     */
-    protected function setCookie(string $name, string $value, array $options): void
-    {
-        setcookie($name, $value, $options);
-    }
 }
diff --git a/system/DataCaster/Cast/ArrayCast.php b/system/DataCaster/Cast/ArrayCast.php
index 4bb0f4c74093..1deddea6fc8e 100644
--- a/system/DataCaster/Cast/ArrayCast.php
+++ b/system/DataCaster/Cast/ArrayCast.php
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class ArrayCast extends BaseCast implements CastInterface
     public static function get(
         mixed $value,
         array $params = [],
-        ?object $helper = null
+        ?object $helper = null,
     ): array {
         if (! is_string($value)) {
             self::invalidTypeValueError($value);
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ public static function get(
     public static function set(
         mixed $value,
         array $params = [],
-        ?object $helper = null
+        ?object $helper = null,
     ): string {
         return serialize($value);
     }
diff --git a/system/DataCaster/Cast/BaseCast.php b/system/DataCaster/Cast/BaseCast.php
index c3df0efee103..06fb0eb4fa69 100644
--- a/system/DataCaster/Cast/BaseCast.php
+++ b/system/DataCaster/Cast/BaseCast.php
@@ -13,14 +13,14 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\DataCaster\Cast;
 
-use InvalidArgumentException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 
 abstract class BaseCast implements CastInterface
 {
     public static function get(
         mixed $value,
         array $params = [],
-        ?object $helper = null
+        ?object $helper = null,
     ): mixed {
         return $value;
     }
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ public static function get(
     public static function set(
         mixed $value,
         array $params = [],
-        ?object $helper = null
+        ?object $helper = null,
     ): mixed {
         return $value;
     }
diff --git a/system/DataCaster/Cast/BooleanCast.php b/system/DataCaster/Cast/BooleanCast.php
index e4a3fde09345..6554081e155d 100644
--- a/system/DataCaster/Cast/BooleanCast.php
+++ b/system/DataCaster/Cast/BooleanCast.php
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class BooleanCast extends BaseCast
     public static function get(
         mixed $value,
         array $params = [],
-        ?object $helper = null
+        ?object $helper = null,
     ): bool {
         // For PostgreSQL
         if ($value === 't') {
diff --git a/system/DataCaster/Cast/CSVCast.php b/system/DataCaster/Cast/CSVCast.php
index 42dd3709a1db..d77c64c87b57 100644
--- a/system/DataCaster/Cast/CSVCast.php
+++ b/system/DataCaster/Cast/CSVCast.php
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class CSVCast extends BaseCast
     public static function get(
         mixed $value,
         array $params = [],
-        ?object $helper = null
+        ?object $helper = null,
     ): array {
         if (! is_string($value)) {
             self::invalidTypeValueError($value);
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ public static function get(
     public static function set(
         mixed $value,
         array $params = [],
-        ?object $helper = null
+        ?object $helper = null,
     ): string {
         if (! is_array($value)) {
             self::invalidTypeValueError($value);
diff --git a/system/DataCaster/Cast/CastInterface.php b/system/DataCaster/Cast/CastInterface.php
index ff93dc2860bc..f90f2b227e1d 100644
--- a/system/DataCaster/Cast/CastInterface.php
+++ b/system/DataCaster/Cast/CastInterface.php
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ interface CastInterface
     public static function get(
         mixed $value,
         array $params = [],
-        ?object $helper = null
+        ?object $helper = null,
     ): mixed;
 
     /**
@@ -42,6 +42,6 @@ public static function get(
     public static function set(
         mixed $value,
         array $params = [],
-        ?object $helper = null
+        ?object $helper = null,
     ): mixed;
 }
diff --git a/system/DataCaster/Cast/DatetimeCast.php b/system/DataCaster/Cast/DatetimeCast.php
index 83e66d02217c..b5f346c9c419 100644
--- a/system/DataCaster/Cast/DatetimeCast.php
+++ b/system/DataCaster/Cast/DatetimeCast.php
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\DataCaster\Cast;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnection;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 
 /**
  * Class DatetimeCast
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class DatetimeCast extends BaseCast
     public static function get(
         mixed $value,
         array $params = [],
-        ?object $helper = null
+        ?object $helper = null,
     ): Time {
         if (! is_string($value)) {
             self::invalidTypeValueError($value);
@@ -43,12 +43,7 @@ public static function get(
         /**
          * @see https://www.php.net/manual/en/datetimeimmutable.createfromformat.php#datetimeimmutable.createfromformat.parameters
          */
-        $format = match ($params[0] ?? '') {
-            ''      => $helper->dateFormat['datetime'],
-            'ms'    => $helper->dateFormat['datetime-ms'],
-            'us'    => $helper->dateFormat['datetime-us'],
-            default => throw new InvalidArgumentException('Invalid parameter: ' . $params[0]),
-        };
+        $format = self::getDateTimeFormat($params, $helper);
 
         return Time::createFromFormat($format, $value);
     }
@@ -56,12 +51,35 @@ public static function get(
     public static function set(
         mixed $value,
         array $params = [],
-        ?object $helper = null
+        ?object $helper = null,
     ): string {
         if (! $value instanceof Time) {
             self::invalidTypeValueError($value);
         }
 
-        return (string) $value;
+        if (! $helper instanceof BaseConnection) {
+            $message = 'The parameter $helper must be BaseConnection.';
+
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException($message);
+        }
+
+        $format = self::getDateTimeFormat($params, $helper);
+
+        return $value->format($format);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets DateTime format from the DB connection.
+     *
+     * @param list<string> $params Additional param
+     */
+    protected static function getDateTimeFormat(array $params, BaseConnection $db): string
+    {
+        return match ($params[0] ?? '') {
+            ''      => $db->dateFormat['datetime'],
+            'ms'    => $db->dateFormat['datetime-ms'],
+            'us'    => $db->dateFormat['datetime-us'],
+            default => throw new InvalidArgumentException('Invalid parameter: ' . $params[0]),
+        };
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/DataCaster/Cast/FloatCast.php b/system/DataCaster/Cast/FloatCast.php
index 7ced2e2653a7..d2173826265a 100644
--- a/system/DataCaster/Cast/FloatCast.php
+++ b/system/DataCaster/Cast/FloatCast.php
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class FloatCast extends BaseCast
     public static function get(
         mixed $value,
         array $params = [],
-        ?object $helper = null
+        ?object $helper = null,
     ): float {
         if (! is_float($value) && ! is_string($value)) {
             self::invalidTypeValueError($value);
diff --git a/system/DataCaster/Cast/IntBoolCast.php b/system/DataCaster/Cast/IntBoolCast.php
index 56977c842f0e..5aa1f2b2eb93 100644
--- a/system/DataCaster/Cast/IntBoolCast.php
+++ b/system/DataCaster/Cast/IntBoolCast.php
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ final class IntBoolCast extends BaseCast
     public static function get(
         mixed $value,
         array $params = [],
-        ?object $helper = null
+        ?object $helper = null,
     ): bool {
         if (! is_int($value) && ! is_string($value)) {
             self::invalidTypeValueError($value);
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ public static function get(
     public static function set(
         mixed $value,
         array $params = [],
-        ?object $helper = null
+        ?object $helper = null,
     ): int {
         if (! is_bool($value)) {
             self::invalidTypeValueError($value);
diff --git a/system/DataCaster/Cast/IntegerCast.php b/system/DataCaster/Cast/IntegerCast.php
index e16683b1fb8f..f65baf83150f 100644
--- a/system/DataCaster/Cast/IntegerCast.php
+++ b/system/DataCaster/Cast/IntegerCast.php
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class IntegerCast extends BaseCast
     public static function get(
         mixed $value,
         array $params = [],
-        ?object $helper = null
+        ?object $helper = null,
     ): int {
         if (! is_string($value) && ! is_int($value)) {
             self::invalidTypeValueError($value);
diff --git a/system/DataCaster/Cast/JsonCast.php b/system/DataCaster/Cast/JsonCast.php
index 316070aaedee..5ca10b385ba6 100644
--- a/system/DataCaster/Cast/JsonCast.php
+++ b/system/DataCaster/Cast/JsonCast.php
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class JsonCast extends BaseCast
     public static function get(
         mixed $value,
         array $params = [],
-        ?object $helper = null
+        ?object $helper = null,
     ): array|stdClass {
         if (! is_string($value)) {
             self::invalidTypeValueError($value);
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ public static function get(
     public static function set(
         mixed $value,
         array $params = [],
-        ?object $helper = null
+        ?object $helper = null,
     ): string {
         try {
             $output = json_encode($value, JSON_UNESCAPED_UNICODE | JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR);
diff --git a/system/DataCaster/Cast/TimestampCast.php b/system/DataCaster/Cast/TimestampCast.php
index 52a4d88f9e46..aa94266001ef 100644
--- a/system/DataCaster/Cast/TimestampCast.php
+++ b/system/DataCaster/Cast/TimestampCast.php
@@ -26,19 +26,19 @@ class TimestampCast extends BaseCast
     public static function get(
         mixed $value,
         array $params = [],
-        ?object $helper = null
+        ?object $helper = null,
     ): Time {
         if (! is_int($value) && ! is_string($value)) {
             self::invalidTypeValueError($value);
         }
 
-        return Time::createFromTimestamp((int) $value);
+        return Time::createFromTimestamp((int) $value, date_default_timezone_get());
     }
 
     public static function set(
         mixed $value,
         array $params = [],
-        ?object $helper = null
+        ?object $helper = null,
     ): int {
         if (! $value instanceof Time) {
             self::invalidTypeValueError($value);
diff --git a/system/DataCaster/Cast/URICast.php b/system/DataCaster/Cast/URICast.php
index 63f4d2271a78..f9e2f561a2b2 100644
--- a/system/DataCaster/Cast/URICast.php
+++ b/system/DataCaster/Cast/URICast.php
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class URICast extends BaseCast
     public static function get(
         mixed $value,
         array $params = [],
-        ?object $helper = null
+        ?object $helper = null,
     ): URI {
         if (! is_string($value)) {
             self::invalidTypeValueError($value);
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ public static function get(
     public static function set(
         mixed $value,
         array $params = [],
-        ?object $helper = null
+        ?object $helper = null,
     ): string {
         if (! $value instanceof URI) {
             self::invalidTypeValueError($value);
diff --git a/system/DataCaster/DataCaster.php b/system/DataCaster/DataCaster.php
index 5a6786a03331..5ef4579619ba 100644
--- a/system/DataCaster/DataCaster.php
+++ b/system/DataCaster/DataCaster.php
@@ -26,8 +26,14 @@
 use CodeIgniter\DataCaster\Cast\URICast;
 use CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast\CastInterface as EntityCastInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\Entity\Exceptions\CastException;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 
+/**
+ * @phpstan-type cast_handlers array<string, class-string<EntityCastInterface|CastInterface>>
+ *
+ * @see CodeIgniter\DataCaster\DataCasterTest
+ * @see CodeIgniter\Entity\EntityTest
+ */
 final class DataCaster
 {
     /**
@@ -38,9 +44,9 @@ final class DataCaster
     private array $types = [];
 
     /**
-     * Convert handlers
+     * Convert handlers.
      *
-     * @var array<string, class-string> [type => classname]
+     * @var cast_handlers [type => classname]
      */
     private array $castHandlers = [
         'array'     => ArrayCast::class,
@@ -59,18 +65,18 @@ final class DataCaster
     ];
 
     /**
-     * @param array<string, class-string>|null $castHandlers Custom convert handlers
-     * @param array<string, string>|null       $types        [field => type]
-     * @param object|null                      $helper       Helper object.
-     * @param bool                             $strict       Strict mode? Set to false for casts for Entity.
+     * @param cast_handlers|null         $castHandlers Custom convert handlers
+     * @param array<string, string>|null $types        [field => type]
+     * @param object|null                $helper       Helper object.
+     * @param bool                       $strict       Strict mode? Set to `false` for casts for Entity.
      */
     public function __construct(
         ?array $castHandlers = null,
         ?array $types = null,
         private readonly ?object $helper = null,
-        private readonly bool $strict = true
+        private readonly bool $strict = true,
     ) {
-        $this->castHandlers = array_merge($this->castHandlers, $castHandlers);
+        $this->castHandlers = array_merge($this->castHandlers, $castHandlers ?? []);
 
         if ($types !== null) {
             $this->setTypes($types);
@@ -83,7 +89,7 @@ public function __construct(
                     && ! is_subclass_of($handler, EntityCastInterface::class)
                 ) {
                     throw new InvalidArgumentException(
-                        'Invalid class type. It must implement CastInterface. class: ' . $handler
+                        'Invalid class type. It must implement CastInterface. class: ' . $handler,
                     );
                 }
             }
@@ -113,13 +119,16 @@ public function setTypes(array $types): static
      * Add ? at the beginning of the type (i.e. ?string) to get `null`
      * instead of casting $value when $value is null.
      *
-     * @param         mixed       $value  The value to convert
-     * @param         string      $field  The field name
-     * @param         string      $method Allowed to "get" and "set"
-     * @phpstan-param 'get'|'set' $method
+     * @param mixed  $value  The value to convert
+     * @param string $field  The field name
+     * @param string $method Allowed to "get" and "set"
      */
     public function castAs(mixed $value, string $field, string $method = 'get'): mixed
     {
+        if ($method !== 'get' && $method !== 'set') {
+            throw CastException::forInvalidMethod($method);
+        }
+
         // If the type is not defined, return as it is.
         if (! isset($this->types[$field])) {
             return $value;
@@ -169,7 +178,7 @@ public function castAs(mixed $value, string $field, string $method = 'get'): mix
 
         if (! isset($handlers[$type])) {
             throw new InvalidArgumentException(
-                'No such handler for "' . $field . '". Invalid type: ' . $type
+                'No such handler for "' . $field . '". Invalid type: ' . $type,
             );
         }
 
diff --git a/system/DataConverter/DataConverter.php b/system/DataConverter/DataConverter.php
index 43b42a08bbdf..fa8353e83abd 100644
--- a/system/DataConverter/DataConverter.php
+++ b/system/DataConverter/DataConverter.php
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@
 /**
  * PHP data <==> DataSource data converter
  *
- * @see \CodeIgniter\DataConverter\DataConverterTest
- *
  * @template TEntity of object
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\DataConverter\DataConverterTest
  */
 final class DataConverter
 {
@@ -52,14 +52,14 @@ public function __construct(
          * Static reconstruct method name or closure to reconstruct an object.
          * Used by reconstruct().
          *
-         * @phpstan-var (Closure(array<string, mixed>): TEntity)|string|null
+         * @var (Closure(array<string, mixed>): TEntity)|string|null
          */
         private readonly Closure|string|null $reconstructor = 'reconstruct',
         /**
          * Extract method name or closure to extract data from an object.
          * Used by extract().
          *
-         * @phpstan-var (Closure(TEntity, bool, bool): array<string, mixed>)|string|null
+         * @var (Closure(TEntity, bool, bool): array<string, mixed>)|string|null
          */
         private readonly Closure|string|null $extractor = null,
     ) {
@@ -105,11 +105,10 @@ public function toDataSource(array $phpData): array
     /**
      * Takes database data array and creates a specified type object.
      *
-     * @param         class-string          $classname
-     * @phpstan-param class-string<TEntity> $classname
-     * @param         array<string, mixed>  $row       Raw data from database
+     * @param class-string<TEntity> $classname
+     * @param array<string, mixed>  $row       Raw data from database
      *
-     * @phpstan-return TEntity
+     * @return TEntity
      *
      * @internal
      */
diff --git a/system/Database/BaseBuilder.php b/system/Database/BaseBuilder.php
index 892dd903b690..fd33bf40a566 100644
--- a/system/Database/BaseBuilder.php
+++ b/system/Database/BaseBuilder.php
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@
 use Closure;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DataException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use CodeIgniter\Traits\ConditionalTrait;
 use Config\Feature;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 
 /**
  * Class BaseBuilder
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class BaseBuilder
     /**
      * QB SELECT data
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var list<string>
      */
     protected $QBSelect = [];
 
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ class BaseBuilder
      * Specifies which sql statements
      * support the ignore option.
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var array<string, string>
      */
     protected $supportedIgnoreStatements = [];
 
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ class BaseBuilder
     /**
      * Constructor
      *
-     * @param array|string $tableName tablename or tablenames with or without aliases
+     * @param array|string|TableName $tableName tablename or tablenames with or without aliases
      *
      * Examples of $tableName: `mytable`, `jobs j`, `jobs j, users u`, `['jobs j','users u']`
      *
@@ -315,15 +315,20 @@ public function __construct($tableName, ConnectionInterface $db, ?array $options
          */
         $this->db = $db;
 
+        if ($tableName instanceof TableName) {
+            $this->tableName = $tableName->getTableName();
+            $this->QBFrom[]  = $this->db->escapeIdentifier($tableName);
+            $this->db->addTableAlias($tableName->getAlias());
+        }
         // If it contains `,`, it has multiple tables
-        if (is_string($tableName) && ! str_contains($tableName, ',')) {
+        elseif (is_string($tableName) && ! str_contains($tableName, ',')) {
             $this->tableName = $tableName;  // @TODO remove alias if exists
+            $this->from($tableName);
         } else {
             $this->tableName = '';
+            $this->from($tableName);
         }
 
-        $this->from($tableName);
-
         if ($options !== null && $options !== []) {
             foreach ($options as $key => $value) {
                 if (property_exists($this, $key)) {
@@ -663,7 +668,7 @@ public function join(string $table, $cond, string $type = '', ?bool $escape = nu
         } else {
             // Split multiple conditions
             // @TODO This does not parse `BETWEEN a AND b` correctly.
-            if (preg_match_all('/\sAND\s|\sOR\s/i', $cond, $joints, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE)) {
+            if (preg_match_all('/\sAND\s|\sOR\s/i', $cond, $joints, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE) >= 1) {
                 $conditions = [];
                 $joints     = $joints[0];
                 array_unshift($joints, ['', 0]);
@@ -807,7 +812,7 @@ protected function whereHaving(string $qbKey, $key, $value = null, string $type
                     '/\s*(!?=|<>|IS(?:\s+NOT)?)\s*$/i',
                     $k,
                     $match,
-                    PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE
+                    PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE,
                 )
             ) {
                 $k  = substr($k, 0, $match[0][1]);
@@ -836,7 +841,7 @@ protected function whereHaving(string $qbKey, $key, $value = null, string $type
      * Generates a WHERE field IN('item', 'item') SQL query,
      * joined with 'AND' if appropriate.
      *
-     * @param array|BaseBuilder|Closure|string $values The values searched on, or anonymous function with subquery
+     * @param array|BaseBuilder|(Closure(BaseBuilder): BaseBuilder)|null $values The values searched on, or anonymous function with subquery
      *
      * @return $this
      */
@@ -849,7 +854,7 @@ public function whereIn(?string $key = null, $values = null, ?bool $escape = nul
      * Generates a WHERE field IN('item', 'item') SQL query,
      * joined with 'OR' if appropriate.
      *
-     * @param array|BaseBuilder|Closure|string $values The values searched on, or anonymous function with subquery
+     * @param array|BaseBuilder|(Closure(BaseBuilder): BaseBuilder)|null $values The values searched on, or anonymous function with subquery
      *
      * @return $this
      */
@@ -862,7 +867,7 @@ public function orWhereIn(?string $key = null, $values = null, ?bool $escape = n
      * Generates a WHERE field NOT IN('item', 'item') SQL query,
      * joined with 'AND' if appropriate.
      *
-     * @param array|BaseBuilder|Closure|string $values The values searched on, or anonymous function with subquery
+     * @param array|BaseBuilder|(Closure(BaseBuilder): BaseBuilder)|null $values The values searched on, or anonymous function with subquery
      *
      * @return $this
      */
@@ -875,7 +880,7 @@ public function whereNotIn(?string $key = null, $values = null, ?bool $escape =
      * Generates a WHERE field NOT IN('item', 'item') SQL query,
      * joined with 'OR' if appropriate.
      *
-     * @param array|BaseBuilder|Closure|string $values The values searched on, or anonymous function with subquery
+     * @param array|BaseBuilder|(Closure(BaseBuilder): BaseBuilder)|null $values The values searched on, or anonymous function with subquery
      *
      * @return $this
      */
@@ -888,7 +893,7 @@ public function orWhereNotIn(?string $key = null, $values = null, ?bool $escape
      * Generates a HAVING field IN('item', 'item') SQL query,
      * joined with 'AND' if appropriate.
      *
-     * @param array|BaseBuilder|Closure|string $values The values searched on, or anonymous function with subquery
+     * @param array|BaseBuilder|(Closure(BaseBuilder): BaseBuilder)|null $values The values searched on, or anonymous function with subquery
      *
      * @return $this
      */
@@ -901,7 +906,7 @@ public function havingIn(?string $key = null, $values = null, ?bool $escape = nu
      * Generates a HAVING field IN('item', 'item') SQL query,
      * joined with 'OR' if appropriate.
      *
-     * @param array|BaseBuilder|Closure|string $values The values searched on, or anonymous function with subquery
+     * @param array|BaseBuilder|(Closure(BaseBuilder): BaseBuilder)|null $values The values searched on, or anonymous function with subquery
      *
      * @return $this
      */
@@ -914,7 +919,7 @@ public function orHavingIn(?string $key = null, $values = null, ?bool $escape =
      * Generates a HAVING field NOT IN('item', 'item') SQL query,
      * joined with 'AND' if appropriate.
      *
-     * @param array|BaseBuilder|Closure|string $values The values searched on, or anonymous function with subquery
+     * @param array|BaseBuilder|(Closure(BaseBuilder):BaseBuilder)|null $values The values searched on, or anonymous function with subquery
      *
      * @return $this
      */
@@ -927,7 +932,7 @@ public function havingNotIn(?string $key = null, $values = null, ?bool $escape =
      * Generates a HAVING field NOT IN('item', 'item') SQL query,
      * joined with 'OR' if appropriate.
      *
-     * @param array|BaseBuilder|Closure|string $values The values searched on, or anonymous function with subquery
+     * @param array|BaseBuilder|(Closure(BaseBuilder): BaseBuilder)|null $values The values searched on, or anonymous function with subquery
      *
      * @return $this
      */
@@ -942,8 +947,8 @@ public function orHavingNotIn(?string $key = null, $values = null, ?bool $escape
      * @used-by whereNotIn()
      * @used-by orWhereNotIn()
      *
-     * @param non-empty-string|null          $key
-     * @param array|BaseBuilder|Closure|null $values The values searched on, or anonymous function with subquery
+     * @param non-empty-string|null                                      $key
+     * @param array|BaseBuilder|(Closure(BaseBuilder): BaseBuilder)|null $values The values searched on, or anonymous function with subquery
      *
      * @return $this
      *
@@ -1147,7 +1152,7 @@ protected function _like($field, string $match = '', string $type = 'AND ', stri
             return $this;
         }
 
-        $keyValue = ! is_array($field) ? [$field => $match] : $field;
+        $keyValue = is_array($field) ? $field : [$field => $match];
 
         foreach ($keyValue as $k => $v) {
             if ($insensitiveSearch) {
@@ -1197,7 +1202,7 @@ protected function _like_statement(?string $prefix, string $column, ?string $not
     /**
      * Add UNION statement
      *
-     * @param BaseBuilder|Closure $union
+     * @param BaseBuilder|Closure(BaseBuilder): BaseBuilder $union
      *
      * @return $this
      */
@@ -1209,7 +1214,7 @@ public function union($union)
     /**
      * Add UNION ALL statement
      *
-     * @param BaseBuilder|Closure $union
+     * @param BaseBuilder|Closure(BaseBuilder): BaseBuilder $union
      *
      * @return $this
      */
@@ -1222,7 +1227,7 @@ public function unionAll($union)
      * @used-by union()
      * @used-by unionAll()
      *
-     * @param BaseBuilder|Closure $union
+     * @param BaseBuilder|Closure(BaseBuilder): BaseBuilder $union
      *
      * @return $this
      */
@@ -1736,7 +1741,7 @@ public function countAllResults(bool $reset = true)
         // Restore the LIMIT setting
         $this->QBLimit = $limit;
 
-        $row = ! $result instanceof ResultInterface ? null : $result->getRow();
+        $row = $result instanceof ResultInterface ? $result->getRow() : null;
 
         if (empty($row)) {
             return 0;
@@ -2018,12 +2023,12 @@ protected function _upsertBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
             $sql = 'INSERT INTO ' . $table . ' (' . implode(', ', $keys) . ")\n{:_table_:}ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE\n" . implode(
                 ",\n",
                 array_map(
-                    static fn ($key, $value) => $table . '.' . $key . ($value instanceof RawSql ?
+                    static fn ($key, $value): string => $table . '.' . $key . ($value instanceof RawSql ?
                         ' = ' . $value :
                         ' = VALUES(' . $value . ')'),
                     array_keys($updateFields),
-                    $updateFields
-                )
+                    $updateFields,
+                ),
             );
 
             $this->QBOptions['sql'] = $sql;
@@ -2108,7 +2113,7 @@ public function onConstraint($set)
             if (is_string($set)) {
                 $set = explode(',', $set);
 
-                $set = array_map(static fn ($key) => trim($key), $set);
+                $set = array_map(trim(...), $set);
             }
 
             if ($set instanceof RawSql) {
@@ -2152,7 +2157,7 @@ public function setQueryAsData($query, ?string $alias = null, $columns = null):
         if (is_string($query)) {
             if ($columns !== null && is_string($columns)) {
                 $columns = explode(',', $columns);
-                $columns = array_map(static fn ($key) => trim($key), $columns);
+                $columns = array_map(trim(...), $columns);
             }
 
             $columns = (array) $columns;
@@ -2190,7 +2195,7 @@ protected function fieldsFromQuery(string $sql): array
      */
     protected function formatValues(array $values): array
     {
-        return array_map(static fn ($index) => '(' . implode(',', $index) . ')', $values);
+        return array_map(static fn ($index): string => '(' . implode(',', $index) . ')', $values);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -2198,7 +2203,7 @@ protected function formatValues(array $values): array
      *
      * @param array|object|null $set a dataset
      *
-     * @return false|int|list<string> Number of rows inserted or FALSE on failure, SQL array when testMode
+     * @return false|int|list<string> Number of rows inserted or FALSE on no data to perform an insert operation, SQL array when testMode
      */
     public function insertBatch($set = null, ?bool $escape = null, int $batchSize = 100)
     {
@@ -2291,10 +2296,10 @@ public function getCompiledInsert(bool $reset = true)
                 $this->removeAlias($this->QBFrom[0]),
                 true,
                 null,
-                false
+                false,
             ),
             array_keys($this->QBSet),
-            array_values($this->QBSet)
+            array_values($this->QBSet),
         );
 
         if ($reset) {
@@ -2328,10 +2333,10 @@ public function insert($set = null, ?bool $escape = null)
                 $this->removeAlias($this->QBFrom[0]),
                 true,
                 $escape,
-                false
+                false,
             ),
             array_keys($this->QBSet),
-            array_values($this->QBSet)
+            array_values($this->QBSet),
         );
 
         if (! $this->testMode) {
@@ -2649,12 +2654,12 @@ protected function _updateBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
             $sql .= implode(
                 ",\n",
                 array_map(
-                    static fn ($key, $value) => $key . ($value instanceof RawSql ?
+                    static fn ($key, $value): string => $key . ($value instanceof RawSql ?
                         ' = ' . $value :
                         ' = ' . $alias . '.' . $value),
                     array_keys($updateFields),
-                    $updateFields
-                )
+                    $updateFields,
+                ),
             ) . "\n";
 
             $sql .= "FROM (\n{:_table_:}";
@@ -2678,8 +2683,8 @@ protected function _updateBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
                         )
                     ),
                     array_keys($constraints),
-                    $constraints
-                )
+                    $constraints,
+                ),
             );
 
             $this->QBOptions['sql'] = $sql;
@@ -2691,13 +2696,13 @@ protected function _updateBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
             $data = implode(
                 " UNION ALL\n",
                 array_map(
-                    static fn ($value) => 'SELECT ' . implode(', ', array_map(
-                        static fn ($key, $index) => $index . ' ' . $key,
+                    static fn ($value): string => 'SELECT ' . implode(', ', array_map(
+                        static fn ($key, $index): string => $index . ' ' . $key,
                         $keys,
-                        $value
+                        $value,
                     )),
-                    $values
-                )
+                    $values,
+                ),
             ) . "\n";
         }
 
@@ -2924,8 +2929,8 @@ protected function _deleteBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
                         )
                     ),
                     array_keys($constraints),
-                    $constraints
-                )
+                    $constraints,
+                ),
             );
 
             // convert binds in where
@@ -2946,13 +2951,13 @@ protected function _deleteBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
             $data = implode(
                 " UNION ALL\n",
                 array_map(
-                    static fn ($value) => 'SELECT ' . implode(', ', array_map(
-                        static fn ($key, $index) => $index . ' ' . $key,
+                    static fn ($value): string => 'SELECT ' . implode(', ', array_map(
+                        static fn ($key, $index): string => $index . ' ' . $key,
                         $keys,
-                        $value
+                        $value,
                     )),
-                    $values
-                )
+                    $values,
+                ),
             ) . "\n";
         }
 
@@ -3014,7 +3019,7 @@ protected function _delete(string $table): string
      *
      * @param array|string $table The table to inspect
      *
-     * @return string|void
+     * @return string|null
      */
     protected function trackAliases($table)
     {
@@ -3023,7 +3028,7 @@ protected function trackAliases($table)
                 $this->trackAliases($t);
             }
 
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
 
         // Does the string contain a comma?  If so, we need to separate
@@ -3038,11 +3043,13 @@ protected function trackAliases($table)
             $table = preg_replace('/\s+AS\s+/i', ' ', $table);
 
             // Grab the alias
-            $table = trim(strrchr($table, ' '));
+            $alias = trim(strrchr($table, ' '));
 
             // Store the alias, if it doesn't already exist
-            $this->db->addTableAlias($table);
+            $this->db->addTableAlias($alias);
         }
+
+        return null;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -3058,7 +3065,7 @@ protected function compileSelect($selectOverride = false): string
         if ($selectOverride !== false) {
             $sql = $selectOverride;
         } else {
-            $sql = (! $this->QBDistinct) ? 'SELECT ' : 'SELECT DISTINCT ';
+            $sql = $this->QBDistinct ? 'SELECT DISTINCT ' : 'SELECT ';
 
             if (empty($this->QBSelect)) {
                 $sql .= '*';
@@ -3160,21 +3167,22 @@ protected function compileWhereHaving(string $qbKey): string
                     '/((?:^|\s+)AND\s+|(?:^|\s+)OR\s+)/i',
                     $qbkey['condition'],
                     -1,
-                    PREG_SPLIT_DELIM_CAPTURE | PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY
+                    PREG_SPLIT_DELIM_CAPTURE | PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY,
                 );
 
                 foreach ($conditions as &$condition) {
                     $op = $this->getOperator($condition);
                     if (
                         $op === false
-                        || ! preg_match(
+                        || preg_match(
                             '/^(\(?)(.*)(' . preg_quote($op, '/') . ')\s*(.*(?<!\)))?(\)?)$/i',
                             $condition,
-                            $matches
-                        )
+                            $matches,
+                        ) !== 1
                     ) {
                         continue;
                     }
+
                     // $matches = [
                     //  0 => '(test <= foo)',   /* the whole thing */
                     //  1 => '(',               /* optional */
@@ -3184,7 +3192,7 @@ protected function compileWhereHaving(string $qbKey): string
                     //  5 => ')'                /* optional */
                     // ];
 
-                    if (isset($matches[4]) && $matches[4] !== '') {
+                    if ($matches[4] !== '') {
                         $protectIdentifiers = false;
                         if (str_contains($matches[4], '.')) {
                             $protectIdentifiers = true;
@@ -3249,6 +3257,9 @@ protected function compileOrderBy(): string
     {
         if (is_array($this->QBOrderBy) && $this->QBOrderBy !== []) {
             foreach ($this->QBOrderBy as &$orderBy) {
+                if (is_string($orderBy)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
                 if ($orderBy['escape'] !== false && ! $this->isLiteral($orderBy['field'])) {
                     $orderBy['field'] = $this->db->protectIdentifiers($orderBy['field']);
                 }
@@ -3256,11 +3267,7 @@ protected function compileOrderBy(): string
                 $orderBy = $orderBy['field'] . $orderBy['direction'];
             }
 
-            return $this->QBOrderBy = "\nORDER BY " . implode(', ', $this->QBOrderBy);
-        }
-
-        if (is_string($this->QBOrderBy)) {
-            return $this->QBOrderBy;
+            return "\nORDER BY " . implode(', ', $this->QBOrderBy);
         }
 
         return '';
@@ -3372,6 +3379,8 @@ public function resetQuery()
      * Resets the query builder values.  Called by the get() function
      *
      * @param array $qbResetItems An array of fields to reset
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function resetRun(array $qbResetItems)
     {
@@ -3382,6 +3391,8 @@ protected function resetRun(array $qbResetItems)
 
     /**
      * Resets the query builder values.  Called by the get() function
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function resetSelect()
     {
@@ -3399,7 +3410,7 @@ protected function resetSelect()
             'QBUnion'    => [],
         ]);
 
-        if (! empty($this->db)) {
+        if ($this->db instanceof BaseConnection) {
             $this->db->setAliasedTables([]);
         }
 
@@ -3413,6 +3424,8 @@ protected function resetSelect()
      * Resets the query builder "write" values.
      *
      * Called by the insert() update() insertBatch() updateBatch() and delete() functions
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function resetWrite()
     {
@@ -3435,7 +3448,7 @@ protected function hasOperator(string $str): bool
     {
         return preg_match(
             '/(<|>|!|=|\sIS NULL|\sIS NOT NULL|\sEXISTS|\sBETWEEN|\sLIKE|\sIN\s*\(|\s)/i',
-            trim($str)
+            trim($str),
         ) === 1;
     }
 
@@ -3469,8 +3482,8 @@ protected function getOperator(string $str, bool $list = false)
         return preg_match_all(
             '/' . implode('|', $this->pregOperators) . '/i',
             $str,
-            $match
-        ) ? ($list ? $match[0] : $match[0][0]) : false;
+            $match,
+        ) >= 1 ? ($list ? $match[0] : $match[0][0]) : false;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -3500,8 +3513,8 @@ private function getOperatorFromWhereKey(string $whereKey)
         return preg_match_all(
             '/' . implode('|', $pregOperators) . '/i',
             $whereKey,
-            $match
-        ) ? $match[0] : false;
+            $match,
+        ) >= 1 ? $match[0] : false;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -3558,9 +3571,9 @@ protected function isSubquery($value): bool
     }
 
     /**
-     * @param BaseBuilder|Closure $builder
-     * @param bool                $wrapped Wrap the subquery in brackets
-     * @param string              $alias   Subquery alias
+     * @param BaseBuilder|Closure(BaseBuilder): BaseBuilder $builder
+     * @param bool                                          $wrapped Wrap the subquery in brackets
+     * @param string                                        $alias   Subquery alias
      */
     protected function buildSubquery($builder, bool $wrapped = false, string $alias = ''): string
     {
diff --git a/system/Database/BaseConnection.php b/system/Database/BaseConnection.php
index c60c2e72c680..f09175d59b46 100644
--- a/system/Database/BaseConnection.php
+++ b/system/Database/BaseConnection.php
@@ -206,16 +206,14 @@ abstract class BaseConnection implements ConnectionInterface
     /**
      * Connection ID
      *
-     * @var         false|object|resource
-     * @phpstan-var false|TConnection
+     * @var false|TConnection
      */
     public $connID = false;
 
     /**
      * Result ID
      *
-     * @var         false|object|resource
-     * @phpstan-var false|TResult
+     * @var false|TResult
      */
     public $resultID = false;
 
@@ -340,7 +338,7 @@ abstract class BaseConnection implements ConnectionInterface
     /**
      * Array of table aliases.
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var list<string>
      */
     protected $aliasedTables = [];
 
@@ -406,7 +404,7 @@ public function initialize()
         /* If an established connection is available, then there's
          * no need to connect and select the database.
          *
-         * Depending on the database driver, conn_id can be either
+         * Depending on the database driver, connID can be either
          * boolean TRUE, a resource or an object.
          */
         if ($this->connID) {
@@ -424,7 +422,7 @@ public function initialize()
             $connectionErrors[] = sprintf(
                 'Main connection [%s]: %s',
                 $this->DBDriver,
-                $e->getMessage()
+                $e->getMessage(),
             );
             log_message('error', 'Error connecting to the database: ' . $e);
         }
@@ -450,7 +448,7 @@ public function initialize()
                             'Failover #%d [%s]: %s',
                             ++$index,
                             $this->DBDriver,
-                            $e->getMessage()
+                            $e->getMessage(),
                         );
                         log_message('error', 'Error connecting to the database: ' . $e);
                     }
@@ -467,7 +465,7 @@ public function initialize()
                 throw new DatabaseException(sprintf(
                     'Unable to connect to the database.%s%s',
                     PHP_EOL,
-                    implode(PHP_EOL, $connectionErrors)
+                    implode(PHP_EOL, $connectionErrors),
                 ));
             }
         }
@@ -498,8 +496,7 @@ abstract protected function _close();
     /**
      * Create a persistent database connection.
      *
-     * @return         false|object|resource
-     * @phpstan-return false|TConnection
+     * @return false|TConnection
      */
     public function persistentConnect()
     {
@@ -512,8 +509,7 @@ public function persistentConnect()
      * get that connection. If you pass either alias in and only a single
      * connection is present, it must return the sole connection.
      *
-     * @return         false|object|resource
-     * @phpstan-return TConnection
+     * @return false|TConnection
      */
     public function getConnection(?string $alias = null)
     {
@@ -576,10 +572,14 @@ public function setAliasedTables(array $aliases)
      *
      * @return $this
      */
-    public function addTableAlias(string $table)
+    public function addTableAlias(string $alias)
     {
-        if (! in_array($table, $this->aliasedTables, true)) {
-            $this->aliasedTables[] = $table;
+        if ($alias === '') {
+            return $this;
+        }
+
+        if (! in_array($alias, $this->aliasedTables, true)) {
+            $this->aliasedTables[] = $alias;
         }
 
         return $this;
@@ -588,8 +588,7 @@ public function addTableAlias(string $table)
     /**
      * Executes the query against the database.
      *
-     * @return         false|object|resource
-     * @phpstan-return false|TResult
+     * @return false|TResult
      */
     abstract protected function execute(string $sql);
 
@@ -603,14 +602,13 @@ abstract protected function execute(string $sql);
      *
      * @param array|string|null $binds
      *
-     * @return         BaseResult|bool|Query                       BaseResult when “read” type query, bool when “write” type query, Query when prepared query
-     * @phpstan-return BaseResult<TConnection, TResult>|bool|Query
+     * @return BaseResult<TConnection, TResult>|bool|Query
      *
      * @todo BC set $queryClass default as null in 4.1
      */
     public function query(string $sql, $binds = null, bool $setEscapeFlags = true, string $queryClass = '')
     {
-        $queryClass = $queryClass ?: $this->queryClass;
+        $queryClass = $queryClass !== '' && $queryClass !== '0' ? $queryClass : $this->queryClass;
 
         if (empty($this->connID)) {
             $this->initialize();
@@ -654,9 +652,7 @@ public function query(string $sql, $binds = null, bool $setEscapeFlags = true, s
             $query->setDuration($startTime, $startTime);
 
             // This will trigger a rollback if transactions are being used
-            if ($this->transDepth !== 0) {
-                $this->transStatus = false;
-            }
+            $this->handleTransStatus();
 
             if (
                 $this->DBDebug
@@ -688,7 +684,7 @@ public function query(string $sql, $binds = null, bool $setEscapeFlags = true, s
                     throw new DatabaseException(
                         $exception->getMessage(),
                         $exception->getCode(),
-                        $exception
+                        $exception,
                     );
                 }
 
@@ -722,8 +718,7 @@ public function query(string $sql, $binds = null, bool $setEscapeFlags = true, s
      * is performed, nor are transactions handled. Simply takes a raw
      * query string and returns the database-specific result id.
      *
-     * @return         false|object|resource
-     * @phpstan-return false|TResult
+     * @return false|TResult
      */
     public function simpleQuery(string $sql)
     {
@@ -846,7 +841,7 @@ public function transBegin(bool $testMode = false): bool
         }
 
         // Reset the transaction failure flag.
-        // If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
+        // If the $testMode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
         // even if the queries produce a successful result.
         $this->transFailure = $testMode;
 
@@ -897,6 +892,28 @@ public function transRollback(): bool
         return false;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Reset transaction status - to restart transactions after strict mode failure
+     */
+    public function resetTransStatus(): static
+    {
+        $this->transStatus = true;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handle transaction status when a query fails
+     *
+     * @internal This method is for internal database component use only
+     */
+    public function handleTransStatus(): void
+    {
+        if ($this->transDepth !== 0) {
+            $this->transStatus = false;
+        }
+    }
+
     /**
      * Begin Transaction
      */
@@ -915,7 +932,7 @@ abstract protected function _transRollback(): bool;
     /**
      * Returns a non-shared new instance of the query builder for this connection.
      *
-     * @param array|string $tableName
+     * @param array|string|TableName $tableName
      *
      * @return BaseBuilder
      *
@@ -959,6 +976,8 @@ public function newQuery(): BaseBuilder
      *                     ->get();
      *           })
      *
+     * @param Closure(BaseConnection): mixed $func
+     *
      * @return BasePreparedQuery|null
      */
     public function prepare(Closure $func, array $options = [])
@@ -1044,13 +1063,12 @@ public function getConnectDuration(int $decimals = 6): string
      * insert the table prefix (if it exists) in the proper position, and escape only
      * the correct identifiers.
      *
-     * @param array|int|string $item
-     * @param bool             $prefixSingle       Prefix a table name with no segments?
-     * @param bool             $protectIdentifiers Protect table or column names?
-     * @param bool             $fieldExists        Supplied $item contains a column name?
+     * @param array|int|string|TableName $item
+     * @param bool                       $prefixSingle       Prefix a table name with no segments?
+     * @param bool                       $protectIdentifiers Protect table or column names?
+     * @param bool                       $fieldExists        Supplied $item contains a column name?
      *
-     * @return         array|string
-     * @phpstan-return ($item is array ? array : string)
+     * @return ($item is array ? array : string)
      */
     public function protectIdentifiers($item, bool $prefixSingle = false, ?bool $protectIdentifiers = null, bool $fieldExists = true)
     {
@@ -1068,6 +1086,11 @@ public function protectIdentifiers($item, bool $prefixSingle = false, ?bool $pro
             return $escapedArray;
         }
 
+        if ($item instanceof TableName) {
+            /** @psalm-suppress NoValue I don't know why ERROR. */
+            return $this->escapeTableName($item);
+        }
+
         // If you pass `['column1', 'column2']`, `$item` will be int because the array keys are int.
         $item = (string) $item;
 
@@ -1210,19 +1233,38 @@ private function protectDotItem(string $item, string $alias, bool $protectIdenti
      *
      * This function escapes single identifier.
      *
-     * @param non-empty-string $item
+     * @param non-empty-string|TableName $item
      */
-    public function escapeIdentifier(string $item): string
+    public function escapeIdentifier($item): string
     {
+        if ($item === '') {
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        if ($item instanceof TableName) {
+            return $this->escapeTableName($item);
+        }
+
         return $this->escapeChar
             . str_replace(
                 $this->escapeChar,
                 $this->escapeChar . $this->escapeChar,
-                $item
+                $item,
             )
             . $this->escapeChar;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Returns escaped table name with alias.
+     */
+    private function escapeTableName(TableName $tableName): string
+    {
+        $alias = $tableName->getAlias();
+
+        return $this->escapeIdentifier($tableName->getActualTableName())
+            . (($alias !== '') ? ' ' . $this->escapeIdentifier($alias) : '');
+    }
+
     /**
      * Escape the SQL Identifiers
      *
@@ -1230,8 +1272,7 @@ public function escapeIdentifier(string $item): string
      *
      * @param array|string $item
      *
-     * @return         array|string
-     * @phpstan-return ($item is array ? array : string)
+     * @return ($item is array ? array : string)
      */
     public function escapeIdentifiers($item)
     {
@@ -1275,7 +1316,7 @@ public function escapeIdentifiers($item)
                 return preg_replace(
                     '/' . $this->pregEscapeChar[0] . '?([^' . $this->pregEscapeChar[1] . '\.]+)' . $this->pregEscapeChar[1] . '?\./i',
                     $this->pregEscapeChar[2] . '$1' . $this->pregEscapeChar[3] . '.',
-                    $item
+                    $item,
                 );
             }
         }
@@ -1284,7 +1325,7 @@ public function escapeIdentifiers($item)
         return preg_replace(
             '/' . $this->pregEscapeChar[0] . '?([^' . $this->pregEscapeChar[1] . '\.]+)' . $this->pregEscapeChar[1] . '?(\.)?/i',
             $this->pregEscapeChar[2] . '$1' . $this->pregEscapeChar[3] . '$2',
-            $item
+            $item,
         );
     }
 
@@ -1315,8 +1356,7 @@ abstract public function affectedRows(): int;
      *
      * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
      *
-     * @return         array|float|int|string
-     * @phpstan-return ($str is array ? array : float|int|string)
+     * @return ($str is array ? array : float|int|string)
      */
     public function escape($str)
     {
@@ -1384,7 +1424,7 @@ public function escapeString($str, bool $like = false)
                     $this->likeEscapeChar . '%',
                     $this->likeEscapeChar . '_',
                 ],
-                $str
+                $str,
             );
         }
 
@@ -1520,7 +1560,7 @@ public function tableExists(string $tableName, bool $cached = true): bool
             $key = array_search(
                 strtolower($tableName),
                 array_map(strtolower(...), $this->dataCache['table_names']),
-                true
+                true,
             );
 
             // table doesn't exist but still in cache - lets reset cache, it can be rebuilt later
@@ -1536,12 +1576,16 @@ public function tableExists(string $tableName, bool $cached = true): bool
     /**
      * Fetch Field Names
      *
+     * @param string|TableName $tableName
+     *
      * @return false|list<string>
      *
      * @throws DatabaseException
      */
-    public function getFieldNames(string $table)
+    public function getFieldNames($tableName)
     {
+        $table = ($tableName instanceof TableName) ? $tableName->getTableName() : $tableName;
+
         // Is there a cached result?
         if (isset($this->dataCache['field_names'][$table])) {
             return $this->dataCache['field_names'][$table];
@@ -1551,7 +1595,7 @@ public function getFieldNames(string $table)
             $this->initialize();
         }
 
-        if (false === ($sql = $this->_listColumns($table))) {
+        if (false === ($sql = $this->_listColumns($tableName))) {
             if ($this->DBDebug) {
                 throw new DatabaseException('This feature is not available for the database you are using.');
             }
@@ -1743,8 +1787,7 @@ public function isWriteType($sql): bool
      *
      * Must return an array with keys 'code' and 'message':
      *
-     * @return         array<string, int|string|null>
-     * @phpstan-return array{code: int|string|null, message: string|null}
+     * @return array{code: int|string|null, message: string|null}
      */
     abstract public function error(): array;
 
@@ -1767,9 +1810,11 @@ abstract protected function _listTables(bool $constrainByPrefix = false, ?string
     /**
      * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched.
      *
+     * @param string|TableName $table
+     *
      * @return false|string
      */
-    abstract protected function _listColumns(string $table = '');
+    abstract protected function _listColumns($table = '');
 
     /**
      * Platform-specific field data information.
diff --git a/system/Database/BasePreparedQuery.php b/system/Database/BasePreparedQuery.php
index 8c4f252cfb7e..d5bb40bebd0a 100644
--- a/system/Database/BasePreparedQuery.php
+++ b/system/Database/BasePreparedQuery.php
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Database;
 
 use ArgumentCountError;
-use BadMethodCallException;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
 use CodeIgniter\Events\Events;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\BadMethodCallException;
 use ErrorException;
 
 /**
@@ -31,8 +31,7 @@ abstract class BasePreparedQuery implements PreparedQueryInterface
     /**
      * The prepared statement itself.
      *
-     * @var         object|resource|null
-     * @phpstan-var TStatement|null
+     * @var TStatement|null
      */
     protected $statement;
 
@@ -61,8 +60,7 @@ abstract class BasePreparedQuery implements PreparedQueryInterface
     /**
      * A reference to the db connection to use.
      *
-     * @var         BaseConnection
-     * @phpstan-var BaseConnection<TConnection, TResult>
+     * @var BaseConnection<TConnection, TResult>
      */
     protected $db;
 
@@ -112,8 +110,7 @@ abstract public function _prepare(string $sql, array $options = []);
      * Takes a new set of data and runs it against the currently
      * prepared query. Upon success, will return a Results object.
      *
-     * @return         bool|ResultInterface
-     * @phpstan-return bool|ResultInterface<TConnection, TResult>
+     * @return bool|ResultInterface<TConnection, TResult>
      *
      * @throws DatabaseException
      */
@@ -137,9 +134,7 @@ public function execute(...$data)
             $query->setDuration($startTime, $startTime);
 
             // This will trigger a rollback if transactions are being used
-            if ($this->db->transDepth !== 0) {
-                $this->db->transStatus = false;
-            }
+            $this->db->handleTransStatus();
 
             if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
                 // We call this function in order to roll-back queries
@@ -259,4 +254,12 @@ public function getErrorMessage(): string
     {
         return $this->errorString;
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Whether the input contain binary data.
+     */
+    protected function isBinary(string $input): bool
+    {
+        return mb_detect_encoding($input, 'UTF-8', true) === false;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/system/Database/BaseResult.php b/system/Database/BaseResult.php
index efbc16722148..c0bdc2aa1025 100644
--- a/system/Database/BaseResult.php
+++ b/system/Database/BaseResult.php
@@ -27,16 +27,14 @@ abstract class BaseResult implements ResultInterface
     /**
      * Connection ID
      *
-     * @var         object|resource
-     * @phpstan-var TConnection
+     * @var TConnection
      */
     public $connID;
 
     /**
      * Result ID
      *
-     * @var         false|object|resource
-     * @phpstan-var false|TResult
+     * @var false|TResult
      */
     public $resultID;
 
@@ -85,10 +83,8 @@ abstract class BaseResult implements ResultInterface
     /**
      * Constructor
      *
-     * @param         object|resource $connID
-     * @param         object|resource $resultID
-     * @phpstan-param TConnection     $connID
-     * @phpstan-param TResult         $resultID
+     * @param TConnection $connID
+     * @param TResult     $resultID
      */
     public function __construct(&$connID, &$resultID)
     {
@@ -119,7 +115,7 @@ public function getResult(string $type = 'object'): array
     /**
      * Returns the results as an array of custom objects.
      *
-     * @phpstan-param class-string $className
+     * @param class-string $className
      *
      * @return array
      */
@@ -211,8 +207,7 @@ public function getResultArray(): array
      *
      * If no results, an empty array is returned.
      *
-     * @return         array<int, stdClass>
-     * @phpstan-return list<stdClass>
+     * @return list<stdClass>
      */
     public function getResultObject(): array
     {
@@ -258,12 +253,10 @@ public function getResultObject(): array
      *
      * @template T of object
      *
-     * @param         int|string                       $n    The index of the results to return, or column name.
-     * @param         string                           $type The type of result object. 'array', 'object' or class name.
-     * @phpstan-param class-string<T>|'array'|'object' $type
+     * @param int|string                       $n    The index of the results to return, or column name.
+     * @param 'array'|'object'|class-string<T> $type The type of result object. 'array', 'object' or class name.
      *
-     * @return         array|float|int|object|stdClass|string|null
-     * @phpstan-return ($n is string ? float|int|string|null : ($type is 'object' ? stdClass|null : ($type is 'array' ? array|null : T|null)))
+     * @return ($n is string ? float|int|string|null : ($type is 'object' ? stdClass|null : ($type is 'array' ? array|null : T|null)))
      */
     public function getRow($n = 0, string $type = 'object')
     {
@@ -300,11 +293,10 @@ public function getRow($n = 0, string $type = 'object')
      *
      * @template T of object
      *
-     * @param         int             $n         The index of the results to return.
-     * @phpstan-param class-string<T> $className
+     * @param int             $n         The index of the results to return.
+     * @param class-string<T> $className
      *
-     * @return         object|null
-     * @phpstan-return T|null
+     * @return T|null
      */
     public function getCustomRowObject(int $n, string $className)
     {
@@ -537,9 +529,9 @@ abstract protected function fetchAssoc();
     /**
      * Returns the result set as an object.
      *
-     * Overridden by child classes.
+     * @param class-string $className
      *
-     * @return Entity|false|object|stdClass
+     * @return false|object
      */
-    abstract protected function fetchObject(string $className = 'stdClass');
+    abstract protected function fetchObject(string $className = stdClass::class);
 }
diff --git a/system/Database/BaseUtils.php b/system/Database/BaseUtils.php
index 27b369c5cb7e..a9310e1d4e32 100644
--- a/system/Database/BaseUtils.php
+++ b/system/Database/BaseUtils.php
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ public function getCSVFromResult(ResultInterface $query, string $delim = ',', st
                 $line[] = $enclosure . str_replace(
                     $enclosure,
                     $enclosure . $enclosure,
-                    (string) $item
+                    (string) $item,
                 ) . $enclosure;
             }
 
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ public function getXMLFromResult(ResultInterface $query, array $params = []): st
             $xml .= $tab . '<' . $element . '>' . $newline;
 
             foreach ($row as $key => $val) {
-                $val = (! empty($val)) ? xml_convert((string) $val) : '';
+                $val = empty($val) ? '' : xml_convert((string) $val);
 
                 $xml .= $tab . $tab . '<' . $key . '>' . $val . '</' . $key . '>' . $newline;
             }
diff --git a/system/Database/Config.php b/system/Database/Config.php
index 03a0dd15743b..fcf700ee3bcb 100644
--- a/system/Database/Config.php
+++ b/system/Database/Config.php
@@ -14,12 +14,10 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Database;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use Config\Database as DbConfig;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 
 /**
- * Class Config
- *
  * @see \CodeIgniter\Database\ConfigTest
  */
 class Config extends BaseConfig
@@ -83,7 +81,9 @@ public static function connect($group = null, bool $getShared = true)
 
         $connection = static::$factory->load($config, $group);
 
-        static::$instances[$group] = $connection;
+        if ($getShared) {
+            static::$instances[$group] = $connection;
+        }
 
         return $connection;
     }
@@ -141,6 +141,8 @@ public static function seeder(?string $group = null)
 
     /**
      * Ensures the database Connection Manager/Factory is loaded and ready to use.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected static function ensureFactory()
     {
diff --git a/system/Database/ConnectionInterface.php b/system/Database/ConnectionInterface.php
index 2f1c932c461d..8e4834486261 100644
--- a/system/Database/ConnectionInterface.php
+++ b/system/Database/ConnectionInterface.php
@@ -32,16 +32,14 @@ public function initialize();
     /**
      * Connect to the database.
      *
-     * @return         false|object|resource
-     * @phpstan-return false|TConnection
+     * @return false|TConnection
      */
     public function connect(bool $persistent = false);
 
     /**
      * Create a persistent database connection.
      *
-     * @return         false|object|resource
-     * @phpstan-return false|TConnection
+     * @return false|TConnection
      */
     public function persistentConnect();
 
@@ -59,8 +57,7 @@ public function reconnect();
      * get that connection. If you pass either alias in and only a single
      * connection is present, it must return the sole connection.
      *
-     * @return         false|object|resource
-     * @phpstan-return false|TConnection
+     * @return false|TConnection
      */
     public function getConnection(?string $alias = null);
 
@@ -105,8 +102,7 @@ public function getVersion(): string;
      *
      * @param array|string|null $binds
      *
-     * @return         BaseResult|bool|Query
-     * @phpstan-return BaseResult<TConnection, TResult>|bool|Query
+     * @return BaseResult<TConnection, TResult>|bool|Query
      */
     public function query(string $sql, $binds = null);
 
@@ -115,8 +111,7 @@ public function query(string $sql, $binds = null);
      * is performed, nor are transactions handled. Simply takes a raw
      * query string and returns the database-specific result id.
      *
-     * @return         false|object|resource
-     * @phpstan-return false|TResult
+     * @return false|TResult
      */
     public function simpleQuery(string $sql);
 
@@ -144,8 +139,7 @@ public function getLastQuery();
      *
      * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
      *
-     * @return         array|float|int|string
-     * @phpstan-return ($str is array ? array : float|int|string)
+     * @return ($str is array ? array : float|int|string)
      */
     public function escape($str);
 
diff --git a/system/Database/Database.php b/system/Database/Database.php
index 23b6cd0f8d16..5582e4022db5 100644
--- a/system/Database/Database.php
+++ b/system/Database/Database.php
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ConfigException;
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\CriticalError;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 
 /**
  * Database Connection Factory
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ protected function parseDSN(array $params): array
     {
         $dsn = parse_url($params['DSN']);
 
-        if (! $dsn) {
+        if (in_array($dsn, [0, '', '0', [], false, null], true)) {
             throw new InvalidArgumentException('Your DSN connection string is invalid.');
         }
 
@@ -136,9 +136,9 @@ protected function parseDSN(array $params): array
      */
     protected function initDriver(string $driver, string $class, $argument): object
     {
-        $classname = (! str_contains($driver, '\\'))
-            ? "CodeIgniter\\Database\\{$driver}\\{$class}"
-            : $driver . '\\' . $class;
+        $classname = str_contains($driver, '\\')
+            ? $driver . '\\' . $class
+            : "CodeIgniter\\Database\\{$driver}\\{$class}";
 
         return new $classname($argument);
     }
diff --git a/system/Database/Exceptions/DataException.php b/system/Database/Exceptions/DataException.php
index 18a54171cc29..7cd9f526e6c2 100644
--- a/system/Database/Exceptions/DataException.php
+++ b/system/Database/Exceptions/DataException.php
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\DebugTraceableTrait;
-use RuntimeException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 
 class DataException extends RuntimeException implements ExceptionInterface
 {
@@ -65,21 +65,33 @@ public static function forInvalidArgument(string $argument)
         return new static(lang('Database.invalidArgument', [$argument]));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return DataException
+     */
     public static function forInvalidAllowedFields(string $model)
     {
         return new static(lang('Database.invalidAllowedFields', [$model]));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return DataException
+     */
     public static function forTableNotFound(string $table)
     {
         return new static(lang('Database.tableNotFound', [$table]));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return DataException
+     */
     public static function forEmptyInputGiven(string $argument)
     {
         return new static(lang('Database.forEmptyInputGiven', [$argument]));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return DataException
+     */
     public static function forFindColumnHaveMultipleColumns()
     {
         return new static(lang('Database.forFindColumnHaveMultipleColumns'));
diff --git a/system/Database/Exceptions/DatabaseException.php b/system/Database/Exceptions/DatabaseException.php
index cdb8e22832ec..77b170e0b407 100644
--- a/system/Database/Exceptions/DatabaseException.php
+++ b/system/Database/Exceptions/DatabaseException.php
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\HasExitCodeInterface;
-use Error;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 
-class DatabaseException extends Error implements ExceptionInterface, HasExitCodeInterface
+class DatabaseException extends RuntimeException implements ExceptionInterface, HasExitCodeInterface
 {
     public function getExitCode(): int
     {
diff --git a/system/Database/Forge.php b/system/Database/Forge.php
index 06044f72b58e..f6eb617fd389 100644
--- a/system/Database/Forge.php
+++ b/system/Database/Forge.php
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Database;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
-use RuntimeException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use Throwable;
 
 /**
@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@ class Forge
     protected $db;
 
     /**
-     * List of fields.
+     * List of fields in the form `[name => attributes]`
      *
-     * @var array<string, array|string> [name => attributes]
+     * @var array<string, array<string, bool|string>|string>
      */
     protected $fields = [];
 
@@ -234,8 +234,8 @@ public function createDatabase(string $dbName, bool $ifNotExists = false): bool
                     $ifNotExists ? $this->createDatabaseIfStr : $this->createDatabaseStr,
                     $this->db->escapeIdentifier($dbName),
                     $this->db->charset,
-                    $this->db->DBCollat
-                )
+                    $this->db->DBCollat,
+                ),
             )) {
                 // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
                 if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ public function dropDatabase(string $dbName): bool
         }
 
         if (! $this->db->query(
-            sprintf($this->dropDatabaseStr, $this->db->escapeIdentifier($dbName))
+            sprintf($this->dropDatabaseStr, $this->db->escapeIdentifier($dbName)),
         )) {
             if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
                 throw new DatabaseException('Unable to drop the specified database.');
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ public function dropDatabase(string $dbName): bool
             $key = array_search(
                 strtolower($dbName),
                 array_map(strtolower(...), $this->db->dataCache['db_names']),
-                true
+                true,
             );
             if ($key !== false) {
                 unset($this->db->dataCache['db_names'][$key]);
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ public function addForeignKey(
         $tableField = '',
         string $onUpdate = '',
         string $onDelete = '',
-        string $fkName = ''
+        string $fkName = '',
     ): Forge {
         $fieldName  = (array) $fieldName;
         $tableField = (array) $tableField;
@@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ public function dropForeignKey(string $table, string $foreignName)
         $sql = sprintf(
             (string) $this->dropConstraintStr,
             $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->db->DBPrefix . $table),
-            $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($foreignName)
+            $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($foreignName),
         );
 
         if ($sql === '') {
@@ -618,7 +618,7 @@ protected function _createTable(string $table, bool $ifNotExists, array $attribu
             'CREATE TABLE',
             $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($table),
             $processedFields,
-            $this->_createTableAttributes($attributes)
+            $this->_createTableAttributes($attributes),
         );
     }
 
@@ -650,7 +650,7 @@ public function dropTable(string $tableName, bool $ifExists = false, bool $casca
             return false;
         }
 
-        if ($this->db->DBPrefix && str_starts_with($tableName, $this->db->DBPrefix)) {
+        if ($this->db->DBPrefix !== '' && str_starts_with($tableName, $this->db->DBPrefix)) {
             $tableName = substr($tableName, strlen($this->db->DBPrefix));
         }
 
@@ -668,7 +668,7 @@ public function dropTable(string $tableName, bool $ifExists = false, bool $casca
             $key = array_search(
                 strtolower($this->db->DBPrefix . $tableName),
                 array_map(strtolower(...), $this->db->dataCache['table_names']),
-                true
+                true,
             );
 
             if ($key !== false) {
@@ -723,14 +723,14 @@ public function renameTable(string $tableName, string $newTableName)
         $result = $this->db->query(sprintf(
             $this->renameTableStr,
             $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->db->DBPrefix . $tableName),
-            $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->db->DBPrefix . $newTableName)
+            $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->db->DBPrefix . $newTableName),
         ));
 
         if ($result && ! empty($this->db->dataCache['table_names'])) {
             $key = array_search(
                 strtolower($this->db->DBPrefix . $tableName),
                 array_map(strtolower(...), $this->db->dataCache['table_names']),
-                true
+                true,
             );
 
             if ($key !== false) {
@@ -778,7 +778,7 @@ public function addColumn(string $table, $fields): bool
     }
 
     /**
-     * @param array|string $columnNames column names to DROP
+     * @param list<string>|string $columnNames column names to DROP
      *
      * @return bool
      *
@@ -846,8 +846,7 @@ public function modifyColumn(string $table, $fields): bool
      * @param array|string          $processedFields Processed column definitions
      *                                               or column names to DROP
      *
-     * @return         false|list<string>|string|null                            SQL string
-     * @phpstan-return ($alterType is 'DROP' ? string : list<string>|false|null)
+     * @return ($alterType is 'DROP' ? string : false|list<string>|null)
      */
     protected function _alterTable(string $alterType, string $table, $processedFields)
     {
@@ -861,7 +860,7 @@ protected function _alterTable(string $alterType, string $table, $processedField
                 $columnNamesToDrop = explode(',', $columnNamesToDrop);
             }
 
-            $columnNamesToDrop = array_map(fn ($field) => 'DROP COLUMN ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers(trim($field)), $columnNamesToDrop);
+            $columnNamesToDrop = array_map(fn ($field): string => 'DROP COLUMN ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers(trim($field)), $columnNamesToDrop);
 
             return $sql . implode(', ', $columnNamesToDrop);
         }
@@ -984,6 +983,8 @@ protected function _processColumn(array $processedField): string
 
     /**
      * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function _attributeType(array &$attributes)
     {
@@ -999,6 +1000,8 @@ protected function _attributeType(array &$attributes)
      *        if $attributes['TYPE'] is found in the array
      *    - array(TYPE => UTYPE) will change $field['type'],
      *        from TYPE to UTYPE in case of a match
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function _attributeUnsigned(array &$attributes, array &$field)
     {
@@ -1030,6 +1033,9 @@ protected function _attributeUnsigned(array &$attributes, array &$field)
         $field['unsigned'] = ($this->unsigned === true) ? ' UNSIGNED' : '';
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return void
+     */
     protected function _attributeDefault(array &$attributes, array &$field)
     {
         if ($this->default === false) {
@@ -1051,6 +1057,9 @@ protected function _attributeDefault(array &$attributes, array &$field)
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return void
+     */
     protected function _attributeUnique(array &$attributes, array &$field)
     {
         if (! empty($attributes['UNIQUE']) && $attributes['UNIQUE'] === true) {
@@ -1058,10 +1067,13 @@ protected function _attributeUnique(array &$attributes, array &$field)
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return void
+     */
     protected function _attributeAutoIncrement(array &$attributes, array &$field)
     {
         if (! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === true
-            && stripos($field['type'], 'int') !== false
+            && str_contains(strtolower($field['type']), 'int')
         ) {
             $field['auto_increment'] = ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
         }
@@ -1108,10 +1120,12 @@ public function processIndexes(string $table): bool
         $fk   = $this->foreignKeys;
 
         if ($this->fields === []) {
-            $this->fields = array_flip(array_map(
-                static fn ($columnName) => $columnName->name,
-                $this->db->getFieldData($this->db->DBPrefix . $table)
-            ));
+            $fieldData = $this->db->getFieldData($this->db->DBPrefix . $table);
+
+            $this->fields = array_combine(
+                array_map(static fn ($columnName) => $columnName->name, $fieldData),
+                array_fill(0, count($fieldData), []),
+            );
         }
 
         $fields = $this->fields;
@@ -1252,6 +1266,8 @@ protected function _processForeignKeys(string $table, bool $asQuery = false): ar
 
     /**
      * Resets table creation vars
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function reset()
     {
diff --git a/system/Database/Migration.php b/system/Database/Migration.php
index ca9e5e0cf266..f3a1dc457629 100644
--- a/system/Database/Migration.php
+++ b/system/Database/Migration.php
@@ -64,11 +64,15 @@ public function getDBGroup(): ?string
 
     /**
      * Perform a migration step.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     abstract public function up();
 
     /**
      * Revert a migration step.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     abstract public function down();
 }
diff --git a/system/Database/MigrationRunner.php b/system/Database/MigrationRunner.php
index cf736171a7cf..01c4e5ff64ad 100644
--- a/system/Database/MigrationRunner.php
+++ b/system/Database/MigrationRunner.php
@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@
 use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
 use CodeIgniter\Events\Events;
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ConfigException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
 use Config\Database;
 use Config\Migrations as MigrationsConfig;
-use RuntimeException;
 use stdClass;
 
 /**
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class MigrationRunner
      *
      * @var string|null
      */
-    protected $namespace;
+    protected $namespace = APP_NAMESPACE;
 
     /**
      * The database Group to migrate.
@@ -136,8 +136,6 @@ public function __construct(MigrationsConfig $config, $db = null)
         $this->enabled = $config->enabled ?? false;
         $this->table   = $config->table ?? 'migrations';
 
-        $this->namespace = APP_NAMESPACE;
-
         // Even if a DB connection is passed, since it is a test,
         // it is assumed to use the default group name
         $this->group = is_string($db) ? $db : config(Database::class)->defaultGroup;
@@ -317,6 +315,8 @@ public function regress(int $targetBatch = 0, ?string $group = null)
      *
      * @param string $path Full path to a valid migration file
      * @param string $path Namespace of the target migration
+     *
+     * @return bool
      */
     public function force(string $path, string $namespace, ?string $group = null)
     {
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ public function force(string $path, string $namespace, ?string $group = null)
      */
     public function findMigrations(): array
     {
-        $namespaces = $this->namespace ? [$this->namespace] : array_keys(service('autoloader')->getNamespace());
+        $namespaces = $this->namespace !== null ? [$this->namespace] : array_keys(service('autoloader')->getNamespace());
         $migrations = [];
 
         foreach ($namespaces as $namespace) {
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ protected function migrationFromFile(string $path, string $namespace)
 
         $filename = basename($path, '.php');
 
-        if (! preg_match($this->regex, $filename)) {
+        if (preg_match($this->regex, $filename) !== 1) {
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ protected function getMigrationNumber(string $migration): string
     {
         preg_match($this->regex, $migration, $matches);
 
-        return count($matches) ? $matches[1] : '0';
+        return $matches !== [] ? $matches[1] : '0';
     }
 
     /**
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ protected function getMigrationName(string $migration): string
     {
         preg_match($this->regex, $migration, $matches);
 
-        return count($matches) ? $matches[2] : '';
+        return $matches !== [] ? $matches[2] : '';
     }
 
     /**
@@ -575,6 +575,8 @@ public function clearCliMessages()
 
     /**
      * Truncates the history table.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function clearHistory()
     {
@@ -587,6 +589,8 @@ public function clearHistory()
      * Add a history to the table.
      *
      * @param object $migration
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function addHistory($migration, int $batch)
     {
@@ -605,7 +609,7 @@ protected function addHistory($migration, int $batch)
                 CLI::color(lang('Migrations.added'), 'yellow'),
                 $migration->namespace,
                 $migration->version,
-                $migration->class
+                $migration->class,
             );
         }
     }
@@ -614,6 +618,8 @@ protected function addHistory($migration, int $batch)
      * Removes a single history
      *
      * @param object $history
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function removeHistory($history)
     {
@@ -625,7 +631,7 @@ protected function removeHistory($history)
                 CLI::color(lang('Migrations.removed'), 'yellow'),
                 $history->namespace,
                 $history->version,
-                $history->class
+                $history->class,
             );
         }
     }
@@ -645,13 +651,13 @@ public function getHistory(string $group = 'default'): array
         }
 
         // If a namespace was specified then use it
-        if ($this->namespace) {
+        if ($this->namespace !== null) {
             $builder->where('namespace', $this->namespace);
         }
 
         $query = $builder->orderBy('id', 'ASC')->get();
 
-        return ! empty($query) ? $query->getResultObject() : [];
+        return empty($query) ? [] : $query->getResultObject();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -668,7 +674,7 @@ public function getBatchHistory(int $batch, $order = 'asc'): array
             ->orderBy('id', $order)
             ->get();
 
-        return ! empty($query) ? $query->getResultObject() : [];
+        return empty($query) ? [] : $query->getResultObject();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -700,7 +706,7 @@ public function getLastBatch(): int
             ->get()
             ->getResultObject();
 
-        $batch = is_array($batch) && count($batch)
+        $batch = is_array($batch) && $batch !== []
             ? end($batch)->batch
             : 0;
 
@@ -725,7 +731,7 @@ public function getBatchStart(int $batch): string
             ->get()
             ->getResultObject();
 
-        return count($migration) ? $migration[0]->version : '0';
+        return $migration !== [] ? $migration[0]->version : '0';
     }
 
     /**
@@ -752,6 +758,8 @@ public function getBatchEnd(int $batch): string
     /**
      * Ensures that we have created our migrations table
      * in the database.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function ensureTable()
     {
diff --git a/system/Database/MySQLi/Builder.php b/system/Database/MySQLi/Builder.php
index 81434bc3645d..a9e248fc4584 100644
--- a/system/Database/MySQLi/Builder.php
+++ b/system/Database/MySQLi/Builder.php
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class Builder extends BaseBuilder
      * Specifies which sql statements
      * support the ignore option.
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var array<string, string>
      */
     protected $supportedIgnoreStatements = [
         'update' => 'IGNORE',
@@ -106,8 +106,8 @@ protected function _updateBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
                         )
                     ),
                     array_keys($constraints),
-                    $constraints
-                )
+                    $constraints,
+                ),
             ) . "\n";
 
             $sql .= "SET\n";
@@ -115,12 +115,12 @@ protected function _updateBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
             $sql .= implode(
                 ",\n",
                 array_map(
-                    static fn ($key, $value) => $table . '.' . $key . ($value instanceof RawSql ?
+                    static fn ($key, $value): string => $table . '.' . $key . ($value instanceof RawSql ?
                         ' = ' . $value :
                         ' = ' . $alias . '.' . $value),
                     array_keys($updateFields),
-                    $updateFields
-                )
+                    $updateFields,
+                ),
             );
 
             $this->QBOptions['sql'] = $sql;
@@ -132,13 +132,13 @@ protected function _updateBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
             $data = implode(
                 " UNION ALL\n",
                 array_map(
-                    static fn ($value) => 'SELECT ' . implode(', ', array_map(
-                        static fn ($key, $index) => $index . ' ' . $key,
+                    static fn ($value): string => 'SELECT ' . implode(', ', array_map(
+                        static fn ($key, $index): string => $index . ' ' . $key,
                         $keys,
-                        $value
+                        $value,
                     )),
-                    $values
-                )
+                    $values,
+                ),
             ) . "\n";
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Database/MySQLi/Connection.php b/system/Database/MySQLi/Connection.php
index b1095003e286..a1c0dcce8479 100644
--- a/system/Database/MySQLi/Connection.php
+++ b/system/Database/MySQLi/Connection.php
@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnection;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
-use LogicException;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\TableName;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\LogicException;
 use mysqli;
 use mysqli_result;
 use mysqli_sql_exception;
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ class Connection extends BaseConnection
     /**
      * MySQLi object
      *
-     * Has to be preserved without being assigned to $conn_id.
+     * Has to be preserved without being assigned to $connId.
      *
      * @var false|mysqli
      */
@@ -81,6 +82,16 @@ class Connection extends BaseConnection
      */
     public $numberNative = false;
 
+    /**
+     * Use MYSQLI_CLIENT_FOUND_ROWS
+     *
+     * Whether affectedRows() should return number of rows found,
+     * or number of rows changed, after an UPDATE query.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public $foundRows = false;
+
     /**
      * Connect to the database.
      *
@@ -112,11 +123,11 @@ public function connect(bool $persistent = false)
             $this->mysqli->options(MYSQLI_OPT_INT_AND_FLOAT_NATIVE, 1);
         }
 
-        if (isset($this->strictOn)) {
+        if ($this->strictOn !== null) {
             if ($this->strictOn) {
                 $this->mysqli->options(
                     MYSQLI_INIT_COMMAND,
-                    "SET SESSION sql_mode = CONCAT(@@sql_mode, ',', 'STRICT_ALL_TABLES')"
+                    "SET SESSION sql_mode = CONCAT(@@sql_mode, ',', 'STRICT_ALL_TABLES')",
                 );
             } else {
                 $this->mysqli->options(
@@ -128,7 +139,7 @@ public function connect(bool $persistent = false)
                                 'STRICT_ALL_TABLES', ''),
                             'STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,', ''),
                         ',STRICT_TRANS_TABLES', ''),
-                    'STRICT_TRANS_TABLES', '')"
+                    'STRICT_TRANS_TABLES', '')",
                 );
             }
         }
@@ -175,13 +186,17 @@ public function connect(bool $persistent = false)
                     $ssl['cert'] ?? null,
                     $ssl['ca'] ?? null,
                     $ssl['capath'] ?? null,
-                    $ssl['cipher'] ?? null
+                    $ssl['cipher'] ?? null,
                 );
             }
 
             $clientFlags += MYSQLI_CLIENT_SSL;
         }
 
+        if ($this->foundRows) {
+            $clientFlags += MYSQLI_CLIENT_FOUND_ROWS;
+        }
+
         try {
             if ($this->mysqli->real_connect(
                 $hostname,
@@ -190,10 +205,10 @@ public function connect(bool $persistent = false)
                 $this->database,
                 $port,
                 $socket,
-                $clientFlags
+                $clientFlags,
             )) {
                 // Prior to version 5.7.3, MySQL silently downgrades to an unencrypted connection if SSL setup fails
-                if (($clientFlags & MYSQLI_CLIENT_SSL) && version_compare($this->mysqli->client_info, 'mysqlnd 5.7.3', '<=')
+                if (($clientFlags & MYSQLI_CLIENT_SSL) !== 0 && version_compare($this->mysqli->client_info, 'mysqlnd 5.7.3', '<=')
                     && empty($this->mysqli->query("SHOW STATUS LIKE 'ssl_cipher'")->fetch_object()->Value)
                 ) {
                     $this->mysqli->close();
@@ -297,7 +312,7 @@ public function getVersion(): string
     /**
      * Executes the query against the database.
      *
-     * @return false|mysqli_result;
+     * @return false|mysqli_result
      */
     protected function execute(string $sql)
     {
@@ -381,7 +396,7 @@ public function escapeLikeStringDirect($str)
         return str_replace(
             [$this->likeEscapeChar, '%', '_'],
             ['\\' . $this->likeEscapeChar, '\\%', '\\_'],
-            $str
+            $str,
         );
     }
 
@@ -395,7 +410,7 @@ protected function _listTables(bool $prefixLimit = false, ?string $tableName = n
     {
         $sql = 'SHOW TABLES FROM ' . $this->escapeIdentifier($this->database);
 
-        if ($tableName !== null) {
+        if ((string) $tableName !== '') {
             return $sql . ' LIKE ' . $this->escape($tableName);
         }
 
@@ -408,10 +423,19 @@ protected function _listTables(bool $prefixLimit = false, ?string $tableName = n
 
     /**
      * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched.
+     *
+     * @param string|TableName $table
      */
-    protected function _listColumns(string $table = ''): string
+    protected function _listColumns($table = ''): string
     {
-        return 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM ' . $this->protectIdentifiers($table, true, null, false);
+        $tableName = $this->protectIdentifiers(
+            $table,
+            true,
+            null,
+            false,
+        );
+
+        return 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM ' . $tableName;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -462,7 +486,9 @@ protected function _indexData(string $table): array
             throw new DatabaseException(lang('Database.failGetIndexData'));
         }
 
-        if (! $indexes = $query->getResultArray()) {
+        $indexes = $query->getResultArray();
+
+        if ($indexes === []) {
             return [];
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Database/MySQLi/Forge.php b/system/Database/MySQLi/Forge.php
index 3bde0c518daf..9482f7e2329a 100644
--- a/system/Database/MySQLi/Forge.php
+++ b/system/Database/MySQLi/Forge.php
@@ -116,11 +116,11 @@ protected function _createTableAttributes(array $attributes): string
             }
         }
 
-        if ($this->db->charset !== '' && ! strpos($sql, 'CHARACTER SET') && ! strpos($sql, 'CHARSET')) {
+        if ($this->db->charset !== '' && ! str_contains($sql, 'CHARACTER SET') && ! str_contains($sql, 'CHARSET')) {
             $sql .= ' DEFAULT CHARACTER SET = ' . $this->db->escapeString($this->db->charset);
         }
 
-        if ($this->db->DBCollat !== '' && ! strpos($sql, 'COLLATE')) {
+        if ($this->db->DBCollat !== '' && ! str_contains($sql, 'COLLATE')) {
             $sql .= ' COLLATE = ' . $this->db->escapeString($this->db->DBCollat);
         }
 
@@ -135,8 +135,7 @@ protected function _createTableAttributes(array $attributes): string
      * @param array|string $processedFields Processed column definitions
      *                                      or column names to DROP
      *
-     * @return         list<string>|string                            SQL string
-     * @phpstan-return ($alterType is 'DROP' ? string : list<string>)
+     * @return ($alterType is 'DROP' ? string : list<string>)
      */
     protected function _alterTable(string $alterType, string $table, $processedFields)
     {
@@ -258,7 +257,7 @@ public function dropPrimaryKey(string $table, string $keyName = ''): bool
     {
         $sql = sprintf(
             'ALTER TABLE %s DROP PRIMARY KEY',
-            $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->db->DBPrefix . $table)
+            $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->db->DBPrefix . $table),
         );
 
         return $this->db->query($sql);
diff --git a/system/Database/MySQLi/PreparedQuery.php b/system/Database/MySQLi/PreparedQuery.php
index e9a6c6d10e30..05ef5f151b7b 100644
--- a/system/Database/MySQLi/PreparedQuery.php
+++ b/system/Database/MySQLi/PreparedQuery.php
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Database\MySQLi;
 
-use BadMethodCallException;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\BasePreparedQuery;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\BadMethodCallException;
 use mysqli;
 use mysqli_result;
 use mysqli_sql_exception;
@@ -66,15 +66,19 @@ public function _execute(array $data): bool
             throw new BadMethodCallException('You must call prepare before trying to execute a prepared statement.');
         }
 
-        // First off -bind the parameters
-        $bindTypes = '';
+        // First off - bind the parameters
+        $bindTypes  = '';
+        $binaryData = [];
 
         // Determine the type string
-        foreach ($data as $item) {
+        foreach ($data as $key => $item) {
             if (is_int($item)) {
                 $bindTypes .= 'i';
             } elseif (is_numeric($item)) {
                 $bindTypes .= 'd';
+            } elseif (is_string($item) && $this->isBinary($item)) {
+                $bindTypes .= 'b';
+                $binaryData[$key] = $item;
             } else {
                 $bindTypes .= 's';
             }
@@ -83,6 +87,11 @@ public function _execute(array $data): bool
         // Bind it
         $this->statement->bind_param($bindTypes, ...$data);
 
+        // Stream binary data
+        foreach ($binaryData as $key => $value) {
+            $this->statement->send_long_data($key, $value);
+        }
+
         try {
             return $this->statement->execute();
         } catch (mysqli_sql_exception $e) {
diff --git a/system/Database/OCI8/Builder.php b/system/Database/OCI8/Builder.php
index 24a6bb53b07c..2e62b3121cbd 100644
--- a/system/Database/OCI8/Builder.php
+++ b/system/Database/OCI8/Builder.php
@@ -48,16 +48,6 @@ class Builder extends BaseBuilder
      */
     protected $countString = 'SELECT COUNT(1) ';
 
-    /**
-     * Limit used flag
-     *
-     * If we use LIMIT, we'll add a field that will
-     * throw off num_fields later.
-     *
-     * @var bool
-     */
-    protected $limitUsed = false;
-
     /**
      * A reference to the database connection.
      *
@@ -89,13 +79,13 @@ protected function _insertBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
             $data = implode(
                 " FROM DUAL UNION ALL\n",
                 array_map(
-                    static fn ($value) => 'SELECT ' . implode(', ', array_map(
-                        static fn ($key, $index) => $index . ' ' . $key,
+                    static fn ($value): string => 'SELECT ' . implode(', ', array_map(
+                        static fn ($key, $index): string => $index . ' ' . $key,
                         $keys,
-                        $value
+                        $value,
                     )),
-                    $values
-                )
+                    $values,
+                ),
             ) . " FROM DUAL\n";
         }
 
@@ -107,7 +97,7 @@ protected function _insertBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
      */
     protected function _replace(string $table, array $keys, array $values): string
     {
-        $fieldNames = array_map(static fn ($columnName) => trim($columnName, '"'), $keys);
+        $fieldNames = array_map(static fn ($columnName): string => trim($columnName, '"'), $keys);
 
         $uniqueIndexes = array_filter($this->db->getIndexData($table), static function ($index) use ($fieldNames): bool {
             $hasAllFields = count(array_intersect($index->fields, $fieldNames)) === count($index->fields);
@@ -126,7 +116,7 @@ protected function _replace(string $table, array $keys, array $values): string
 
         $sql = 'MERGE INTO ' . $table . "\n USING (SELECT ";
 
-        $sql .= implode(', ', array_map(static fn ($columnName, $value) => $value . ' ' . $columnName, $keys, $values));
+        $sql .= implode(', ', array_map(static fn ($columnName, $value): string => $value . ' ' . $columnName, $keys, $values));
 
         $sql .= ' FROM DUAL) "_replace" ON ( ';
 
@@ -134,16 +124,16 @@ protected function _replace(string $table, array $keys, array $values): string
         $onList[] = '1 != 1';
 
         foreach ($uniqueIndexes as $index) {
-            $onList[] = '(' . implode(' AND ', array_map(static fn ($columnName) => $table . '."' . $columnName . '" = "_replace"."' . $columnName . '"', $index->fields)) . ')';
+            $onList[] = '(' . implode(' AND ', array_map(static fn ($columnName): string => $table . '."' . $columnName . '" = "_replace"."' . $columnName . '"', $index->fields)) . ')';
         }
 
         $sql .= implode(' OR ', $onList) . ') WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET ';
 
-        $sql .= implode(', ', array_map(static fn ($columnName) => $columnName . ' = "_replace".' . $columnName, $replaceableFields));
+        $sql .= implode(', ', array_map(static fn ($columnName): string => $columnName . ' = "_replace".' . $columnName, $replaceableFields));
 
         $sql .= ' WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (' . implode(', ', $replaceableFields) . ') VALUES ';
 
-        return $sql . (' (' . implode(', ', array_map(static fn ($columnName) => '"_replace".' . $columnName, $replaceableFields)) . ')');
+        return $sql . (' (' . implode(', ', array_map(static fn ($columnName): string => '"_replace".' . $columnName, $replaceableFields)) . ')');
     }
 
     /**
@@ -214,28 +204,13 @@ protected function _update(string $table, array $values): string
     protected function _limit(string $sql, bool $offsetIgnore = false): string
     {
         $offset = (int) ($offsetIgnore === false ? $this->QBOffset : 0);
-        if (version_compare($this->db->getVersion(), '12.1', '>=')) {
-            // OFFSET-FETCH can be used only with the ORDER BY clause
-            if (empty($this->QBOrderBy)) {
-                $sql .= ' ORDER BY 1';
-            }
 
-            return $sql . ' OFFSET ' . $offset . ' ROWS FETCH NEXT ' . $this->QBLimit . ' ROWS ONLY';
+        // OFFSET-FETCH can be used only with the ORDER BY clause
+        if (empty($this->QBOrderBy)) {
+            $sql .= ' ORDER BY 1';
         }
 
-        $this->limitUsed    = true;
-        $limitTemplateQuery = 'SELECT * FROM (SELECT INNER_QUERY.*, ROWNUM RNUM FROM (%s) INNER_QUERY WHERE ROWNUM < %d)' . ($offset !== 0 ? ' WHERE RNUM >= %d' : '');
-
-        return sprintf($limitTemplateQuery, $sql, $offset + $this->QBLimit + 1, $offset);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Resets the query builder values.  Called by the get() function
-     */
-    protected function resetSelect()
-    {
-        $this->limitUsed = false;
-        parent::resetSelect();
+        return $sql . ' OFFSET ' . $offset . ' ROWS FETCH NEXT ' . $this->QBLimit . ' ROWS ONLY';
     }
 
     /**
@@ -287,8 +262,8 @@ protected function _updateBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
                         )
                     ),
                     array_keys($constraints),
-                    $constraints
-                )
+                    $constraints,
+                ),
             ) . ")\n";
 
             $sql .= "WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE\n";
@@ -298,12 +273,12 @@ protected function _updateBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
             $sql .= implode(
                 ",\n",
                 array_map(
-                    static fn ($key, $value) => $table . '.' . $key . ($value instanceof RawSql ?
+                    static fn ($key, $value): string => $table . '.' . $key . ($value instanceof RawSql ?
                     ' = ' . $value :
                     ' = ' . $alias . '.' . $value),
                     array_keys($updateFields),
-                    $updateFields
-                )
+                    $updateFields,
+                ),
             );
 
             $this->QBOptions['sql'] = $sql;
@@ -315,13 +290,13 @@ protected function _updateBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
             $data = implode(
                 " UNION ALL\n",
                 array_map(
-                    static fn ($value) => 'SELECT ' . implode(', ', array_map(
-                        static fn ($key, $index) => $index . ' ' . $key,
+                    static fn ($value): string => 'SELECT ' . implode(', ', array_map(
+                        static fn ($key, $index): string => $index . ' ' . $key,
                         $keys,
-                        $value
+                        $value,
                     )) . ' FROM DUAL',
-                    $values
-                )
+                    $values,
+                ),
             ) . "\n";
         }
 
@@ -342,7 +317,7 @@ protected function _upsertBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
             $constraints = $this->QBOptions['constraints'] ?? [];
 
             if (empty($constraints)) {
-                $fieldNames = array_map(static fn ($columnName) => trim($columnName, '"'), $keys);
+                $fieldNames = array_map(static fn ($columnName): string => trim($columnName, '"'), $keys);
 
                 $uniqueIndexes = array_filter($this->db->getIndexData($table), static function ($index) use ($fieldNames): bool {
                     $hasAllFields = count(array_intersect($index->fields, $fieldNames)) === count($index->fields);
@@ -392,8 +367,8 @@ protected function _upsertBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
                         )
                     ),
                     array_keys($constraints),
-                    $constraints
-                )
+                    $constraints,
+                ),
             ) . ")\n";
 
             $sql .= "WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET\n";
@@ -401,18 +376,18 @@ protected function _upsertBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
             $sql .= implode(
                 ",\n",
                 array_map(
-                    static fn ($key, $value) => $key . ($value instanceof RawSql ?
+                    static fn ($key, $value): string => $key . ($value instanceof RawSql ?
                     " = {$value}" :
                     " = {$alias}.{$value}"),
                     array_keys($updateFields),
-                    $updateFields
-                )
+                    $updateFields,
+                ),
             );
 
             $sql .= "\nWHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (" . implode(', ', $keys) . ")\nVALUES ";
 
             $sql .= (' ('
-                . implode(', ', array_map(static fn ($columnName) => "{$alias}.{$columnName}", $keys))
+                . implode(', ', array_map(static fn ($columnName): string => "{$alias}.{$columnName}", $keys))
                 . ')');
 
             $this->QBOptions['sql'] = $sql;
@@ -424,13 +399,13 @@ protected function _upsertBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
             $data = implode(
                 " FROM DUAL UNION ALL\n",
                 array_map(
-                    static fn ($value) => 'SELECT ' . implode(', ', array_map(
-                        static fn ($key, $index) => $index . ' ' . $key,
+                    static fn ($value): string => 'SELECT ' . implode(', ', array_map(
+                        static fn ($key, $index): string => $index . ' ' . $key,
                         $keys,
-                        $value
+                        $value,
                     )),
-                    $values
-                )
+                    $values,
+                ),
             ) . " FROM DUAL\n";
         }
 
@@ -477,8 +452,8 @@ protected function _deleteBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
                         )
                     ),
                     array_keys($constraints),
-                    $constraints
-                )
+                    $constraints,
+                ),
             );
 
             // convert binds in where
@@ -491,7 +466,7 @@ protected function _deleteBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
             $sql .= ' ' . str_replace(
                 'WHERE ',
                 'AND ',
-                $this->compileWhereHaving('QBWhere')
+                $this->compileWhereHaving('QBWhere'),
             ) . ')';
 
             $this->QBOptions['sql'] = $sql;
@@ -503,13 +478,13 @@ protected function _deleteBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
             $data = implode(
                 " FROM DUAL UNION ALL\n",
                 array_map(
-                    static fn ($value) => 'SELECT ' . implode(', ', array_map(
-                        static fn ($key, $index) => $index . ' ' . $key,
+                    static fn ($value): string => 'SELECT ' . implode(', ', array_map(
+                        static fn ($key, $index): string => $index . ' ' . $key,
                         $keys,
-                        $value
+                        $value,
                     )),
-                    $values
-                )
+                    $values,
+                ),
             ) . " FROM DUAL\n";
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Database/OCI8/Connection.php b/system/Database/OCI8/Connection.php
index c59d588ccec1..796b412982a9 100644
--- a/system/Database/OCI8/Connection.php
+++ b/system/Database/OCI8/Connection.php
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnection;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Query;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\TableName;
 use ErrorException;
 use stdClass;
 
@@ -192,9 +193,14 @@ public function getVersion(): string
             return $this->dataCache['version'];
         }
 
-        if (! $this->connID || ($versionString = oci_server_version($this->connID)) === false) {
+        if ($this->connID === false) {
+            $this->initialize();
+        }
+
+        if (($versionString = oci_server_version($this->connID)) === false) {
             return '';
         }
+
         if (preg_match('#Release\s(\d+(?:\.\d+)+)#', $versionString, $match)) {
             return $this->dataCache['version'] = $match[1];
         }
@@ -284,18 +290,25 @@ protected function _listTables(bool $prefixLimit = false, ?string $tableName = n
 
     /**
      * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched.
+     *
+     * @param string|TableName $table
      */
-    protected function _listColumns(string $table = ''): string
+    protected function _listColumns($table = ''): string
     {
-        if (str_contains($table, '.')) {
-            sscanf($table, '%[^.].%s', $owner, $table);
+        if ($table instanceof TableName) {
+            $tableName = $this->escape(strtoupper($table->getActualTableName()));
+            $owner     = $this->username;
+        } elseif (str_contains($table, '.')) {
+            sscanf($table, '%[^.].%s', $owner, $tableName);
+            $tableName = $this->escape(strtoupper($this->DBPrefix . $tableName));
         } else {
-            $owner = $this->username;
+            $owner     = $this->username;
+            $tableName = $this->escape(strtoupper($this->DBPrefix . $table));
         }
 
         return 'SELECT COLUMN_NAME FROM ALL_TAB_COLUMNS
 			WHERE UPPER(OWNER) = ' . $this->escape(strtoupper($owner)) . '
-				AND UPPER(TABLE_NAME) = ' . $this->escape(strtoupper($this->DBPrefix . $table));
+				AND UPPER(TABLE_NAME) = ' . $tableName;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -336,12 +349,25 @@ protected function _fieldData(string $table): array
             $retval[$i]->max_length = $length;
 
             $retval[$i]->nullable = $query[$i]->NULLABLE === 'Y';
-            $retval[$i]->default  = $query[$i]->DATA_DEFAULT;
+            $retval[$i]->default  = $this->normalizeDefault($query[$i]->DATA_DEFAULT);
         }
 
         return $retval;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Removes trailing whitespace from default values
+     * returned in database column metadata queries.
+     */
+    private function normalizeDefault(?string $default): ?string
+    {
+        if ($default === null) {
+            return $default;
+        }
+
+        return rtrim($default);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Returns an array of objects with index data
      *
@@ -523,7 +549,7 @@ public function storedProcedure(string $procedureName, array $params)
         $sql = sprintf(
             'BEGIN %s (' . substr(str_repeat(',%s', count($params)), 1) . '); END;',
             $procedureName,
-            ...array_map(static fn ($row) => $row['name'], $params)
+            ...array_map(static fn ($row) => $row['name'], $params),
         );
 
         $this->resetStmtId = false;
@@ -554,7 +580,7 @@ protected function bindParams($params)
                 $param['name'],
                 $param['value'],
                 $param['length'] ?? -1,
-                $param['type'] ?? SQLT_CHR
+                $param['type'] ?? SQLT_CHR,
             );
         }
     }
diff --git a/system/Database/OCI8/Forge.php b/system/Database/OCI8/Forge.php
index 7d81cff8b506..8f71169115ce 100644
--- a/system/Database/OCI8/Forge.php
+++ b/system/Database/OCI8/Forge.php
@@ -100,8 +100,7 @@ class Forge extends BaseForge
      * @param array|string $processedFields Processed column definitions
      *                                      or column names to DROP
      *
-     * @return         list<string>|string                            SQL string
-     * @phpstan-return ($alterType is 'DROP' ? string : list<string>)
+     * @return ($alterType is 'DROP' ? string : list<string>)
      */
     protected function _alterTable(string $alterType, string $table, $processedFields)
     {
@@ -112,7 +111,7 @@ protected function _alterTable(string $alterType, string $table, $processedField
 
             $fields = array_map(
                 fn ($field) => $this->db->escapeIdentifiers(trim($field)),
-                is_string($columnNamesToDrop) ? explode(',', $columnNamesToDrop) : $columnNamesToDrop
+                is_string($columnNamesToDrop) ? explode(',', $columnNamesToDrop) : $columnNamesToDrop,
             );
 
             return $sql . ' DROP (' . implode(',', $fields) . ') CASCADE CONSTRAINT INVALIDATE';
@@ -184,7 +183,7 @@ protected function _alterTable(string $alterType, string $table, $processedField
     protected function _attributeAutoIncrement(array &$attributes, array &$field)
     {
         if (! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === true
-            && stripos($field['type'], 'NUMBER') !== false
+            && str_contains(strtolower($field['type']), 'number')
             && version_compare($this->db->getVersion(), '12.1', '>=')
         ) {
             $field['auto_increment'] = ' GENERATED BY DEFAULT ON NULL AS IDENTITY';
diff --git a/system/Database/OCI8/PreparedQuery.php b/system/Database/OCI8/PreparedQuery.php
index feffc3be50b5..390ed938fc1c 100644
--- a/system/Database/OCI8/PreparedQuery.php
+++ b/system/Database/OCI8/PreparedQuery.php
@@ -13,9 +13,10 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Database\OCI8;
 
-use BadMethodCallException;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\BasePreparedQuery;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\BadMethodCallException;
+use OCILob;
 
 /**
  * Prepared query for OCI8
@@ -73,12 +74,24 @@ public function _execute(array $data): bool
             throw new BadMethodCallException('You must call prepare before trying to execute a prepared statement.');
         }
 
+        $binaryData = null;
+
         foreach (array_keys($data) as $key) {
-            oci_bind_by_name($this->statement, ':' . $key, $data[$key]);
+            if (is_string($data[$key]) && $this->isBinary($data[$key])) {
+                $binaryData = oci_new_descriptor($this->db->connID, OCI_D_LOB);
+                $binaryData->writeTemporary($data[$key], OCI_TEMP_BLOB);
+                oci_bind_by_name($this->statement, ':' . $key, $binaryData, -1, OCI_B_BLOB);
+            } else {
+                oci_bind_by_name($this->statement, ':' . $key, $data[$key]);
+            }
         }
 
         $result = oci_execute($this->statement, $this->db->commitMode);
 
+        if ($binaryData instanceof OCILob) {
+            $binaryData->free();
+        }
+
         if ($result && $this->lastInsertTableName !== '') {
             $this->db->lastInsertedTableName = $this->lastInsertTableName;
         }
diff --git a/system/Database/OCI8/Result.php b/system/Database/OCI8/Result.php
index 0039e90ae9b4..1049847b7af0 100644
--- a/system/Database/OCI8/Result.php
+++ b/system/Database/OCI8/Result.php
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ public function getFieldCount(): int
      */
     public function getFieldNames(): array
     {
-        return array_map(fn ($fieldIndex) => oci_field_name($this->resultID, $fieldIndex), range(1, $this->getFieldCount()));
+        return array_map(fn ($fieldIndex): false|string => oci_field_name($this->resultID, $fieldIndex), range(1, $this->getFieldCount()));
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/system/Database/Postgre/Builder.php b/system/Database/Postgre/Builder.php
index faae0eda8a9b..126ab5741892 100644
--- a/system/Database/Postgre/Builder.php
+++ b/system/Database/Postgre/Builder.php
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseBuilder;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\RawSql;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 
 /**
  * Builder for Postgre
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class Builder extends BaseBuilder
      * Specifies which sql statements
      * support the ignore option.
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var array<string, string>
      */
     protected $supportedIgnoreStatements = [
         'insert' => 'ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING',
@@ -353,12 +353,12 @@ protected function _updateBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
             $sql .= implode(
                 ",\n",
                 array_map(
-                    static fn ($key, $value) => $key . ($value instanceof RawSql ?
+                    static fn ($key, $value): string => $key . ($value instanceof RawSql ?
                             ' = ' . $value :
                             ' = ' . $that->cast($alias . '.' . $value, $that->getFieldType($table, $key))),
                     array_keys($updateFields),
-                    $updateFields
-                )
+                    $updateFields,
+                ),
             ) . "\n";
 
             $sql .= "FROM (\n{:_table_:}";
@@ -381,8 +381,8 @@ static function ($key, $value) use ($table, $alias, $that): string|RawSql {
                             . $that->cast($alias . '.' . $value, $that->getFieldType($table, $value));
                     },
                     array_keys($constraints),
-                    $constraints
-                )
+                    $constraints,
+                ),
             );
 
             $this->QBOptions['sql'] = $sql;
@@ -394,13 +394,13 @@ static function ($key, $value) use ($table, $alias, $that): string|RawSql {
             $data = implode(
                 " UNION ALL\n",
                 array_map(
-                    static fn ($value) => 'SELECT ' . implode(', ', array_map(
-                        static fn ($key, $index) => $index . ' ' . $key,
+                    static fn ($value): string => 'SELECT ' . implode(', ', array_map(
+                        static fn ($key, $index): string => $index . ' ' . $key,
                         $keys,
-                        $value
+                        $value,
                     )),
-                    $values
-                )
+                    $values,
+                ),
             ) . "\n";
         }
 
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ protected function _upsertBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
 
         // if this is the first iteration of batch then we need to build skeleton sql
         if ($sql === '') {
-            $fieldNames = array_map(static fn ($columnName) => trim($columnName, '"'), $keys);
+            $fieldNames = array_map(static fn ($columnName): string => trim($columnName, '"'), $keys);
 
             $constraints = $this->QBOptions['constraints'] ?? [];
 
@@ -469,9 +469,8 @@ protected function _upsertBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
                     return ($index->type === 'UNIQUE' || $index->type === 'PRIMARY') && $hasAllFields;
                 });
 
-                foreach (array_map(static fn ($index) => $index->fields, $allIndexes) as $index) {
-                    $constraints[] = current($index);
-                    // only one index can be used?
+                foreach ($allIndexes as $index) {
+                    $constraints = $index->fields;
                     break;
                 }
 
@@ -524,12 +523,12 @@ protected function _upsertBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
             $sql .= implode(
                 ",\n",
                 array_map(
-                    static fn ($key, $value) => $key . ($value instanceof RawSql ?
+                    static fn ($key, $value): string => $key . ($value instanceof RawSql ?
                     " = {$value}" :
                     " = {$alias}.{$value}"),
                     array_keys($updateFields),
-                    $updateFields
-                )
+                    $updateFields,
+                ),
             );
 
             $this->QBOptions['sql'] = $sql;
@@ -584,15 +583,15 @@ static function ($key, $value) use ($table, $alias, $that): RawSql|string {
                             return $table . '.' . $key . ' = '
                                 . $that->cast(
                                     $alias . '.' . $value,
-                                    $that->getFieldType($table, $key)
+                                    $that->getFieldType($table, $key),
                                 );
                         }
 
                         return $table . '.' . $value . ' = ' . $alias . '.' . $value;
                     },
                     array_keys($constraints),
-                    $constraints
-                )
+                    $constraints,
+                ),
             );
 
             // convert binds in where
@@ -605,7 +604,7 @@ static function ($key, $value) use ($table, $alias, $that): RawSql|string {
             $sql .= ' ' . str_replace(
                 'WHERE ',
                 'AND ',
-                $this->compileWhereHaving('QBWhere')
+                $this->compileWhereHaving('QBWhere'),
             );
 
             $this->QBOptions['sql'] = $sql;
@@ -617,13 +616,13 @@ static function ($key, $value) use ($table, $alias, $that): RawSql|string {
             $data = implode(
                 " UNION ALL\n",
                 array_map(
-                    static fn ($value) => 'SELECT ' . implode(', ', array_map(
-                        static fn ($key, $index) => $index . ' ' . $key,
+                    static fn ($value): string => 'SELECT ' . implode(', ', array_map(
+                        static fn ($key, $index): string => $index . ' ' . $key,
                         $keys,
-                        $value
+                        $value,
                     )),
-                    $values
-                )
+                    $values,
+                ),
             ) . "\n";
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Database/Postgre/Connection.php b/system/Database/Postgre/Connection.php
index 2826ab1bf53c..71549ad0b08f 100644
--- a/system/Database/Postgre/Connection.php
+++ b/system/Database/Postgre/Connection.php
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnection;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\RawSql;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\TableName;
 use ErrorException;
 use PgSql\Connection as PgSqlConnection;
 use PgSql\Result as PgSqlResult;
@@ -227,6 +228,10 @@ protected function getDriverFunctionPrefix(): string
      */
     public function affectedRows(): int
     {
+        if ($this->resultID === false) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
         return pg_affected_rows($this->resultID);
     }
 
@@ -237,8 +242,7 @@ public function affectedRows(): int
      *
      * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
      *
-     * @return         array|float|int|string
-     * @phpstan-return ($str is array ? array : float|int|string)
+     * @return ($str is array ? array : float|int|string)
      */
     public function escape($str)
     {
@@ -301,13 +305,20 @@ protected function _listTables(bool $prefixLimit = false, ?string $tableName = n
 
     /**
      * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched.
+     *
+     * @param string|TableName $table
      */
-    protected function _listColumns(string $table = ''): string
+    protected function _listColumns($table = ''): string
     {
+        if ($table instanceof TableName) {
+            $tableName = $this->escape($table->getActualTableName());
+        } else {
+            $tableName = $this->escape($this->DBPrefix . strtolower($table));
+        }
+
         return 'SELECT "column_name"
 			FROM "information_schema"."columns"
-			WHERE LOWER("table_name") = '
-                . $this->escape($this->DBPrefix . strtolower($table))
+			WHERE LOWER("table_name") = ' . $tableName
                 . ' ORDER BY "ordinal_position"';
     }
 
@@ -371,7 +382,7 @@ protected function _indexData(string $table): array
             $obj         = new stdClass();
             $obj->name   = $row->indexname;
             $_fields     = explode(',', preg_replace('/^.*\((.+?)\)$/', '$1', trim($row->indexdef)));
-            $obj->fields = array_map(static fn ($v) => trim($v), $_fields);
+            $obj->fields = array_map(trim(...), $_fields);
 
             if (str_starts_with($row->indexdef, 'CREATE UNIQUE INDEX pk')) {
                 $obj->type = 'PRIMARY';
@@ -463,7 +474,7 @@ public function error(): array
     {
         return [
             'code'    => '',
-            'message' => pg_last_error($this->connID) ?: '',
+            'message' => pg_last_error($this->connID),
         ];
     }
 
@@ -505,6 +516,8 @@ public function insertID()
 
     /**
      * Build a DSN from the provided parameters
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function buildDSN()
     {
diff --git a/system/Database/Postgre/Forge.php b/system/Database/Postgre/Forge.php
index b516172737ae..d8e7d5886604 100644
--- a/system/Database/Postgre/Forge.php
+++ b/system/Database/Postgre/Forge.php
@@ -86,8 +86,7 @@ protected function _createTableAttributes(array $attributes): string
      * @param array|string $processedFields Processed column definitions
      *                                      or column names to DROP
      *
-     * @return         false|list<string>|string                            SQL string or false
-     * @phpstan-return ($alterType is 'DROP' ? string : list<string>|false)
+     * @return ($alterType is 'DROP' ? string : false|list<string>)
      */
     protected function _alterTable(string $alterType, string $table, $processedFields)
     {
@@ -110,7 +109,7 @@ protected function _alterTable(string $alterType, string $table, $processedField
 
             if (! empty($field['default'])) {
                 $sqls[] = $sql . ' ALTER COLUMN ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($field['name'])
-                    . " SET DEFAULT {$field['default']}";
+                    . " SET {$field['default']}";
             }
 
             $nullable = true; // Nullable by default.
@@ -154,7 +153,7 @@ protected function _processColumn(array $processedField): string
     protected function _attributeType(array &$attributes)
     {
         // Reset field lengths for data types that don't support it
-        if (isset($attributes['CONSTRAINT']) && stripos($attributes['TYPE'], 'int') !== false) {
+        if (isset($attributes['CONSTRAINT']) && str_contains(strtolower($attributes['TYPE']), 'int')) {
             $attributes['CONSTRAINT'] = null;
         }
 
@@ -173,6 +172,10 @@ protected function _attributeType(array &$attributes)
                 $attributes['TYPE'] = 'TIMESTAMP';
                 break;
 
+            case 'BLOB':
+                $attributes['TYPE'] = 'BYTEA';
+                break;
+
             default:
                 break;
         }
diff --git a/system/Database/Postgre/PreparedQuery.php b/system/Database/Postgre/PreparedQuery.php
index 33a6c8044c7d..08900a6ddcfd 100644
--- a/system/Database/Postgre/PreparedQuery.php
+++ b/system/Database/Postgre/PreparedQuery.php
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Database\Postgre;
 
-use BadMethodCallException;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\BasePreparedQuery;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\BadMethodCallException;
 use Exception;
 use PgSql\Connection as PgSqlConnection;
 use PgSql\Result as PgSqlResult;
@@ -87,6 +87,12 @@ public function _execute(array $data): bool
             throw new BadMethodCallException('You must call prepare before trying to execute a prepared statement.');
         }
 
+        foreach ($data as &$item) {
+            if (is_string($item) && $this->isBinary($item)) {
+                $item = pg_escape_bytea($this->db->connID, $item);
+            }
+        }
+
         $this->result = pg_execute($this->db->connID, $this->name, $data);
 
         return (bool) $this->result;
diff --git a/system/Database/PreparedQueryInterface.php b/system/Database/PreparedQueryInterface.php
index d9e11cd520d6..c49c2e7bb551 100644
--- a/system/Database/PreparedQueryInterface.php
+++ b/system/Database/PreparedQueryInterface.php
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Database;
 
-use BadMethodCallException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\BadMethodCallException;
 
 /**
  * @template TConnection
@@ -26,8 +26,7 @@ interface PreparedQueryInterface
      * Takes a new set of data and runs it against the currently
      * prepared query. Upon success, will return a Results object.
      *
-     * @return         bool|ResultInterface
-     * @phpstan-return bool|ResultInterface<TConnection, TResult>
+     * @return bool|ResultInterface<TConnection, TResult>
      */
     public function execute(...$data);
 
diff --git a/system/Database/Query.php b/system/Database/Query.php
index ba8e9066063f..c74ba6a687ab 100644
--- a/system/Database/Query.php
+++ b/system/Database/Query.php
@@ -287,6 +287,8 @@ public function getOriginalQuery(): string
      * Escapes and inserts any binds into the finalQueryString property.
      *
      * @see https://regex101.com/r/EUEhay/5
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function compileBinds()
     {
@@ -342,7 +344,7 @@ protected function matchNamedBinds(string $sql, array $binds): string
      */
     protected function matchSimpleBinds(string $sql, array $binds, int $bindCount, int $ml): string
     {
-        if ($c = preg_match_all("/'[^']*'/", $sql, $matches)) {
+        if ($c = preg_match_all("/'[^']*'/", $sql, $matches) >= 1) {
             $c = preg_match_all('/' . preg_quote($this->bindMarker, '/') . '/i', str_replace($matches[0], str_replace($this->bindMarker, str_repeat(' ', $ml), $matches[0]), $sql, $c), $matches, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE);
 
             // Bind values' count must match the count of markers in the query
@@ -418,7 +420,7 @@ public function debugToolbarDisplay(): string
          */
         $search = '/\b(?:' . implode('|', $highlight) . ')\b(?![^(&#039;)]*&#039;(?:(?:[^(&#039;)]*&#039;){2})*[^(&#039;)]*$)/';
 
-        return preg_replace_callback($search, static fn ($matches) => '<strong>' . str_replace(' ', '&nbsp;', $matches[0]) . '</strong>', $sql);
+        return preg_replace_callback($search, static fn ($matches): string => '<strong>' . str_replace(' ', '&nbsp;', $matches[0]) . '</strong>', $sql);
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/system/Database/QueryInterface.php b/system/Database/QueryInterface.php
index 19cbdd0edc4a..86eb01f4e169 100644
--- a/system/Database/QueryInterface.php
+++ b/system/Database/QueryInterface.php
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ interface QueryInterface
      *
      * @param mixed $binds
      *
-     * @return mixed
+     * @return $this
      */
     public function setQuery(string $sql, $binds = null, bool $setEscape = true);
 
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ public function setQuery(string $sql, $binds = null, bool $setEscape = true);
      * Returns the final, processed query string after binding, etal
      * has been performed.
      *
-     * @return mixed
+     * @return string
      */
     public function getQuery();
 
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ public function getQuery();
      * for it's start and end values. If no end value is present, will
      * use the current time to determine total duration.
      *
-     * @return mixed
+     * @return $this
      */
     public function setDuration(float $start, ?float $end = null);
 
@@ -57,6 +57,8 @@ public function getDuration(int $decimals = 6): string;
 
     /**
      * Stores the error description that happened for this query.
+     *
+     * @return $this
      */
     public function setError(int $code, string $error);
 
@@ -83,7 +85,7 @@ public function isWriteType(): bool;
     /**
      * Swaps out one table prefix for a new one.
      *
-     * @return mixed
+     * @return $this
      */
     public function swapPrefix(string $orig, string $swap);
 }
diff --git a/system/Database/ResultInterface.php b/system/Database/ResultInterface.php
index ba26629cd518..89febfef835c 100644
--- a/system/Database/ResultInterface.php
+++ b/system/Database/ResultInterface.php
@@ -61,12 +61,10 @@ public function getResultObject(): array;
      *
      * @template T of object
      *
-     * @param         int|string                       $n    The index of the results to return, or column name.
-     * @param         string                           $type The type of result object. 'array', 'object' or class name.
-     * @phpstan-param class-string<T>|'array'|'object' $type
+     * @param int|string                       $n    The index of the results to return, or column name.
+     * @param 'array'|'object'|class-string<T> $type The type of result object. 'array', 'object' or class name.
      *
-     * @return         array|float|int|object|stdClass|string|null
-     * @phpstan-return ($n is string ? float|int|string|null : ($type is 'object' ? stdClass|null : ($type is 'array' ? array|null : T|null)))
+     * @return ($n is string ? float|int|string|null : ($type is 'object' ? stdClass|null : ($type is 'array' ? array|null : T|null)))
      */
     public function getRow($n = 0, string $type = 'object');
 
@@ -77,11 +75,10 @@ public function getRow($n = 0, string $type = 'object');
      *
      * @template T of object
      *
-     * @param         int             $n         The index of the results to return.
-     * @phpstan-param class-string<T> $className
+     * @param int             $n         The index of the results to return.
+     * @param class-string<T> $className
      *
-     * @return         object|null
-     * @phpstan-return T|null
+     * @return T|null
      */
     public function getCustomRowObject(int $n, string $className);
 
@@ -170,6 +167,8 @@ public function getFieldData(): array;
 
     /**
      * Frees the current result.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function freeResult();
 
diff --git a/system/Database/SQLSRV/Builder.php b/system/Database/SQLSRV/Builder.php
index c1272cdcf326..0b17a52ff344 100644
--- a/system/Database/SQLSRV/Builder.php
+++ b/system/Database/SQLSRV/Builder.php
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ public function join(string $table, $cond, string $type = '', ?bool $escape = nu
             $cond = ' ON ' . $cond;
         } else {
             // Split multiple conditions
-            if (preg_match_all('/\sAND\s|\sOR\s/i', $cond, $joints, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE)) {
+            if (preg_match_all('/\sAND\s|\sOR\s/i', $cond, $joints, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE) >= 1) {
                 $conditions = [];
                 $joints     = $joints[0];
                 array_unshift($joints, ['', 0]);
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ protected function compileSelect($selectOverride = false): string
         if ($selectOverride !== false) {
             $sql = $selectOverride;
         } else {
-            $sql = (! $this->QBDistinct) ? 'SELECT ' : 'SELECT DISTINCT ';
+            $sql = $this->QBDistinct ? 'SELECT DISTINCT ' : 'SELECT ';
 
             // SQL Server can't work with select * if group by is specified
             if (empty($this->QBSelect) && $this->QBGroupBy !== [] && is_array($this->QBGroupBy)) {
@@ -694,7 +694,7 @@ protected function _upsertBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
 
             $identityInFields = in_array($tableIdentity, $keys, true);
 
-            $fieldNames = array_map(static fn ($columnName) => trim($columnName, '"'), $keys);
+            $fieldNames = array_map(static fn ($columnName): string => trim($columnName, '"'), $keys);
 
             if (empty($constraints)) {
                 $tableIndexes = $this->db->getIndexData($table);
@@ -764,8 +764,8 @@ protected function _upsertBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
                         )
                     ),
                     array_keys($constraints),
-                    $constraints
-                )
+                    $constraints,
+                ),
             ) . ")\n";
 
             $sql .= "WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET\n";
@@ -773,12 +773,12 @@ protected function _upsertBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
             $sql .= implode(
                 ",\n",
                 array_map(
-                    static fn ($key, $value) => $key . ($value instanceof RawSql ?
+                    static fn ($key, $value): string => $key . ($value instanceof RawSql ?
                         ' = ' . $value :
                     " = {$alias}.{$value}"),
                     array_keys($updateFields),
-                    $updateFields
-                )
+                    $updateFields,
+                ),
             );
 
             $sql .= "\nWHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (" . implode(', ', $keys) . ")\nVALUES ";
@@ -787,13 +787,13 @@ protected function _upsertBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
                 '(' . implode(
                     ', ',
                     array_map(
-                        static fn ($columnName) => $columnName === $tableIdentity
+                        static fn ($columnName): string => $columnName === $tableIdentity
                     ? "CASE WHEN {$alias}.{$columnName} IS NULL THEN (SELECT "
                     . 'isnull(IDENT_CURRENT(\'' . $fullTableName . '\')+IDENT_INCR(\''
                     . $fullTableName . "'),1)) ELSE {$alias}.{$columnName} END"
                     : "{$alias}.{$columnName}",
-                        $keys
-                    )
+                        $keys,
+                    ),
                 ) . ');'
             );
 
diff --git a/system/Database/SQLSRV/Connection.php b/system/Database/SQLSRV/Connection.php
index 7d60ad1cabd1..1ebd73908ebd 100644
--- a/system/Database/SQLSRV/Connection.php
+++ b/system/Database/SQLSRV/Connection.php
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnection;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\TableName;
 use stdClass;
 
 /**
@@ -225,12 +226,20 @@ protected function _listTables(bool $prefixLimit = false, ?string $tableName = n
 
     /**
      * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched.
+     *
+     * @param string|TableName $table
      */
-    protected function _listColumns(string $table = ''): string
+    protected function _listColumns($table = ''): string
     {
+        if ($table instanceof TableName) {
+            $tableName = $this->escape(strtolower($table->getActualTableName()));
+        } else {
+            $tableName = $this->escape($this->DBPrefix . strtolower($table));
+        }
+
         return 'SELECT [COLUMN_NAME] '
             . ' FROM [INFORMATION_SCHEMA].[COLUMNS]'
-            . ' WHERE  [TABLE_NAME] = ' . $this->escape($this->DBPrefix . $table)
+            . ' WHERE  [TABLE_NAME] = ' . $tableName
             . ' AND [TABLE_SCHEMA] = ' . $this->escape($this->schema);
     }
 
@@ -257,7 +266,7 @@ protected function _indexData(string $table): array
             $obj->name = $row->index_name;
 
             $_fields     = explode(',', trim($row->index_keys));
-            $obj->fields = array_map(static fn ($v) => trim($v), $_fields);
+            $obj->fields = array_map(trim(...), $_fields);
 
             if (str_contains($row->index_description, 'primary key located on')) {
                 $obj->type = 'PRIMARY';
@@ -368,15 +377,49 @@ protected function _fieldData(string $table): array
 
             $retVal[$i]->max_length = $query[$i]->CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH > 0
                 ? $query[$i]->CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH
-                : $query[$i]->NUMERIC_PRECISION;
+                : (
+                    $query[$i]->CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH === -1
+                    ? 'max'
+                    : $query[$i]->NUMERIC_PRECISION
+                );
 
             $retVal[$i]->nullable = $query[$i]->IS_NULLABLE !== 'NO';
-            $retVal[$i]->default  = $query[$i]->COLUMN_DEFAULT;
+            $retVal[$i]->default  = $this->normalizeDefault($query[$i]->COLUMN_DEFAULT);
         }
 
         return $retVal;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Normalizes SQL Server COLUMN_DEFAULT values.
+     * Removes wrapping parentheses and handles basic conversions.
+     */
+    private function normalizeDefault(?string $default): ?string
+    {
+        if ($default === null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $default = trim($default);
+
+        // Remove outer parentheses (handles both single and double wrapping)
+        while (preg_match('/^\((.*)\)$/', $default, $matches)) {
+            $default = trim($matches[1]);
+        }
+
+        // Handle NULL literal
+        if (strcasecmp($default, 'NULL') === 0) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // Handle string literals - remove quotes and unescape
+        if (preg_match("/^'(.*)'$/s", $default, $matches)) {
+            return str_replace("''", "'", $matches[1]);
+        }
+
+        return $default;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Begin Transaction
      */
@@ -440,6 +483,10 @@ public function error(): array
      */
     public function affectedRows(): int
     {
+        if ($this->resultID === false) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
         return sqlsrv_rows_affected($this->resultID);
     }
 
@@ -544,11 +591,15 @@ public function getVersion(): string
             return $this->dataCache['version'];
         }
 
-        if (! $this->connID || ($info = sqlsrv_server_info($this->connID)) === []) {
+        if (! $this->connID) {
             $this->initialize();
         }
 
-        return isset($info['SQLServerVersion']) ? $this->dataCache['version'] = $info['SQLServerVersion'] : false;
+        if (($info = sqlsrv_server_info($this->connID)) === []) {
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        return isset($info['SQLServerVersion']) ? $this->dataCache['version'] = $info['SQLServerVersion'] : '';
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/system/Database/SQLSRV/Forge.php b/system/Database/SQLSRV/Forge.php
index d121560c9d47..b64c25a05100 100644
--- a/system/Database/SQLSRV/Forge.php
+++ b/system/Database/SQLSRV/Forge.php
@@ -134,12 +134,12 @@ public function createDatabase(string $dbName, bool $ifNotExists = false): bool
             $sql = sprintf(
                 $this->createDatabaseIfStr,
                 $dbName,
-                $this->db->escapeIdentifier($dbName)
+                $this->db->escapeIdentifier($dbName),
             );
         } else {
             $sql = sprintf(
                 $this->createDatabaseStr,
-                $this->db->escapeIdentifier($dbName)
+                $this->db->escapeIdentifier($dbName),
             );
         }
 
@@ -180,8 +180,7 @@ protected function _createTableAttributes(array $attributes): string
      * @param array|string $processedFields Processed column definitions
      *                                      or column names to DROP
      *
-     * @return         false|list<string>|string                            SQL string or false
-     * @phpstan-return ($alterType is 'DROP' ? string : list<string>|false)
+     * @return ($alterType is 'DROP' ? string : false|list<string>)
      */
     protected function _alterTable(string $alterType, string $table, $processedFields)
     {
@@ -225,7 +224,7 @@ protected function _alterTable(string $alterType, string $table, $processedField
 
             $sql = 'ALTER TABLE ' . $fullTable . ' DROP ';
 
-            $fields = array_map(static fn ($item) => 'COLUMN [' . trim($item) . ']', (array) $columnNamesToDrop);
+            $fields = array_map(static fn ($item): string => 'COLUMN [' . trim($item) . ']', (array) $columnNamesToDrop);
 
             return $sql . implode(',', $fields);
         }
@@ -254,8 +253,27 @@ protected function _alterTable(string $alterType, string $table, $processedField
             }
 
             if (! empty($field['default'])) {
-                $sqls[] = $sql . ' ALTER COLUMN ADD CONSTRAINT ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($field['name']) . '_def'
-                    . " DEFAULT {$field['default']} FOR " . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($field['name']);
+                $fullTable = $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->db->schema) . '.' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($table);
+                $colName   = $field['name']; // bare, for sys.columns lookup
+
+                // find the existing default constraint name for this column
+                $findSql = <<<SQL
+                    SELECT dc.name AS constraint_name
+                    FROM sys.default_constraints dc
+                    JOIN sys.columns c
+                        ON dc.parent_object_id = c.object_id
+                        AND dc.parent_column_id = c.column_id
+                    WHERE dc.parent_object_id = OBJECT_ID(N'{$fullTable}')
+                        AND c.name = N'{$colName}';
+                    SQL;
+
+                $toDrop = $this->db->query($findSql)->getRowArray();
+                if (isset($toDrop['constraint_name']) && $toDrop['constraint_name'] !== '') {
+                    $sqls[] = $sql . ' DROP CONSTRAINT ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($toDrop['constraint_name']);
+                }
+
+                $sqls[] = $sql . ' ADD CONSTRAINT ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($field['name'] . '_def')
+                    . "{$field['default']} FOR " . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($field['name']);
             }
 
             $nullable = true; // Nullable by default.
@@ -360,7 +378,7 @@ protected function _processColumn(array $processedField): string
     protected function _attributeType(array &$attributes)
     {
         // Reset field lengths for data types that don't support it
-        if (isset($attributes['CONSTRAINT']) && stripos($attributes['TYPE'], 'int') !== false) {
+        if (isset($attributes['CONSTRAINT']) && str_contains(strtolower($attributes['TYPE']), 'int')) {
             $attributes['CONSTRAINT'] = null;
         }
 
@@ -380,9 +398,9 @@ protected function _attributeType(array &$attributes)
                 // https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/data-types/char-and-varchar-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#remarks
                 $maxLength = max(
                     array_map(
-                        static fn ($value) => strlen($value),
-                        $attributes['CONSTRAINT']
-                    )
+                        strlen(...),
+                        $attributes['CONSTRAINT'],
+                    ),
                 );
 
                 $attributes['TYPE']       = 'VARCHAR';
@@ -397,6 +415,11 @@ protected function _attributeType(array &$attributes)
                 $attributes['TYPE'] = 'BIT';
                 break;
 
+            case 'BLOB':
+                $attributes['TYPE'] = 'VARBINARY';
+                $attributes['CONSTRAINT'] ??= 'MAX';
+                break;
+
             default:
                 break;
         }
@@ -407,7 +430,7 @@ protected function _attributeType(array &$attributes)
      */
     protected function _attributeAutoIncrement(array &$attributes, array &$field)
     {
-        if (! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === true && stripos($field['type'], 'INT') !== false) {
+        if (! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === true && str_contains(strtolower($field['type']), strtolower('INT'))) {
             $field['auto_increment'] = ' IDENTITY(1,1)';
         }
     }
diff --git a/system/Database/SQLSRV/PreparedQuery.php b/system/Database/SQLSRV/PreparedQuery.php
index f3a4a14c2bc6..19d2d5adfe6b 100644
--- a/system/Database/SQLSRV/PreparedQuery.php
+++ b/system/Database/SQLSRV/PreparedQuery.php
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Database\SQLSRV;
 
-use BadMethodCallException;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\BasePreparedQuery;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\BadMethodCallException;
 
 /**
  * Prepared query for Postgre
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ public function _prepare(string $sql, array $options = []): PreparedQuery
         // Prepare parameters for the query
         $queryString = $this->getQueryString();
 
-        $parameters = $this->parameterize($queryString);
+        $parameters = $this->parameterize($queryString, $options);
 
         // Prepare the query
         $this->statement = sqlsrv_prepare($this->db->connID, $sql, $parameters);
@@ -120,8 +120,10 @@ protected function _close(): bool
 
     /**
      * Handle parameters.
+     *
+     * @param array<int, mixed> $options
      */
-    protected function parameterize(string $queryString): array
+    protected function parameterize(string $queryString, array $options): array
     {
         $numberOfVariables = substr_count($queryString, '?');
 
@@ -129,7 +131,11 @@ protected function parameterize(string $queryString): array
 
         for ($c = 0; $c < $numberOfVariables; $c++) {
             $this->parameters[$c] = null;
-            $params[]             = &$this->parameters[$c];
+            if (isset($options[$c])) {
+                $params[] = [&$this->parameters[$c], SQLSRV_PARAM_IN, $options[$c]];
+            } else {
+                $params[] = &$this->parameters[$c];
+            }
         }
 
         return $params;
diff --git a/system/Database/SQLite3/Builder.php b/system/Database/SQLite3/Builder.php
index 15fc2529aa0d..4f8dff97a0ea 100644
--- a/system/Database/SQLite3/Builder.php
+++ b/system/Database/SQLite3/Builder.php
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseBuilder;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\RawSql;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 
 /**
  * Builder for SQLite3
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class Builder extends BaseBuilder
     ];
 
     /**
-     * @var array
+     * @var array<string, string>
      */
     protected $supportedIgnoreStatements = [
         'insert' => 'OR IGNORE',
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ protected function _upsertBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
             $constraints = $this->QBOptions['constraints'] ?? [];
 
             if (empty($constraints)) {
-                $fieldNames = array_map(static fn ($columnName) => trim($columnName, '`'), $keys);
+                $fieldNames = array_map(static fn ($columnName): string => trim($columnName, '`'), $keys);
 
                 $allIndexes = array_filter($this->db->getIndexData($table), static function ($index) use ($fieldNames): bool {
                     $hasAllFields = count(array_intersect($index->fields, $fieldNames)) === count($index->fields);
@@ -151,8 +151,8 @@ protected function _upsertBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
                     return ($index->type === 'PRIMARY' || $index->type === 'UNIQUE') && $hasAllFields;
                 });
 
-                foreach (array_map(static fn ($index) => $index->fields, $allIndexes) as $index) {
-                    $constraints[] = current($index);
+                foreach ($allIndexes as $index) {
+                    $constraints = $index->fields;
                     break;
                 }
 
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ protected function _upsertBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
 
             $sql = 'INSERT INTO ' . $table . ' (';
 
-            $sql .= implode(', ', array_map(static fn ($columnName) => $columnName, $keys));
+            $sql .= implode(', ', array_map(static fn ($columnName): string => $columnName, $keys));
 
             $sql .= ")\n";
 
@@ -192,12 +192,12 @@ protected function _upsertBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
             $sql .= implode(
                 ",\n",
                 array_map(
-                    static fn ($key, $value) => $key . ($value instanceof RawSql ?
+                    static fn ($key, $value): string => $key . ($value instanceof RawSql ?
                         " = {$value}" :
                         " = {$alias}.{$value}"),
                     array_keys($updateFields),
-                    $updateFields
-                )
+                    $updateFields,
+                ),
             );
 
             $this->QBOptions['sql'] = $sql;
@@ -265,13 +265,13 @@ protected function _deleteBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
             $data = implode(
                 " UNION ALL\n",
                 array_map(
-                    static fn ($value) => 'SELECT ' . implode(', ', array_map(
-                        static fn ($key, $index) => $index . ' ' . $key,
+                    static fn ($value): string => 'SELECT ' . implode(', ', array_map(
+                        static fn ($key, $index): string => $index . ' ' . $key,
                         $keys,
-                        $value
+                        $value,
                     )),
-                    $values
-                )
+                    $values,
+                ),
             ) . "\n";
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Database/SQLite3/Connection.php b/system/Database/SQLite3/Connection.php
index a1a03eff61f5..ec73a75b18bd 100644
--- a/system/Database/SQLite3/Connection.php
+++ b/system/Database/SQLite3/Connection.php
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnection;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\TableName;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use Exception;
 use SQLite3;
 use SQLite3Result;
@@ -55,6 +57,15 @@ class Connection extends BaseConnection
      */
     protected $busyTimeout;
 
+    /**
+     * The setting of the "synchronous" flag
+     *
+     * @var int<0, 3>|null flag
+     *
+     * @see https://www.sqlite.org/pragma.html#pragma_synchronous
+     */
+    protected ?int $synchronous = null;
+
     /**
      * @return void
      */
@@ -69,6 +80,13 @@ public function initialize()
         if (is_int($this->busyTimeout)) {
             $this->connID->busyTimeout($this->busyTimeout);
         }
+
+        if (is_int($this->synchronous)) {
+            if (! in_array($this->synchronous, [0, 1, 2, 3], true)) {
+                throw new InvalidArgumentException('Invalid synchronous value.');
+            }
+            $this->connID->exec('PRAGMA synchronous = ' . $this->synchronous);
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -89,7 +107,7 @@ public function connect(bool $persistent = false)
                 $this->database = WRITEPATH . $this->database;
             }
 
-            $sqlite = (! $this->password)
+            $sqlite = ($this->password === null || $this->password === '')
                 ? new SQLite3($this->database)
                 : new SQLite3($this->database, SQLITE3_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE3_OPEN_CREATE, $this->password);
 
@@ -194,7 +212,7 @@ protected function _escapeString(string $str): string
      */
     protected function _listTables(bool $prefixLimit = false, ?string $tableName = null): string
     {
-        if ($tableName !== null) {
+        if ((string) $tableName !== '') {
             return 'SELECT "NAME" FROM "SQLITE_MASTER" WHERE "TYPE" = \'table\''
                    . ' AND "NAME" NOT LIKE \'sqlite!_%\' ESCAPE \'!\''
                    . ' AND "NAME" LIKE ' . $this->escape($tableName);
@@ -209,19 +227,31 @@ protected function _listTables(bool $prefixLimit = false, ?string $tableName = n
 
     /**
      * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched.
+     *
+     * @param string|TableName $table
      */
-    protected function _listColumns(string $table = ''): string
+    protected function _listColumns($table = ''): string
     {
-        return 'PRAGMA TABLE_INFO(' . $this->protectIdentifiers($table, true, null, false) . ')';
+        if ($table instanceof TableName) {
+            $tableName = $this->escapeIdentifier($table);
+        } else {
+            $tableName = $this->protectIdentifiers($table, true, null, false);
+        }
+
+        return 'PRAGMA TABLE_INFO(' . $tableName . ')';
     }
 
     /**
+     * @param string|TableName $tableName
+     *
      * @return false|list<string>
      *
      * @throws DatabaseException
      */
-    public function getFieldNames(string $table)
+    public function getFieldNames($tableName)
     {
+        $table = ($tableName instanceof TableName) ? $tableName->getTableName() : $tableName;
+
         // Is there a cached result?
         if (isset($this->dataCache['field_names'][$table])) {
             return $this->dataCache['field_names'][$table];
@@ -231,7 +261,7 @@ public function getFieldNames(string $table)
             $this->initialize();
         }
 
-        $sql = $this->_listColumns($table);
+        $sql = $this->_listColumns($tableName);
 
         $query                                  = $this->query($sql);
         $this->dataCache['field_names'][$table] = [];
diff --git a/system/Database/SQLite3/Forge.php b/system/Database/SQLite3/Forge.php
index 48e9abcc425c..2bb9386f6c9e 100644
--- a/system/Database/SQLite3/Forge.php
+++ b/system/Database/SQLite3/Forge.php
@@ -110,28 +110,40 @@ public function dropDatabase(string $dbName): bool
         return true;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @param list<string>|string $columnNames
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function dropColumn(string $table, $columnNames): bool
+    {
+        $columns = is_array($columnNames) ? $columnNames : array_map(trim(...), explode(',', $columnNames));
+        $result  = (new Table($this->db, $this))
+            ->fromTable($this->db->DBPrefix . $table)
+            ->dropColumn($columns)
+            ->run();
+
+        if (! $result && $this->db->DBDebug) {
+            throw new DatabaseException(sprintf(
+                'Failed to drop column%s "%s" on "%s" table.',
+                count($columns) > 1 ? 's' : '',
+                implode('", "', $columns),
+                $table,
+            ));
+        }
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+
     /**
      * @param array|string $processedFields Processed column definitions
      *                                      or column names to DROP
      *
-     * @return         array|string|null
-     * @return         list<string>|string|null                            SQL string or null
-     * @phpstan-return ($alterType is 'DROP' ? string : list<string>|null)
+     * @return ($alterType is 'DROP' ? string : list<string>|null)
      */
     protected function _alterTable(string $alterType, string $table, $processedFields)
     {
         switch ($alterType) {
-            case 'DROP':
-                $columnNamesToDrop = $processedFields;
-
-                $sqlTable = new Table($this->db, $this);
-
-                $sqlTable->fromTable($table)
-                    ->dropColumn($columnNamesToDrop)
-                    ->run();
-
-                return ''; // Why empty string?
-
             case 'CHANGE':
                 $fieldsToModify = [];
 
@@ -212,7 +224,7 @@ protected function _attributeAutoIncrement(array &$attributes, array &$field)
         if (
             ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'])
             && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === true
-            && stripos($field['type'], 'int') !== false
+            && str_contains(strtolower($field['type']), 'int')
         ) {
             $field['type']           = 'INTEGER PRIMARY KEY';
             $field['default']        = '';
diff --git a/system/Database/SQLite3/PreparedQuery.php b/system/Database/SQLite3/PreparedQuery.php
index 21dc4c2fdeff..afd2669c6436 100644
--- a/system/Database/SQLite3/PreparedQuery.php
+++ b/system/Database/SQLite3/PreparedQuery.php
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Database\SQLite3;
 
-use BadMethodCallException;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\BasePreparedQuery;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\BadMethodCallException;
 use Exception;
 use SQLite3;
 use SQLite3Result;
@@ -75,6 +75,8 @@ public function _execute(array $data): bool
                 $bindType = SQLITE3_INTEGER;
             } elseif (is_float($item)) {
                 $bindType = SQLITE3_FLOAT;
+            } elseif (is_string($item) && $this->isBinary($item)) {
+                $bindType = SQLITE3_BLOB;
             } else {
                 $bindType = SQLITE3_TEXT;
             }
diff --git a/system/Database/SQLite3/Table.php b/system/Database/SQLite3/Table.php
index 5db002a1060b..ea84e0011e3f 100644
--- a/system/Database/SQLite3/Table.php
+++ b/system/Database/SQLite3/Table.php
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
 use stdClass;
 
 /**
- * Class Table
- *
  * Provides missing features for altering tables that are common
  * in other supported databases, but are missing from SQLite.
  * These are needed in order to support migrations during testing
@@ -113,7 +111,7 @@ public function fromTable(string $table)
         $this->keys = array_merge($this->keys, $this->formatKeys($this->db->getIndexData($table)));
 
         // if primary key index exists twice then remove psuedo index name 'primary'.
-        $primaryIndexes = array_filter($this->keys, static fn ($index) => $index['type'] === 'primary');
+        $primaryIndexes = array_filter($this->keys, static fn ($index): bool => $index['type'] === 'primary');
 
         if ($primaryIndexes !== [] && count($primaryIndexes) > 1 && array_key_exists('primary', $this->keys)) {
             unset($this->keys['primary']);
@@ -202,7 +200,7 @@ public function modifyColumn(array $fieldsToModify)
      */
     public function dropPrimaryKey(): Table
     {
-        $primaryIndexes = array_filter($this->keys, static fn ($index) => strtolower($index['type']) === 'primary');
+        $primaryIndexes = array_filter($this->keys, static fn ($index): bool => strtolower($index['type']) === 'primary');
 
         foreach (array_keys($primaryIndexes) as $key) {
             unset($this->keys[$key]);
@@ -235,7 +233,7 @@ public function dropForeignKey(string $foreignName)
      */
     public function addPrimaryKey(array $fields): Table
     {
-        $primaryIndexes = array_filter($this->keys, static fn ($index) => strtolower($index['type']) === 'primary');
+        $primaryIndexes = array_filter($this->keys, static fn ($index): bool => strtolower($index['type']) === 'primary');
 
         // if primary key already exists we can't add another one
         if ($primaryIndexes !== []) {
@@ -308,7 +306,7 @@ protected function createTable()
 
         $this->keys = array_filter(
             $this->keys,
-            static fn ($index) => count(array_intersect($index['fields'], $fieldNames)) === count($index['fields'])
+            static fn ($index): bool => count(array_intersect($index['fields'], $fieldNames)) === count($index['fields']),
         );
 
         // Unique/Index keys
@@ -334,7 +332,7 @@ protected function createTable()
             $this->forge->addForeignKey(
                 $foreignKey->column_name,
                 trim($foreignKey->foreign_table_name, $this->db->DBPrefix),
-                $foreignKey->foreign_column_name
+                $foreignKey->foreign_column_name,
             );
         }
 
@@ -345,6 +343,8 @@ protected function createTable()
      * Copies data from our old table to the new one,
      * taking care map data correctly based on any columns
      * that have been renamed.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function copyData()
     {
@@ -358,15 +358,15 @@ protected function copyData()
 
         $exFields = implode(
             ', ',
-            array_map(fn ($item) => $this->db->protectIdentifiers($item), $exFields)
+            array_map(fn ($item) => $this->db->protectIdentifiers($item), $exFields),
         );
         $newFields = implode(
             ', ',
-            array_map(fn ($item) => $this->db->protectIdentifiers($item), $newFields)
+            array_map(fn ($item) => $this->db->protectIdentifiers($item), $newFields),
         );
 
         $this->db->query(
-            "INSERT INTO {$this->prefixedTableName}({$newFields}) SELECT {$exFields} FROM {$this->db->DBPrefix}temp_{$this->tableName}"
+            "INSERT INTO {$this->prefixedTableName}({$newFields}) SELECT {$exFields} FROM {$this->db->DBPrefix}temp_{$this->tableName}",
         );
     }
 
@@ -376,8 +376,7 @@ protected function copyData()
      *
      * @param array|bool $fields
      *
-     * @return         mixed
-     * @phpstan-return ($fields is array ? array : mixed)
+     * @return ($fields is array ? array : mixed)
      */
     protected function formatFields($fields)
     {
@@ -472,6 +471,8 @@ protected function formatKeys($keys)
     /**
      * Attempts to drop all indexes and constraints
      * from the database for this table.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function dropIndexes()
     {
diff --git a/system/Database/Seeder.php b/system/Database/Seeder.php
index c70a34b45e9f..aacc8e9905ce 100644
--- a/system/Database/Seeder.php
+++ b/system/Database/Seeder.php
@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Database;
 
 use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use Config\Database;
 use Faker\Factory;
 use Faker\Generator;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 
 /**
  * Class Seeder
@@ -115,6 +115,8 @@ public static function faker(): ?Generator
     /**
      * Loads the specified seeder and runs it.
      *
+     * @return void
+     *
      * @throws InvalidArgumentException
      */
     public function call(string $class)
diff --git a/system/Database/TableName.php b/system/Database/TableName.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a34ac57aa1d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/TableName.php
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database;
+
+/**
+ * Represents a table name in SQL.
+ *
+ * @interal
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Database\TableNameTest
+ */
+class TableName
+{
+    /**
+     * @param string $actualTable  Actual table name
+     * @param string $logicalTable Logical table name (w/o DB prefix)
+     * @param string $schema       Schema name
+     * @param string $database     Database name
+     * @param string $alias        Alias name
+     */
+    protected function __construct(
+        private readonly string $actualTable,
+        private readonly string $logicalTable = '',
+        private readonly string $schema = '',
+        private readonly string $database = '',
+        private readonly string $alias = '',
+    ) {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new instance.
+     *
+     * @param string $table Table name (w/o DB prefix)
+     * @param string $alias Alias name
+     */
+    public static function create(string $dbPrefix, string $table, string $alias = ''): self
+    {
+        return new self(
+            $dbPrefix . $table,
+            $table,
+            '',
+            '',
+            $alias,
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new instance from an actual table name.
+     *
+     * @param string $actualTable Actual table name with DB prefix
+     * @param string $alias       Alias name
+     */
+    public static function fromActualName(string $dbPrefix, string $actualTable, string $alias = ''): self
+    {
+        $prefix       = $dbPrefix;
+        $logicalTable = '';
+
+        if (str_starts_with($actualTable, $prefix)) {
+            $logicalTable = substr($actualTable, strlen($prefix));
+        }
+
+        return new self(
+            $actualTable,
+            $logicalTable,
+            '',
+            $alias,
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new instance from full name.
+     *
+     * @param string $table    Table name (w/o DB prefix)
+     * @param string $schema   Schema name
+     * @param string $database Database name
+     * @param string $alias    Alias name
+     */
+    public static function fromFullName(
+        string $dbPrefix,
+        string $table,
+        string $schema = '',
+        string $database = '',
+        string $alias = '',
+    ): self {
+        return new self(
+            $dbPrefix . $table,
+            $table,
+            $schema,
+            $database,
+            $alias,
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the single segment table name w/o DB prefix.
+     */
+    public function getTableName(): string
+    {
+        return $this->logicalTable;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the actual single segment table name w/z DB prefix.
+     */
+    public function getActualTableName(): string
+    {
+        return $this->actualTable;
+    }
+
+    public function getAlias(): string
+    {
+        return $this->alias;
+    }
+
+    public function getSchema(): string
+    {
+        return $this->schema;
+    }
+
+    public function getDatabase(): string
+    {
+        return $this->database;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Debug/BaseExceptionHandler.php b/system/Debug/BaseExceptionHandler.php
index 4305265d2d2c..b9180a98bd59 100644
--- a/system/Debug/BaseExceptionHandler.php
+++ b/system/Debug/BaseExceptionHandler.php
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Debug;
 
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CLIRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
 use Config\Exceptions as ExceptionsConfig;
@@ -54,6 +56,8 @@ public function __construct(ExceptionsConfig $config)
     /**
      * The main entry point into the handler.
      *
+     * @param CLIRequest|IncomingRequest $request
+     *
      * @return void
      */
     abstract public function handle(
@@ -61,7 +65,7 @@ abstract public function handle(
         RequestInterface $request,
         ResponseInterface $response,
         int $statusCode,
-        int $exitCode
+        int $exitCode,
     );
 
     /**
@@ -221,7 +225,7 @@ protected static function highlightFile(string $file, int $lineNumber, int $line
                     "<span class='line highlight'><span class='number'>{$format}</span> %s\n</span>%s",
                     $n + $start + 1,
                     strip_tags($row),
-                    implode('', $tags[0])
+                    implode('', $tags[0]),
                 );
             } else {
                 $out .= sprintf('<span class="line"><span class="number">' . $format . '</span> %s', $n + $start + 1, $row) . "\n";
diff --git a/system/Debug/ExceptionHandler.php b/system/Debug/ExceptionHandler.php
index d6f97b76a32b..805b5691c079 100644
--- a/system/Debug/ExceptionHandler.php
+++ b/system/Debug/ExceptionHandler.php
@@ -13,8 +13,10 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Debug;
 
+use Closure;
 use CodeIgniter\API\ResponseTrait;
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\PageNotFoundException;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CLIRequest;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
@@ -41,13 +43,15 @@ final class ExceptionHandler extends BaseExceptionHandler implements ExceptionHa
 
     /**
      * Determines the correct way to display the error.
+     *
+     * @param CLIRequest|IncomingRequest $request
      */
     public function handle(
         Throwable $exception,
         RequestInterface $request,
         ResponseInterface $response,
         int $statusCode,
-        int $exitCode
+        int $exitCode,
     ): void {
         // ResponseTrait needs these properties.
         $this->request  = $request;
@@ -68,18 +72,26 @@ public function handle(
                         'HTTP/%s %s %s',
                         $request->getProtocolVersion(),
                         $response->getStatusCode(),
-                        $response->getReasonPhrase()
+                        $response->getReasonPhrase(),
                     ),
                     true,
-                    $statusCode
+                    $statusCode,
                 );
             }
 
+            // Handles non-HTML requests.
             if (! str_contains($request->getHeaderLine('accept'), 'text/html')) {
-                $data = (ENVIRONMENT === 'development' || ENVIRONMENT === 'testing')
+                // If display_errors is enabled, shows the error details.
+                $data = $this->isDisplayErrorsEnabled()
                     ? $this->collectVars($exception, $statusCode)
                     : '';
 
+                // Sanitize data to remove non-JSON-serializable values (resources, closures)
+                // before formatting for API responses (JSON, XML, etc.)
+                if ($data !== '') {
+                    $data = $this->sanitizeData($data);
+                }
+
                 $this->respond($data, $statusCode)->send();
 
                 if (ENVIRONMENT !== 'testing') {
@@ -129,18 +141,13 @@ public function handle(
     protected function determineView(
         Throwable $exception,
         string $templatePath,
-        int $statusCode = 500
+        int $statusCode = 500,
     ): string {
         // Production environments should have a custom exception file.
         $view = 'production.php';
 
-        if (
-            in_array(
-                strtolower(ini_get('display_errors')),
-                ['1', 'true', 'on', 'yes'],
-                true
-            )
-        ) {
+        if ($this->isDisplayErrorsEnabled()) {
+            // If display_errors is enabled, shows the error details.
             $view = 'error_exception.php';
         }
 
@@ -158,4 +165,62 @@ protected function determineView(
 
         return $view;
     }
+
+    private function isDisplayErrorsEnabled(): bool
+    {
+        return in_array(
+            strtolower(ini_get('display_errors')),
+            ['1', 'true', 'on', 'yes'],
+            true,
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sanitizes data to remove non-JSON-serializable values like resources and closures.
+     * This is necessary for API responses that need to be JSON/XML encoded.
+     *
+     * @param array<int, bool> $seen Used internally to prevent infinite recursion
+     */
+    private function sanitizeData(mixed $data, array &$seen = []): mixed
+    {
+        $type = gettype($data);
+
+        switch ($type) {
+            case 'resource':
+            case 'resource (closed)':
+                return '[Resource #' . (int) $data . ']';
+
+            case 'array':
+                $result = [];
+
+                foreach ($data as $key => $value) {
+                    $result[$key] = $this->sanitizeData($value, $seen);
+                }
+
+                return $result;
+
+            case 'object':
+                $oid = spl_object_id($data);
+                if (isset($seen[$oid])) {
+                    return '[' . $data::class . ' Object *RECURSION*]';
+                }
+                $seen[$oid] = true;
+
+                if ($data instanceof Closure) {
+                    return '[Closure]';
+                }
+
+                $result = [];
+
+                foreach ((array) $data as $key => $value) {
+                    $cleanKey          = preg_replace('/^\x00.*\x00/', '', (string) $key);
+                    $result[$cleanKey] = $this->sanitizeData($value, $seen);
+                }
+
+                return $result;
+
+            default:
+                return $data;
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/system/Debug/ExceptionHandlerInterface.php b/system/Debug/ExceptionHandlerInterface.php
index d0379e2abd63..7f91b3c5152d 100644
--- a/system/Debug/ExceptionHandlerInterface.php
+++ b/system/Debug/ExceptionHandlerInterface.php
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Debug;
 
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CLIRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
 use Throwable;
@@ -21,12 +23,14 @@ interface ExceptionHandlerInterface
 {
     /**
      * Determines the correct way to display the error.
+     *
+     * @param CLIRequest|IncomingRequest $request
      */
     public function handle(
         Throwable $exception,
         RequestInterface $request,
         ResponseInterface $response,
         int $statusCode,
-        int $exitCode
+        int $exitCode,
     ): void;
 }
diff --git a/system/Debug/Exceptions.php b/system/Debug/Exceptions.php
index aa353732c197..1a0293372953 100644
--- a/system/Debug/Exceptions.php
+++ b/system/Debug/Exceptions.php
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ public function exceptionHandler(Throwable $exception)
                 $this->request,
                 $this->response,
                 $statusCode,
-                $exitCode
+                $exitCode,
             );
 
             return;
@@ -208,6 +208,14 @@ public function exceptionHandler(Throwable $exception)
     public function errorHandler(int $severity, string $message, ?string $file = null, ?int $line = null)
     {
         if ($this->isDeprecationError($severity)) {
+            if ($this->isSessionSidDeprecationError($message, $file, $line)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if ($this->isImplicitNullableDeprecationError($message, $file, $line)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
             if (! $this->config->logDeprecations || (bool) env('CODEIGNITER_SCREAM_DEPRECATIONS')) {
                 throw new ErrorException($message, 0, $severity, $file, $line);
             }
@@ -222,6 +230,64 @@ public function errorHandler(int $severity, string $message, ?string $file = nul
         return false; // return false to propagate the error to PHP standard error handler
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Handles session.sid_length and session.sid_bits_per_character deprecations
+     * in PHP 8.4.
+     */
+    private function isSessionSidDeprecationError(string $message, ?string $file = null, ?int $line = null): bool
+    {
+        if (
+            PHP_VERSION_ID >= 80400
+            && str_contains($message, 'session.sid_')
+        ) {
+            log_message(
+                LogLevel::WARNING,
+                '[DEPRECATED] {message} in {errFile} on line {errLine}.',
+                [
+                    'message' => $message,
+                    'errFile' => clean_path($file ?? ''),
+                    'errLine' => $line ?? 0,
+                ],
+            );
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Workaround to implicit nullable deprecation errors in PHP 8.4.
+     *
+     * "Implicitly marking parameter $xxx as nullable is deprecated,
+     *  the explicit nullable type must be used instead"
+     *
+     * @TODO remove this before v4.6.0 release
+     */
+    private function isImplicitNullableDeprecationError(string $message, ?string $file = null, ?int $line = null): bool
+    {
+        if (
+            PHP_VERSION_ID >= 80400
+            && str_contains($message, 'the explicit nullable type must be used instead')
+            // Only Kint and Faker, which cause this error, are logged.
+            && (str_starts_with($message, 'Kint\\') || str_starts_with($message, 'Faker\\'))
+        ) {
+            log_message(
+                LogLevel::WARNING,
+                '[DEPRECATED] {message} in {errFile} on line {errLine}.',
+                [
+                    'message' => $message,
+                    'errFile' => clean_path($file ?? ''),
+                    'errLine' => $line ?? 0,
+                ],
+            );
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Checks to see if any errors have happened during shutdown that
      * need to be caught and handle them.
@@ -270,7 +336,7 @@ protected function determineView(Throwable $exception, string $templatePath): st
             in_array(
                 strtolower(ini_get('display_errors')),
                 ['1', 'true', 'on', 'yes'],
-                true
+                true,
             )
         ) {
             $view = 'error_exception.php';
@@ -462,7 +528,7 @@ private function handleDeprecationError(string $message, ?string $file = null, ?
                 'errFile' => clean_path($file ?? ''),
                 'errLine' => $line ?? 0,
                 'trace'   => self::renderBacktrace($trace),
-            ]
+            ],
         );
 
         return true;
@@ -567,7 +633,7 @@ public static function highlightFile(string $file, int $lineNumber, int $lines =
                     "<span class='line highlight'><span class='number'>{$format}</span> %s\n</span>%s",
                     $n + $start + 1,
                     strip_tags($row),
-                    implode('', $tags[0])
+                    implode('', $tags[0]),
                 );
             } else {
                 $out .= sprintf('<span class="line"><span class="number">' . $format . '</span> %s', $n + $start + 1, $row) . "\n";
@@ -611,7 +677,7 @@ private static function renderBacktrace(array $backtrace): string
                 $frame['class'],
                 $frame['type'],
                 $frame['function'],
-                $args
+                $args,
             );
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Debug/Timer.php b/system/Debug/Timer.php
index 0f2abdbea509..98b1299a89f7 100644
--- a/system/Debug/Timer.php
+++ b/system/Debug/Timer.php
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Debug;
 
-use RuntimeException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 
 /**
  * Class Timer
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class Timer
     public function start(string $name, ?float $time = null)
     {
         $this->timers[strtolower($name)] = [
-            'start' => ! empty($time) ? $time : microtime(true),
+            'start' => empty($time) ? microtime(true) : $time,
             'end'   => null,
         ];
 
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar.php b/system/Debug/Toolbar.php
index b939e208fd21..1a3ec63c9704 100644
--- a/system/Debug/Toolbar.php
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar.php
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ public function __construct(ToolbarConfig $config)
                 log_message(
                     'critical',
                     'Toolbar collector does not exist (' . $collector . ').'
-                    . ' Please check $collectors in the app/Config/Toolbar.php file.'
+                    . ' Please check $collectors in the app/Config/Toolbar.php file.',
                 );
 
                 continue;
@@ -391,13 +391,13 @@ public function prepare(?RequestInterface $request = null, ?ResponseInterface $r
                 $stats['startTime'],
                 $stats['totalTime'],
                 $request,
-                $response
+                $response,
             );
 
             helper('filesystem');
 
             // Updated to microtime() so we can get history
-            $time = sprintf('%.6f', Time::now()->format('U.u'));
+            $time = sprintf('%.6F', Time::now()->format('U.u'));
 
             if (! is_dir(WRITEPATH . 'debugbar')) {
                 mkdir(WRITEPATH . 'debugbar', 0777);
@@ -439,8 +439,8 @@ public function prepare(?RequestInterface $request = null, ?ResponseInterface $r
                         '/<head>/',
                         '<head>' . $script,
                         $response->getBody(),
-                        1
-                    )
+                        1,
+                    ),
                 );
 
                 return;
@@ -512,11 +512,11 @@ protected function format(string $data, string $format = 'html'): string
     {
         $data = json_decode($data, true);
 
-        if ($this->config->maxHistory !== 0 && preg_match('/\d+\.\d{6}/s', (string) service('request')->getGet('debugbar_time'), $debugbarTime)) {
+        if (preg_match('/\d+\.\d{6}/s', (string) service('request')->getGet('debugbar_time'), $debugbarTime)) {
             $history = new History();
             $history->setFiles(
                 $debugbarTime[0],
-                $this->config->maxHistory
+                $this->config->maxHistory,
             );
 
             $data['collectors'][] = $history->getAsArray();
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Database.php b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Database.php
index 1a923a35516b..be57931b30f9 100644
--- a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Database.php
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Database.php
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ public static function collect(Query $query)
             static::$queries[] = [
                 'query'     => $query,
                 'string'    => $queryString,
-                'duplicate' => in_array($queryString, array_column(static::$queries, 'string', null), true),
+                'duplicate' => in_array($queryString, array_column(static::$queries, 'string'), true),
                 'trace'     => $backtrace,
             ];
         }
@@ -147,8 +147,7 @@ protected function formatTimelineData(): array
      */
     public function display(): array
     {
-        $data            = [];
-        $data['queries'] = array_map(static function (array $query): array {
+        return ['queries' => array_map(static function (array $query): array {
             $isDuplicate = $query['duplicate'] === true;
 
             $firstNonSystemLine = '';
@@ -195,9 +194,7 @@ public function display(): array
                 'trace-file' => $firstNonSystemLine,
                 'qid'        => md5($query['query'] . Time::now()->format('0.u00 U')),
             ];
-        }, static::$queries);
-
-        return $data;
+        }, static::$queries)];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -218,7 +215,7 @@ public function getTitleDetails(): string
         $this->getConnections();
 
         $queryCount      = count(static::$queries);
-        $uniqueCount     = count(array_filter(static::$queries, static fn ($query) => $query['duplicate'] === false));
+        $uniqueCount     = count(array_filter(static::$queries, static fn ($query): bool => $query['duplicate'] === false));
         $connectionCount = count($this->connections);
 
         return sprintf(
@@ -228,7 +225,7 @@ public function getTitleDetails(): string
             $uniqueCount,
             $uniqueCount > 1 ? 'of them' : '',
             $connectionCount,
-            $connectionCount > 1 ? 's' : ''
+            $connectionCount > 1 ? 's' : '',
         );
     }
 
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/History.php b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/History.php
index 4e5276b55b4e..583b350cb4b6 100644
--- a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/History.php
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/History.php
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ public function setFiles(string $current, int $limit = 20)
             $contents = @json_decode($contents);
             if (json_last_error() === JSON_ERROR_NONE) {
                 preg_match('/debugbar_(.*)\.json$/s', $filename, $time);
-                $time = sprintf('%.6f', $time[1] ?? 0);
+                $time = sprintf('%.6F', $time[1] ?? 0);
 
                 // Debugbar files shown in History Collector
                 $files[] = [
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Logs.php b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Logs.php
index f36dfb1d12b5..f9fdabecbff1 100644
--- a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Logs.php
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Logs.php
@@ -45,12 +45,14 @@ class Logs extends BaseCollector
     /**
      * Our collected data.
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var list<array{level: string, msg: string}>
      */
-    protected $data;
+    protected $data = [];
 
     /**
-     * Returns the data of this collector to be formatted in the toolbar
+     * Returns the data of this collector to be formatted in the toolbar.
+     *
+     * @return array{logs: list<array{level: string, msg: string}>}
      */
     public function display(): array
     {
@@ -66,7 +68,7 @@ public function isEmpty(): bool
     {
         $this->collectLogs();
 
-        return empty($this->data);
+        return $this->data === [];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -82,14 +84,18 @@ public function icon(): string
     /**
      * Ensures the data has been collected.
      *
-     * @return array
+     * @return list<array{level: string, msg: string}>
      */
     protected function collectLogs()
     {
-        if (! empty($this->data)) {
+        if ($this->data !== []) {
             return $this->data;
         }
 
-        return $this->data = service('logger', true)->logCache ?? [];
+        $cache = service('logger')->logCache;
+
+        $this->data = $cache ?? [];
+
+        return $this->data;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Routes.php b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Routes.php
index 561399fbf37f..f8005065c57e 100644
--- a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Routes.php
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Routes.php
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class Routes extends BaseCollector
      * Returns the data of this collector to be formatted in the toolbar
      *
      * @return array{
-     *      matchedRoute: array<array{
+     *      matchedRoute: list<array{
      *          directory: string,
      *          controller: string,
      *          method: string,
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ public function display(): array
                     ' <empty> | default: '
                     . var_export(
                         $param->isDefaultValueAvailable() ? $param->getDefaultValue() : null,
-                        true
+                        true,
                     ),
             ];
         }
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbar.css b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbar.css
index b9f13c51ff2e..abf61e9cca93 100644
--- a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbar.css
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbar.css
@@ -332,6 +332,26 @@
     display: none !important;
   }
 }
+@media screen and (max-width: 768px) {
+  #debug-bar table {
+    display: block;
+    overflow-x: auto;
+    font-size: 12px;
+    margin: 5px 5px 10px 5px;
+  }
+  #debug-bar table td,
+  #debug-bar table th {
+    padding: 4px 6px;
+  }
+  #debug-bar .timeline {
+    display: block;
+    white-space: nowrap;
+    font-size: 12px;
+  }
+  #debug-bar .toolbar {
+    overflow-x: auto;
+  }
+}
 #debug-icon {
   background-color: #FFFFFF;
   box-shadow: 0 0 4px #DFDFDF;
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbar.js b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbar.js
index 54fe3d69f106..9e4547b6cb35 100644
--- a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbar.js
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbar.js
@@ -27,22 +27,25 @@ var ciDebugBar = {
             .getElementById("debug-icon-link")
             .addEventListener("click", ciDebugBar.toggleToolbar, true);
 
-        // Allows to highlight the row of the current history request
-        var btn = this.toolbar.querySelector(
-            'button[data-time="' + localStorage.getItem("debugbar-time") + '"]'
-        );
-        ciDebugBar.addClass(btn.parentNode.parentNode, "current");
-
         historyLoad = this.toolbar.getElementsByClassName("ci-history-load");
 
-        for (var i = 0; i < historyLoad.length; i++) {
-            historyLoad[i].addEventListener(
-                "click",
-                function () {
-                    loadDoc(this.getAttribute("data-time"));
-                },
-                true
+        if (historyLoad.length) {
+            // Allows highlighting the row of the current history request
+            var btn = this.toolbar.querySelector(
+                'button[data-time="' + localStorage.getItem("debugbar-time-new") + '"]'
             );
+            ciDebugBar.addClass(btn.parentNode.parentNode, "current");
+
+
+            for (var i = 0; i < historyLoad.length; i++) {
+                historyLoad[i].addEventListener(
+                    "click",
+                    function () {
+                        loadDoc(this.getAttribute("data-time"));
+                    },
+                    true
+                );
+            }
         }
 
         // Display the active Tab on page load
@@ -77,14 +80,14 @@ var ciDebugBar = {
                 links[i].addEventListener("click", function() {
                     ciDebugBar.toggleDataTable(datatable)
                 }, true);
-               
+
             } else if (toggleData === "childrows") {
 
                 let child = links[i].getAttribute("data-child");
                 links[i].addEventListener("click", function() {
                     ciDebugBar.toggleChildRows(child)
                 }, true);
-                
+
             } else {
                 links[i].addEventListener("click", ciDebugBar.toggleRows, true);
             }
@@ -174,10 +177,10 @@ var ciDebugBar = {
             );
 
             if (target.classList.contains("debug-bar-ndisplay")) {
-                ciDebugBar.switchClass(target, "debug-bar-ndisplay", "debug-bar-dtableRow");   
+                ciDebugBar.switchClass(target, "debug-bar-ndisplay", "debug-bar-dtableRow");
             } else {
                 ciDebugBar.switchClass(target, "debug-bar-dtableRow", "debug-bar-ndisplay");
-            } 
+            }
         }
     },
 
@@ -261,7 +264,7 @@ var ciDebugBar = {
         } else {
             ciDebugBar.switchClass(ciDebugBar.icon, "debug-bar-dinlineBlock", "debug-bar-ndisplay");
             ciDebugBar.switchClass(ciDebugBar.toolbar, "debug-bar-ndisplay", "debug-bar-dinlineBlock");
-        } 
+        }
     },
 
     toggleViewsHints: function () {
@@ -334,6 +337,11 @@ var ciDebugBar = {
         const OUTER_ELEMENTS = ["HTML", "BODY", "HEAD"];
 
         var getValidElementInner = function (node, reverse) {
+            // handle null node
+            if (node === null) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
             // handle invalid tags
             if (OUTER_ELEMENTS.indexOf(node.nodeName) !== -1) {
                 for (var i = 0; i < document.body.children.length; ++i) {
@@ -437,7 +445,7 @@ var ciDebugBar = {
                 var debugPath = document.createElement("div"); // path
                 var childArray = startElement[0].parentNode.childNodes; // target child array
                 var parent = startElement[0].parentNode;
-                var start, end;
+                let start, end;
 
                 // setup container
                 debugDiv.classList.add("debug-view");
@@ -782,7 +790,7 @@ var ciDebugBar = {
                     '">' +
                     row.innerText.replace(
                         patt,
-                        '<input type="text" placeholder="$1">'
+                        '<input id="debugbar-route-id-' + i + '" type="text" placeholder="$1">'
                     ) +
                     '<input type="submit" value="Go" class="debug-bar-mleft4">' +
                     "</form>";
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbar.tpl.php b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbar.tpl.php
index 8179c1a8e631..0768f62915bb 100644
--- a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbar.tpl.php
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbar.tpl.php
@@ -1,21 +1,24 @@
 <?php declare(strict_types=1);
+use CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar;
+use CodeIgniter\View\Parser;
+
 /**
- * @var CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar $this
- * @var int                       $totalTime
- * @var int                       $totalMemory
- * @var string                    $url
- * @var string                    $method
- * @var bool                      $isAJAX
- * @var int                       $startTime
- * @var int                       $totalTime
- * @var int                       $totalMemory
- * @var float                     $segmentDuration
- * @var int                       $segmentCount
- * @var string                    $CI_VERSION
- * @var array                     $collectors
- * @var array                     $vars
- * @var array                     $styles
- * @var CodeIgniter\View\Parser   $parser
+ * @var Toolbar $this
+ * @var int     $totalTime
+ * @var int     $totalMemory
+ * @var string  $url
+ * @var string  $method
+ * @var bool    $isAJAX
+ * @var int     $startTime
+ * @var int     $totalTime
+ * @var int     $totalMemory
+ * @var float   $segmentDuration
+ * @var int     $segmentCount
+ * @var string  $CI_VERSION
+ * @var array   $collectors
+ * @var array   $vars
+ * @var array   $styles
+ * @var Parser  $parser
  */
 ?>
 <style>
diff --git a/system/Email/Email.php b/system/Email/Email.php
index b82779eb891d..19282e7e5cce 100644
--- a/system/Email/Email.php
+++ b/system/Email/Email.php
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class Email
     /**
      * Which method to use for sending e-mails.
      *
-     * @var string 'mail', 'sendmail' or 'smtp'
+     * @var 'mail'|'sendmail'|'smtp'
      */
     public $protocol = 'mail';
 
@@ -117,9 +117,11 @@ class Email
     /**
      * SMTP Encryption
      *
-     * @var string '', 'tls' or 'ssl'. 'tls' will issue a STARTTLS command
-     *             to the server. 'ssl' means implicit SSL. Connection on port
-     *             465 should set this to ''.
+     * * `tls` - will issue a STARTTLS command to the server
+     * * `ssl` - means implicit SSL
+     * * `''` - for connection on port 465
+     *
+     * @var ''|'ssl'|'tls'
      */
     public $SMTPCrypto = '';
 
@@ -142,7 +144,7 @@ class Email
     /**
      * Message format.
      *
-     * @var string 'text' or 'html'
+     * @var 'html'|'text'
      */
     public $mailType = 'text';
 
@@ -170,7 +172,7 @@ class Email
     /**
      * X-Priority header value.
      *
-     * @var int 1-5
+     * @var int<1, 5>
      */
     public $priority = 3;
 
@@ -180,7 +182,7 @@ class Email
      *
      * @see http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc822.txt
      *
-     * @var string "\r\n" or "\n"
+     * @var "\r\n"|"n"
      */
     public $newline = "\r\n";
 
@@ -195,7 +197,7 @@ class Email
      *
      * @see http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc822.txt
      *
-     * @var string
+     * @var "\r\n"|"n"
      */
     public $CRLF = "\r\n";
 
@@ -261,14 +263,14 @@ class Email
     /**
      * SMTP Connection socket placeholder
      *
-     * @var resource|null
+     * @var false|resource|null
      */
     protected $SMTPConnect;
 
     /**
      * Mail encoding
      *
-     * @var string '8bit' or '7bit'
+     * @var '7bit'|'8bit'
      */
     protected $encoding = '8bit';
 
@@ -342,7 +344,7 @@ class Email
      *
      * @see Email::$protocol
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var list<string>
      */
     protected $protocols = [
         'mail',
@@ -368,7 +370,7 @@ class Email
      *
      * @see Email::$encoding
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var list<string>
      */
     protected $bitDepths = [
         '7bit',
@@ -380,7 +382,7 @@ class Email
      *
      * Actual values to send with the X-Priority header
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var array<int, string>
      */
     protected $priorities = [
         1 => '1 (Highest)',
@@ -393,7 +395,7 @@ class Email
     /**
      * mbstring.func_overload flag
      *
-     * @var bool
+     * @var bool|null
      */
     protected static $func_overload;
 
@@ -403,8 +405,9 @@ class Email
     public function __construct($config = null)
     {
         $this->initialize($config);
+
         if (! isset(static::$func_overload)) {
-            static::$func_overload = (extension_loaded('mbstring') && ini_get('mbstring.func_overload'));
+            static::$func_overload = extension_loaded('mbstring') && ini_get('mbstring.func_overload');
         }
     }
 
@@ -413,7 +416,7 @@ public function __construct($config = null)
      *
      * @param array|\Config\Email|null $config
      *
-     * @return Email
+     * @return $this
      */
     public function initialize($config)
     {
@@ -444,7 +447,7 @@ public function initialize($config)
     /**
      * @param bool $clearAttachments
      *
-     * @return Email
+     * @return $this
      */
     public function clear($clearAttachments = false)
     {
@@ -462,7 +465,7 @@ public function clear($clearAttachments = false)
 
         $this->setHeader('Date', $this->setDate());
 
-        if ($clearAttachments !== false) {
+        if ($clearAttachments) {
             $this->attachments = [];
         }
 
@@ -472,20 +475,20 @@ public function clear($clearAttachments = false)
     /**
      * @param string      $from
      * @param string      $name
-     * @param string|null $returnPath Return-Path
+     * @param string|null $returnPath
      *
-     * @return Email
+     * @return $this
      */
     public function setFrom($from, $name = '', $returnPath = null)
     {
-        if (preg_match('/\<(.*)\>/', $from, $match)) {
+        if (preg_match('/\<(.*)\>/', $from, $match) === 1) {
             $from = $match[1];
         }
 
         if ($this->validate) {
             $this->validateEmail($this->stringToArray($from));
 
-            if ($returnPath) {
+            if ($returnPath !== null) {
                 $this->validateEmail($this->stringToArray($returnPath));
             }
         }
@@ -495,7 +498,7 @@ public function setFrom($from, $name = '', $returnPath = null)
 
         if ($name !== '') {
             // only use Q encoding if there are characters that would require it
-            if (! preg_match('/[\200-\377]/', $name)) {
+            if (preg_match('/[\200-\377]/', $name) !== 1) {
                 $name = '"' . addcslashes($name, "\0..\37\177'\"\\") . '"';
             } else {
                 $name = $this->prepQEncoding($name);
@@ -503,9 +506,8 @@ public function setFrom($from, $name = '', $returnPath = null)
         }
 
         $this->setHeader('From', $name . ' <' . $from . '>');
-        if (! isset($returnPath)) {
-            $returnPath = $from;
-        }
+        $returnPath ??= $from;
+
         $this->setHeader('Return-Path', '<' . $returnPath . '>');
         $this->tmpArchive['returnPath'] = $returnPath;
 
@@ -516,11 +518,11 @@ public function setFrom($from, $name = '', $returnPath = null)
      * @param string $replyto
      * @param string $name
      *
-     * @return Email
+     * @return $this
      */
     public function setReplyTo($replyto, $name = '')
     {
-        if (preg_match('/\<(.*)\>/', $replyto, $match)) {
+        if (preg_match('/\<(.*)\>/', $replyto, $match) === 1) {
             $replyto = $match[1];
         }
 
@@ -532,7 +534,7 @@ public function setReplyTo($replyto, $name = '')
             $this->tmpArchive['replyName'] = $name;
 
             // only use Q encoding if there are characters that would require it
-            if (! preg_match('/[\200-\377]/', $name)) {
+            if (preg_match('/[\200-\377]/', $name) !== 1) {
                 $name = '"' . addcslashes($name, "\0..\37\177'\"\\") . '"';
             } else {
                 $name = $this->prepQEncoding($name);
@@ -549,7 +551,7 @@ public function setReplyTo($replyto, $name = '')
     /**
      * @param array|string $to
      *
-     * @return Email
+     * @return $this
      */
     public function setTo($to)
     {
@@ -572,7 +574,7 @@ public function setTo($to)
     /**
      * @param string $cc
      *
-     * @return Email
+     * @return $this
      */
     public function setCC($cc)
     {
@@ -597,7 +599,7 @@ public function setCC($cc)
      * @param string $bcc
      * @param string $limit
      *
-     * @return Email
+     * @return $this
      */
     public function setBCC($bcc, $limit = '')
     {
@@ -625,7 +627,7 @@ public function setBCC($bcc, $limit = '')
     /**
      * @param string $subject
      *
-     * @return Email
+     * @return $this
      */
     public function setSubject($subject)
     {
@@ -640,7 +642,7 @@ public function setSubject($subject)
     /**
      * @param string $body
      *
-     * @return Email
+     * @return $this
      */
     public function setMessage($body)
     {
@@ -733,7 +735,7 @@ public function setAttachmentCID($filename)
      * @param string $header
      * @param string $value
      *
-     * @return Email
+     * @return $this
      */
     public function setHeader($header, $value)
     {
@@ -743,14 +745,16 @@ public function setHeader($header, $value)
     }
 
     /**
-     * @param array|string $email
+     * @param list<string>|string $email
      *
-     * @return array
+     * @return list<string>
      */
     protected function stringToArray($email)
     {
         if (! is_array($email)) {
-            return (str_contains($email, ',')) ? preg_split('/[\s,]/', $email, -1, PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY) : (array) trim($email);
+            return str_contains($email, ',')
+                ? preg_split('/[\s,]/', $email, -1, PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY)
+                : (array) trim($email);
         }
 
         return $email;
@@ -759,7 +763,7 @@ protected function stringToArray($email)
     /**
      * @param string $str
      *
-     * @return Email
+     * @return $this
      */
     public function setAltMessage($str)
     {
@@ -771,11 +775,11 @@ public function setAltMessage($str)
     /**
      * @param string $type
      *
-     * @return Email
+     * @return $this
      */
     public function setMailType($type = 'text')
     {
-        $this->mailType = ($type === 'html') ? 'html' : 'text';
+        $this->mailType = $type === 'html' ? 'html' : 'text';
 
         return $this;
     }
@@ -783,7 +787,7 @@ public function setMailType($type = 'text')
     /**
      * @param bool $wordWrap
      *
-     * @return Email
+     * @return $this
      */
     public function setWordWrap($wordWrap = true)
     {
@@ -795,7 +799,7 @@ public function setWordWrap($wordWrap = true)
     /**
      * @param string $protocol
      *
-     * @return Email
+     * @return $this
      */
     public function setProtocol($protocol = 'mail')
     {
@@ -807,7 +811,7 @@ public function setProtocol($protocol = 'mail')
     /**
      * @param int $n
      *
-     * @return Email
+     * @return $this
      */
     public function setPriority($n = 3)
     {
@@ -819,7 +823,7 @@ public function setPriority($n = 3)
     /**
      * @param string $newline
      *
-     * @return Email
+     * @return $this
      */
     public function setNewline($newline = "\n")
     {
@@ -831,11 +835,11 @@ public function setNewline($newline = "\n")
     /**
      * @param string $CRLF
      *
-     * @return Email
+     * @return $this
      */
     public function setCRLF($CRLF = "\n")
     {
-        $this->CRLF = ($CRLF !== "\n" && $CRLF !== "\r\n" && $CRLF !== "\r") ? "\n" : $CRLF;
+        $this->CRLF = in_array($CRLF, ["\n", "\r\n", "\r"], true) ? $CRLF : "\n";
 
         return $this;
     }
@@ -890,10 +894,10 @@ protected function getEncoding()
     protected function getContentType()
     {
         if ($this->mailType === 'html') {
-            return empty($this->attachments) ? 'html' : 'html-attach';
+            return $this->attachments === [] ? 'html' : 'html-attach';
         }
 
-        if ($this->mailType === 'text' && ! empty($this->attachments)) {
+        if ($this->mailType === 'text' && $this->attachments !== []) {
             return 'plain-attach';
         }
 
@@ -995,8 +999,8 @@ public function cleanEmail($email)
      */
     protected function getAltMessage()
     {
-        if (! empty($this->altMessage)) {
-            return ($this->wordWrap) ? $this->wordWrap($this->altMessage, 76) : $this->altMessage;
+        if ($this->altMessage !== '') {
+            return $this->wordWrap ? $this->wordWrap($this->altMessage, 76) : $this->altMessage;
         }
 
         $body = preg_match('/\<body.*?\>(.*)\<\/body\>/si', $this->body, $match) ? $match[1] : $this->body;
@@ -1008,7 +1012,7 @@ protected function getAltMessage()
 
         $body = preg_replace('| +|', ' ', $body);
 
-        return ($this->wordWrap) ? $this->wordWrap($body, 76) : $body;
+        return $this->wordWrap ? $this->wordWrap($body, 76) : $body;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1019,8 +1023,10 @@ protected function getAltMessage()
      */
     public function wordWrap($str, $charlim = null)
     {
-        if (empty($charlim)) {
-            $charlim = empty($this->wrapChars) ? 76 : $this->wrapChars;
+        $charlim ??= 0;
+
+        if ($charlim === 0) {
+            $charlim = $this->wrapChars === 0 ? 76 : $this->wrapChars;
         }
 
         if (str_contains($str, "\r")) {
@@ -1031,7 +1037,7 @@ public function wordWrap($str, $charlim = null)
 
         $unwrap = [];
 
-        if (preg_match_all('|\{unwrap\}(.+?)\{/unwrap\}|s', $str, $matches)) {
+        if (preg_match_all('|\{unwrap\}(.+?)\{/unwrap\}|s', $str, $matches) >= 1) {
             for ($i = 0, $c = count($matches[0]); $i < $c; $i++) {
                 $unwrap[] = $matches[1][$i];
                 $str      = str_replace($matches[0][$i], '{{unwrapped' . $i . '}}', $str);
@@ -1233,7 +1239,9 @@ protected function buildMessage()
                     $this->headerStr .= $hdr;
                 }
 
-                static::strlen($body) && $body .= $this->newline . $this->newline;
+                if (static::strlen($body) > 0) {
+                    $body .= $this->newline . $this->newline;
+                }
 
                 $body .= $this->getMimeMessage() . $this->newline . $this->newline
                     . '--' . $lastBoundary . $this->newline
@@ -1266,13 +1274,13 @@ protected function buildMessage()
     }
 
     /**
-     * @param mixed $type
+     * @param string $type
      *
      * @return bool
      */
     protected function attachmentsHaveMultipart($type)
     {
-        foreach ($this->attachments as &$attachment) {
+        foreach ($this->attachments as $attachment) {
             if ($attachment['multipart'] === $type) {
                 return true;
             }
@@ -1300,14 +1308,14 @@ protected function appendAttachments(&$body, $boundary, $multipart = null)
                 . 'Content-Type: ' . $attachment['type'] . '; name="' . $name . '"' . $this->newline
                 . 'Content-Disposition: ' . $attachment['disposition'] . ';' . $this->newline
                 . 'Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64' . $this->newline
-                . (empty($attachment['cid']) ? '' : 'Content-ID: <' . $attachment['cid'] . '>' . $this->newline)
+                . (isset($attachment['cid']) && $attachment['cid'] !== '' ? 'Content-ID: <' . $attachment['cid'] . '>' . $this->newline : '')
                 . $this->newline
                 . $attachment['content'] . $this->newline;
         }
 
         // $name won't be set if no attachments were appended,
         // and therefore a boundary wouldn't be necessary
-        if (! empty($name)) {
+        if (isset($name)) {
             $body .= '--' . $boundary . '--';
         }
     }
@@ -1657,7 +1665,7 @@ protected function unwrapSpecials()
         $this->finalBody = preg_replace_callback(
             '/\{unwrap\}(.*?)\{\/unwrap\}/si',
             $this->removeNLCallback(...),
-            $this->finalBody
+            $this->finalBody,
         );
     }
 
@@ -1687,8 +1695,9 @@ protected function removeNLCallback($matches)
     protected function spoolEmail()
     {
         $this->unwrapSpecials();
-        $protocol = $this->getProtocol();
-        $method   = 'sendWith' . ucfirst($protocol);
+        $protocol           = $this->getProtocol();
+        $upperFirstProtocol = ucfirst($protocol);
+        $method             = 'sendWith' . $upperFirstProtocol;
 
         try {
             $success = $this->{$method}();
@@ -1698,7 +1707,7 @@ protected function spoolEmail()
         }
 
         if (! $success) {
-            $message = lang('Email.sendFailure' . ($protocol === 'mail' ? 'PHPMail' : ucfirst($protocol)));
+            $message = lang('Email.sendFailure' . ($protocol === 'mail' ? 'PHPMail' : $upperFirstProtocol));
 
             log_message('error', 'Email: ' . $message);
             log_message('error', $this->printDebuggerRaw());
@@ -1877,7 +1886,7 @@ protected function SMTPEnd()
      */
     protected function SMTPConnect()
     {
-        if (is_resource($this->SMTPConnect)) {
+        if ($this->isSMTPConnected()) {
             return true;
         }
 
@@ -1898,10 +1907,10 @@ protected function SMTPConnect()
             $this->SMTPPort,
             $errno,
             $errstr,
-            $this->SMTPTimeout
+            $this->SMTPTimeout,
         );
 
-        if (! is_resource($this->SMTPConnect)) {
+        if (! $this->isSMTPConnected()) {
             $this->setErrorMessage(lang('Email.SMTPError', [$errno . ' ' . $errstr]));
 
             return false;
@@ -1919,7 +1928,7 @@ protected function SMTPConnect()
                 STREAM_CRYPTO_METHOD_TLSv1_0_CLIENT
                 | STREAM_CRYPTO_METHOD_TLSv1_1_CLIENT
                 | STREAM_CRYPTO_METHOD_TLSv1_2_CLIENT
-                | STREAM_CRYPTO_METHOD_TLSv1_3_CLIENT
+                | STREAM_CRYPTO_METHOD_TLSv1_3_CLIENT,
             );
 
             if ($crypto !== true) {
@@ -2133,12 +2142,16 @@ protected function getSMTPData()
      */
     protected function getHostname()
     {
-        if (isset($_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'])) {
-            return $_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'];
+        $superglobals = service('superglobals');
+
+        $serverName = $superglobals->server('SERVER_NAME');
+        if (! in_array($serverName, [null, ''], true)) {
+            return $serverName;
         }
 
-        if (isset($_SERVER['SERVER_ADDR'])) {
-            return '[' . $_SERVER['SERVER_ADDR'] . ']';
+        $serverAddr = $superglobals->server('SERVER_ADDR');
+        if (! in_array($serverAddr, [null, ''], true)) {
+            return '[' . $serverAddr . ']';
         }
 
         $hostname = gethostname();
@@ -2209,12 +2222,12 @@ protected function mimeTypes($ext = '')
     {
         $mime = Mimes::guessTypeFromExtension(strtolower($ext));
 
-        return ! empty($mime) ? $mime : 'application/x-unknown-content-type';
+        return empty($mime) ? 'application/x-unknown-content-type' : $mime;
     }
 
     public function __destruct()
     {
-        if (is_resource($this->SMTPConnect)) {
+        if ($this->isSMTPConnected()) {
             try {
                 $this->sendCommand('quit');
             } catch (ErrorException $e) {
@@ -2271,4 +2284,16 @@ protected function setArchiveValues(): array
 
         return $this->archive;
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if there is an active SMTP connection.
+     *
+     * @return bool True if SMTP connection is established and open, false otherwise
+     */
+    protected function isSMTPConnected(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->SMTPConnect !== null
+            && $this->SMTPConnect !== false
+            && get_debug_type($this->SMTPConnect) !== 'resource (closed)';
+    }
 }
diff --git a/system/Encryption/Encryption.php b/system/Encryption/Encryption.php
index 93236a581f39..c233f1fdfe03 100644
--- a/system/Encryption/Encryption.php
+++ b/system/Encryption/Encryption.php
@@ -23,6 +23,11 @@
  * This class determines the driver, cipher, and mode to use, and then
  * initializes the appropriate encryption handler.
  *
+ * @property-read string       $digest
+ * @property-read string       $driver
+ * @property-read list<string> $drivers
+ * @property-read string       $key
+ *
  * @see \CodeIgniter\Encryption\EncryptionTest
  */
 class Encryption
diff --git a/system/Encryption/Exceptions/EncryptionException.php b/system/Encryption/Exceptions/EncryptionException.php
index c2220bb88cb4..9a0935d7d91d 100644
--- a/system/Encryption/Exceptions/EncryptionException.php
+++ b/system/Encryption/Exceptions/EncryptionException.php
@@ -14,13 +14,12 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Encryption\Exceptions;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\DebugTraceableTrait;
-use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface;
-use RuntimeException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 
 /**
  * Encryption exception
  */
-class EncryptionException extends RuntimeException implements ExceptionInterface
+class EncryptionException extends RuntimeException
 {
     use DebugTraceableTrait;
 
diff --git a/system/Encryption/Handlers/OpenSSLHandler.php b/system/Encryption/Handlers/OpenSSLHandler.php
index f3b62c64a498..9745160b8003 100644
--- a/system/Encryption/Handlers/OpenSSLHandler.php
+++ b/system/Encryption/Handlers/OpenSSLHandler.php
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ class OpenSSLHandler extends BaseHandler
     public function encrypt($data, $params = null)
     {
         // Allow key override
-        if ($params) {
+        if ($params !== null) {
             $this->key = is_array($params) && isset($params['key']) ? $params['key'] : $params;
         }
 
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ public function encrypt($data, $params = null)
     public function decrypt($data, $params = null)
     {
         // Allow key override
-        if ($params) {
+        if ($params !== null) {
             $this->key = is_array($params) && isset($params['key']) ? $params['key'] : $params;
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Entity/Cast/ArrayCast.php b/system/Entity/Cast/ArrayCast.php
index 1c810645dec6..6860b41416b6 100644
--- a/system/Entity/Cast/ArrayCast.php
+++ b/system/Entity/Cast/ArrayCast.php
@@ -13,14 +13,8 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast;
 
-/**
- * Class ArrayCast
- */
 class ArrayCast extends BaseCast
 {
-    /**
-     * {@inheritDoc}
-     */
     public static function get($value, array $params = []): array
     {
         if (is_string($value) && (str_starts_with($value, 'a:') || str_starts_with($value, 's:'))) {
@@ -30,9 +24,6 @@ public static function get($value, array $params = []): array
         return (array) $value;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * {@inheritDoc}
-     */
     public static function set($value, array $params = []): string
     {
         return serialize($value);
diff --git a/system/Entity/Cast/BaseCast.php b/system/Entity/Cast/BaseCast.php
index 34cb28e787c5..c93e32c0537c 100644
--- a/system/Entity/Cast/BaseCast.php
+++ b/system/Entity/Cast/BaseCast.php
@@ -13,32 +13,13 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast;
 
-/**
- * Class BaseCast
- */
 abstract class BaseCast implements CastInterface
 {
-    /**
-     * Get
-     *
-     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $value  Data
-     * @param array                                   $params Additional param
-     *
-     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
-     */
     public static function get($value, array $params = [])
     {
         return $value;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Set
-     *
-     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $value  Data
-     * @param array                                   $params Additional param
-     *
-     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
-     */
     public static function set($value, array $params = [])
     {
         return $value;
diff --git a/system/Entity/Cast/BooleanCast.php b/system/Entity/Cast/BooleanCast.php
index 8d95ba24b1de..7ac9f0ba37ee 100644
--- a/system/Entity/Cast/BooleanCast.php
+++ b/system/Entity/Cast/BooleanCast.php
@@ -13,14 +13,8 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast;
 
-/**
- * Class BooleanCast
- */
 class BooleanCast extends BaseCast
 {
-    /**
-     * {@inheritDoc}
-     */
     public static function get($value, array $params = []): bool
     {
         return (bool) $value;
diff --git a/system/Entity/Cast/CSVCast.php b/system/Entity/Cast/CSVCast.php
index 7b8be55d523c..c78a1315111a 100644
--- a/system/Entity/Cast/CSVCast.php
+++ b/system/Entity/Cast/CSVCast.php
@@ -13,22 +13,13 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast;
 
-/**
- * Class CSVCast
- */
 class CSVCast extends BaseCast
 {
-    /**
-     * {@inheritDoc}
-     */
     public static function get($value, array $params = []): array
     {
         return explode(',', $value);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * {@inheritDoc}
-     */
     public static function set($value, array $params = []): string
     {
         return implode(',', $value);
diff --git a/system/Entity/Cast/CastInterface.php b/system/Entity/Cast/CastInterface.php
index 9d790e8edbb9..8f837fe8014c 100644
--- a/system/Entity/Cast/CastInterface.php
+++ b/system/Entity/Cast/CastInterface.php
@@ -14,8 +14,6 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast;
 
 /**
- * Interface CastInterface
- *
  * The methods work at (1)(4) only.
  *   [App Code] --- (1) --> [Entity] --- (2) --> [Database]
  *   [App Code] <-- (4) --- [Entity] <-- (3) --- [Database]
diff --git a/system/Entity/Cast/DatetimeCast.php b/system/Entity/Cast/DatetimeCast.php
index 2d01ad79b0ae..72206ca883f7 100644
--- a/system/Entity/Cast/DatetimeCast.php
+++ b/system/Entity/Cast/DatetimeCast.php
@@ -17,9 +17,6 @@
 use DateTime;
 use Exception;
 
-/**
- * Class DatetimeCast
- */
 class DatetimeCast extends BaseCast
 {
     /**
@@ -40,7 +37,7 @@ public static function get($value, array $params = [])
         }
 
         if (is_numeric($value)) {
-            return Time::createFromTimestamp((int) $value);
+            return Time::createFromTimestamp((int) $value, date_default_timezone_get());
         }
 
         if (is_string($value)) {
diff --git a/system/Entity/Cast/FloatCast.php b/system/Entity/Cast/FloatCast.php
index 642e849e747e..1a767c0953f0 100644
--- a/system/Entity/Cast/FloatCast.php
+++ b/system/Entity/Cast/FloatCast.php
@@ -13,14 +13,8 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast;
 
-/**
- * Class FloatCast
- */
 class FloatCast extends BaseCast
 {
-    /**
-     * {@inheritDoc}
-     */
     public static function get($value, array $params = []): float
     {
         return (float) $value;
diff --git a/system/Entity/Cast/IntBoolCast.php b/system/Entity/Cast/IntBoolCast.php
index fb1c470e892e..94e65df8dde0 100644
--- a/system/Entity/Cast/IntBoolCast.php
+++ b/system/Entity/Cast/IntBoolCast.php
@@ -14,8 +14,6 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast;
 
 /**
- * Int Bool Cast
- *
  * DB column: int (0/1) <--> Class property: bool
  */
 final class IntBoolCast extends BaseCast
diff --git a/system/Entity/Cast/IntegerCast.php b/system/Entity/Cast/IntegerCast.php
index c0ecec732436..84bf09211c0f 100644
--- a/system/Entity/Cast/IntegerCast.php
+++ b/system/Entity/Cast/IntegerCast.php
@@ -13,14 +13,8 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast;
 
-/**
- * Class IntegerCast
- */
 class IntegerCast extends BaseCast
 {
-    /**
-     * {@inheritDoc}
-     */
     public static function get($value, array $params = []): int
     {
         return (int) $value;
diff --git a/system/Entity/Cast/JsonCast.php b/system/Entity/Cast/JsonCast.php
index ef389269ede4..245de29f3956 100644
--- a/system/Entity/Cast/JsonCast.php
+++ b/system/Entity/Cast/JsonCast.php
@@ -17,14 +17,8 @@
 use JsonException;
 use stdClass;
 
-/**
- * Class JsonCast
- */
 class JsonCast extends BaseCast
 {
-    /**
-     * {@inheritDoc}
-     */
     public static function get($value, array $params = [])
     {
         $associative = in_array('array', $params, true);
diff --git a/system/Entity/Cast/ObjectCast.php b/system/Entity/Cast/ObjectCast.php
index 1bee213d50a7..10affad4c80c 100644
--- a/system/Entity/Cast/ObjectCast.php
+++ b/system/Entity/Cast/ObjectCast.php
@@ -13,14 +13,8 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast;
 
-/**
- * Class ObjectCast
- */
 class ObjectCast extends BaseCast
 {
-    /**
-     * {@inheritDoc}
-     */
     public static function get($value, array $params = []): object
     {
         return (object) $value;
diff --git a/system/Entity/Cast/StringCast.php b/system/Entity/Cast/StringCast.php
index e4ed04b94d95..d538f4332dca 100644
--- a/system/Entity/Cast/StringCast.php
+++ b/system/Entity/Cast/StringCast.php
@@ -13,14 +13,8 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast;
 
-/**
- * Class StringCast
- */
 class StringCast extends BaseCast
 {
-    /**
-     * {@inheritDoc}
-     */
     public static function get($value, array $params = []): string
     {
         return (string) $value;
diff --git a/system/Entity/Cast/TimestampCast.php b/system/Entity/Cast/TimestampCast.php
index a445badec1f9..44bdf78864d1 100644
--- a/system/Entity/Cast/TimestampCast.php
+++ b/system/Entity/Cast/TimestampCast.php
@@ -15,14 +15,8 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\Entity\Exceptions\CastException;
 
-/**
- * Class TimestampCast
- */
 class TimestampCast extends BaseCast
 {
-    /**
-     * {@inheritDoc}
-     */
     public static function get($value, array $params = [])
     {
         $value = strtotime($value);
diff --git a/system/Entity/Cast/URICast.php b/system/Entity/Cast/URICast.php
index d0d510b10919..a66bfba3ef45 100644
--- a/system/Entity/Cast/URICast.php
+++ b/system/Entity/Cast/URICast.php
@@ -15,14 +15,8 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\URI;
 
-/**
- * Class URICast
- */
 class URICast extends BaseCast
 {
-    /**
-     * {@inheritDoc}
-     */
     public static function get($value, array $params = []): URI
     {
         return $value instanceof URI ? $value : new URI($value);
diff --git a/system/Entity/Entity.php b/system/Entity/Entity.php
index 464992af6251..0e54c722e354 100644
--- a/system/Entity/Entity.php
+++ b/system/Entity/Entity.php
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ public function __construct(?array $data = null)
             array_merge($this->defaultCastHandlers, $this->castHandlers),
             null,
             null,
-            false
+            false,
         );
 
         $this->syncOriginal();
@@ -181,11 +181,11 @@ public function toArray(bool $onlyChanged = false, bool $cast = true, bool $recu
     {
         $this->_cast = $cast;
 
-        $keys = array_filter(array_keys($this->attributes), static fn ($key) => ! str_starts_with($key, '_'));
+        $keys = array_filter(array_keys($this->attributes), static fn ($key): bool => ! str_starts_with($key, '_'));
 
         if (is_array($this->datamap)) {
             $keys = array_unique(
-                [...array_diff($keys, $this->datamap), ...array_keys($this->datamap)]
+                [...array_diff($keys, $this->datamap), ...array_keys($this->datamap)],
             );
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Events/Events.php b/system/Events/Events.php
index ad8efed62f9e..4c255f02df05 100644
--- a/system/Events/Events.php
+++ b/system/Events/Events.php
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class Events
     /**
      * The list of listeners.
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var array<string, array{0: bool, 1: list<int>, 2: list<callable(mixed): mixed>}>
      */
     protected static $listeners = [];
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class Events
      * Stores information about the events
      * for display in the debug toolbar.
      *
-     * @var list<array<string, float|string>>
+     * @var list<array{start: float, end: float, event: string}>
      */
     protected static $performanceLog = [];
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ public static function initialize()
             return;
         }
 
-        $config = config(Modules::class);
+        $config = new Modules();
         $events = APPPATH . 'Config' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'Events.php';
         $files  = [];
 
@@ -84,15 +84,12 @@ public static function initialize()
             $files = service('locator')->search('Config/Events.php');
         }
 
-        $files = array_filter(array_map(static function (string $file): false|string {
-            if (is_file($file)) {
-                return realpath($file) ?: $file;
-            }
-
-            return false; // @codeCoverageIgnore
-        }, $files));
+        $files = array_filter(array_map(
+            realpath(...),
+            $files,
+        ));
 
-        static::$files = array_unique(array_merge($files, [$events]));
+        static::$files = array_values(array_unique(array_merge($files, [$events])));
 
         foreach (static::$files as $file) {
             include $file;
@@ -110,9 +107,9 @@ public static function initialize()
      *  Events::on('create', [$myInstance, 'myMethod']);  // Method on an existing instance
      *  Events::on('create', function() {});              // Closure
      *
-     * @param string   $eventName
-     * @param callable $callback
-     * @param int      $priority
+     * @param string                 $eventName
+     * @param callable(mixed): mixed $callback
+     * @param int                    $priority
      *
      * @return void
      */
@@ -138,7 +135,7 @@ public static function on($eventName, $callback, $priority = self::PRIORITY_NORM
      *  b) a method returns false, at which point execution of subscribers stops.
      *
      * @param string $eventName
-     * @param mixed  $arguments
+     * @param mixed  ...$arguments
      */
     public static function trigger($eventName, ...$arguments): bool
     {
@@ -158,7 +155,7 @@ public static function trigger($eventName, ...$arguments): bool
                 static::$performanceLog[] = [
                     'start' => $start,
                     'end'   => microtime(true),
-                    'event' => strtolower($eventName),
+                    'event' => $eventName,
                 ];
             }
 
@@ -175,6 +172,8 @@ public static function trigger($eventName, ...$arguments): bool
      * sorted by priority.
      *
      * @param string $eventName
+     *
+     * @return list<callable(mixed): mixed>
      */
     public static function listeners($eventName): array
     {
@@ -200,7 +199,8 @@ public static function listeners($eventName): array
      * If the listener couldn't be found, returns FALSE, else TRUE if
      * it was removed.
      *
-     * @param string $eventName
+     * @param string                 $eventName
+     * @param callable(mixed): mixed $listener
      */
     public static function removeListener($eventName, callable $listener): bool
     {
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ public static function removeListener($eventName, callable $listener): bool
             if ($check === $listener) {
                 unset(
                     static::$listeners[$eventName][1][$index],
-                    static::$listeners[$eventName][2][$index]
+                    static::$listeners[$eventName][2][$index],
                 );
 
                 return true;
@@ -244,6 +244,8 @@ public static function removeAllListeners($eventName = null)
     /**
      * Sets the path to the file that routes are read from.
      *
+     * @param list<string> $files
+     *
      * @return void
      */
     public static function setFiles(array $files)
@@ -276,7 +278,7 @@ public static function simulate(bool $choice = true)
     /**
      * Getter for the performance log records.
      *
-     * @return list<array<string, float|string>>
+     * @return list<array{start: float, end: float, event: string}>
      */
     public static function getPerformanceLogs()
     {
diff --git a/system/Exceptions/BadFunctionCallException.php b/system/Exceptions/BadFunctionCallException.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..84d9798dc0c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Exceptions/BadFunctionCallException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Exceptions;
+
+/**
+ * Exception thrown if a function is called in the wrong way, or the function
+ * does not exist.
+ */
+class BadFunctionCallException extends \BadFunctionCallException implements ExceptionInterface
+{
+}
diff --git a/system/Exceptions/BadMethodCallException.php b/system/Exceptions/BadMethodCallException.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..977e8ae721e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Exceptions/BadMethodCallException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Exceptions;
+
+/**
+ * Exception thrown if a method is called in the wrong way, or the method
+ * does not exist.
+ */
+class BadMethodCallException extends \BadMethodCallException implements ExceptionInterface
+{
+}
diff --git a/system/Exceptions/ConfigException.php b/system/Exceptions/ConfigException.php
index d8849b809c68..b30818124901 100644
--- a/system/Exceptions/ConfigException.php
+++ b/system/Exceptions/ConfigException.php
@@ -14,9 +14,10 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Exceptions;
 
 /**
- * Exception for automatic logging.
+ * Exception thrown if the value of the Config class is invalid or the type is
+ * incorrect.
  */
-class ConfigException extends CriticalError implements HasExitCodeInterface
+class ConfigException extends RuntimeException implements HasExitCodeInterface
 {
     use DebugTraceableTrait;
 
diff --git a/system/Exceptions/CriticalError.php b/system/Exceptions/CriticalError.php
index 756393d5d95d..d3f6803b7925 100644
--- a/system/Exceptions/CriticalError.php
+++ b/system/Exceptions/CriticalError.php
@@ -13,11 +13,9 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Exceptions;
 
-use Error;
-
 /**
  * Error: Critical conditions, like component unavailable, etc.
  */
-class CriticalError extends Error
+class CriticalError extends RuntimeException
 {
 }
diff --git a/system/Exceptions/DownloadException.php b/system/Exceptions/DownloadException.php
index 8ed2ba4849ab..c3bde8ed2556 100644
--- a/system/Exceptions/DownloadException.php
+++ b/system/Exceptions/DownloadException.php
@@ -13,12 +13,10 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Exceptions;
 
-use RuntimeException;
-
 /**
  * Class DownloadException
  */
-class DownloadException extends RuntimeException implements ExceptionInterface
+class DownloadException extends RuntimeException
 {
     use DebugTraceableTrait;
 
diff --git a/system/Exceptions/FrameworkException.php b/system/Exceptions/FrameworkException.php
index 1fe47be49a6b..4650c6c3541f 100644
--- a/system/Exceptions/FrameworkException.php
+++ b/system/Exceptions/FrameworkException.php
@@ -13,15 +13,13 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Exceptions;
 
-use RuntimeException;
-
 /**
  * Class FrameworkException
  *
  * A collection of exceptions thrown by the framework
  * that can only be determined at run time.
  */
-class FrameworkException extends RuntimeException implements ExceptionInterface
+class FrameworkException extends RuntimeException
 {
     use DebugTraceableTrait;
 
@@ -68,7 +66,7 @@ public static function forMissingExtension(string $extension)
             // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
             $message = sprintf(
                 'The framework needs the following extension(s) installed and loaded: %s.',
-                $extension
+                $extension,
             );
             // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
         } else {
diff --git a/system/Exceptions/HTTPExceptionInterface.php b/system/Exceptions/HTTPExceptionInterface.php
index 1974d63af6e5..b26f121fb9a6 100644
--- a/system/Exceptions/HTTPExceptionInterface.php
+++ b/system/Exceptions/HTTPExceptionInterface.php
@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@
 /**
  * Interface for Exceptions that has exception code as HTTP status code.
  */
-interface HTTPExceptionInterface
+interface HTTPExceptionInterface extends ExceptionInterface
 {
 }
diff --git a/system/Exceptions/HasExitCodeInterface.php b/system/Exceptions/HasExitCodeInterface.php
index 1557c82ad681..48d32655714c 100644
--- a/system/Exceptions/HasExitCodeInterface.php
+++ b/system/Exceptions/HasExitCodeInterface.php
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 /**
  * Interface for Exceptions that has exception code as exit code.
  */
-interface HasExitCodeInterface
+interface HasExitCodeInterface extends ExceptionInterface
 {
     /**
      * Returns exit status code.
diff --git a/system/Exceptions/InvalidArgumentException.php b/system/Exceptions/InvalidArgumentException.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4790249e3f78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Exceptions/InvalidArgumentException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Exceptions;
+
+/**
+ * Exception thrown if an argument is not of the expected type.
+ */
+class InvalidArgumentException extends \InvalidArgumentException implements ExceptionInterface
+{
+}
diff --git a/system/Exceptions/LogicException.php b/system/Exceptions/LogicException.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2fe46792efcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Exceptions/LogicException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Exceptions;
+
+/**
+ * Exception that represents error in the program logic.
+ */
+class LogicException extends \LogicException implements ExceptionInterface
+{
+}
diff --git a/system/Exceptions/PageNotFoundException.php b/system/Exceptions/PageNotFoundException.php
index 1a3b27a76a87..f84763ec25ff 100644
--- a/system/Exceptions/PageNotFoundException.php
+++ b/system/Exceptions/PageNotFoundException.php
@@ -13,9 +13,7 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Exceptions;
 
-use OutOfBoundsException;
-
-class PageNotFoundException extends OutOfBoundsException implements ExceptionInterface, HTTPExceptionInterface
+class PageNotFoundException extends RuntimeException implements HTTPExceptionInterface
 {
     use DebugTraceableTrait;
 
diff --git a/system/Exceptions/RuntimeException.php b/system/Exceptions/RuntimeException.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c35d55ba9e45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Exceptions/RuntimeException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Exceptions;
+
+/**
+ * Exception thrown if an error which can only be found on runtime occurs.
+ */
+class RuntimeException extends \RuntimeException implements ExceptionInterface
+{
+}
diff --git a/system/Exceptions/TestException.php b/system/Exceptions/TestException.php
index f533dc279335..4487ae1e1815 100644
--- a/system/Exceptions/TestException.php
+++ b/system/Exceptions/TestException.php
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Exceptions;
 
 /**
- * Exception for automatic logging.
+ * Exception thrown when there is an error with the test code.
  */
-class TestException extends CriticalError
+class TestException extends LogicException
 {
     use DebugTraceableTrait;
 
diff --git a/system/Files/Exceptions/ExceptionInterface.php b/system/Files/Exceptions/ExceptionInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..346ff1624e12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Files/Exceptions/ExceptionInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Files\Exceptions;
+
+/**
+ * Provides a domain-level interface for broad capture
+ * of all Files-related exceptions.
+ *
+ * catch (\CodeIgniter\Files\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface) { ... }
+ */
+interface ExceptionInterface extends \CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface
+{
+}
diff --git a/system/Files/Exceptions/FileException.php b/system/Files/Exceptions/FileException.php
index 5feb97929ead..3202978c3af6 100644
--- a/system/Files/Exceptions/FileException.php
+++ b/system/Files/Exceptions/FileException.php
@@ -14,8 +14,7 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Files\Exceptions;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\DebugTraceableTrait;
-use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface;
-use RuntimeException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 
 class FileException extends RuntimeException implements ExceptionInterface
 {
diff --git a/system/Files/Exceptions/FileNotFoundException.php b/system/Files/Exceptions/FileNotFoundException.php
index 86b22625aa9e..4c043f9ab02c 100644
--- a/system/Files/Exceptions/FileNotFoundException.php
+++ b/system/Files/Exceptions/FileNotFoundException.php
@@ -14,8 +14,7 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Files\Exceptions;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\DebugTraceableTrait;
-use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface;
-use RuntimeException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 
 class FileNotFoundException extends RuntimeException implements ExceptionInterface
 {
diff --git a/system/Files/File.php b/system/Files/File.php
index 15b53262e9c2..be7f84f8a20b 100644
--- a/system/Files/File.php
+++ b/system/Files/File.php
@@ -70,16 +70,38 @@ public function getSize()
         return $this->size ?? ($this->size = parent::getSize());
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the file size by unit, calculated in IEC standards with 1024 as base value.
+     *
+     * @param positive-int $precision
+     */
+    public function getSizeByBinaryUnit(FileSizeUnit $unit = FileSizeUnit::B, int $precision = 3): int|string
+    {
+        return $this->getSizeByUnitInternal(1024, $unit, $precision);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the file size by unit, calculated in metric standards with 1000 as base value.
+     *
+     * @param positive-int $precision
+     */
+    public function getSizeByMetricUnit(FileSizeUnit $unit = FileSizeUnit::B, int $precision = 3): int|string
+    {
+        return $this->getSizeByUnitInternal(1000, $unit, $precision);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Retrieve the file size by unit.
      *
+     * @deprecated 4.6.0 Use getSizeByBinaryUnit() or getSizeByMetricUnit() instead
+     *
      * @return false|int|string
      */
     public function getSizeByUnit(string $unit = 'b')
     {
         return match (strtolower($unit)) {
-            'kb'    => number_format($this->getSize() / 1024, 3),
-            'mb'    => number_format(($this->getSize() / 1024) / 1024, 3),
+            'kb'    => $this->getSizeByBinaryUnit(FileSizeUnit::KB),
+            'mb'    => $this->getSizeByBinaryUnit(FileSizeUnit::MB),
             default => $this->getSize(),
         };
     }
@@ -189,4 +211,17 @@ public function getDestination(string $destination, string $delimiter = '_', int
 
         return $destination;
     }
+
+    private function getSizeByUnitInternal(int $fileSizeBase, FileSizeUnit $unit, int $precision): int|string
+    {
+        $exponent = $unit->value;
+        $divider  = $fileSizeBase ** $exponent;
+        $size     = $this->getSize() / $divider;
+
+        if ($unit !== FileSizeUnit::B) {
+            $size = number_format($size, $precision);
+        }
+
+        return $size;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/system/Files/FileCollection.php b/system/Files/FileCollection.php
index f1310795867d..b293b4d3c08d 100644
--- a/system/Files/FileCollection.php
+++ b/system/Files/FileCollection.php
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Files;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use CodeIgniter\Files\Exceptions\FileException;
 use CodeIgniter\Files\Exceptions\FileNotFoundException;
 use Countable;
 use Generator;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 use IteratorAggregate;
 
 /**
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ final protected static function matchFiles(array $files, string $pattern): array
             $pattern = str_replace(
                 ['#', '.', '*', '?'],
                 ['\#', '\.', '.*', '.'],
-                $pattern
+                $pattern,
             );
             $pattern = "#\\A{$pattern}\\z#";
         }
 
-        return array_filter($files, static fn ($value) => (bool) preg_match($pattern, basename($value)));
+        return array_filter($files, static fn ($value): bool => (bool) preg_match($pattern, basename($value)));
     }
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -340,6 +340,44 @@ public function retainPattern(string $pattern, ?string $scope = null)
         return $this->removeFiles(array_diff($files, self::matchFiles($files, $pattern)));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Keeps only the files from the list that match multiple patterns
+     * (within the optional scope).
+     *
+     * @param list<string> $patterns Array of regex or pseudo-regex strings
+     * @param string|null  $scope    A directory to limit the scope
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function retainMultiplePatterns(array $patterns, ?string $scope = null)
+    {
+        if ($patterns === []) {
+            return $this;
+        }
+
+        if (count($patterns) === 1 && $patterns[0] === '') {
+            return $this;
+        }
+
+        // Start with all files or those in scope
+        $files = $scope === null ? $this->files : self::filterFiles($this->files, $scope);
+
+        // Add files to retain to array
+        $filesToRetain = [];
+
+        foreach ($patterns as $pattern) {
+            if ($pattern === '') {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Matches the pattern within the scoped files
+            $filesToRetain = array_merge($filesToRetain, self::matchFiles($files, $pattern));
+        }
+
+        // Remove the inverse of files to retain
+        return $this->removeFiles(array_diff($files, $filesToRetain));
+    }
+
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Interface Methods
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/Files/FileSizeUnit.php b/system/Files/FileSizeUnit.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..84c2ba44ca13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Files/FileSizeUnit.php
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Files;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
+
+enum FileSizeUnit: int
+{
+    case B  = 0;
+    case KB = 1;
+    case MB = 2;
+    case GB = 3;
+    case TB = 4;
+
+    /**
+     * Allows the creation of a FileSizeUnit from Strings like "kb" or "mb"
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    public static function fromString(string $unit): self
+    {
+        return match (strtolower($unit)) {
+            'b'     => self::B,
+            'kb'    => self::KB,
+            'mb'    => self::MB,
+            'gb'    => self::GB,
+            'tb'    => self::TB,
+            default => throw new InvalidArgumentException("Invalid unit: {$unit}"),
+        };
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Filters/CSRF.php b/system/Filters/CSRF.php
index beb15f62b03a..ea9a9939f2de 100644
--- a/system/Filters/CSRF.php
+++ b/system/Filters/CSRF.php
@@ -35,14 +35,14 @@ class CSRF implements FilterInterface
      *
      * @param list<string>|null $arguments
      *
-     * @return RedirectResponse|void
+     * @return RedirectResponse|null
      *
      * @throws SecurityException
      */
     public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
     {
         if (! $request instanceof IncomingRequest) {
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
 
         /** @var Security $security */
@@ -57,16 +57,17 @@ public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
 
             throw $e;
         }
+
+        return null;
     }
 
     /**
      * We don't have anything to do here.
      *
      * @param list<string>|null $arguments
-     *
-     * @return void
      */
     public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
     {
+        return null;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/Filters/Cors.php b/system/Filters/Cors.php
index 93ca551b42f2..c070d72925e5 100644
--- a/system/Filters/Cors.php
+++ b/system/Filters/Cors.php
@@ -48,32 +48,42 @@ public function __construct(array $config = [])
     /**
      * @param list<string>|null $arguments
      *
-     * @return ResponseInterface|string|void
+     * @return ResponseInterface|null
      */
     public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
     {
         if (! $request instanceof IncomingRequest) {
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
 
         $this->createCorsService($arguments);
 
-        if (! $this->cors->isPreflightRequest($request)) {
-            return;
-        }
-
         /** @var ResponseInterface $response */
         $response = service('response');
 
-        $response = $this->cors->handlePreflightRequest($request, $response);
+        if ($this->cors->isPreflightRequest($request)) {
+            $response = $this->cors->handlePreflightRequest($request, $response);
 
-        // Always adds `Vary: Access-Control-Request-Method` header for cacheability.
-        // If there is an intermediate cache server such as a CDN, if a plain
-        // OPTIONS request is sent, it may be cached. But valid preflight requests
-        // have this header, so it will be cached separately.
-        $response->appendHeader('Vary', 'Access-Control-Request-Method');
+            // Always adds `Vary: Access-Control-Request-Method` header for cacheability.
+            // If there is an intermediate cache server such as a CDN, if a plain
+            // OPTIONS request is sent, it may be cached. But valid preflight requests
+            // have this header, so it will be cached separately.
+            $response->appendHeader('Vary', 'Access-Control-Request-Method');
+
+            return $response;
+        }
 
-        return $response;
+        if ($request->is('OPTIONS')) {
+            // Always adds `Vary: Access-Control-Request-Method` header for cacheability.
+            // If there is an intermediate cache server such as a CDN, if a plain
+            // OPTIONS request is sent, it may be cached. But valid preflight requests
+            // have this header, so it will be cached separately.
+            $response->appendHeader('Vary', 'Access-Control-Request-Method');
+        }
+
+        $this->cors->addResponseHeaders($request, $response);
+
+        return null;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -87,17 +97,19 @@ private function createCorsService(?array $arguments): void
 
     /**
      * @param list<string>|null $arguments
-     *
-     * @return ResponseInterface|void
      */
     public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
     {
         if (! $request instanceof IncomingRequest) {
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
 
         $this->createCorsService($arguments);
 
+        if ($this->cors->hasResponseHeaders($request, $response)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
         // Always adds `Vary: Access-Control-Request-Method` header for cacheability.
         // If there is an intermediate cache server such as a CDN, if a plain
         // OPTIONS request is sent, it may be cached. But valid preflight requests
diff --git a/system/Filters/DebugToolbar.php b/system/Filters/DebugToolbar.php
index 9f864ee572c5..7199b85f9d62 100644
--- a/system/Filters/DebugToolbar.php
+++ b/system/Filters/DebugToolbar.php
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ class DebugToolbar implements FilterInterface
      */
     public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
     {
+        return null;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -41,5 +42,7 @@ public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
     public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
     {
         service('toolbar')->prepare($request, $response);
+
+        return null;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/Filters/Exceptions/FilterException.php b/system/Filters/Exceptions/FilterException.php
index 1226ba318429..3a4d914e3cc3 100644
--- a/system/Filters/Exceptions/FilterException.php
+++ b/system/Filters/Exceptions/FilterException.php
@@ -14,12 +14,11 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Filters\Exceptions;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ConfigException;
-use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface;
 
 /**
  * FilterException
  */
-class FilterException extends ConfigException implements ExceptionInterface
+class FilterException extends ConfigException
 {
     /**
      * Thrown when the provided alias is not within
diff --git a/system/Filters/FilterInterface.php b/system/Filters/FilterInterface.php
index 0353fb2ab9d0..6df33e912b87 100644
--- a/system/Filters/FilterInterface.php
+++ b/system/Filters/FilterInterface.php
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ interface FilterInterface
      *
      * @param list<string>|null $arguments
      *
-     * @return RequestInterface|ResponseInterface|string|void
+     * @return RequestInterface|ResponseInterface|string|null
      */
     public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null);
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null);
      *
      * @param list<string>|null $arguments
      *
-     * @return ResponseInterface|void
+     * @return ResponseInterface|null
      */
     public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null);
 }
diff --git a/system/Filters/Filters.php b/system/Filters/Filters.php
index 1255e0c4055d..9a253a42b359 100644
--- a/system/Filters/Filters.php
+++ b/system/Filters/Filters.php
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Filters;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Config\Filters as BaseFiltersConfig;
-use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ConfigException;
 use CodeIgniter\Filters\Exceptions\FilterException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
@@ -30,7 +29,7 @@
 class Filters
 {
     /**
-     * The original config file
+     * The Config\Filters instance
      *
      * @var FiltersConfig
      */
@@ -51,27 +50,42 @@ class Filters
     protected $response;
 
     /**
-     * Handle to the modules config.
+     * The Config\Modules instance
      *
      * @var Modules
      */
     protected $modules;
 
     /**
-     * Whether we've done initial processing
-     * on the filter lists.
+     * Whether we've done initial processing on the filter lists.
      *
      * @var bool
      */
     protected $initialized = false;
 
     /**
-     * The processed filters that will
-     * be used to check against.
+     * The filter list to execute for the current request (URI path).
      *
+     * This property is for display. Use $filtersClass to execute filters.
      * This does not include "Required Filters".
      *
-     * @var array<string, array>
+     * [
+     *     'before' => [
+     *         'alias',
+     *         'alias:arg1',
+     *         'alias:arg1,arg2',
+     *     ],
+     *     'after'  => [
+     *         'alias',
+     *         'alias:arg1',
+     *         'alias:arg1,arg2',
+     *     ],
+     * ]
+     *
+     * @var array{
+     *     before: list<string>,
+     *     after: list<string>
+     * }
      */
     protected $filters = [
         'before' => [],
@@ -79,22 +93,43 @@ class Filters
     ];
 
     /**
-     * The collection of filters' class names that will
-     * be used to execute in each position.
+     * The collection of filter classnames and their arguments to execute for
+     * the current request (URI path).
      *
      * This does not include "Required Filters".
      *
-     * @var array<string, array>
+     * [
+     *     'before' => [
+     *         [classname, arguments],
+     *     ],
+     *     'after'  => [
+     *         [classname, arguments],
+     *     ],
+     * ]
+     *
+     * @var array{
+     *     before: list<array{0: class-string, 1: list<string>}>,
+     *     after: list<array{0: class-string, 1: list<string>}>
+     * }
      */
     protected $filtersClass = [
         'before' => [],
         'after'  => [],
     ];
 
+    /**
+     * List of filter class instances.
+     *
+     * @var array<class-string, FilterInterface> [classname => instance]
+     */
+    protected array $filterClassInstances = [];
+
     /**
      * Any arguments to be passed to filters.
      *
      * @var array<string, list<string>|null> [name => params]
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.6.0 No longer used.
      */
     protected $arguments = [];
 
@@ -102,6 +137,8 @@ class Filters
      * Any arguments to be passed to filtersClass.
      *
      * @var array<class-string, list<string>|null> [classname => arguments]
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.6.0 No longer used.
      */
     protected $argumentsClass = [];
 
@@ -116,7 +153,7 @@ public function __construct($config, RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterfac
         $this->request = &$request;
         $this->setResponse($response);
 
-        $this->modules = $modules ?? config(Modules::class);
+        $this->modules = $modules instanceof Modules ? $modules : new Modules();
 
         if ($this->modules->shouldDiscover('filters')) {
             $this->discoverFilters();
@@ -125,10 +162,10 @@ public function __construct($config, RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterfac
 
     /**
      * If discoverFilters is enabled in Config then system will try to
-     * auto-discover custom filters files in Namespaces and allow access to
-     * the config object via the variable $filters as with the routes file
+     * auto-discover custom filters files in namespaces and allow access to
+     * the config object via the variable $filters as with the routes file.
      *
-     * Sample :
+     * Sample:
      * $filters->aliases['custom-auth'] = \Acme\Blob\Filters\BlobAuth::class;
      *
      * @deprecated 4.4.2 Use Registrar instead.
@@ -166,11 +203,11 @@ public function setResponse(ResponseInterface $response)
     }
 
     /**
-     * Runs through all of the filters for the specified
-     * uri and position.
+     * Runs through all the filters (except "Required Filters") for the specified
+     * URI and position.
      *
-     * @param         string           $uri      URI path relative to baseURL
-     * @phpstan-param 'before'|'after' $position
+     * @param string           $uri      URI path relative to baseURL
+     * @param 'after'|'before' $position
      *
      * @return RequestInterface|ResponseInterface|string|null
      *
@@ -189,21 +226,19 @@ public function run(string $uri, string $position = 'before')
     }
 
     /**
+     * @param list<array{0: class-string, 1: list<string>}> $filterClassList [[classname, arguments], ...]
+     *
      * @return RequestInterface|ResponseInterface|string
      */
-    private function runBefore(array $filterClasses)
+    private function runBefore(array $filterClassList)
     {
-        foreach ($filterClasses as $className) {
-            $class = new $className();
+        foreach ($filterClassList as $filterClassInfo) {
+            $className = $filterClassInfo[0];
+            $arguments = ($filterClassInfo[1] === []) ? null : $filterClassInfo[1];
 
-            if (! $class instanceof FilterInterface) {
-                throw FilterException::forIncorrectInterface($class::class);
-            }
+            $instance = $this->createFilter($className);
 
-            $result = $class->before(
-                $this->request,
-                $this->argumentsClass[$className] ?? null
-            );
+            $result = $instance->before($this->request, $arguments);
 
             if ($result instanceof RequestInterface) {
                 $this->request = $result;
@@ -229,20 +264,18 @@ private function runBefore(array $filterClasses)
         return $this->request;
     }
 
-    private function runAfter(array $filterClasses): ResponseInterface
+    /**
+     * @param list<array{0: class-string, 1: list<string>}> $filterClassList [[classname, arguments], ...]
+     */
+    private function runAfter(array $filterClassList): ResponseInterface
     {
-        foreach ($filterClasses as $className) {
-            $class = new $className();
+        foreach ($filterClassList as $filterClassInfo) {
+            $className = $filterClassInfo[0];
+            $arguments = ($filterClassInfo[1] === []) ? null : $filterClassInfo[1];
 
-            if (! $class instanceof FilterInterface) {
-                throw FilterException::forIncorrectInterface($class::class);
-            }
+            $instance = $this->createFilter($className);
 
-            $result = $class->after(
-                $this->request,
-                $this->response,
-                $this->argumentsClass[$className] ?? null
-            );
+            $result = $instance->after($this->request, $this->response, $arguments);
 
             if ($result instanceof ResponseInterface) {
                 $this->response = $result;
@@ -255,46 +288,86 @@ private function runAfter(array $filterClasses): ResponseInterface
     }
 
     /**
-     * Runs "Required Filters" for the specified position.
-     *
-     * @return RequestInterface|ResponseInterface|string|null
-     *
-     * @phpstan-param 'before'|'after' $position
+     * @param class-string $className
+     */
+    private function createFilter(string $className): FilterInterface
+    {
+        if (isset($this->filterClassInstances[$className])) {
+            return $this->filterClassInstances[$className];
+        }
+
+        $instance = new $className();
+
+        if (! $instance instanceof FilterInterface) {
+            throw FilterException::forIncorrectInterface($instance::class);
+        }
+
+        $this->filterClassInstances[$className] = $instance;
+
+        return $instance;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the "Required Filters" class list.
      *
-     * @throws FilterException
+     * @param 'after'|'before' $position
      *
-     * @internal
+     * @return list<array{0: class-string, 1: list<string>}> [[classname, arguments], ...]
      */
-    public function runRequired(string $position = 'before')
+    public function getRequiredClasses(string $position): array
     {
         [$filters, $aliases] = $this->getRequiredFilters($position);
 
         if ($filters === []) {
-            return $position === 'before' ? $this->request : $this->response;
+            return [];
         }
 
-        $filterClasses = [];
+        $filterClassList = [];
 
         foreach ($filters as $alias) {
             if (is_array($aliases[$alias])) {
-                $filterClasses[$position] = array_merge($filterClasses[$position], $aliases[$alias]);
+                foreach ($this->config->aliases[$alias] as $class) {
+                    $filterClassList[] = [$class, []];
+                }
             } else {
-                $filterClasses[$position][] = $aliases[$alias];
+                $filterClassList[] = [$aliases[$alias], []];
             }
         }
 
+        return $filterClassList;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Runs "Required Filters" for the specified position.
+     *
+     * @param 'after'|'before' $position
+     *
+     * @return RequestInterface|ResponseInterface|string|null
+     *
+     * @throws FilterException
+     *
+     * @internal
+     */
+    public function runRequired(string $position = 'before')
+    {
+        $filterClassList = $this->getRequiredClasses($position);
+
+        if ($filterClassList === []) {
+            return $position === 'before' ? $this->request : $this->response;
+        }
+
         if ($position === 'before') {
-            return $this->runBefore($filterClasses[$position]);
+            return $this->runBefore($filterClassList);
         }
 
         // After
-        return $this->runAfter($filterClasses[$position]);
+        return $this->runAfter($filterClassList);
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns "Required Filters" for the specified position.
      *
-     * @phpstan-param 'before'|'after' $position
+     * @param 'after'|'before' $position
      *
      * @internal
      */
@@ -379,6 +452,9 @@ private function setToolbarToLast(array $filters, bool $remove = false): array
      * @TODO We don't need to accept null as $uri.
      *
      * @return Filters
+     *
+     * @testTag Only for test code. The run() calls this, so you don't need to
+     *          call this in your app.
      */
     public function initialize(?string $uri = null)
     {
@@ -403,6 +479,11 @@ public function initialize(?string $uri = null)
         // Set the toolbar filter to the last position to be executed
         $this->filters['after'] = $this->setToolbarToLast($this->filters['after']);
 
+        // Since some filters like rate limiters rely on being executed once a request,
+        // we filter em here.
+        $this->filters['before'] = array_unique($this->filters['before']);
+        $this->filters['after']  = array_unique($this->filters['after']);
+
         $this->processAliasesToClass('before');
         $this->processAliasesToClass('after');
 
@@ -433,6 +514,11 @@ public function reset(): self
     /**
      * Returns the processed filters array.
      * This does not include "Required Filters".
+     *
+     * @return array{
+     *      before: list<string>,
+     *      after: list<string>
+     *  }
      */
     public function getFilters(): array
     {
@@ -442,6 +528,11 @@ public function getFilters(): array
     /**
      * Returns the filtersClass array.
      * This does not include "Required Filters".
+     *
+     * @return array{
+     *      before: list<array{0: class-string, 1: list<string>}>,
+     *      after: list<array{0: class-string, 1: list<string>}>
+     *  }
      */
     public function getFiltersClass(): array
     {
@@ -453,9 +544,11 @@ public function getFiltersClass(): array
      * MUST be called prior to initialize();
      * Intended for use within routes files.
      *
+     * @param 'after'|'before' $position
+     *
      * @return $this
      */
-    public function addFilter(string $class, ?string $alias = null, string $when = 'before', string $section = 'globals')
+    public function addFilter(string $class, ?string $alias = null, string $position = 'before', string $section = 'globals')
     {
         $alias ??= md5($class);
 
@@ -463,13 +556,13 @@ public function addFilter(string $class, ?string $alias = null, string $when = '
             $this->config->{$section} = [];
         }
 
-        if (! isset($this->config->{$section}[$when])) {
-            $this->config->{$section}[$when] = [];
+        if (! isset($this->config->{$section}[$position])) {
+            $this->config->{$section}[$position] = [];
         }
 
         $this->config->aliases[$alias] = $class;
 
-        $this->config->{$section}[$when][] = $alias;
+        $this->config->{$section}[$position][] = $alias;
 
         return $this;
     }
@@ -481,53 +574,54 @@ public function addFilter(string $class, ?string $alias = null, string $when = '
      * after the filter name, followed by a comma-separated list of arguments that
      * are passed to the filter when executed.
      *
-     * @param string $name filter_name or filter_name:arguments like 'role:admin,manager'
+     * @param string           $filter   filter_name or filter_name:arguments like 'role:admin,manager'
+     *                                   or filter classname.
+     * @param 'after'|'before' $position
      */
-    private function enableFilter(string $name, string $when = 'before'): void
+    private function enableFilter(string $filter, string $position = 'before'): void
     {
-        // Get arguments and clean name
-        [$name, $arguments]     = $this->getCleanName($name);
-        $this->arguments[$name] = ($arguments !== []) ? $arguments : null;
+        // Normalize the arguments.
+        [$alias, $arguments] = $this->getCleanName($filter);
+        $filter              = ($arguments === []) ? $alias : $alias . ':' . implode(',', $arguments);
 
-        if (class_exists($name)) {
-            $this->config->aliases[$name] = $name;
-        } elseif (! array_key_exists($name, $this->config->aliases)) {
-            throw FilterException::forNoAlias($name);
+        if (class_exists($alias)) {
+            $this->config->aliases[$alias] = $alias;
+        } elseif (! array_key_exists($alias, $this->config->aliases)) {
+            throw FilterException::forNoAlias($alias);
         }
 
-        $classNames = (array) $this->config->aliases[$name];
-
-        foreach ($classNames as $className) {
-            $this->argumentsClass[$className] = $this->arguments[$name] ?? null;
+        if (! isset($this->filters[$position][$filter])) {
+            $this->filters[$position][] = $filter;
         }
 
-        if (! isset($this->filters[$when][$name])) {
-            $this->filters[$when][]    = $name;
-            $this->filtersClass[$when] = array_merge($this->filtersClass[$when], $classNames);
-        }
+        // Since some filters like rate limiters rely on being executed once a request,
+        // we filter em here.
+        $this->filters[$position] = array_unique($this->filters[$position]);
     }
 
     /**
      * Get clean name and arguments
      *
-     * @param string $name filter_name or filter_name:arguments like 'role:admin,manager'
+     * @param string $filter filter_name or filter_name:arguments like 'role:admin,manager'
      *
      * @return array{0: string, 1: list<string>} [name, arguments]
      */
-    private function getCleanName(string $name): array
+    private function getCleanName(string $filter): array
     {
         $arguments = [];
 
-        if (str_contains($name, ':')) {
-            [$name, $arguments] = explode(':', $name);
-
-            $arguments = explode(',', $arguments);
-            array_walk($arguments, static function (&$item): void {
-                $item = trim($item);
-            });
+        if (! str_contains($filter, ':')) {
+            return [$filter, $arguments];
         }
 
-        return [$name, $arguments];
+        [$alias, $arguments] = explode(':', $filter);
+
+        $arguments = explode(',', $arguments);
+        array_walk($arguments, static function (&$item): void {
+            $item = trim($item);
+        });
+
+        return [$alias, $arguments];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -537,13 +631,13 @@ private function getCleanName(string $name): array
      * after the filter name, followed by a comma-separated list of arguments that
      * are passed to the filter when executed.
      *
-     * @params array<string> $names filter_name or filter_name:arguments like 'role:admin,manager'
+     * @param list<string> $filters filter_name or filter_name:arguments like 'role:admin,manager'
      *
      * @return Filters
      */
-    public function enableFilters(array $names, string $when = 'before')
+    public function enableFilters(array $filters, string $when = 'before')
     {
-        foreach ($names as $filter) {
+        foreach ($filters as $filter) {
             $this->enableFilter($filter, $when);
         }
 
@@ -554,10 +648,12 @@ public function enableFilters(array $names, string $when = 'before')
      * Returns the arguments for a specified key, or all.
      *
      * @return array<string, string>|string
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.6.0 Already does not work.
      */
     public function getArguments(?string $key = null)
     {
-        return $key === null ? $this->arguments : $this->arguments[$key];
+        return ((string) $key === '') ? $this->arguments : $this->arguments[$key];
     }
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -648,7 +744,7 @@ protected function processMethods()
             @trigger_error(
                 'Setting lowercase HTTP method key "' . strtolower($method) . '" is deprecated.'
                 . ' Use uppercase HTTP method like "' . strtoupper($method) . '".',
-                E_USER_DEPRECATED
+                E_USER_DEPRECATED,
             );
 
             $found  = true;
@@ -674,7 +770,7 @@ protected function processMethods()
      */
     protected function processFilters(?string $uri = null)
     {
-        if (! isset($this->config->filters) || ! $this->config->filters) {
+        if (! isset($this->config->filters) || $this->config->filters === []) {
             return;
         }
 
@@ -683,18 +779,17 @@ protected function processFilters(?string $uri = null)
         // Add any filters that apply to this URI
         $filters = [];
 
-        foreach ($this->config->filters as $alias => $settings) {
+        foreach ($this->config->filters as $filter => $settings) {
+            // Normalize the arguments.
+            [$alias, $arguments] = $this->getCleanName($filter);
+            $filter              = ($arguments === []) ? $alias : $alias . ':' . implode(',', $arguments);
+
             // Look for inclusion rules
             if (isset($settings['before'])) {
                 $path = $settings['before'];
 
                 if ($this->pathApplies($uri, $path)) {
-                    // Get arguments and clean name
-                    [$name, $arguments] = $this->getCleanName($alias);
-
-                    $filters['before'][] = $name;
-
-                    $this->registerArguments($name, $arguments);
+                    $filters['before'][] = $filter;
                 }
             }
 
@@ -702,14 +797,7 @@ protected function processFilters(?string $uri = null)
                 $path = $settings['after'];
 
                 if ($this->pathApplies($uri, $path)) {
-                    // Get arguments and clean name
-                    [$name, $arguments] = $this->getCleanName($alias);
-
-                    $filters['after'][] = $name;
-
-                    // The arguments may have already been registered in the before filter.
-                    // So disable check.
-                    $this->registerArguments($name, $arguments, false);
+                    $filters['after'][] = $filter;
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -733,68 +821,41 @@ protected function processFilters(?string $uri = null)
         }
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @param string $name      filter alias
-     * @param array  $arguments filter arguments
-     * @param bool   $check     if true, check if already defined
-     */
-    private function registerArguments(string $name, array $arguments, bool $check = true): void
-    {
-        if ($arguments !== []) {
-            if ($check && array_key_exists($name, $this->arguments)) {
-                throw new ConfigException(
-                    '"' . $name . '" already has arguments: '
-                    . (($this->arguments[$name] === null) ? 'null' : implode(',', $this->arguments[$name]))
-                );
-            }
-
-            $this->arguments[$name] = $arguments;
-        }
-
-        $classNames = (array) $this->config->aliases[$name];
-
-        foreach ($classNames as $className) {
-            $this->argumentsClass[$className] = $this->arguments[$name] ?? null;
-        }
-    }
-
     /**
      * Maps filter aliases to the equivalent filter classes
      *
+     * @param 'after'|'before' $position
+     *
      * @return void
      *
      * @throws FilterException
      */
     protected function processAliasesToClass(string $position)
     {
-        $filterClasses = [];
+        $filterClassList = [];
 
-        foreach ($this->filters[$position] as $alias => $rules) {
-            if (is_numeric($alias) && is_string($rules)) {
-                $alias = $rules;
-            }
+        foreach ($this->filters[$position] as $filter) {
+            // Get arguments and clean alias
+            [$alias, $arguments] = $this->getCleanName($filter);
 
             if (! array_key_exists($alias, $this->config->aliases)) {
                 throw FilterException::forNoAlias($alias);
             }
 
             if (is_array($this->config->aliases[$alias])) {
-                $filterClasses = [...$filterClasses, ...$this->config->aliases[$alias]];
+                foreach ($this->config->aliases[$alias] as $class) {
+                    $filterClassList[] = [$class, $arguments];
+                }
             } else {
-                $filterClasses[] = $this->config->aliases[$alias];
+                $filterClassList[] = [$this->config->aliases[$alias], $arguments];
             }
         }
 
-        // when using enableFilter() we already write the class name in $filterClasses as well as the
-        // alias in $filters. This leads to duplicates when using route filters.
         if ($position === 'before') {
-            $this->filtersClass[$position] = array_merge($filterClasses, $this->filtersClass[$position]);
+            $this->filtersClass[$position] = array_merge($filterClassList, $this->filtersClass[$position]);
         } else {
-            $this->filtersClass[$position] = array_merge($this->filtersClass[$position], $filterClasses);
+            $this->filtersClass[$position] = array_merge($this->filtersClass[$position], $filterClassList);
         }
-
-        // Since some filters like rate limiters rely on being executed once a request we filter em here.
-        $this->filtersClass[$position] = array_values(array_unique($this->filtersClass[$position]));
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/system/Filters/ForceHTTPS.php b/system/Filters/ForceHTTPS.php
index f415bd00e3b8..aa9cb3716d08 100644
--- a/system/Filters/ForceHTTPS.php
+++ b/system/Filters/ForceHTTPS.php
@@ -32,14 +32,14 @@ class ForceHTTPS implements FilterInterface
      *
      * @param array|null $arguments
      *
-     * @return ResponseInterface|void
+     * @return ResponseInterface|null
      */
     public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
     {
         $config = config(App::class);
 
         if ($config->forceGlobalSecureRequests !== true) {
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
 
         $response = service('response');
@@ -49,16 +49,17 @@ public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
         } catch (RedirectException $e) {
             return $e->getResponse();
         }
+
+        return null;
     }
 
     /**
      * We don't have anything to do here.
      *
      * @param array|null $arguments
-     *
-     * @return void
      */
     public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
     {
+        return null;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/Filters/Honeypot.php b/system/Filters/Honeypot.php
index cdff293aacb4..4b24691ef905 100644
--- a/system/Filters/Honeypot.php
+++ b/system/Filters/Honeypot.php
@@ -36,12 +36,14 @@ class Honeypot implements FilterInterface
     public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
     {
         if (! $request instanceof IncomingRequest) {
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
 
         if (service('honeypot')->hasContent($request)) {
             throw HoneypotException::isBot();
         }
+
+        return null;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -52,5 +54,7 @@ public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
     public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
     {
         service('honeypot')->attachHoneypot($response);
+
+        return null;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/Filters/InvalidChars.php b/system/Filters/InvalidChars.php
index 542b12d7ffbe..1cd775153c0e 100644
--- a/system/Filters/InvalidChars.php
+++ b/system/Filters/InvalidChars.php
@@ -48,13 +48,11 @@ class InvalidChars implements FilterInterface
      * Check invalid characters.
      *
      * @param list<string>|null $arguments
-     *
-     * @return void
      */
     public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
     {
         if (! $request instanceof IncomingRequest) {
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
 
         $data = [
@@ -69,17 +67,18 @@ public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
             $this->checkEncoding($values);
             $this->checkControl($values);
         }
+
+        return null;
     }
 
     /**
      * We don't have anything to do here.
      *
      * @param list<string>|null $arguments
-     *
-     * @return void
      */
     public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
     {
+        return null;
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/system/Filters/PageCache.php b/system/Filters/PageCache.php
index a3d3af832a65..7a2949802723 100644
--- a/system/Filters/PageCache.php
+++ b/system/Filters/PageCache.php
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ public function __construct()
      *
      * @param array|null $arguments
      *
-     * @return ResponseInterface|void
+     * @return ResponseInterface|null
      */
     public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
     {
@@ -46,19 +46,13 @@ public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
 
         $response = service('response');
 
-        $cachedResponse = $this->pageCache->get($request, $response);
-
-        if ($cachedResponse instanceof ResponseInterface) {
-            return $cachedResponse;
-        }
+        return $this->pageCache->get($request, $response);
     }
 
     /**
      * Cache the page.
      *
      * @param array|null $arguments
-     *
-     * @return void
      */
     public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
     {
@@ -72,6 +66,10 @@ public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $a
             // so that we can have live speed updates along the way.
             // Must be run after filters to preserve the Response headers.
             $this->pageCache->make($request, $response);
+
+            return $response;
         }
+
+        return null;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/Filters/PerformanceMetrics.php b/system/Filters/PerformanceMetrics.php
index f2371c7a8d6d..97582ad8dc05 100644
--- a/system/Filters/PerformanceMetrics.php
+++ b/system/Filters/PerformanceMetrics.php
@@ -28,14 +28,13 @@ class PerformanceMetrics implements FilterInterface
      */
     public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
     {
+        return null;
     }
 
     /**
      * Replaces the performance metrics.
      *
      * @param array|null $arguments
-     *
-     * @return void
      */
     public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
     {
@@ -53,10 +52,14 @@ public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $a
                     (string) $benchmark->getElapsedTime('total_execution'),
                     number_format(memory_get_peak_usage() / 1024 / 1024, 3),
                 ],
-                $body
+                $body,
             );
 
             $response->setBody($output);
+
+            return $response;
         }
+
+        return null;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/Filters/SecureHeaders.php b/system/Filters/SecureHeaders.php
index b8bd6e05f8eb..42e5842384db 100644
--- a/system/Filters/SecureHeaders.php
+++ b/system/Filters/SecureHeaders.php
@@ -52,24 +52,23 @@ class SecureHeaders implements FilterInterface
      * We don't have anything to do here.
      *
      * @param list<string>|null $arguments
-     *
-     * @return void
      */
     public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
     {
+        return null;
     }
 
     /**
      * Add security headers.
      *
      * @param list<string>|null $arguments
-     *
-     * @return void
      */
     public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
     {
         foreach ($this->headers as $header => $value) {
             $response->setHeader($header, $value);
         }
+
+        return $response;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/Format/Exceptions/FormatException.php b/system/Format/Exceptions/FormatException.php
index 5a8c2d2cfedb..cde333b1292c 100644
--- a/system/Format/Exceptions/FormatException.php
+++ b/system/Format/Exceptions/FormatException.php
@@ -14,13 +14,12 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Format\Exceptions;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\DebugTraceableTrait;
-use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface;
-use RuntimeException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 
 /**
  * FormatException
  */
-class FormatException extends RuntimeException implements ExceptionInterface
+class FormatException extends RuntimeException
 {
     use DebugTraceableTrait;
 
@@ -38,7 +37,7 @@ public static function forInvalidFormatter(string $class)
      * Thrown in JSONFormatter when the json_encode produces
      * an error code other than JSON_ERROR_NONE and JSON_ERROR_RECURSION.
      *
-     * @param string $error The error message
+     * @param string|null $error The error message
      *
      * @return static
      */
diff --git a/system/Format/Format.php b/system/Format/Format.php
index 4a9cb60981e6..6100b1a586a8 100644
--- a/system/Format/Format.php
+++ b/system/Format/Format.php
@@ -23,19 +23,8 @@
  */
 class Format
 {
-    /**
-     * Configuration instance
-     *
-     * @var FormatConfig
-     */
-    protected $config;
-
-    /**
-     * Constructor.
-     */
-    public function __construct(FormatConfig $config)
+    public function __construct(protected FormatConfig $config)
     {
-        $this->config = $config;
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/system/Format/FormatterInterface.php b/system/Format/FormatterInterface.php
index 0f005568c787..0c2492b90a77 100644
--- a/system/Format/FormatterInterface.php
+++ b/system/Format/FormatterInterface.php
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ interface FormatterInterface
     /**
      * Takes the given data and formats it.
      *
-     * @param array|object|string $data
+     * @param array<array-key, mixed>|object|string $data
      *
-     * @return false|string
+     * @return false|non-empty-string
      */
     public function format($data);
 }
diff --git a/system/Format/JSONFormatter.php b/system/Format/JSONFormatter.php
index 7d2ad5259ce3..a6ba87cd724a 100644
--- a/system/Format/JSONFormatter.php
+++ b/system/Format/JSONFormatter.php
@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ class JSONFormatter implements FormatterInterface
     /**
      * Takes the given data and formats it.
      *
-     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $data
+     * @param array<array-key, mixed>|object|string $data
      *
-     * @return false|string (JSON string | false)
+     * @return false|non-empty-string
      */
     public function format($data)
     {
@@ -37,7 +37,9 @@ public function format($data)
         $options = $config->formatterOptions['application/json'] ?? JSON_UNESCAPED_UNICODE | JSON_UNESCAPED_SLASHES;
         $options |= JSON_PARTIAL_OUTPUT_ON_ERROR;
 
-        $options = ENVIRONMENT === 'production' ? $options : $options | JSON_PRETTY_PRINT;
+        if (ENVIRONMENT !== 'production') {
+            $options |= JSON_PRETTY_PRINT;
+        }
 
         $result = json_encode($data, $options, 512);
 
diff --git a/system/Format/XMLFormatter.php b/system/Format/XMLFormatter.php
index c85eae5feffe..efef70cec2cb 100644
--- a/system/Format/XMLFormatter.php
+++ b/system/Format/XMLFormatter.php
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ class XMLFormatter implements FormatterInterface
     /**
      * Takes the given data and formats it.
      *
-     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $data
+     * @param array<array-key, mixed>|object|string $data
      *
-     * @return false|string (XML string | false)
+     * @return false|non-empty-string
      */
     public function format($data)
     {
@@ -56,7 +56,8 @@ public function format($data)
      *
      * @see http://www.codexworld.com/convert-array-to-xml-in-php/
      *
-     * @param SimpleXMLElement $output
+     * @param array<array-key, mixed> $data
+     * @param SimpleXMLElement        $output
      *
      * @return void
      */
diff --git a/system/HTTP/CLIRequest.php b/system/HTTP/CLIRequest.php
index fbc5165e9a9a..bde4e1b8e3f8 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/CLIRequest.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/CLIRequest.php
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use Config\App;
 use Locale;
-use RuntimeException;
 
 /**
  * Represents a request from the command-line. Provides additional
@@ -314,9 +314,6 @@ public function getLocale(): string
 
     /**
      * Checks this request type.
-     *
-     * @param         string                                                                    $type HTTP verb or 'json' or 'ajax'
-     * @phpstan-param string|'get'|'post'|'put'|'delete'|'head'|'patch'|'options'|'json'|'ajax' $type
      */
     public function is(string $type): bool
     {
diff --git a/system/HTTP/CURLRequest.php b/system/HTTP/CURLRequest.php
index 90157e4e05d4..5e8c5847ca02 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/CURLRequest.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/CURLRequest.php
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
 use Config\App;
 use Config\CURLRequest as ConfigCURLRequest;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 
 /**
  * A lightweight HTTP client for sending synchronous HTTP requests via cURL.
@@ -125,9 +125,7 @@ public function __construct(App $config, URI $uri, ?ResponseInterface $response
         $this->baseURI        = $uri->useRawQueryString();
         $this->defaultOptions = $options;
 
-        /** @var ConfigCURLRequest|null $configCURLRequest */
-        $configCURLRequest  = config(ConfigCURLRequest::class);
-        $this->shareOptions = $configCURLRequest->shareOptions ?? true;
+        $this->shareOptions = config(ConfigCURLRequest::class)->shareOptions ?? true;
 
         $this->config = $this->defaultConfig;
         $this->parseOptions($options);
@@ -342,7 +340,7 @@ protected function prepareURL(string $url): string
             $uri->getAuthority(),
             $uri->getPath(),
             $uri->getQuery(),
-            $uri->getFragment()
+            $uri->getFragment(),
         );
     }
 
@@ -385,18 +383,8 @@ public function send(string $method, string $url)
         // Set the string we want to break our response from
         $breakString = "\r\n\r\n";
 
-        while (str_starts_with($output, 'HTTP/1.1 100 Continue')) {
-            $output = substr($output, strpos($output, $breakString) + 4);
-        }
-
-        if (preg_match('/HTTP\/\d\.\d 200 Connection established/i', $output)) {
-            $output = substr($output, strpos($output, $breakString) + 4);
-        }
-
-        // If request and response have Digest
-        if (isset($this->config['auth'][2]) && $this->config['auth'][2] === 'digest' && str_contains($output, 'WWW-Authenticate: Digest')) {
-            $output = substr($output, strpos($output, $breakString) + 4);
-        }
+        // Remove all intermediate responses
+        $output = $this->removeIntermediateResponses($output, $breakString);
 
         // Split out our headers and body
         $break = strpos($output, $breakString);
@@ -649,6 +637,15 @@ protected function setCURLOptions(array $curlOptions = [], array $config = [])
             $this->setHeader('Content-Length', (string) strlen($json));
         }
 
+        // Resolve IP
+        if (array_key_exists('force_ip_resolve', $config)) {
+            $curlOptions[CURLOPT_IPRESOLVE] = match ($config['force_ip_resolve']) {
+                'v4'    => CURL_IPRESOLVE_V4,
+                'v6'    => CURL_IPRESOLVE_V6,
+                default => CURL_IPRESOLVE_WHATEVER,
+            };
+        }
+
         // version
         if (! empty($config['version'])) {
             $version = sprintf('%.1F', $config['version']);
@@ -658,6 +655,12 @@ protected function setCURLOptions(array $curlOptions = [], array $config = [])
                 $curlOptions[CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION] = CURL_HTTP_VERSION_1_1;
             } elseif ($version === '2.0') {
                 $curlOptions[CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION] = CURL_HTTP_VERSION_2_0;
+            } elseif ($version === '3.0') {
+                if (! defined('CURL_HTTP_VERSION_3')) {
+                    define('CURL_HTTP_VERSION_3', 30);
+                }
+
+                $curlOptions[CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION] = CURL_HTTP_VERSION_3;
             }
         }
 
@@ -679,6 +682,8 @@ protected function setCURLOptions(array $curlOptions = [], array $config = [])
      * Does the actual work of initializing cURL, setting the options,
      * and grabbing the output.
      *
+     * @param array<int, mixed> $curlOptions
+     *
      * @codeCoverageIgnore
      */
     protected function sendRequest(array $curlOptions = []): string
@@ -698,4 +703,72 @@ protected function sendRequest(array $curlOptions = []): string
 
         return $output;
     }
+
+    private function removeIntermediateResponses(string $output, string $breakString): string
+    {
+        while (true) {
+            // Check if we should remove the current response
+            if ($this->shouldRemoveCurrentResponse($output, $breakString)) {
+                $breakStringPos = strpos($output, $breakString);
+                if ($breakStringPos !== false) {
+                    $output = substr($output, $breakStringPos + 4);
+
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // No more intermediate responses to remove
+            break;
+        }
+
+        return $output;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if the current response (at the beginning of output) should be removed.
+     */
+    private function shouldRemoveCurrentResponse(string $output, string $breakString): bool
+    {
+        // HTTP/x.x 1xx responses (Continue, Processing, etc.)
+        if (preg_match('/^HTTP\/\d+(?:\.\d+)?\s+1\d\d\s/', $output)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // HTTP/x.x 200 Connection established (proxy responses)
+        if (preg_match('/^HTTP\/\d+(?:\.\d+)?\s+200\s+Connection\s+established/i', $output)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // HTTP/x.x 3xx responses (redirects) - only if redirects are allowed
+        $allowRedirects = isset($this->config['allow_redirects']) && $this->config['allow_redirects'] !== false;
+        if ($allowRedirects && preg_match('/^HTTP\/\d+(?:\.\d+)?\s+3\d\d\s/', $output)) {
+            // Check if there's a Location header
+            $breakStringPos = strpos($output, $breakString);
+            if ($breakStringPos !== false) {
+                $headerSection = substr($output, 0, $breakStringPos);
+                $headers       = explode("\n", $headerSection);
+
+                foreach ($headers as $header) {
+                    if (str_starts_with(strtolower($header), 'location:')) {
+                        return true; // Found location header, this is a redirect to remove
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Digest auth challenges - only remove if there's another response after
+        if (isset($this->config['auth'][2]) && $this->config['auth'][2] === 'digest') {
+            $breakStringPos = strpos($output, $breakString);
+            if ($breakStringPos !== false) {
+                $headerSection = substr($output, 0, $breakStringPos);
+                if (str_contains($headerSection, 'WWW-Authenticate: Digest')) {
+                    $nextBreakPos = strpos($output, $breakString, $breakStringPos + 4);
+
+                    return $nextBreakPos !== false; // Only remove if there's another response
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/system/HTTP/Cors.php b/system/HTTP/Cors.php
index f7619c9f83a4..270b344abb8b 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/Cors.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/Cors.php
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ private function checkWildcard(string $name, int $count): void
         if (in_array('*', $this->config[$name], true) && $count > 1) {
             throw new ConfigException(
                 "If wildcard is specified, you must set `'{$name}' => ['*']`."
-                . ' But using wildcard is not recommended.'
+                . ' But using wildcard is not recommended.',
             );
         }
     }
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ private function checkWildcardAndCredentials(string $name, string $header): void
             throw new ConfigException(
                 'When responding to a credentialed request, '
                 . 'the server must not specify the "*" wildcard for the '
-                . $header . ' response-header value.'
+                . $header . ' response-header value.',
             );
         }
     }
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ private function setAllowHeaders(ResponseInterface $response): void
 
         $response->setHeader(
             'Access-Control-Allow-Headers',
-            implode(', ', $this->config['allowedHeaders'])
+            implode(', ', $this->config['allowedHeaders']),
         );
     }
 
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ private function setAllowMethods(ResponseInterface $response): void
 
         $response->setHeader(
             'Access-Control-Allow-Methods',
-            implode(', ', $this->config['allowedMethods'])
+            implode(', ', $this->config['allowedMethods']),
         );
     }
 
@@ -223,8 +223,28 @@ private function setExposeHeaders(ResponseInterface $response): void
         if ($this->config['exposedHeaders'] !== []) {
             $response->setHeader(
                 'Access-Control-Expose-Headers',
-                implode(', ', $this->config['exposedHeaders'])
+                implode(', ', $this->config['exposedHeaders']),
             );
         }
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if response headers were set
+     */
+    public function hasResponseHeaders(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response): bool
+    {
+        if (! $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin')) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->config['supportsCredentials']
+            && ! $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Credentials')) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return ! ($this->config['exposedHeaders'] !== [] && (! $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Expose-Headers') || ! str_contains(
+            $response->getHeaderLine('Access-Control-Expose-Headers'),
+            implode(', ', $this->config['exposedHeaders']),
+        )));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/system/HTTP/DownloadResponse.php b/system/HTTP/DownloadResponse.php
index a0da2e8ce4b9..f6861d549e9f 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/DownloadResponse.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/DownloadResponse.php
@@ -182,22 +182,21 @@ private function getDownloadFileName(): string
     }
 
     /**
-     * get Content-Disposition Header string.
+     * Get Content-Disposition Header string.
      */
-    private function getContentDisposition(): string
+    private function getContentDisposition(bool $inline = false): string
     {
-        $downloadFilename = $this->getDownloadFileName();
-
-        $utf8Filename = $downloadFilename;
+        $downloadFilename = $utf8Filename = $this->getDownloadFileName();
+        $disposition      = $inline ? 'inline' : 'attachment';
 
         if (strtoupper($this->charset) !== 'UTF-8') {
             $utf8Filename = mb_convert_encoding($downloadFilename, 'UTF-8', $this->charset);
         }
 
-        $result = sprintf('attachment; filename="%s"', $downloadFilename);
+        $result = sprintf('%s; filename="%s"', $disposition, addslashes($downloadFilename));
 
         if ($utf8Filename !== '') {
-            $result .= '; filename*=UTF-8\'\'' . rawurlencode($utf8Filename);
+            $result .= sprintf('; filename*=UTF-8\'\'%s', rawurlencode($utf8Filename));
         }
 
         return $result;
@@ -341,7 +340,7 @@ private function sendBodyByBinary()
      */
     public function inline()
     {
-        $this->setHeader('Content-Disposition', 'inline');
+        $this->setHeader('Content-Disposition', $this->getContentDisposition(true));
 
         return $this;
     }
diff --git a/system/HTTP/Exceptions/BadRequestException.php b/system/HTTP/Exceptions/BadRequestException.php
index c87f4de294e2..35933dcc1f5c 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/Exceptions/BadRequestException.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/Exceptions/BadRequestException.php
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\HTTPExceptionInterface;
-use RuntimeException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 
 /**
  * 400 Bad Request
diff --git a/system/HTTP/Exceptions/ExceptionInterface.php b/system/HTTP/Exceptions/ExceptionInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..984a94972364
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HTTP/Exceptions/ExceptionInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions;
+
+/**
+ * Provides a domain-level interface for broad capture
+ * of all HTTP-related exceptions.
+ *
+ * catch (\CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface) { ... }
+ */
+interface ExceptionInterface extends \CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface
+{
+}
diff --git a/system/HTTP/Exceptions/HTTPException.php b/system/HTTP/Exceptions/HTTPException.php
index 946af3d9fb15..146a565b8c77 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/Exceptions/HTTPException.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/Exceptions/HTTPException.php
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 /**
  * Things that can go wrong with HTTP
  */
-class HTTPException extends FrameworkException
+class HTTPException extends FrameworkException implements ExceptionInterface
 {
     /**
      * For CurlRequest
diff --git a/system/HTTP/Exceptions/RedirectException.php b/system/HTTP/Exceptions/RedirectException.php
index 3047bf9603eb..a16dfc1a8a2d 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/Exceptions/RedirectException.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/Exceptions/RedirectException.php
@@ -14,17 +14,17 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\HTTPExceptionInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\LogicException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponsableInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
-use Exception;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
-use LogicException;
 use Throwable;
 
 /**
  * RedirectException
  */
-class RedirectException extends Exception implements ResponsableInterface, HTTPExceptionInterface
+class RedirectException extends RuntimeException implements ExceptionInterface, ResponsableInterface, HTTPExceptionInterface
 {
     /**
      * HTTP status code for redirects
@@ -45,17 +45,18 @@ public function __construct($message = '', int $code = 0, ?Throwable $previous =
             throw new InvalidArgumentException(
                 'RedirectException::__construct() first argument must be a string or ResponseInterface',
                 0,
-                $this
+                $this,
             );
         }
 
         if ($message instanceof ResponseInterface) {
             $this->response = $message;
-            $message        = '';
+
+            $message = '';
 
             if ($this->response->getHeaderLine('Location') === '' && $this->response->getHeaderLine('Refresh') === '') {
                 throw new LogicException(
-                    'The Response object passed to RedirectException does not contain a redirect address.'
+                    'The Response object passed to RedirectException does not contain a redirect address.',
                 );
             }
 
@@ -70,14 +71,19 @@ public function __construct($message = '', int $code = 0, ?Throwable $previous =
     public function getResponse(): ResponseInterface
     {
         if (! $this->response instanceof ResponseInterface) {
-            $this->response = service('response')
-                ->redirect(base_url($this->getMessage()), 'auto', $this->getCode());
+            $this->response = service('response')->redirect(
+                base_url($this->getMessage()),
+                'auto',
+                $this->getCode(),
+            );
         }
 
-        service('logger')->info(
-            'REDIRECTED ROUTE at '
-             . ($this->response->getHeaderLine('Location') ?: substr($this->response->getHeaderLine('Refresh'), 6))
-        );
+        $location = $this->response->getHeaderLine('Location');
+
+        service('logger')->info(sprintf(
+            'REDIRECTED ROUTE at %s',
+            $location !== '' ? $location : substr($this->response->getHeaderLine('Refresh'), 6),
+        ));
 
         return $this->response;
     }
diff --git a/system/HTTP/Files/FileCollection.php b/system/HTTP/Files/FileCollection.php
index 079d5e73114f..484b3ff74872 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/Files/FileCollection.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/Files/FileCollection.php
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ protected function createFileObject(array $array)
             $array['type'] ?? null,
             ($array['size'] ?? null) === null ? null : (int) $array['size'],
             $array['error'] ?? null,
-            $array['full_path'] ?? null
+            $array['full_path'] ?? null,
         );
     }
 
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ protected function fixFilesArray(array $data): array
                 $stack    = [&$pointer];
                 $iterator = new RecursiveIteratorIterator(
                     new RecursiveArrayIterator($value),
-                    RecursiveIteratorIterator::SELF_FIRST
+                    RecursiveIteratorIterator::SELF_FIRST,
                 );
 
                 foreach ($iterator as $key => $val) {
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ protected function getValueDotNotationSyntax(array $index, array $value)
     {
         $currentIndex = array_shift($index);
 
-        if (isset($currentIndex) && is_array($index) && $index && is_array($value[$currentIndex]) && $value[$currentIndex]) {
+        if (isset($currentIndex) && $index !== [] && array_key_exists($currentIndex, $value) && is_array($value[$currentIndex])) {
             return $this->getValueDotNotationSyntax($index, $value[$currentIndex]);
         }
 
diff --git a/system/HTTP/Files/UploadedFile.php b/system/HTTP/Files/UploadedFile.php
index 78643aa7166e..b43923026021 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/Files/UploadedFile.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/Files/UploadedFile.php
@@ -302,7 +302,9 @@ public function getTempName(): string
      */
     public function getExtension(): string
     {
-        return $this->guessExtension() ?: $this->getClientExtension();
+        $guessExtension = $this->guessExtension();
+
+        return $guessExtension !== '' ? $guessExtension : $this->getClientExtension();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -323,7 +325,7 @@ public function guessExtension(): string
      */
     public function getClientExtension(): string
     {
-        return pathinfo($this->originalName, PATHINFO_EXTENSION) ?? '';
+        return pathinfo($this->originalName, PATHINFO_EXTENSION);
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/system/HTTP/Files/UploadedFileInterface.php b/system/HTTP/Files/UploadedFileInterface.php
index 12cc25a0d050..6e849d04a76b 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/Files/UploadedFileInterface.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/Files/UploadedFileInterface.php
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP\Files;
 
-use InvalidArgumentException;
-use RuntimeException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 
 /**
  * Value object representing a single file uploaded through an
diff --git a/system/HTTP/Header.php b/system/HTTP/Header.php
index 3832a4413a47..a21f9961536a 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/Header.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/Header.php
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
 
+use InvalidArgumentException;
 use Stringable;
 
 /**
@@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ class Header implements Stringable
      */
     public function __construct(string $name, $value = null)
     {
-        $this->name = $name;
+        $this->setName($name);
         $this->setValue($value);
     }
 
@@ -81,9 +82,12 @@ public function getValue()
      * Sets the name of the header, overwriting any previous value.
      *
      * @return $this
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
      */
     public function setName(string $name)
     {
+        $this->validateName($name);
         $this->name = $name;
 
         return $this;
@@ -95,10 +99,16 @@ public function setName(string $name)
      * @param array<int|string, array<string, string>|string>|string|null $value
      *
      * @return $this
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
      */
     public function setValue($value = null)
     {
-        $this->value = is_array($value) ? $value : (string) $value;
+        $value = is_array($value) ? $value : (string) $value;
+
+        $this->validateValue($value);
+
+        $this->value = $value;
 
         return $this;
     }
@@ -110,6 +120,8 @@ public function setValue($value = null)
      * @param array<string, string>|string|null $value
      *
      * @return $this
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
      */
     public function appendValue($value = null)
     {
@@ -117,6 +129,8 @@ public function appendValue($value = null)
             return $this;
         }
 
+        $this->validateValue($value);
+
         if (! is_array($this->value)) {
             $this->value = [$this->value];
         }
@@ -135,6 +149,8 @@ public function appendValue($value = null)
      * @param array<string, string>|string|null $value
      *
      * @return $this
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
      */
     public function prependValue($value = null)
     {
@@ -142,6 +158,8 @@ public function prependValue($value = null)
             return $this;
         }
 
+        $this->validateValue($value);
+
         if (! is_array($this->value)) {
             $this->value = [$this->value];
         }
@@ -193,4 +211,54 @@ public function __toString(): string
     {
         return $this->name . ': ' . $this->getValueLine();
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Validate header name.
+     *
+     * Regex is based on code from a guzzlehttp/psr7 library.
+     *
+     * @see https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230#section-3.2
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    private function validateName(string $name): void
+    {
+        if (preg_match('/^[a-zA-Z0-9\'`#$%&*+.^_|~!-]+$/D', $name) !== 1) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('The header name is not valid as per RFC 7230.');
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validate header value.
+     *
+     * Regex is based on code from a guzzlehttp/psr7 library.
+     *
+     * @see https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230#section-3.2
+     *
+     * @param array<int|string, array<string, string>|string>|int|string $value
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    private function validateValue(array|int|string $value): void
+    {
+        if (is_int($value)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($value)) {
+            foreach ($value as $key => $val) {
+                $this->validateValue($key);
+                $this->validateValue($val);
+            }
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // The regular expression excludes obs-fold per RFC 7230#3.2.4, as sending folded lines
+        // is deprecated and rare. This obscure HTTP/1.1 feature is unlikely to impact legitimate
+        // use cases. Libraries like Guzzle and AMPHP follow the same principle.
+        if (preg_match('/^[\x20\x09\x21-\x7E\x80-\xFF]*$/D', $value) !== 1) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('The header value is not valid as per RFC 7230.');
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/system/HTTP/IncomingRequest.php b/system/HTTP/IncomingRequest.php
index c905de0a3ae3..72b1ce0ca5df 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/IncomingRequest.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/IncomingRequest.php
@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Files\FileCollection;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Files\UploadedFile;
 use Config\App;
 use Config\Services;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 use Locale;
 use stdClass;
 
@@ -348,9 +348,6 @@ public function negotiate(string $type, array $supported, bool $strictMatch = fa
 
     /**
      * Checks this request type.
-     *
-     * @param         string                                                                    $type HTTP verb or 'json' or 'ajax'
-     * @phpstan-param string|'get'|'post'|'put'|'delete'|'head'|'patch'|'options'|'json'|'ajax' $type
      */
     public function is(string $type): bool
     {
diff --git a/system/HTTP/Message.php b/system/HTTP/Message.php
index 71c4429f28ee..5a490e09f780 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/Message.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/Message.php
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
 
-use InvalidArgumentException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 
 /**
  * An HTTP message
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ public function getHeaderLine(string $name): string
         if ($this->hasMultipleHeaders($name)) {
             throw new InvalidArgumentException(
                 'The header "' . $name . '" already has multiple headers.'
-                . ' You cannot use getHeaderLine().'
+                . ' You cannot use getHeaderLine().',
             );
         }
 
diff --git a/system/HTTP/MessageTrait.php b/system/HTTP/MessageTrait.php
index 2f6e57a90c57..50daed9c0f8f 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/MessageTrait.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/MessageTrait.php
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 
 /**
  * Message Trait
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ private function checkMultipleHeaders(string $name): void
         if ($this->hasMultipleHeaders($name)) {
             throw new InvalidArgumentException(
                 'The header "' . $name . '" already has multiple headers.'
-                . ' You cannot change them. If you really need to change, remove the header first.'
+                . ' You cannot change them. If you really need to change, remove the header first.',
             );
         }
     }
diff --git a/system/HTTP/Negotiate.php b/system/HTTP/Negotiate.php
index 33938c8f0741..f35a761c2fc4 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/Negotiate.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/Negotiate.php
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
 
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
+use Config\Feature;
 
 /**
  * Class Negotiate
@@ -90,7 +91,7 @@ public function charset(array $supported): string
             $supported,
             $this->request->getHeaderLine('accept-charset'),
             false,
-            true
+            true,
         );
 
         // If no charset is shown as a match, ignore the directive
@@ -122,11 +123,15 @@ public function encoding(array $supported = []): string
      * types the application says it supports, and the types requested
      * by the client.
      *
-     * If no match is found, the first, highest-ranking client requested
+     * If strict locale negotiation is disabled and no match is found, the first, highest-ranking client requested
      * type is returned.
      */
     public function language(array $supported): string
     {
+        if (config(Feature::class)->strictLocaleNegotiation) {
+            return $this->getBestLocaleMatch($supported, $this->request->getHeaderLine('accept-language'));
+        }
+
         return $this->getBestMatch($supported, $this->request->getHeaderLine('accept-language'), false, false, true);
     }
 
@@ -154,7 +159,7 @@ protected function getBestMatch(
         ?string $header = null,
         bool $enforceTypes = false,
         bool $strictMatch = false,
-        bool $matchLocales = false
+        bool $matchLocales = false,
     ): string {
         if ($supported === []) {
             throw HTTPException::forEmptySupportedNegotiations();
@@ -189,6 +194,69 @@ protected function getBestMatch(
         return $strictMatch ? '' : $supported[0];
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Try to find the best matching locale. It supports strict locale comparison.
+     *
+     * If Config\App::$supportedLocales have "en-US" and "en-GB" locales, they can be recognized
+     * as two different locales. This method checks first for the strict match, then fallback
+     * to the most general locale (in this case "en") ISO 639-1 and finally to the locale variant
+     * "en-*" (ISO 639-1 plus "wildcard" for ISO 3166-1 alpha-2).
+     *
+     * If nothing from above is matched, then it returns the first option from the $supportedLocales array.
+     *
+     * @param list<string> $supportedLocales App-supported values
+     * @param ?string      $header           Compatible 'Accept-Language' header string
+     */
+    protected function getBestLocaleMatch(array $supportedLocales, ?string $header): string
+    {
+        if ($supportedLocales === []) {
+            throw HTTPException::forEmptySupportedNegotiations();
+        }
+
+        if ($header === null || $header === '') {
+            return $supportedLocales[0];
+        }
+
+        $acceptable      = $this->parseHeader($header);
+        $fallbackLocales = [];
+
+        foreach ($acceptable as $accept) {
+            // if acceptable quality is zero, skip it.
+            if ($accept['q'] === 0.0) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // if acceptable value is "anything", return the first available
+            if ($accept['value'] === '*') {
+                return $supportedLocales[0];
+            }
+
+            // look for exact match
+            if (in_array($accept['value'], $supportedLocales, true)) {
+                return $accept['value'];
+            }
+
+            // set a fallback locale
+            $fallbackLocales[] = strtok($accept['value'], '-');
+        }
+
+        foreach ($fallbackLocales as $fallbackLocale) {
+            // look for exact match
+            if (in_array($fallbackLocale, $supportedLocales, true)) {
+                return $fallbackLocale;
+            }
+
+            // look for regional locale match
+            foreach ($supportedLocales as $locale) {
+                if (str_starts_with($locale, $fallbackLocale . '-')) {
+                    return $locale;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $supportedLocales[0];
+    }
+
     /**
      * Parses an Accept* header into it's multiple values.
      *
@@ -212,7 +280,7 @@ public function parseHeader(string $header): array
                 if (preg_match(
                     '/^(?P<name>.+?)=(?P<quoted>"|\')?(?P<value>.*?)(?:\k<quoted>)?$/',
                     $pair,
-                    $param
+                    $param,
                 )) {
                     $parameters[trim($param['name'])] = trim($param['value']);
                 }
diff --git a/system/HTTP/OutgoingRequest.php b/system/HTTP/OutgoingRequest.php
index 27e473a59ad1..eba5babdf6bb 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/OutgoingRequest.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/OutgoingRequest.php
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ public function __construct(
         ?URI $uri = null,
         array $headers = [],
         $body = null,
-        string $version = '1.1'
+        string $version = '1.1',
     ) {
         $this->method = $method;
         $this->uri    = $uri;
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ private function getHostFromUri(URI $uri): string
     {
         $host = $uri->getHost();
 
-        return $host . ($uri->getPort() ? ':' . $uri->getPort() : '');
+        return $host . ($uri->getPort() > 0 ? ':' . $uri->getPort() : '');
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/system/HTTP/OutgoingRequestInterface.php b/system/HTTP/OutgoingRequestInterface.php
index da9e36206c37..8e314a5be03e 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/OutgoingRequestInterface.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/OutgoingRequestInterface.php
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
 
-use InvalidArgumentException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 
 /**
  * Representation of an outgoing, client-side request.
diff --git a/system/HTTP/RedirectResponse.php b/system/HTTP/RedirectResponse.php
index c8c76607b651..5703d1d6a78d 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/RedirectResponse.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/RedirectResponse.php
@@ -93,8 +93,8 @@ public function withInput()
     {
         $session = service('session');
         $session->setFlashdata('_ci_old_input', [
-            'get'  => $_GET ?? [],
-            'post' => $_POST ?? [],
+            'get'  => $_GET ?? [], // @phpstan-ignore nullCoalesce.variable
+            'post' => $_POST ?? [], // @phpstan-ignore nullCoalesce.variable
         ]);
 
         $this->withErrors();
@@ -115,9 +115,8 @@ private function withErrors(): self
     {
         $validation = service('validation');
 
-        if ($validation->getErrors()) {
-            $session = service('session');
-            $session->setFlashdata('_ci_validation_errors', $validation->getErrors());
+        if ($validation->getErrors() !== []) {
+            service('session')->setFlashdata('_ci_validation_errors', $validation->getErrors());
         }
 
         return $this;
diff --git a/system/HTTP/RequestTrait.php b/system/HTTP/RequestTrait.php
index 51de3ea5c0fc..3c3da161a3be 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/RequestTrait.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/RequestTrait.php
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ trait RequestTrait
      */
     public function getIPAddress(): string
     {
-        if ($this->ipAddress) {
+        if ($this->ipAddress !== '') {
             return $this->ipAddress;
         }
 
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ public function getIPAddress(): string
 
         if (! empty($proxyIPs) && (! is_array($proxyIPs) || is_int(array_key_first($proxyIPs)))) {
             throw new ConfigException(
-                'You must set an array with Proxy IP address key and HTTP header name value in Config\App::$proxyIPs.'
+                'You must set an array with Proxy IP address key and HTTP header name value in Config\App::$proxyIPs.',
             );
         }
 
@@ -224,9 +224,8 @@ public function getEnv($index = null, $filter = null, $flags = null)
     /**
      * Allows manually setting the value of PHP global, like $_GET, $_POST, etc.
      *
-     * @param         string                                   $name  Supergrlobal name (lowercase)
-     * @phpstan-param 'get'|'post'|'request'|'cookie'|'server' $name
-     * @param         mixed                                    $value
+     * @param 'cookie'|'get'|'post'|'request'|'server' $name  Superglobal name (lowercase)
+     * @param mixed                                    $value
      *
      * @return $this
      */
@@ -247,11 +246,10 @@ public function setGlobal(string $name, $value)
      *
      * http://php.net/manual/en/filter.filters.sanitize.php
      *
-     * @param         string                                   $name   Supergrlobal name (lowercase)
-     * @phpstan-param 'get'|'post'|'request'|'cookie'|'server' $name
-     * @param         array|int|string|null                    $index
-     * @param         int|null                                 $filter Filter constant
-     * @param         array|int|null                           $flags  Options
+     * @param 'cookie'|'get'|'post'|'request'|'server' $name   Superglobal name (lowercase)
+     * @param array|int|string|null                    $index
+     * @param int|null                                 $filter Filter constant
+     * @param array|int|null                           $flags  Options
      *
      * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
      */
@@ -341,8 +339,7 @@ public function fetchGlobal(string $name, $index = null, ?int $filter = null, $f
      * Saves a copy of the current state of one of several PHP globals,
      * so we can retrieve them later.
      *
-     * @param         string                                   $name Superglobal name (lowercase)
-     * @phpstan-param 'get'|'post'|'request'|'cookie'|'server' $name
+     * @param 'cookie'|'get'|'post'|'request'|'server' $name Superglobal name (lowercase)
      *
      * @return void
      */
diff --git a/system/HTTP/Response.php b/system/HTTP/Response.php
index ac853c3de93b..3c59f2e9800d 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/Response.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/Response.php
@@ -204,21 +204,6 @@ public function getStatusCode(): int
         return $this->statusCode;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Gets the response response phrase associated with the status code.
-     *
-     * @see http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-6
-     * @see http://www.iana.org/assignments/http-status-codes/http-status-codes.xhtml
-     *
-     * @deprecated Use getReasonPhrase()
-     *
-     * @codeCoverageIgnore
-     */
-    public function getReason(): string
-    {
-        return $this->getReasonPhrase();
-    }
-
     /**
      * Gets the response reason phrase associated with the status code.
      *
@@ -236,7 +221,7 @@ public function getReason(): string
     public function getReasonPhrase()
     {
         if ($this->reason === '') {
-            return ! empty($this->statusCode) ? static::$statusCodes[$this->statusCode] : '';
+            return empty($this->statusCode) ? '' : static::$statusCodes[$this->statusCode];
         }
 
         return $this->reason;
diff --git a/system/HTTP/ResponseInterface.php b/system/HTTP/ResponseInterface.php
index 382a2847c503..66053c412939 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/ResponseInterface.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/ResponseInterface.php
@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\Cookie\Cookie;
 use CodeIgniter\Cookie\CookieStore;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
 use CodeIgniter\Pager\PagerInterface;
 use DateTime;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 
 /**
  * Representation of an outgoing, server-side response.
@@ -135,16 +135,6 @@ public function getStatusCode(): int;
      */
     public function setStatusCode(int $code, string $reason = '');
 
-    /**
-     * Gets the response phrase associated with the status code.
-     *
-     * @see http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-6
-     * @see http://www.iana.org/assignments/http-status-codes/http-status-codes.xhtml
-     *
-     * @deprecated Use getReasonPhrase()
-     */
-    public function getReason(): string;
-
     /**
      * Gets the response reason phrase associated with the status code.
      *
@@ -341,7 +331,7 @@ public function setCookie(
         $prefix = '',
         $secure = false,
         $httponly = false,
-        $samesite = null
+        $samesite = null,
     );
 
     /**
diff --git a/system/HTTP/ResponseTrait.php b/system/HTTP/ResponseTrait.php
index 45f07d186170..d39e8f9fdfaf 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/ResponseTrait.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/ResponseTrait.php
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Cookie\Cookie;
 use CodeIgniter\Cookie\CookieStore;
 use CodeIgniter\Cookie\Exceptions\CookieException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
 use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
 use CodeIgniter\Pager\PagerInterface;
@@ -23,7 +24,6 @@
 use Config\Cookie as CookieConfig;
 use DateTime;
 use DateTimeZone;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 
 /**
  * Response Trait
@@ -123,18 +123,21 @@ public function setDate(DateTime $date)
      */
     public function setLink(PagerInterface $pager)
     {
-        $links = '';
+        $links    = '';
+        $previous = $pager->getPreviousPageURI();
 
-        if ($previous = $pager->getPreviousPageURI()) {
+        if (is_string($previous) && $previous !== '') {
             $links .= '<' . $pager->getPageURI($pager->getFirstPage()) . '>; rel="first",';
             $links .= '<' . $previous . '>; rel="prev"';
         }
 
-        if (($next = $pager->getNextPageURI()) && $previous) {
+        $next = $pager->getNextPageURI();
+
+        if (is_string($next) && $next !== '' && is_string($previous) && $previous !== '') {
             $links .= ',';
         }
 
-        if ($next) {
+        if (is_string($next) && $next !== '') {
             $links .= '<' . $next . '>; rel="next",';
             $links .= '<' . $pager->getPageURI($pager->getLastPage()) . '>; rel="last"';
         }
@@ -403,16 +406,19 @@ public function sendHeaders()
             if ($value instanceof Header) {
                 header(
                     $name . ': ' . $value->getValueLine(),
-                    false,
-                    $this->getStatusCode()
+                    true,
+                    $this->getStatusCode(),
                 );
             } else {
+                $replace = true;
+
                 foreach ($value as $header) {
                     header(
                         $name . ': ' . $header->getValueLine(),
-                        false,
-                        $this->getStatusCode()
+                        $replace,
+                        $this->getStatusCode(),
                     );
+                    $replace = false;
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -509,7 +515,7 @@ public function setCookie(
         $prefix = '',
         $secure = null,
         $httponly = null,
-        $samesite = null
+        $samesite = null,
     ) {
         if ($name instanceof Cookie) {
             $this->cookieStore = $this->cookieStore->put($name);
@@ -566,7 +572,7 @@ public function getCookieStore()
      */
     public function hasCookie(string $name, ?string $value = null, string $prefix = ''): bool
     {
-        $prefix = $prefix ?: Cookie::setDefaults()['prefix']; // to retain BC
+        $prefix = $prefix !== '' ? $prefix : Cookie::setDefaults()['prefix']; // to retain BC
 
         return $this->cookieStore->has($name, $prefix, $value);
     }
@@ -586,7 +592,7 @@ public function getCookie(?string $name = null, string $prefix = '')
         }
 
         try {
-            $prefix = $prefix ?: Cookie::setDefaults()['prefix']; // to retain BC
+            $prefix = $prefix !== '' ? $prefix : Cookie::setDefaults()['prefix']; // to retain BC
 
             return $this->cookieStore->get($name, $prefix);
         } catch (CookieException $e) {
@@ -607,7 +613,7 @@ public function deleteCookie(string $name = '', string $domain = '', string $pat
             return $this;
         }
 
-        $prefix = $prefix ?: Cookie::setDefaults()['prefix']; // to retain BC
+        $prefix = $prefix !== '' ? $prefix : Cookie::setDefaults()['prefix']; // to retain BC
 
         $prefixed = $prefix . $name;
         $store    = $this->cookieStore;
diff --git a/system/HTTP/SiteURI.php b/system/HTTP/SiteURI.php
index 91b14bc05456..d6653b10f537 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/SiteURI.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/SiteURI.php
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
 
-use BadMethodCallException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\BadMethodCallException;
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ConfigException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
 use Config\App;
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class SiteURI extends URI
      *       0 => 'test',
      *   ];
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var array<int, string>
      *
      * @deprecated This property will be private.
      */
@@ -85,17 +85,16 @@ class SiteURI extends URI
     private string $routePath;
 
     /**
-     * @param         string              $relativePath URI path relative to baseURL. May include
-     *                                                  queries or fragments.
-     * @param         string|null         $host         Optional current hostname.
-     * @param         string|null         $scheme       Optional scheme. 'http' or 'https'.
-     * @phpstan-param 'http'|'https'|null $scheme
+     * @param string              $relativePath URI path relative to baseURL. May include
+     *                                          queries or fragments.
+     * @param string|null         $host         Optional current hostname.
+     * @param 'http'|'https'|null $scheme       Optional scheme. 'http' or 'https'.
      */
     public function __construct(
         App $configApp,
         string $relativePath = '',
         ?string $host = null,
-        ?string $scheme = null
+        ?string $scheme = null,
     ) {
         $this->indexPage = $configApp->indexPage;
 
@@ -142,7 +141,7 @@ private function parseRelativePath(string $relativePath): array
     private function determineBaseURL(
         App $configApp,
         ?string $host,
-        ?string $scheme
+        ?string $scheme,
     ): URI {
         $baseURL = $this->normalizeBaseURL($configApp);
 
@@ -199,7 +198,7 @@ private function normalizeBaseURL(App $configApp): string
         // Validate baseURL
         if (filter_var($baseURL, FILTER_VALIDATE_URL) === false) {
             throw new ConfigException(
-                'Config\App::$baseURL "' . $baseURL . '" is not a valid URL.'
+                'Config\App::$baseURL "' . $baseURL . '" is not a valid URL.',
             );
         }
 
@@ -266,7 +265,7 @@ public function __toString(): string
             $this->getAuthority(),
             $this->getPath(),
             $this->getQuery(),
-            $this->getFragment()
+            $this->getFragment(),
         );
     }
 
@@ -331,35 +330,48 @@ public function refreshPath()
 
     /**
      * Saves our parts from a parse_url() call.
+     *
+     * @param array{
+     *  host?: string,
+     *  user?: string,
+     *  path?: string,
+     *  query?: string,
+     *  fragment?: string,
+     *  scheme?: string,
+     *  port?: int,
+     *  pass?: string,
+     * } $parts
      */
     protected function applyParts(array $parts): void
     {
-        if (! empty($parts['host'])) {
+        if (isset($parts['host']) && $parts['host'] !== '') {
             $this->host = $parts['host'];
         }
-        if (! empty($parts['user'])) {
+
+        if (isset($parts['user']) && $parts['user'] !== '') {
             $this->user = $parts['user'];
         }
+
         if (isset($parts['path']) && $parts['path'] !== '') {
             $this->path = $this->filterPath($parts['path']);
         }
-        if (! empty($parts['query'])) {
+
+        if (isset($parts['query']) && $parts['query'] !== '') {
             $this->setQuery($parts['query']);
         }
-        if (! empty($parts['fragment'])) {
+
+        if (isset($parts['fragment']) && $parts['fragment'] !== '') {
             $this->fragment = $parts['fragment'];
         }
 
-        // Scheme
         if (isset($parts['scheme'])) {
             $this->setScheme(rtrim($parts['scheme'], ':/'));
         } else {
             $this->setScheme('http');
         }
 
-        // Port
-        if (isset($parts['port']) && $parts['port'] !== null) {
-            // Valid port numbers are enforced by earlier parse_url() or setPort()
+        if (isset($parts['port'])) {
+            // Valid port numbers are enforced by earlier parse_url or setPort()
             $this->port = $parts['port'];
         }
 
@@ -421,7 +433,7 @@ public function siteUrl($relativePath = '', ?string $scheme = null, ?App $config
         $relativePath = $this->stringifyRelativePath($relativePath);
 
         // Check current host.
-        $host = ! $config instanceof App ? $this->getHost() : null;
+        $host = $config instanceof App ? null : $this->getHost();
 
         $config ??= config(App::class);
 
diff --git a/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactory.php b/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactory.php
index c87898c0470e..483c3ded5779 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactory.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactory.php
@@ -132,7 +132,8 @@ private function parseRequestURI(): string
             && pathinfo($this->superglobals->server('SCRIPT_NAME'), PATHINFO_EXTENSION) === 'php'
         ) {
             // Compare each segment, dropping them until there is no match
-            $segments = $keep = explode('/', $path);
+            $segments = explode('/', rawurldecode($path));
+            $keep     = explode('/', $path);
 
             foreach (explode('/', $this->superglobals->server('SCRIPT_NAME')) as $i => $segment) {
                 // If these segments are not the same then we're done
@@ -146,6 +147,15 @@ private function parseRequestURI(): string
             $path = implode('/', $keep);
         }
 
+        // Cleanup: if indexPage is still visible in the path, remove it
+        if ($this->appConfig->indexPage !== '' && str_starts_with($path, $this->appConfig->indexPage)) {
+            $remainingPath = substr($path, strlen($this->appConfig->indexPage));
+            // Only remove if followed by '/' (route) or nothing (root)
+            if ($remainingPath === '' || str_starts_with($remainingPath, '/')) {
+                $path = ltrim($remainingPath, '/');
+            }
+        }
+
         // This section ensures that even on servers that require the URI to
         // contain the query string (Nginx) a correct URI is found, and also
         // fixes the QUERY_STRING Server var and $_GET array.
diff --git a/system/HTTP/URI.php b/system/HTTP/URI.php
index d0d23a3d26ee..6045f0fd3e64 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/URI.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/URI.php
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
 
-use BadMethodCallException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\BadMethodCallException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
 use Config\App;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 use Stringable;
 
 /**
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class URI implements Stringable
      *
      * Starts at 1 instead of 0
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var array<int, string>
      */
     protected $segments = [];
 
@@ -71,35 +71,35 @@ class URI implements Stringable
     /**
      * URI User Info
      *
-     * @var string
+     * @var string|null
      */
     protected $user;
 
     /**
      * URI User Password
      *
-     * @var string
+     * @var string|null
      */
     protected $password;
 
     /**
      * URI Host
      *
-     * @var string
+     * @var string|null
      */
     protected $host;
 
     /**
      * URI Port
      *
-     * @var int
+     * @var int|null
      */
     protected $port;
 
     /**
      * URI path.
      *
-     * @var string
+     * @var string|null
      */
     protected $path;
 
@@ -113,14 +113,19 @@ class URI implements Stringable
     /**
      * The query string.
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var array<string, string>
      */
     protected $query = [];
 
     /**
      * Default schemes/ports.
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var array{
+     *  http: int,
+     *  https: int,
+     *  ftp: int,
+     *  sftp: int,
+     * }
      */
     protected $defaultPorts = [
         'http'  => 80,
@@ -163,28 +168,29 @@ public static function createURIString(
         ?string $authority = null,
         ?string $path = null,
         ?string $query = null,
-        ?string $fragment = null
+        ?string $fragment = null,
     ): string {
         $uri = '';
-        if ($scheme !== null && $scheme !== '') {
+
+        if ((string) $scheme !== '') {
             $uri .= $scheme . '://';
         }
 
-        if ($authority !== null && $authority !== '') {
+        if ((string) $authority !== '') {
             $uri .= $authority;
         }
 
-        if (isset($path) && $path !== '') {
-            $uri .= ! str_ends_with($uri, '/')
-                ? '/' . ltrim($path, '/')
-                : ltrim($path, '/');
+        if ((string) $path !== '') {
+            $uri .= str_ends_with($uri, '/')
+                ? ltrim($path, '/')
+                : '/' . ltrim($path, '/');
         }
 
-        if ($query !== '' && $query !== null) {
+        if ((string) $query !== '') {
             $uri .= '?' . $query;
         }
 
-        if ($fragment !== '' && $fragment !== null) {
+        if ((string) $fragment !== '') {
             $uri .= '#' . $fragment;
         }
 
@@ -255,9 +261,7 @@ public static function removeDotSegments(string $path): string
      */
     public function __construct(?string $uri = null)
     {
-        if ($uri !== null) {
-            $this->setURI($uri);
-        }
+        $this->setURI($uri);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -301,21 +305,23 @@ public function useRawQueryString(bool $raw = true)
      */
     public function setURI(?string $uri = null)
     {
-        if ($uri !== null) {
-            $parts = parse_url($uri);
-
-            if ($parts === false) {
-                if ($this->silent) {
-                    return $this;
-                }
+        if ($uri === null) {
+            return $this;
+        }
 
-                throw HTTPException::forUnableToParseURI($uri);
-            }
+        $parts = parse_url($uri);
 
+        if (is_array($parts)) {
             $this->applyParts($parts);
+
+            return $this;
         }
 
-        return $this;
+        if ($this->silent) {
+            return $this;
+        }
+
+        throw HTTPException::forUnableToParseURI($uri);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -359,19 +365,18 @@ public function getScheme(): string
      */
     public function getAuthority(bool $ignorePort = false): string
     {
-        if (empty($this->host)) {
+        if ((string) $this->host === '') {
             return '';
         }
 
         $authority = $this->host;
 
-        if (! empty($this->getUserInfo())) {
+        if ((string) $this->getUserInfo() !== '') {
             $authority = $this->getUserInfo() . '@' . $authority;
         }
 
-        // Don't add port if it's a standard port for
-        // this scheme
-        if (! empty($this->port) && ! $ignorePort && $this->port !== $this->defaultPorts[$this->scheme]) {
+        // Don't add port if it's a standard port for this scheme
+        if ((int) $this->port !== 0 && ! $ignorePort && $this->port !== ($this->defaultPorts[$this->scheme] ?? null)) {
             $authority .= ':' . $this->port;
         }
 
@@ -404,7 +409,7 @@ public function getUserInfo()
     {
         $userInfo = $this->user;
 
-        if ($this->showPassword === true && ! empty($this->password)) {
+        if ($this->showPassword === true && (string) $this->password !== '') {
             $userInfo .= ':' . $this->password;
         }
 
@@ -496,6 +501,8 @@ public function getPath(): string
 
     /**
      * Retrieve the query string
+     *
+     * @param array{except?: list<string>|string, only?: list<string>|string} $options
      */
     public function getQuery(array $options = []): string
     {
@@ -525,7 +532,7 @@ public function getQuery(array $options = []): string
             $vars = $temp;
         }
 
-        return empty($vars) ? '' : http_build_query($vars);
+        return $vars === [] ? '' : http_build_query($vars);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -538,6 +545,8 @@ public function getFragment(): string
 
     /**
      * Returns the segments of the path as an array.
+     *
+     * @return array<int, string>
      */
     public function getSegments(): array
     {
@@ -602,9 +611,8 @@ public function setSegment(int $number, $value)
         $number--;
 
         $this->segments[$number] = $value;
-        $this->refreshPath();
 
-        return $this;
+        return $this->refreshPath();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -638,7 +646,7 @@ public function __toString(): string
             $this->getAuthority(),
             $path, // Absolute URIs should use a "/" for an empty path
             $this->getQuery(),
-            $this->getFragment()
+            $this->getFragment(),
         );
     }
 
@@ -646,6 +654,8 @@ public function __toString(): string
      * Change the path (and scheme) assuming URIs with the same host as baseURL
      * should be relative to the project's configuration.
      *
+     * @return array{string, string}
+     *
      * @deprecated This method will be deleted.
      */
     private function changeSchemeAndPath(string $scheme, string $path): array
@@ -690,7 +700,7 @@ public function setAuthority(string $str)
             $parts['path'] = $this->getPath();
         }
 
-        if (empty($parts['host']) && $parts['path'] !== '') {
+        if (! isset($parts['host']) && $parts['path'] !== '') {
             $parts['host'] = $parts['path'];
             unset($parts['path']);
         }
@@ -793,17 +803,17 @@ public function setPort(?int $port = null)
             return $this;
         }
 
-        if ($port <= 0 || $port > 65535) {
-            if ($this->silent) {
-                return $this;
-            }
+        if ($port > 0 && $port <= 65535) {
+            $this->port = $port;
 
-            throw HTTPException::forInvalidPort($port);
+            return $this;
         }
 
-        $this->port = $port;
+        if ($this->silent) {
+            return $this;
+        }
 
-        return $this;
+        throw HTTPException::forInvalidPort($port);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -865,7 +875,7 @@ public function refreshPath()
 
         $tempPath = trim($this->path, '/');
 
-        $this->segments = ($tempPath === '') ? [] : explode('/', $tempPath);
+        $this->segments = $tempPath === '' ? [] : explode('/', $tempPath);
 
         return $this;
     }
@@ -1021,8 +1031,8 @@ protected function filterPath(?string $path = null): string
         // Encode characters
         $path = preg_replace_callback(
             '/(?:[^' . static::CHAR_UNRESERVED . ':@&=\+\$,\/;%]+|%(?![A-Fa-f0-9]{2}))/',
-            static fn (array $matches) => rawurlencode($matches[0]),
-            $path
+            static fn (array $matches): string => rawurlencode($matches[0]),
+            $path,
         );
 
         return $path;
@@ -1031,35 +1041,48 @@ protected function filterPath(?string $path = null): string
     /**
      * Saves our parts from a parse_url call.
      *
+     * @param array{
+     *  host?: string,
+     *  user?: string,
+     *  path?: string,
+     *  query?: string,
+     *  fragment?: string,
+     *  scheme?: string,
+     *  port?: int,
+     *  pass?: string,
+     * } $parts
+     *
      * @return void
      */
     protected function applyParts(array $parts)
     {
-        if (! empty($parts['host'])) {
+        if (isset($parts['host']) && $parts['host'] !== '') {
             $this->host = $parts['host'];
         }
-        if (! empty($parts['user'])) {
+
+        if (isset($parts['user']) && $parts['user'] !== '') {
             $this->user = $parts['user'];
         }
+
         if (isset($parts['path']) && $parts['path'] !== '') {
             $this->path = $this->filterPath($parts['path']);
         }
-        if (! empty($parts['query'])) {
+
+        if (isset($parts['query']) && $parts['query'] !== '') {
             $this->setQuery($parts['query']);
         }
-        if (! empty($parts['fragment'])) {
+
+        if (isset($parts['fragment']) && $parts['fragment'] !== '') {
             $this->fragment = $parts['fragment'];
         }
 
-        // Scheme
         if (isset($parts['scheme'])) {
             $this->setScheme(rtrim($parts['scheme'], ':/'));
         } else {
             $this->setScheme('http');
         }
 
-        // Port
-        if (isset($parts['port']) && $parts['port'] !== null) {
+        if (isset($parts['port'])) {
             // Valid port numbers are enforced by earlier parse_url or setPort()
             $this->port = $parts['port'];
         }
@@ -1068,11 +1091,10 @@ protected function applyParts(array $parts)
             $this->password = $parts['pass'];
         }
 
-        // Populate our segments array
         if (isset($parts['path']) && $parts['path'] !== '') {
             $tempPath = trim($parts['path'], '/');
 
-            $this->segments = ($tempPath === '') ? [] : explode('/', $tempPath);
+            $this->segments = $tempPath === '' ? [] : explode('/', $tempPath);
         }
     }
 
@@ -1161,16 +1183,18 @@ protected function mergePaths(self $base, self $reference): string
     /**
      * This is equivalent to the native PHP parse_str() function.
      * This version allows the dot to be used as a key of the query string.
+     *
+     * @return array<string, string>
      */
     protected function parseStr(string $query): array
     {
         $return = [];
         $query  = explode('&', $query);
 
-        $params = array_map(static fn (string $chunk) => preg_replace_callback(
+        $params = array_map(static fn (string $chunk): ?string => preg_replace_callback(
             '/^(?<key>[^&=]+?)(?:\[[^&=]*\])?=(?<value>[^&=]+)/',
-            static fn (array $match) => str_replace($match['key'], bin2hex($match['key']), $match[0]),
-            urldecode($chunk)
+            static fn (array $match): string => str_replace($match['key'], bin2hex($match['key']), $match[0]),
+            urldecode($chunk),
         ), $query);
 
         $params = implode('&', $params);
diff --git a/system/HTTP/UserAgent.php b/system/HTTP/UserAgent.php
index 6a5104779a92..ba9e544ae2f8 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/UserAgent.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/UserAgent.php
@@ -109,8 +109,10 @@ public function __construct(?UserAgents $config = null)
     {
         $this->config = $config ?? config(UserAgents::class);
 
-        if (isset($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'])) {
-            $this->agent = trim($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']);
+        $userAgent = service('superglobals')->server('HTTP_USER_AGENT');
+
+        if ($userAgent !== null) {
+            $this->agent = trim($userAgent);
             $this->compileData();
         }
     }
@@ -125,7 +127,7 @@ public function isBrowser(?string $key = null): bool
         }
 
         // No need to be specific, it's a browser
-        if ($key === null) {
+        if ((string) $key === '') {
             return true;
         }
 
@@ -143,7 +145,7 @@ public function isRobot(?string $key = null): bool
         }
 
         // No need to be specific, it's a robot
-        if ($key === null) {
+        if ((string) $key === '') {
             return true;
         }
 
@@ -161,7 +163,7 @@ public function isMobile(?string $key = null): bool
         }
 
         // No need to be specific, it's a mobile
-        if ($key === null) {
+        if ((string) $key === '') {
             return true;
         }
 
@@ -175,10 +177,11 @@ public function isMobile(?string $key = null): bool
     public function isReferral(): bool
     {
         if (! isset($this->referrer)) {
-            if (empty($_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'])) {
+            $referer = service('superglobals')->server('HTTP_REFERER');
+            if ($referer === null || $referer === '') {
                 $this->referrer = false;
             } else {
-                $refererHost = @parse_url($_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'], PHP_URL_HOST);
+                $refererHost = @parse_url($referer, PHP_URL_HOST);
                 $ownHost     = parse_url(\base_url(), PHP_URL_HOST);
 
                 $this->referrer = ($refererHost && $refererHost !== $ownHost);
@@ -241,7 +244,9 @@ public function getMobile(): string
      */
     public function getReferrer(): string
     {
-        return empty($_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']) ? '' : trim($_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']);
+        $referrer = service('superglobals')->server('HTTP_REFERER');
+
+        return $referrer === null ? '' : trim($referrer);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -278,7 +283,7 @@ protected function compileData()
         $this->setPlatform();
 
         foreach (['setRobot', 'setBrowser', 'setMobile'] as $function) {
-            if ($this->{$function}() === true) {
+            if ($this->{$function}()) {
                 break;
             }
         }
@@ -289,7 +294,7 @@ protected function compileData()
      */
     protected function setPlatform(): bool
     {
-        if (is_array($this->config->platforms) && $this->config->platforms) {
+        if (is_array($this->config->platforms) && $this->config->platforms !== []) {
             foreach ($this->config->platforms as $key => $val) {
                 if (preg_match('|' . preg_quote($key, '|') . '|i', $this->agent)) {
                     $this->platform = $val;
@@ -309,7 +314,7 @@ protected function setPlatform(): bool
      */
     protected function setBrowser(): bool
     {
-        if (is_array($this->config->browsers) && $this->config->browsers) {
+        if (is_array($this->config->browsers) && $this->config->browsers !== []) {
             foreach ($this->config->browsers as $key => $val) {
                 if (preg_match('|' . $key . '.*?([0-9\.]+)|i', $this->agent, $match)) {
                     $this->isBrowser = true;
@@ -330,7 +335,7 @@ protected function setBrowser(): bool
      */
     protected function setRobot(): bool
     {
-        if (is_array($this->config->robots) && $this->config->robots) {
+        if (is_array($this->config->robots) && $this->config->robots !== []) {
             foreach ($this->config->robots as $key => $val) {
                 if (preg_match('|' . preg_quote($key, '|') . '|i', $this->agent)) {
                     $this->isRobot = true;
@@ -350,7 +355,7 @@ protected function setRobot(): bool
      */
     protected function setMobile(): bool
     {
-        if (is_array($this->config->mobiles) && $this->config->mobiles) {
+        if (is_array($this->config->mobiles) && $this->config->mobiles !== []) {
             foreach ($this->config->mobiles as $key => $val) {
                 if (false !== (stripos($this->agent, $key))) {
                     $this->isMobile = true;
diff --git a/system/Helpers/Array/ArrayHelper.php b/system/Helpers/Array/ArrayHelper.php
index 4bbd34427fa1..6741dc4bbb0e 100644
--- a/system/Helpers/Array/ArrayHelper.php
+++ b/system/Helpers/Array/ArrayHelper.php
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Helpers\Array;
 
-use InvalidArgumentException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 
 /**
  * @interal This is internal implementation for the framework.
@@ -54,12 +54,12 @@ private static function convertToArray(string $index): array
             '/(?<!\\\\)\./',
             rtrim($index, '* '),
             0,
-            PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY
+            PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY,
         );
 
         return array_map(
-            static fn ($key) => str_replace('\.', '.', $key),
-            $segments
+            static fn ($key): string => str_replace('\.', '.', $key),
+            $segments,
         );
     }
 
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ private static function arraySearchDot(array $indexes, array $array)
                 $answer[] = self::arraySearchDot($indexes, $value);
             }
 
-            $answer = array_filter($answer, static fn ($value) => $value !== null);
+            $answer = array_filter($answer, static fn ($value): bool => $value !== null);
 
             if ($answer !== []) {
                 // If array only has one element, we return that element for BC.
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ public static function dotKeyExists(string $index, array $array): bool
     {
         if (str_ends_with($index, '*') || str_contains($index, '*.*')) {
             throw new InvalidArgumentException(
-                'You must set key right after "*". Invalid index: "' . $index . '"'
+                'You must set key right after "*". Invalid index: "' . $index . '"',
             );
         }
 
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ private static function arrayAttachIndexedValue(
         array $result,
         array $row,
         array $indexes,
-        bool $includeEmpty
+        bool $includeEmpty,
     ): array {
         if (($index = array_shift($indexes)) === null) {
             $result[] = $row;
diff --git a/system/Helpers/cookie_helper.php b/system/Helpers/cookie_helper.php
index 27007104e68e..fb1c1f366fed 100644
--- a/system/Helpers/cookie_helper.php
+++ b/system/Helpers/cookie_helper.php
@@ -24,16 +24,29 @@
      *
      * Accepts seven parameters, or you can submit an associative
      * array in the first parameter containing all the values.
+     * ['', 'value', 'expire', '', '', '', '', '', 'name']
      *
-     * @param array|Cookie|string $name     Cookie name / array containing binds / Cookie object
-     * @param string              $value    The value of the cookie
-     * @param int                 $expire   The number of seconds until expiration
-     * @param string              $domain   For site-wide cookie. Usually: .yourdomain.com
-     * @param string              $path     The cookie path
-     * @param string              $prefix   The cookie prefix ('': the default prefix)
-     * @param bool|null           $secure   True makes the cookie secure
-     * @param bool|null           $httpOnly True makes the cookie accessible via http(s) only (no javascript)
-     * @param string|null         $sameSite The cookie SameSite value
+     * @param array{
+     *   name?: string,
+     *   value?: string,
+     *   prefix?: string,
+     *   max-age?: int|numeric-string,
+     *   expire?: DateTimeInterface|int|string,
+     *   path?: string,
+     *   domain?: string,
+     *   secure?: bool,
+     *   httponly?: bool,
+     *   samesite?: string,
+     *   raw?: bool
+     *  }|Cookie|string $name     Cookie name / array containing binds / Cookie object
+     * @param string      $value    The value of the cookie
+     * @param int         $expire   The number of seconds until expiration
+     * @param string      $domain   For site-wide cookie. Usually: .yourdomain.com
+     * @param string      $path     The cookie path
+     * @param string      $prefix   The cookie prefix ('': the default prefix)
+     * @param bool|null   $secure   True makes the cookie secure
+     * @param bool|null   $httpOnly True makes the cookie accessible via http(s) only (no javascript)
+     * @param string|null $sameSite The cookie SameSite value
      *
      * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\Response::setCookie()
      */
@@ -46,7 +59,7 @@ function set_cookie(
         string $prefix = '',
         ?bool $secure = null,
         ?bool $httpOnly = null,
-        ?string $sameSite = null
+        ?string $sameSite = null,
     ): void {
         $response = service('response');
         $response->setCookie($name, $value, $expire, $domain, $path, $prefix, $secure, $httpOnly, $sameSite);
@@ -62,7 +75,7 @@ function set_cookie(
      *                            '': the prefix in Config\Cookie
      *                            null: no prefix
      *
-     * @return array|string|null
+     * @return array<string, mixed>|string|null
      *
      * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest::getCookie()
      */
diff --git a/system/Helpers/date_helper.php b/system/Helpers/date_helper.php
index c0b4d5ebe17a..c16da6592886 100644
--- a/system/Helpers/date_helper.php
+++ b/system/Helpers/date_helper.php
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ function now(?string $timezone = null): int
             $year,
             $hour,
             $minute,
-            $second
+            $second,
         );
 
         return mktime($hour, $minute, $second, $month, $day, $year);
diff --git a/system/Helpers/filesystem_helper.php b/system/Helpers/filesystem_helper.php
index 2b86654c960e..e7bd35441959 100644
--- a/system/Helpers/filesystem_helper.php
+++ b/system/Helpers/filesystem_helper.php
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
  * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
  */
 
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
+
 // CodeIgniter File System Helpers
 
 if (! function_exists('directory_map')) {
@@ -87,7 +89,7 @@ function directory_mirror(string $originDir, string $targetDir, bool $overwrite
          */
         foreach (new RecursiveIteratorIterator(
             new RecursiveDirectoryIterator($originDir, FilesystemIterator::SKIP_DOTS),
-            RecursiveIteratorIterator::SELF_FIRST
+            RecursiveIteratorIterator::SELF_FIRST,
         ) as $file) {
             $origin = $file->getPathname();
             $target = $targetDir . substr($origin, $dirLen);
@@ -96,7 +98,7 @@ function directory_mirror(string $originDir, string $targetDir, bool $overwrite
                 if (! is_dir($target)) {
                     mkdir($target, 0755);
                 }
-            } elseif (! is_file($target) || ($overwrite && is_file($target))) {
+            } elseif ($overwrite || ! is_file($target)) {
                 copy($origin, $target);
             }
         }
@@ -121,7 +123,9 @@ function write_file(string $path, string $data, string $mode = 'wb'): bool
 
             flock($fp, LOCK_EX);
 
-            for ($result = $written = 0, $length = strlen($data); $written < $length; $written += $result) {
+            $result = 0;
+
+            for ($written = 0, $length = strlen($data); $written < $length; $written += $result) {
                 if (($result = fwrite($fp, substr($data, $written))) === false) {
                     break;
                 }
@@ -159,14 +163,14 @@ function delete_files(string $path, bool $delDir = false, bool $htdocs = false,
         try {
             foreach (new RecursiveIteratorIterator(
                 new RecursiveDirectoryIterator($path, RecursiveDirectoryIterator::SKIP_DOTS),
-                RecursiveIteratorIterator::CHILD_FIRST
+                RecursiveIteratorIterator::CHILD_FIRST,
             ) as $object) {
                 $filename = $object->getFilename();
                 if (! $hidden && $filename[0] === '.') {
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                if (! $htdocs || ! preg_match('/^(\.htaccess|index\.(html|htm|php)|web\.config)$/i', $filename)) {
+                if (! $htdocs || preg_match('/^(\.htaccess|index\.(html|htm|php)|web\.config)$/i', $filename) !== 1) {
                     $isDir = $object->isDir();
                     if ($isDir && $delDir) {
                         rmdir($object->getPathname());
@@ -202,7 +206,7 @@ function get_filenames(
         string $sourceDir,
         ?bool $includePath = false,
         bool $hidden = false,
-        bool $includeDir = true
+        bool $includeDir = true,
     ): array {
         $files = [];
 
@@ -212,7 +216,7 @@ function get_filenames(
         try {
             foreach (new RecursiveIteratorIterator(
                 new RecursiveDirectoryIterator($sourceDir, RecursiveDirectoryIterator::SKIP_DOTS | FilesystemIterator::FOLLOW_SYMLINKS),
-                RecursiveIteratorIterator::SELF_FIRST
+                RecursiveIteratorIterator::SELF_FIRST,
             ) as $name => $object) {
                 $basename = pathinfo($name, PATHINFO_BASENAME);
                 if (! $hidden && $basename[0] === '.') {
@@ -251,6 +255,14 @@ function get_filenames(
      * @param string $sourceDir    Path to source
      * @param bool   $topLevelOnly Look only at the top level directory specified?
      * @param bool   $recursion    Internal variable to determine recursion status - do not use in calls
+     *
+     * @return array<string, array{
+     *  name: string,
+     *  server_path: string,
+     *  size: int,
+     *  date: int,
+     *  relative_path: string,
+     * }>
      */
     function get_dir_file_info(string $sourceDir, bool $topLevelOnly = true, bool $recursion = false): array
     {
@@ -260,13 +272,13 @@ function get_dir_file_info(string $sourceDir, bool $topLevelOnly = true, bool $r
         try {
             $fp = opendir($sourceDir);
 
-            // reset the array and make sure $source_dir has a trailing slash on the initial call
+            // reset the array and make sure $sourceDir has a trailing slash on the initial call
             if ($recursion === false) {
                 $fileData  = [];
                 $sourceDir = rtrim(realpath($sourceDir), DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
             }
 
-            // Used to be foreach (scandir($source_dir, 1) as $file), but scandir() is simply not as fast
+            // Used to be foreach (scandir($sourceDir, 1) as $file), but scandir() is simply not as fast
             while (false !== ($file = readdir($fp))) {
                 if (is_dir($sourceDir . $file) && $file[0] !== '.' && $topLevelOnly === false) {
                     get_dir_file_info($sourceDir . $file . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, $topLevelOnly, true);
@@ -294,10 +306,19 @@ function get_dir_file_info(string $sourceDir, bool $topLevelOnly = true, bool $r
      * Options are: name, server_path, size, date, readable, writable, executable, fileperms
      * Returns false if the file cannot be found.
      *
-     * @param string       $file           Path to file
-     * @param array|string $returnedValues Array or comma separated string of information returned
+     * @param string              $file           Path to file
+     * @param list<string>|string $returnedValues Array or comma separated string of information returned
      *
-     * @return array|null
+     * @return array{
+     *  name?: string,
+     *  server_path?: string,
+     *  size?: int,
+     *  date?: int,
+     *  readable?: bool,
+     *  writable?: bool,
+     *  executable?: bool,
+     *  fileperms?: int
+     * }|null
      */
     function get_file_info(string $file, $returnedValues = ['name', 'server_path', 'size', 'date'])
     {
diff --git a/system/Helpers/form_helper.php b/system/Helpers/form_helper.php
index 58cd828e3faa..a9415821f970 100644
--- a/system/Helpers/form_helper.php
+++ b/system/Helpers/form_helper.php
@@ -49,10 +49,10 @@ function form_open(string $action = '', $attributes = [], array $hidden = []): s
 
         $attributes = stringify_attributes($attributes);
 
-        if (stripos($attributes, 'method=') === false) {
+        if (! str_contains(strtolower($attributes), 'method=')) {
             $attributes .= ' method="post"';
         }
-        if (stripos($attributes, 'accept-charset=') === false) {
+        if (! str_contains(strtolower($attributes), 'accept-charset=')) {
             $config = config(App::class);
             $attributes .= ' accept-charset="' . strtolower($config->charset) . '"';
         }
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ function form_open(string $action = '', $attributes = [], array $hidden = []): s
         // Add CSRF field if enabled, but leave it out for GET requests and requests to external websites
         $before = service('filters')->getFilters()['before'];
 
-        if ((in_array('csrf', $before, true) || array_key_exists('csrf', $before)) && str_contains($action, base_url()) && ! stripos($form, 'method="get"')) {
+        if ((in_array('csrf', $before, true) || array_key_exists('csrf', $before)) && str_contains($action, base_url()) && ! str_contains(strtolower($form), strtolower('method="get"'))) {
             $form .= csrf_field($csrfId ?? null);
         }
 
@@ -223,11 +223,11 @@ function form_textarea($data = '', string $value = '', $extra = ''): string
         }
 
         // Unsets default rows and cols if defined in extra field as array or string.
-        if ((is_array($extra) && array_key_exists('rows', $extra)) || (is_string($extra) && stripos(preg_replace('/\s+/', '', $extra), 'rows=') !== false)) {
+        if ((is_array($extra) && array_key_exists('rows', $extra)) || (is_string($extra) && str_contains(strtolower(preg_replace('/\s+/', '', $extra)), 'rows='))) {
             unset($defaults['rows']);
         }
 
-        if ((is_array($extra) && array_key_exists('cols', $extra)) || (is_string($extra) && stripos(preg_replace('/\s+/', '', $extra), 'cols=') !== false)) {
+        if ((is_array($extra) && array_key_exists('cols', $extra)) || (is_string($extra) && str_contains(strtolower(preg_replace('/\s+/', '', $extra)), 'cols='))) {
             unset($defaults['cols']);
         }
 
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ function form_multiselect($name = '', array $options = [], array $selected = [],
     {
         $extra = stringify_attributes($extra);
 
-        if (stripos($extra, 'multiple') === false) {
+        if (! str_contains(strtolower($extra), strtolower('multiple'))) {
             $extra .= ' multiple="multiple"';
         }
 
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ function form_dropdown($data = '', $options = [], $selected = [], $extra = ''):
         }
 
         $extra    = stringify_attributes($extra);
-        $multiple = (count($selected) > 1 && stripos($extra, 'multiple') === false) ? ' multiple="multiple"' : '';
+        $multiple = (count($selected) > 1 && ! str_contains(strtolower($extra), 'multiple')) ? ' multiple="multiple"' : '';
         $form     = '<select ' . rtrim(parse_form_attributes($data, $defaults)) . $extra . $multiple . ">\n";
 
         foreach ($options as $key => $val) {
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ function form_checkbox($data = '', string $value = '', bool $checked = false, $e
     {
         $defaults = [
             'type'  => 'checkbox',
-            'name'  => (! is_array($data) ? $data : ''),
+            'name'  => is_array($data) ? '' : $data,
             'value' => $value,
         ];
 
@@ -739,10 +739,10 @@ function validation_show_error(string $field, string $template = 'single'): stri
         $config = config(Validation::class);
         $view   = service('renderer');
 
-        $errors = array_filter(validation_errors(), static fn ($key) => preg_match(
+        $errors = array_filter(validation_errors(), static fn ($key): bool => preg_match(
             '/^' . str_replace(['\.\*', '\*\.'], ['\..+', '.+\.'], preg_quote($field, '/')) . '$/',
-            $key
-        ), ARRAY_FILTER_USE_KEY);
+            $key,
+        ) === 1, ARRAY_FILTER_USE_KEY);
 
         if ($errors === []) {
             return '';
@@ -788,7 +788,7 @@ function parse_form_attributes($attributes, array $default): string
             if (! is_bool($val)) {
                 if ($key === 'value') {
                     $val = esc($val);
-                } elseif ($key === 'name' && ! strlen($default['name'])) {
+                } elseif ($key === 'name' && $default['name'] === '') {
                     continue;
                 }
                 $att .= $key . '="' . $val . '"' . ($key === array_key_last($default) ? '' : ' ');
diff --git a/system/Helpers/html_helper.php b/system/Helpers/html_helper.php
index 30733acd5175..9dcf82536eeb 100644
--- a/system/Helpers/html_helper.php
+++ b/system/Helpers/html_helper.php
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ function img($src = '', bool $indexPage = false, $attributes = ''): string
         $img = '<img';
 
         // Check for a relative URI
-        if (! preg_match('#^([a-z]+:)?//#i', $src['src']) && ! str_starts_with($src['src'], 'data:')) {
+        if (preg_match('#^([a-z]+:)?//#i', $src['src']) !== 1 && ! str_starts_with($src['src'], 'data:')) {
             if ($indexPage) {
                 $img .= ' src="' . site_url($src['src']) . '"';
             } else {
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ function script_tag($src = '', bool $indexPage = false): string
         }
 
         foreach ($src as $k => $v) {
-            if ($k === 'src' && ! preg_match('#^([a-z]+:)?//#i', $v)) {
+            if ($k === 'src' && preg_match('#^([a-z]+:)?//#i', $v) !== 1) {
                 if ($indexPage) {
                     $script .= 'src="' . site_url($v) . '" ';
                 } else {
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ function link_tag(
         string $title = '',
         string $media = '',
         bool $indexPage = false,
-        string $hreflang = ''
+        string $hreflang = '',
     ): string {
         $attributes = [];
         // extract fields if needed
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ function link_tag(
             $href      = $href['href'] ?? '';
         }
 
-        if (! preg_match('#^([a-z]+:)?//#i', $href)) {
+        if (preg_match('#^([a-z]+:)?//#i', $href) !== 1) {
             $attributes['href'] = $indexPage ? site_url($href) : slash_item('baseURL') . $href;
         } else {
             $attributes['href'] = $href;
diff --git a/system/Helpers/inflector_helper.php b/system/Helpers/inflector_helper.php
index abc565652ecb..fb4ef6cb3924 100644
--- a/system/Helpers/inflector_helper.php
+++ b/system/Helpers/inflector_helper.php
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ function is_pluralizable(string $word): bool
                 'wisdom',
                 'work',
             ],
-            true
+            true,
         );
 
         return ! $uncountables;
diff --git a/system/Helpers/number_helper.php b/system/Helpers/number_helper.php
index 0999d200f99b..bf577ed293f6 100644
--- a/system/Helpers/number_helper.php
+++ b/system/Helpers/number_helper.php
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
  * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
  */
 
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\BadFunctionCallException;
+
 // CodeIgniter Number Helpers
 
 if (! function_exists('number_to_size')) {
diff --git a/system/Helpers/security_helper.php b/system/Helpers/security_helper.php
index af6257e5e39c..d73fd6219b12 100644
--- a/system/Helpers/security_helper.php
+++ b/system/Helpers/security_helper.php
@@ -15,11 +15,69 @@
 
 if (! function_exists('sanitize_filename')) {
     /**
-     * Sanitize a filename to use in a URI.
+     * Sanitize Filename
+     *
+     * Tries to sanitize filenames in order to prevent directory traversal attempts
+     * and other security threats, which is particularly useful for files that
+     * were supplied via user input.
+     *
+     * If it is acceptable for the user input to include relative paths,
+     * e.g. file/in/some/approved/folder.txt, you can set the second optional
+     * parameter, $relativePath to TRUE.
+     *
+     * @param string $filename     Input file name
+     * @param bool   $relativePath Whether to preserve paths
      */
-    function sanitize_filename(string $filename): string
+    function sanitize_filename(string $filename, bool $relativePath = false): string
     {
-        return service('security')->sanitizeFilename($filename);
+        // List of sanitized filename strings
+        $bad = [
+            '../',
+            '<!--',
+            '-->',
+            '<',
+            '>',
+            "'",
+            '"',
+            '&',
+            '$',
+            '#',
+            '{',
+            '}',
+            '[',
+            ']',
+            '=',
+            ';',
+            '?',
+            '%20',
+            '%22',
+            '%3c',
+            '%253c',
+            '%3e',
+            '%0e',
+            '%28',
+            '%29',
+            '%2528',
+            '%26',
+            '%24',
+            '%3f',
+            '%3b',
+            '%3d',
+        ];
+
+        if (! $relativePath) {
+            $bad[] = './';
+            $bad[] = '/';
+        }
+
+        $filename = remove_invisible_characters($filename, false);
+
+        do {
+            $old      = $filename;
+            $filename = str_replace($bad, '', $filename);
+        } while ($old !== $filename);
+
+        return stripslashes($filename);
     }
 }
 
@@ -35,7 +93,7 @@ function strip_image_tags(string $str): string
                 '#<img[\s/]+.*?src\s*=\s*?(([^\s"\'=<>`]+)).*?\>#i',
             ],
             '\\2',
-            $str
+            $str,
         );
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/Helpers/text_helper.php b/system/Helpers/text_helper.php
index 3de105736f57..c8067a88a74b 100644
--- a/system/Helpers/text_helper.php
+++ b/system/Helpers/text_helper.php
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
  * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
  */
 
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use Config\ForeignCharacters;
 
 // CodeIgniter Text Helpers
@@ -43,35 +44,40 @@ function word_limiter(string $str, int $limit = 100, string $endChar = '&#8230;'
     /**
      * Character Limiter
      *
-     * Limits the string based on the character count.  Preserves complete words
+     * Limits the string based on the character count. Preserves complete words
      * so the character count may not be exactly as specified.
      *
      * @param string $endChar the end character. Usually an ellipsis
      */
-    function character_limiter(string $str, int $n = 500, string $endChar = '&#8230;'): string
+    function character_limiter(string $string, int $limit = 500, string $endChar = '&#8230;'): string
     {
-        if (mb_strlen($str) < $n) {
-            return $str;
+        if (mb_strlen($string) < $limit) {
+            return $string;
         }
 
         // a bit complicated, but faster than preg_replace with \s+
-        $str = preg_replace('/ {2,}/', ' ', str_replace(["\r", "\n", "\t", "\x0B", "\x0C"], ' ', $str));
+        $string       = preg_replace('/ {2,}/', ' ', str_replace(["\r", "\n", "\t", "\x0B", "\x0C"], ' ', $string));
+        $stringLength = mb_strlen($string);
 
-        if (mb_strlen($str) <= $n) {
-            return $str;
+        if ($stringLength <= $limit) {
+            return $string;
         }
 
-        $out = '';
+        $output       = '';
+        $outputLength = 0;
+        $words        = explode(' ', trim($string));
 
-        foreach (explode(' ', trim($str)) as $val) {
-            $out .= $val . ' ';
-            if (mb_strlen($out) >= $n) {
-                $out = trim($out);
+        foreach ($words as $word) {
+            $output .= $word . ' ';
+            $outputLength = mb_strlen($output);
+
+            if ($outputLength >= $limit) {
+                $output = trim($output);
                 break;
             }
         }
 
-        return (mb_strlen($out) === mb_strlen($str)) ? $out : $out . $endChar;
+        return ($outputLength === $stringLength) ? $output : $output . $endChar;
     }
 }
 
@@ -131,7 +137,7 @@ function ascii_to_entities(string $str): string
      */
     function entities_to_ascii(string $str, bool $all = true): string
     {
-        if (preg_match_all('/\&#(\d+)\;/', $str, $matches)) {
+        if (preg_match_all('/\&#(\d+)\;/', $str, $matches) >= 1) {
             for ($i = 0, $s = count($matches[0]); $i < $s; $i++) {
                 $digits = (int) $matches[1][$i];
                 $out    = '';
@@ -152,7 +158,7 @@ function entities_to_ascii(string $str, bool $all = true): string
             return str_replace(
                 ['&amp;', '&lt;', '&gt;', '&quot;', '&apos;', '&#45;'],
                 ['&', '<', '>', '"', "'", '-'],
-                $str
+                $str,
             );
         }
 
@@ -193,9 +199,9 @@ function word_censor(string $str, array $censored, string $replacement = ''): st
                 $str = preg_replace(
                     "/({$delim})(" . $badword . ")({$delim})/i",
                     "\\1{$replacement}\\3",
-                    $str
+                    $str,
                 );
-            } elseif (preg_match_all("/{$delim}(" . $badword . "){$delim}/i", $str, $matches, PREG_PATTERN_ORDER | PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE)) {
+            } elseif (preg_match_all("/{$delim}(" . $badword . "){$delim}/i", $str, $matches, PREG_PATTERN_ORDER | PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE) >= 1) {
                 $matches = $matches[1];
 
                 for ($i = count($matches) - 1; $i >= 0; $i--) {
@@ -205,7 +211,7 @@ function word_censor(string $str, array $censored, string $replacement = ''): st
                         $str,
                         str_repeat('#', $length),
                         $matches[$i][1],
-                        $length
+                        $length,
                     );
                 }
             }
@@ -235,7 +241,7 @@ function highlight_code(string $str): string
         $str = str_replace(
             ['&lt;', '&gt;', '<?', '?>', '<%', '%>', '\\', '</script>'],
             ['<', '>', 'phptagopen', 'phptagclose', 'asptagopen', 'asptagclose', 'backslashtmp', 'scriptclose'],
-            $str
+            $str,
         );
 
         // The highlight_string function requires that the text be surrounded
@@ -254,7 +260,7 @@ function highlight_code(string $str): string
                 "$1</span>\n</span>\n</code>",
                 '',
             ],
-            $str
+            $str,
         );
 
         // Replace our markers back to PHP tags.
@@ -275,7 +281,7 @@ function highlight_code(string $str): string
                 '\\',
                 '&lt;/script&gt;',
             ],
-            $str
+            $str,
         );
     }
 }
@@ -351,7 +357,7 @@ function word_wrap(string $str, int $charlim = 76): string
         // strip the entire chunk and replace it with a marker.
         $unwrap = [];
 
-        if (preg_match_all('|\{unwrap\}(.+?)\{/unwrap\}|s', $str, $matches)) {
+        if (preg_match_all('|\{unwrap\}(.+?)\{/unwrap\}|s', $str, $matches) >= 1) {
             for ($i = 0, $c = count($matches[0]); $i < $c; $i++) {
                 $unwrap[] = $matches[1][$i];
                 $str      = str_replace($matches[0][$i], '{{unwrapped' . $i . '}}', $str);
@@ -581,7 +587,7 @@ function random_string(string $type = 'alnum', int $len = 8): string
             case 'crypto':
                 if ($len % 2 !== 0) {
                     throw new InvalidArgumentException(
-                        'You must set an even number to the second parameter when you use `crypto`.'
+                        'You must set an even number to the second parameter when you use `crypto`.',
                     );
                 }
 
@@ -611,7 +617,7 @@ function _from_random(int $length, string $pool): string
     {
         if ($length <= 0) {
             throw new InvalidArgumentException(
-                sprintf('A strictly positive length is expected, "%d" given.', $length)
+                sprintf('A strictly positive length is expected, "%d" given.', $length),
             );
         }
 
@@ -619,7 +625,7 @@ function _from_random(int $length, string $pool): string
         $bits     = (int) ceil(log($poolSize, 2.0));
         if ($bits <= 0 || $bits > 56) {
             throw new InvalidArgumentException(
-                'The length of the alphabet must in the [2^1, 2^56] range.'
+                'The length of the alphabet must in the [2^1, 2^56] range.',
             );
         }
 
@@ -711,38 +717,44 @@ function alternator(...$args): string
     function excerpt(string $text, ?string $phrase = null, int $radius = 100, string $ellipsis = '...'): string
     {
         if (isset($phrase)) {
-            $phrasePos = stripos($text, $phrase);
-            $phraseLen = strlen($phrase);
+            $phrasePosition = mb_stripos($text, $phrase);
+            $phraseLength   = mb_strlen($phrase);
         } else {
-            $phrasePos = $radius / 2;
-            $phraseLen = 1;
+            $phrasePosition = $radius / 2;
+            $phraseLength   = 1;
         }
 
-        $pre = explode(' ', substr($text, 0, $phrasePos));
-        $pos = explode(' ', substr($text, $phrasePos + $phraseLen));
+        $beforeWords = explode(' ', mb_substr($text, 0, $phrasePosition));
+        $afterWords  = explode(' ', mb_substr($text, $phrasePosition + $phraseLength));
 
-        $prev  = ' ';
-        $post  = ' ';
-        $count = 0;
+        $firstPartOutput = ' ';
+        $endPartOutput   = ' ';
+        $count           = 0;
 
-        foreach (array_reverse($pre) as $e) {
-            if ((strlen($e) + $count + 1) < $radius) {
-                $prev = ' ' . $e . $prev;
+        foreach (array_reverse($beforeWords) as $beforeWord) {
+            $beforeWordLength = mb_strlen($beforeWord);
+
+            if (($beforeWordLength + $count + 1) < $radius) {
+                $firstPartOutput = ' ' . $beforeWord . $firstPartOutput;
             }
-            $count = ++$count + strlen($e);
+
+            $count = ++$count + $beforeWordLength;
         }
 
         $count = 0;
 
-        foreach ($pos as $s) {
-            if ((strlen($s) + $count + 1) < $radius) {
-                $post .= $s . ' ';
+        foreach ($afterWords as $afterWord) {
+            $afterWordLength = mb_strlen($afterWord);
+
+            if (($afterWordLength + $count + 1) < $radius) {
+                $endPartOutput .= $afterWord . ' ';
             }
-            $count = ++$count + strlen($s);
+
+            $count = ++$count + $afterWordLength;
         }
 
-        $ellPre = $phrase ? $ellipsis : '';
+        $ellPre = $phrase !== null ? $ellipsis : '';
 
-        return str_replace('  ', ' ', $ellPre . $prev . $phrase . $post . $ellipsis);
+        return str_replace('  ', ' ', $ellPre . $firstPartOutput . $phrase . $endPartOutput . $ellipsis);
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/Helpers/url_helper.php b/system/Helpers/url_helper.php
index 4fd6b4f7e42b..4d49447bf33a 100644
--- a/system/Helpers/url_helper.php
+++ b/system/Helpers/url_helper.php
@@ -211,6 +211,8 @@ function anchor_popup($uri = '', string $title = '', $attributes = false, ?App $
             $windowName = '_blank';
         }
 
+        $atts = [];
+
         foreach (['width' => '800', 'height' => '600', 'scrollbars' => 'yes', 'menubar' => 'no', 'status' => 'yes', 'resizable' => 'yes', 'screenx' => '0', 'screeny' => '0'] as $key => $val) {
             $atts[$key] = $attributes[$key] ?? $val;
             unset($attributes[$key]);
@@ -357,8 +359,8 @@ function auto_link(string $str, string $type = 'both', bool $popup = false): str
                 '#([a-z][a-z0-9+\-.]*://|www\.)[a-z0-9]+(-+[a-z0-9]+)*(\.[a-z0-9]+(-+[a-z0-9]+)*)+(/([^\s()<>;]+\w)?/?)?#i',
                 $str,
                 $matches,
-                PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE | PREG_SET_ORDER
-            )
+                PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE | PREG_SET_ORDER,
+            ) >= 1
         ) {
             // Set our target HTML if using popup links.
             $target = ($popup) ? ' target="_blank"' : '';
@@ -384,8 +386,8 @@ function auto_link(string $str, string $type = 'both', bool $popup = false): str
                 '#([\w\.\-\+]+@[a-z0-9\-]+\.[a-z0-9\-\.]+[^[:punct:]\s])#i',
                 $str,
                 $matches,
-                PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE
-            )
+                PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE,
+            ) >= 1
         ) {
             foreach (array_reverse($matches[0]) as $match) {
                 if (filter_var($match[0], FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL) !== false) {
diff --git a/system/Honeypot/Exceptions/HoneypotException.php b/system/Honeypot/Exceptions/HoneypotException.php
index ce743b8651b3..5185f6d3c843 100644
--- a/system/Honeypot/Exceptions/HoneypotException.php
+++ b/system/Honeypot/Exceptions/HoneypotException.php
@@ -14,9 +14,8 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Honeypot\Exceptions;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ConfigException;
-use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface;
 
-class HoneypotException extends ConfigException implements ExceptionInterface
+class HoneypotException extends ConfigException
 {
     /**
      * Thrown when the template value of config is empty.
@@ -42,6 +41,8 @@ public static function forNoNameField()
      * Thrown when the hidden value of config is false.
      *
      * @return static
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.6.4 Never used.
      */
     public static function forNoHiddenValue()
     {
diff --git a/system/Honeypot/Honeypot.php b/system/Honeypot/Honeypot.php
index 2e79daadb096..1b09da4d1a68 100644
--- a/system/Honeypot/Honeypot.php
+++ b/system/Honeypot/Honeypot.php
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ public function attachHoneypot(ResponseInterface $response)
             $this->config->container = str_ireplace(
                 '>{template}',
                 ' id="' . $this->config->containerId . '">{template}',
-                $this->config->container
+                $this->config->container,
             );
         }
 
diff --git a/system/HotReloader/HotReloader.php b/system/HotReloader/HotReloader.php
index 6dfd0fcf66a9..305e641af04e 100644
--- a/system/HotReloader/HotReloader.php
+++ b/system/HotReloader/HotReloader.php
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ public function run(): void
         $appHash = $hasher->hash();
 
         while (true) {
-            if (connection_status() !== CONNECTION_NORMAL || connection_aborted()) {
+            if (connection_status() !== CONNECTION_NORMAL || connection_aborted() === 1) {
                 break;
             }
 
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ public function run(): void
                 $this->sendEvent('reload', ['time' => date('Y-m-d H:i:s')]);
                 break;
             }
+
             if (mt_rand(1, 10) > 8) {
                 $this->sendEvent('ping', ['time' => date('Y-m-d H:i:s')]);
             }
diff --git a/system/I18n/Exceptions/I18nException.php b/system/I18n/Exceptions/I18nException.php
index 79c9e8326ad0..ec9dd3277e1e 100644
--- a/system/I18n/Exceptions/I18nException.php
+++ b/system/I18n/Exceptions/I18nException.php
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ public static function forInvalidOverDay(string $lastDay, string $day)
      */
     public static function forInvalidHour(string $hour)
     {
-        return new static(lang('Time.invalidHour', [$hour]));
+        return new static(lang('Time.invalidHours', [$hour]));
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/system/I18n/Time.php b/system/I18n/Time.php
index 906479470b17..255f879a90ec 100644
--- a/system/I18n/Time.php
+++ b/system/I18n/Time.php
@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@
  * @property-read string $weekOfYear
  * @property-read string $year
  *
+ * @phpstan-consistent-constructor
+ *
  * @see \CodeIgniter\I18n\TimeTest
  */
 class Time extends DateTimeImmutable implements Stringable
diff --git a/system/I18n/TimeDifference.php b/system/I18n/TimeDifference.php
index 81ca92be6a80..b51baf252472 100644
--- a/system/I18n/TimeDifference.php
+++ b/system/I18n/TimeDifference.php
@@ -17,7 +17,13 @@
 use IntlCalendar;
 
 /**
- * Class TimeDifference
+ * @property-read float|int $days
+ * @property-read float|int $hours
+ * @property-read float|int $minutes
+ * @property-read float|int $months
+ * @property-read int       $seconds
+ * @property-read float|int $weeks
+ * @property-read float|int $years
  *
  * @see \CodeIgniter\I18n\TimeDifferenceTest
  */
diff --git a/system/I18n/TimeLegacy.php b/system/I18n/TimeLegacy.php
index 403fced2108d..7dfa0526304a 100644
--- a/system/I18n/TimeLegacy.php
+++ b/system/I18n/TimeLegacy.php
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\I18n;
 
 use DateTime;
+use Exception;
+use ReturnTypeWillChange;
 
 /**
  * Legacy Time class.
@@ -39,10 +41,29 @@
  * @property string $weekOfYear  read-only
  * @property string $year        read-only
  *
+ * @phpstan-consistent-constructor
+ *
  * @deprecated Use Time instead.
  * @see \CodeIgniter\I18n\TimeLegacyTest
  */
 class TimeLegacy extends DateTime
 {
     use TimeTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new instance with the date set to the new timestamp.
+     *
+     * @param int $timestamp
+     *
+     * @return static
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    #[ReturnTypeWillChange]
+    public function setTimestamp($timestamp)
+    {
+        $time = date('Y-m-d H:i:s', $timestamp);
+
+        return static::parse($time, $this->timezone, $this->locale);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/system/I18n/TimeTrait.php b/system/I18n/TimeTrait.php
index fefb2fc544a3..7742c73a65ac 100644
--- a/system/I18n/TimeTrait.php
+++ b/system/I18n/TimeTrait.php
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
 trait TimeTrait
 {
     /**
-     * @var DateTimeZone
+     * @var DateTimeZone|string
      */
     protected $timezone;
 
@@ -73,18 +73,18 @@ trait TimeTrait
      */
     public function __construct(?string $time = null, $timezone = null, ?string $locale = null)
     {
-        $this->locale = $locale ?: Locale::getDefault();
+        $this->locale = in_array($locale, [null, '', '0'], true) ? Locale::getDefault() : $locale;
 
         $time ??= '';
 
         // If a test instance has been provided, use it instead.
-        if ($time === '' && static::$testNow instanceof self) {
+        if ($time === '' && static::$testNow instanceof static) {
             if ($timezone !== null) {
                 $testNow = static::$testNow->setTimezone($timezone);
-                $time    = $testNow->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+                $time    = $testNow->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u');
             } else {
                 $timezone = static::$testNow->getTimezone();
-                $time     = static::$testNow->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+                $time     = static::$testNow->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u');
             }
         }
 
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ public function __construct(?string $time = null, $timezone = null, ?string $loc
         if ($time !== '' && static::hasRelativeKeywords($time)) {
             $instance = new DateTime('now', $this->timezone);
             $instance->modify($time);
-            $time = $instance->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+            $time = $instance->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u');
         }
 
         parent::__construct($time, $this->timezone);
@@ -108,13 +108,13 @@ public function __construct(?string $time = null, $timezone = null, ?string $loc
      *
      * @param DateTimeZone|string|null $timezone
      *
-     * @return self
+     * @return static
      *
      * @throws Exception
      */
     public static function now($timezone = null, ?string $locale = null)
     {
-        return new self(null, $timezone, $locale);
+        return new static(null, $timezone, $locale);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -125,13 +125,13 @@ public static function now($timezone = null, ?string $locale = null)
      *
      * @param DateTimeZone|string|null $timezone
      *
-     * @return self
+     * @return static
      *
      * @throws Exception
      */
     public static function parse(string $datetime, $timezone = null, ?string $locale = null)
     {
-        return new self($datetime, $timezone, $locale);
+        return new static($datetime, $timezone, $locale);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -139,13 +139,13 @@ public static function parse(string $datetime, $timezone = null, ?string $locale
      *
      * @param DateTimeZone|string|null $timezone
      *
-     * @return self
+     * @return static
      *
      * @throws Exception
      */
     public static function today($timezone = null, ?string $locale = null)
     {
-        return new self(date('Y-m-d 00:00:00'), $timezone, $locale);
+        return new static(date('Y-m-d 00:00:00'), $timezone, $locale);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -153,13 +153,13 @@ public static function today($timezone = null, ?string $locale = null)
      *
      * @param DateTimeZone|string|null $timezone
      *
-     * @return self
+     * @return static
      *
      * @throws Exception
      */
     public static function yesterday($timezone = null, ?string $locale = null)
     {
-        return new self(date('Y-m-d 00:00:00', strtotime('-1 day')), $timezone, $locale);
+        return new static(date('Y-m-d 00:00:00', strtotime('-1 day')), $timezone, $locale);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -167,13 +167,13 @@ public static function yesterday($timezone = null, ?string $locale = null)
      *
      * @param DateTimeZone|string|null $timezone
      *
-     * @return self
+     * @return static
      *
      * @throws Exception
      */
     public static function tomorrow($timezone = null, ?string $locale = null)
     {
-        return new self(date('Y-m-d 00:00:00', strtotime('+1 day')), $timezone, $locale);
+        return new static(date('Y-m-d 00:00:00', strtotime('+1 day')), $timezone, $locale);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ public static function tomorrow($timezone = null, ?string $locale = null)
      *
      * @param DateTimeZone|string|null $timezone
      *
-     * @return self
+     * @return static
      *
      * @throws Exception
      */
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ public static function createFromDate(?int $year = null, ?int $month = null, ?in
      *
      * @param DateTimeZone|string|null $timezone
      *
-     * @return self
+     * @return static
      *
      * @throws Exception
      */
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ public static function createFromTime(?int $hour = null, ?int $minutes = null, ?
      *
      * @param DateTimeZone|string|null $timezone
      *
-     * @return self
+     * @return static
      *
      * @throws Exception
      */
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ public static function create(
         ?int $minutes = null,
         ?int $seconds = null,
         $timezone = null,
-        ?string $locale = null
+        ?string $locale = null,
     ) {
         $year ??= date('Y');
         $month ??= date('m');
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ public static function create(
         $minutes ??= 0;
         $seconds ??= 0;
 
-        return new self(date('Y-m-d H:i:s', strtotime("{$year}-{$month}-{$day} {$hour}:{$minutes}:{$seconds}")), $timezone, $locale);
+        return new static(date('Y-m-d H:i:s', strtotime("{$year}-{$month}-{$day} {$hour}:{$minutes}:{$seconds}")), $timezone, $locale);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ public static function create(
      * @param string                   $datetime
      * @param DateTimeZone|string|null $timezone
      *
-     * @return self
+     * @return static
      *
      * @throws Exception
      */
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ public static function createFromFormat($format, $datetime, $timezone = null)
             throw I18nException::forInvalidFormat($format);
         }
 
-        return new self($date->format('Y-m-d H:i:s'), $timezone);
+        return new static($date->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u'), $timezone);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -261,15 +261,13 @@ public static function createFromFormat($format, $datetime, $timezone = null)
      *
      * @param DateTimeZone|string|null $timezone
      *
-     * @return self
-     *
      * @throws Exception
      */
-    public static function createFromTimestamp(int $timestamp, $timezone = null, ?string $locale = null)
+    public static function createFromTimestamp(float|int $timestamp, $timezone = null, ?string $locale = null): static
     {
-        $time = new self(gmdate('Y-m-d H:i:s', $timestamp), 'UTC', $locale);
+        $time = new static(sprintf('@%.6f', $timestamp), 'UTC', $locale);
 
-        $timezone ??= date_default_timezone_get();
+        $timezone ??= 'UTC';
 
         return $time->setTimezone($timezone);
     }
@@ -277,22 +275,22 @@ public static function createFromTimestamp(int $timestamp, $timezone = null, ?st
     /**
      * Takes an instance of DateTimeInterface and returns an instance of Time with it's same values.
      *
-     * @return self
+     * @return static
      *
      * @throws Exception
      */
     public static function createFromInstance(DateTimeInterface $dateTime, ?string $locale = null)
     {
-        $date     = $dateTime->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+        $date     = $dateTime->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u');
         $timezone = $dateTime->getTimezone();
 
-        return new self($date, $timezone, $locale);
+        return new static($date, $timezone, $locale);
     }
 
     /**
      * Takes an instance of DateTime and returns an instance of Time with it's same values.
      *
-     * @return self
+     * @return static
      *
      * @throws Exception
      *
@@ -302,7 +300,7 @@ public static function createFromInstance(DateTimeInterface $dateTime, ?string $
      */
     public static function instance(DateTime $dateTime, ?string $locale = null)
     {
-        return self::createFromInstance($dateTime, $locale);
+        return static::createFromInstance($dateTime, $locale);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -314,10 +312,11 @@ public static function instance(DateTime $dateTime, ?string $locale = null)
      */
     public function toDateTime()
     {
-        $dateTime = new DateTime('', $this->getTimezone());
-        $dateTime->setTimestamp(parent::getTimestamp());
-
-        return $dateTime;
+        return DateTime::createFromFormat(
+            'Y-m-d H:i:s.u',
+            $this->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u'),
+            $this->getTimezone(),
+        );
     }
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -346,9 +345,9 @@ public static function setTestNow($datetime = null, $timezone = null, ?string $l
 
         // Convert to a Time instance
         if (is_string($datetime)) {
-            $datetime = new self($datetime, $timezone, $locale);
-        } elseif ($datetime instanceof DateTimeInterface && ! $datetime instanceof self) {
-            $datetime = new self($datetime->format('Y-m-d H:i:s'), $timezone);
+            $datetime = new static($datetime, $timezone, $locale);
+        } elseif ($datetime instanceof DateTimeInterface && ! $datetime instanceof static) {
+            $datetime = new static($datetime->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u'), $timezone);
         }
 
         static::$testNow = $datetime;
@@ -476,7 +475,7 @@ public function getWeekOfYear(): string
     public function getAge()
     {
         // future dates have no age
-        return max(0, $this->difference(self::now())->getYears());
+        return max(0, $this->difference(static::now())->getYears());
     }
 
     /**
@@ -533,7 +532,7 @@ public function getTimezoneName(): string
      *
      * @param int|string $value
      *
-     * @return self
+     * @return static
      *
      * @throws Exception
      */
@@ -547,7 +546,7 @@ public function setYear($value)
      *
      * @param int|string $value
      *
-     * @return self
+     * @return static
      *
      * @throws Exception
      */
@@ -569,7 +568,7 @@ public function setMonth($value)
      *
      * @param int|string $value
      *
-     * @return self
+     * @return static
      *
      * @throws Exception
      */
@@ -593,7 +592,7 @@ public function setDay($value)
      *
      * @param int|string $value
      *
-     * @return self
+     * @return static
      *
      * @throws Exception
      */
@@ -611,7 +610,7 @@ public function setHour($value)
      *
      * @param int|string $value
      *
-     * @return self
+     * @return static
      *
      * @throws Exception
      */
@@ -629,7 +628,7 @@ public function setMinute($value)
      *
      * @param int|string $value
      *
-     * @return self
+     * @return static
      *
      * @throws Exception
      */
@@ -647,7 +646,7 @@ public function setSecond($value)
      *
      * @param int $value
      *
-     * @return self
+     * @return static
      *
      * @throws Exception
      */
@@ -657,7 +656,7 @@ protected function setValue(string $name, $value)
 
         ${$name} = $value;
 
-        return self::create(
+        return static::create(
             (int) $year,
             (int) $month,
             (int) $day,
@@ -665,7 +664,7 @@ protected function setValue(string $name, $value)
             (int) $minute,
             (int) $second,
             $this->getTimezoneName(),
-            $this->locale
+            $this->locale,
         );
     }
 
@@ -674,7 +673,7 @@ protected function setValue(string $name, $value)
      *
      * @param DateTimeZone|string $timezone
      *
-     * @return self
+     * @return static
      *
      * @throws Exception
      */
@@ -683,24 +682,7 @@ public function setTimezone($timezone)
     {
         $timezone = $timezone instanceof DateTimeZone ? $timezone : new DateTimeZone($timezone);
 
-        return self::createFromInstance($this->toDateTime()->setTimezone($timezone), $this->locale);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns a new instance with the date set to the new timestamp.
-     *
-     * @param int $timestamp
-     *
-     * @return self
-     *
-     * @throws Exception
-     */
-    #[ReturnTypeWillChange]
-    public function setTimestamp($timestamp)
-    {
-        $time = date('Y-m-d H:i:s', $timestamp);
-
-        return self::parse($time, $this->timezone, $this->locale);
+        return static::createFromInstance($this->toDateTime()->setTimezone($timezone), $this->locale);
     }
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -941,9 +923,9 @@ public function equals($testTime, ?string $timezone = null): bool
 
         $ourTime = $this->toDateTime()
             ->setTimezone(new DateTimeZone('UTC'))
-            ->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+            ->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u');
 
-        return $testTime->format('Y-m-d H:i:s') === $ourTime;
+        return $testTime->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u') === $ourTime;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -956,15 +938,15 @@ public function equals($testTime, ?string $timezone = null): bool
     public function sameAs($testTime, ?string $timezone = null): bool
     {
         if ($testTime instanceof DateTimeInterface) {
-            $testTime = $testTime->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+            $testTime = $testTime->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u O');
         } elseif (is_string($testTime)) {
-            $timezone = $timezone ?: $this->timezone;
+            $timezone = in_array($timezone, [null, '', '0'], true) ? $this->timezone : $timezone;
             $timezone = $timezone instanceof DateTimeZone ? $timezone : new DateTimeZone($timezone);
             $testTime = new DateTime($testTime, $timezone);
-            $testTime = $testTime->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+            $testTime = $testTime->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u O');
         }
 
-        $ourTime = $this->toDateTimeString();
+        $ourTime = $this->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u O');
 
         return $testTime === $ourTime;
     }
@@ -979,10 +961,16 @@ public function sameAs($testTime, ?string $timezone = null): bool
      */
     public function isBefore($testTime, ?string $timezone = null): bool
     {
-        $testTime = $this->getUTCObject($testTime, $timezone)->getTimestamp();
-        $ourTime  = $this->getTimestamp();
+        $testTime = $this->getUTCObject($testTime, $timezone);
+
+        $testTimestamp = $testTime->getTimestamp();
+        $ourTimestamp  = $this->getTimestamp();
+
+        if ($ourTimestamp === $testTimestamp) {
+            return $this->format('u') < $testTime->format('u');
+        }
 
-        return $ourTime < $testTime;
+        return $ourTimestamp < $testTimestamp;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -995,10 +983,16 @@ public function isBefore($testTime, ?string $timezone = null): bool
      */
     public function isAfter($testTime, ?string $timezone = null): bool
     {
-        $testTime = $this->getUTCObject($testTime, $timezone)->getTimestamp();
-        $ourTime  = $this->getTimestamp();
+        $testTime = $this->getUTCObject($testTime, $timezone);
+
+        $testTimestamp = $testTime->getTimestamp();
+        $ourTimestamp  = $this->getTimestamp();
+
+        if ($ourTimestamp === $testTimestamp) {
+            return $this->format('u') > $testTime->format('u');
+        }
 
-        return $ourTime > $testTime;
+        return $ourTimestamp > $testTimestamp;
     }
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1074,7 +1068,7 @@ public function difference($testTime, ?string $timezone = null)
         if (is_string($testTime)) {
             $timezone = ($timezone !== null) ? new DateTimeZone($timezone) : $this->timezone;
             $testTime = new DateTime($testTime, $timezone);
-        } elseif ($testTime instanceof self) {
+        } elseif ($testTime instanceof static) {
             $testTime = $testTime->toDateTime();
         }
 
@@ -1105,10 +1099,10 @@ public function difference($testTime, ?string $timezone = null)
      */
     public function getUTCObject($time, ?string $timezone = null)
     {
-        if ($time instanceof self) {
+        if ($time instanceof static) {
             $time = $time->toDateTime();
         } elseif (is_string($time)) {
-            $timezone = $timezone ?: $this->timezone;
+            $timezone = in_array($timezone, [null, '', '0'], true) ? $this->timezone : $timezone;
             $timezone = $timezone instanceof DateTimeZone ? $timezone : new DateTimeZone($timezone);
             $time     = new DateTime($time, $timezone);
         }
diff --git a/system/Images/Exceptions/ImageException.php b/system/Images/Exceptions/ImageException.php
index 93491bfa9e1b..91bf416d20ac 100644
--- a/system/Images/Exceptions/ImageException.php
+++ b/system/Images/Exceptions/ImageException.php
@@ -13,10 +13,9 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Images\Exceptions;
 
-use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\FrameworkException;
 
-class ImageException extends FrameworkException implements ExceptionInterface
+class ImageException extends FrameworkException
 {
     /**
      * Thrown when the image is not found.
diff --git a/system/Images/Handlers/BaseHandler.php b/system/Images/Handlers/BaseHandler.php
index eb704b564670..de3e15974a1b 100644
--- a/system/Images/Handlers/BaseHandler.php
+++ b/system/Images/Handlers/BaseHandler.php
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Images\Handlers;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use CodeIgniter\Images\Exceptions\ImageException;
 use CodeIgniter\Images\Image;
 use CodeIgniter\Images\ImageHandlerInterface;
 use Config\Images;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 
 /**
  * Base image handling implementation
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ abstract class BaseHandler implements ImageHandlerInterface
     /**
      * The image/file instance
      *
-     * @var Image
+     * @var Image|null
      */
     protected $image;
 
@@ -138,6 +138,8 @@ public function __construct($config = null)
      * Sets another image for this handler to work on.
      * Keeps us from needing to continually instantiate the handler.
      *
+     * @phpstan-assert Image $this->image
+     *
      * @return $this
      */
     public function withFile(string $path)
@@ -176,7 +178,7 @@ public function getFile()
     /**
      * Verifies that a file has been supplied and it is an image.
      *
-     * @return Image The image instance
+     * @phpstan-assert Image $this->image
      *
      * @throws ImageException
      */
@@ -187,7 +189,7 @@ protected function image(): Image
         }
 
         // Verify withFile has been called
-        if (empty($this->image)) {
+        if ($this->image === null) {
             throw ImageException::forMissingImage();
         }
 
@@ -396,23 +398,6 @@ public function flip(string $dir = 'vertical')
      */
     abstract protected function _flip(string $direction);
 
-    /**
-     * Overlays a string of text over the image.
-     *
-     * Valid options:
-     *
-     *  - color         Text Color (hex number)
-     *  - shadowColor   Color of the shadow (hex number)
-     *  - hAlign        Horizontal alignment: left, center, right
-     *  - vAlign        Vertical alignment: top, middle, bottom
-     *  - hOffset
-     *  - vOffset
-     *  - fontPath
-     *  - fontSize
-     *  - shadowOffset
-     *
-     * @return $this
-     */
     public function text(string $text, array $options = [])
     {
         $options                = array_merge($this->textDefaults, $options);
@@ -427,6 +412,21 @@ public function text(string $text, array $options = [])
     /**
      * Handler-specific method for overlaying text on an image.
      *
+     * @param array{
+     *     color?: string,
+     *     shadowColor?: string,
+     *     hAlign?: string,
+     *     vAlign?: string,
+     *     hOffset?: int,
+     *     vOffset?: int,
+     *     fontPath?: string,
+     *     fontSize?: int,
+     *     shadowOffset?: int,
+     *     opacity?: float,
+     *     padding?: int,
+     *     withShadow?: bool|string
+     * } $options
+     *
      * @return void
      */
     abstract protected function _text(string $text, array $options = []);
@@ -702,6 +702,8 @@ public function __call(string $name, array $args = [])
         if (method_exists($this->image(), $name)) {
             return $this->image()->{$name}(...$args);
         }
+
+        return null;
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/system/Images/Handlers/GDHandler.php b/system/Images/Handlers/GDHandler.php
index 062a69d89212..12ea4e1a72e2 100644
--- a/system/Images/Handlers/GDHandler.php
+++ b/system/Images/Handlers/GDHandler.php
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ protected function ensureResource()
             // if valid image type, make corresponding image resource
             $this->resource = $this->getImageResource(
                 $this->image()->getPathname(),
-                $this->image()->imageType
+                $this->image()->imageType,
             );
         }
     }
diff --git a/system/Images/Handlers/ImageMagickHandler.php b/system/Images/Handlers/ImageMagickHandler.php
index 583a2759fd31..bae055b17166 100644
--- a/system/Images/Handlers/ImageMagickHandler.php
+++ b/system/Images/Handlers/ImageMagickHandler.php
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ public function __construct($config = null)
      */
     public function _resize(bool $maintainRatio = false)
     {
-        $source      = ! empty($this->resource) ? $this->resource : $this->image()->getPathname();
+        $source      = empty($this->resource) ? $this->image()->getPathname() : $this->resource;
         $destination = $this->getResourcePath();
 
         $escape = '\\';
@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ public function _resize(bool $maintainRatio = false)
         }
 
         $action = $maintainRatio
-            ? ' -resize ' . ($this->width ?? 0) . 'x' . ($this->height ?? 0) . ' "' . $source . '" "' . $destination . '"'
-            : ' -resize ' . ($this->width ?? 0) . 'x' . ($this->height ?? 0) . "{$escape}! \"" . $source . '" "' . $destination . '"';
+            ? ' -resize ' . ($this->width ?? 0) . 'x' . ($this->height ?? 0) . ' ' . escapeshellarg($source) . ' ' . escapeshellarg($destination)
+            : ' -resize ' . ($this->width ?? 0) . 'x' . ($this->height ?? 0) . "{$escape}! " . escapeshellarg($source) . ' ' . escapeshellarg($destination);
 
         $this->process($action);
 
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ public function _resize(bool $maintainRatio = false)
      */
     public function _crop()
     {
-        $source      = ! empty($this->resource) ? $this->resource : $this->image()->getPathname();
+        $source      = empty($this->resource) ? $this->image()->getPathname() : $this->resource;
         $destination = $this->getResourcePath();
 
         $extent = ' ';
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ protected function _rotate(int $angle)
     {
         $angle = '-rotate ' . $angle;
 
-        $source      = ! empty($this->resource) ? $this->resource : $this->image()->getPathname();
+        $source      = empty($this->resource) ? $this->image()->getPathname() : $this->resource;
         $destination = $this->getResourcePath();
 
         $action = ' ' . $angle . ' ' . escapeshellarg($source) . ' ' . escapeshellarg($destination);
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ protected function _flatten(int $red = 255, int $green = 255, int $blue = 255)
     {
         $flatten = "-background 'rgb({$red},{$green},{$blue})' -flatten";
 
-        $source      = ! empty($this->resource) ? $this->resource : $this->image()->getPathname();
+        $source      = empty($this->resource) ? $this->image()->getPathname() : $this->resource;
         $destination = $this->getResourcePath();
 
         $action = ' ' . $flatten . ' ' . escapeshellarg($source) . ' ' . escapeshellarg($destination);
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ protected function _flip(string $direction)
     {
         $angle = $direction === 'horizontal' ? '-flop' : '-flip';
 
-        $source      = ! empty($this->resource) ? $this->resource : $this->image()->getPathname();
+        $source      = empty($this->resource) ? $this->image()->getPathname() : $this->resource;
         $destination = $this->getResourcePath();
 
         $action = ' ' . $angle . ' ' . escapeshellarg($source) . ' ' . escapeshellarg($destination);
@@ -317,20 +317,14 @@ protected function ensureResource()
      */
     protected function supportedFormatCheck()
     {
-        switch ($this->image()->imageType) {
-            case IMAGETYPE_WEBP:
-                if (! in_array('WEBP', Imagick::queryFormats(), true)) {
-                    throw ImageException::forInvalidImageCreate(lang('images.webpNotSupported'));
-                }
-                break;
+        if ($this->image()->imageType === IMAGETYPE_WEBP && ! in_array('WEBP', Imagick::queryFormats(), true)) {
+            throw ImageException::forInvalidImageCreate(lang('Images.webpNotSupported'));
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Handler-specific method for overlaying text on an image.
      *
-     * @return void
-     *
      * @throws Exception
      */
     protected function _text(string $text, array $options = [])
@@ -356,7 +350,7 @@ protected function _text(string $text, array $options = [])
 
         // Font
         if (! empty($options['fontPath'])) {
-            $cmd .= " -font '{$options['fontPath']}'";
+            $cmd .= ' -font ' . escapeshellarg($options['fontPath']);
         }
 
         if (isset($options['hAlign'], $options['vAlign'])) {
@@ -395,28 +389,28 @@ protected function _text(string $text, array $options = [])
             $xAxis = $xAxis >= 0 ? '+' . $xAxis : $xAxis;
             $yAxis = $yAxis >= 0 ? '+' . $yAxis : $yAxis;
 
-            $cmd .= " -gravity {$gravity} -geometry {$xAxis}{$yAxis}";
+            $cmd .= ' -gravity ' . escapeshellarg($gravity) . ' -geometry ' . escapeshellarg("{$xAxis}{$yAxis}");
         }
 
         // Color
         if (isset($options['color'])) {
             [$r, $g, $b] = sscanf("#{$options['color']}", '#%02x%02x%02x');
 
-            $cmd .= " -fill 'rgba({$r},{$g},{$b},{$options['opacity']})'";
+            $cmd .= ' -fill ' . escapeshellarg("rgba({$r},{$g},{$b},{$options['opacity']})");
         }
 
         // Font Size - use points....
         if (isset($options['fontSize'])) {
-            $cmd .= " -pointsize {$options['fontSize']}";
+            $cmd .= ' -pointsize ' . escapeshellarg((string) $options['fontSize']);
         }
 
         // Text
-        $cmd .= " -annotate 0 '{$text}'";
+        $cmd .= ' -annotate 0 ' . escapeshellarg($text);
 
-        $source      = ! empty($this->resource) ? $this->resource : $this->image()->getPathname();
+        $source      = empty($this->resource) ? $this->image()->getPathname() : $this->resource;
         $destination = $this->getResourcePath();
 
-        $cmd = " '{$source}' {$cmd} '{$destination}'";
+        $cmd = ' ' . escapeshellarg($source) . ' ' . $cmd . ' ' . escapeshellarg($destination);
 
         $this->process($cmd);
     }
diff --git a/system/Images/Image.php b/system/Images/Image.php
index ec6d4b8fa5c0..55754e339535 100644
--- a/system/Images/Image.php
+++ b/system/Images/Image.php
@@ -102,8 +102,9 @@ public function copy(string $targetPath, ?string $targetName = null, int $perms
     public function getProperties(bool $return = false)
     {
         $path = $this->getPathname();
+        $vals = getimagesize($path);
 
-        if (! $vals = getimagesize($path)) {
+        if ($vals === false) {
             throw ImageException::forFileNotSupported();
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Images/ImageHandlerInterface.php b/system/Images/ImageHandlerInterface.php
index 7cb635be3738..93b2009d6a93 100644
--- a/system/Images/ImageHandlerInterface.php
+++ b/system/Images/ImageHandlerInterface.php
@@ -117,11 +117,21 @@ public function fit(int $width, int $height, string $position);
      *  - shadowColor   Color of the shadow (hex number)
      *  - hAlign        Horizontal alignment: left, center, right
      *  - vAlign        Vertical alignment: top, middle, bottom
-     *  - hOffset
-     *  - vOffset
-     *  - fontPath
-     *  - fontSize
-     *  - shadowOffset
+     *
+     * @param array{
+     *     color?: string,
+     *     shadowColor?: string,
+     *     hAlign?: string,
+     *     vAlign?: string,
+     *     hOffset?: int,
+     *     vOffset?: int,
+     *     fontPath?: string,
+     *     fontSize?: int,
+     *     shadowOffset?: int,
+     *     opacity?: float,
+     *     padding?: int,
+     *     withShadow?: bool|string
+     * } $options
      *
      * @return $this
      */
diff --git a/system/Language/Language.php b/system/Language/Language.php
index 1ab2c5269195..652d17a5b68d 100644
--- a/system/Language/Language.php
+++ b/system/Language/Language.php
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
  *
  * Locale-based, built on top of PHP internationalization.
  *
+ * @phpstan-type LoadedStrings array<string, array<string, array<string, string>|string>|string|list<string>>
+ *
  * @see \CodeIgniter\Language\LanguageTest
  */
 class Language
@@ -30,20 +32,19 @@ class Language
      * from files for faster retrieval on
      * second use.
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var array<non-empty-string, array<non-empty-string, LoadedStrings>>
      */
     protected $language = [];
 
     /**
-     * The current language/locale to work with.
+     * The current locale to work with.
      *
-     * @var string
+     * @var non-empty-string
      */
     protected $locale;
 
     /**
-     * Boolean value whether the intl
-     * libraries exist on the system.
+     * Boolean value whether the `intl` extension exists on the system.
      *
      * @var bool
      */
@@ -53,10 +54,13 @@ class Language
      * Stores filenames that have been
      * loaded so that we don't load them again.
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var array<non-empty-string, list<non-empty-string>>
      */
     protected $loadedFiles = [];
 
+    /**
+     * @param non-empty-string $locale
+     */
     public function __construct(string $locale)
     {
         $this->locale = $locale;
@@ -69,6 +73,8 @@ public function __construct(string $locale)
     /**
      * Sets the current locale to use when performing string lookups.
      *
+     * @param non-empty-string|null $locale
+     *
      * @return $this
      */
     public function setLocale(?string $locale = null)
@@ -89,22 +95,24 @@ public function getLocale(): string
      * Parses the language string for a file, loads the file, if necessary,
      * getting the line.
      *
+     * @param array<array-key, float|int|string> $args
+     *
      * @return list<string>|string
      */
     public function getLine(string $line, array $args = [])
     {
-        // if no file is given, just parse the line
+        // 1. Format the line as-is if it does not have a file.
         if (! str_contains($line, '.')) {
             return $this->formatMessage($line, $args);
         }
 
-        // Parse out the file name and the actual alias.
-        // Will load the language file and strings.
+        // 2. Get the formatted line using the file and line extracted from $line and the current locale.
         [$file, $parsedLine] = $this->parseLine($line, $this->locale);
 
         $output = $this->getTranslationOutput($this->locale, $file, $parsedLine);
 
-        if ($output === null && strpos($this->locale, '-')) {
+        // 3. If not found, try the locale without region (e.g., 'en-US' -> 'en').
+        if ($output === null && str_contains($this->locale, '-')) {
             [$locale] = explode('-', $this->locale, 2);
 
             [$file, $parsedLine] = $this->parseLine($line, $locale);
@@ -112,57 +120,66 @@ public function getLine(string $line, array $args = [])
             $output = $this->getTranslationOutput($locale, $file, $parsedLine);
         }
 
-        // if still not found, try English
+        // 4. If still not found, try English.
         if ($output === null) {
             [$file, $parsedLine] = $this->parseLine($line, 'en');
 
             $output = $this->getTranslationOutput('en', $file, $parsedLine);
         }
 
+        // 5. Fallback to the original line if no translation was found.
         $output ??= $line;
 
         return $this->formatMessage($output, $args);
     }
 
     /**
-     * @return array|string|null
+     * @return list<string>|string|null
      */
     protected function getTranslationOutput(string $locale, string $file, string $parsedLine)
     {
         $output = $this->language[$locale][$file][$parsedLine] ?? null;
+
         if ($output !== null) {
             return $output;
         }
 
-        foreach (explode('.', $parsedLine) as $row) {
-            if (! isset($current)) {
-                $current = $this->language[$locale][$file] ?? null;
-            }
+        // Fallback: try to traverse dot notation
+        $current = $this->language[$locale][$file] ?? null;
+
+        if (is_array($current)) {
+            foreach (explode('.', $parsedLine) as $segment) {
+                $output = $current[$segment] ?? null;
 
-            $output = $current[$row] ?? null;
-            if (is_array($output)) {
-                $current = $output;
+                if ($output === null) {
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                if (is_array($output)) {
+                    $current = $output;
+                }
             }
-        }
 
-        if ($output !== null) {
-            return $output;
+            if ($output !== null && ! is_array($output)) {
+                return $output;
+            }
         }
 
-        $row = current(explode('.', $parsedLine));
-        $key = substr($parsedLine, strlen($row) + 1);
+        // Final fallback: try two-level access manually
+        [$first, $rest] = explode('.', $parsedLine, 2) + ['', ''];
 
-        return $this->language[$locale][$file][$row][$key] ?? null;
+        return $this->language[$locale][$file][$first][$rest] ?? null;
     }
 
     /**
      * Parses the language string which should include the
      * filename as the first segment (separated by period).
+     *
+     * @return array{non-empty-string, non-empty-string}
      */
     protected function parseLine(string $line, string $locale): array
     {
-        $file = substr($line, 0, strpos($line, '.'));
-        $line = substr($line, strlen($file) + 1);
+        [$file, $line] = explode('.', $line, 2);
 
         if (! isset($this->language[$locale][$file]) || ! array_key_exists($line, $this->language[$locale][$file])) {
             $this->load($file, $locale);
@@ -174,10 +191,10 @@ protected function parseLine(string $line, string $locale): array
     /**
      * Advanced message formatting.
      *
-     * @param array|string $message
-     * @param list<string> $args
+     * @param list<string>|string                $message
+     * @param array<array-key, float|int|string> $args
      *
-     * @return array|string
+     * @return ($message is list<string> ? list<string> : string)
      */
     protected function formatMessage($message, array $args = [])
     {
@@ -194,32 +211,27 @@ protected function formatMessage($message, array $args = [])
         }
 
         $formatted = MessageFormatter::formatMessage($this->locale, $message, $args);
+
         if ($formatted === false) {
             // Format again to get the error message.
             try {
-                $fmt       = new MessageFormatter($this->locale, $message);
-                $formatted = $fmt->format($args);
-                $fmtError  = '"' . $fmt->getErrorMessage() . '" (' . $fmt->getErrorCode() . ')';
+                $formatter = new MessageFormatter($this->locale, $message);
+                $formatted = $formatter->format($args);
+                $fmtError  = sprintf('"%s" (%d)', $formatter->getErrorMessage(), $formatter->getErrorCode());
             } catch (IntlException $e) {
-                $fmtError = '"' . $e->getMessage() . '" (' . $e->getCode() . ')';
+                $fmtError = sprintf('"%s" (%d)', $e->getMessage(), $e->getCode());
             }
 
-            $argsString = implode(
-                ', ',
-                array_map(static fn ($element) => '"' . $element . '"', $args)
-            );
-            $argsUrlEncoded = implode(
-                ', ',
-                array_map(static fn ($element) => '"' . rawurlencode($element) . '"', $args)
-            );
-
-            log_message(
-                'error',
-                'Language.invalidMessageFormat: $message: "' . $message
-                . '", $args: ' . $argsString
-                . ' (urlencoded: ' . $argsUrlEncoded . '),'
-                . ' MessageFormatter Error: ' . $fmtError
-            );
+            $argsAsString   = sprintf('"%s"', implode('", "', $args));
+            $urlEncodedArgs = sprintf('"%s"', implode('", "', array_map(rawurlencode(...), $args)));
+
+            log_message('error', sprintf(
+                'Invalid message format: $message: "%s", $args: %s (urlencoded: %s), MessageFormatter Error: %s',
+                $message,
+                $argsAsString,
+                $urlEncodedArgs,
+                $fmtError,
+            ));
 
             return $message . "\n【Warning】Also, invalid string(s) was passed to the Language class. See log file for details.";
         }
@@ -232,7 +244,7 @@ protected function formatMessage($message, array $args = [])
      * will return the file's contents, otherwise will merge with
      * the existing language lines.
      *
-     * @return array|void
+     * @return ($return is true ? LoadedStrings : null)
      */
     protected function load(string $file, string $locale, bool $return = false)
     {
@@ -265,11 +277,14 @@ protected function load(string $file, string $locale, bool $return = false)
 
         // Merge our string
         $this->language[$locale][$file] = $lang;
+
+        return null;
     }
 
     /**
-     * A simple method for including files that can be
-     * overridden during testing.
+     * A simple method for including files that can be overridden during testing.
+     *
+     * @return LoadedStrings
      */
     protected function requireFile(string $path): array
     {
@@ -277,20 +292,25 @@ protected function requireFile(string $path): array
         $strings = [];
 
         foreach ($files as $file) {
-            // On some OS's we were seeing failures
-            // on this command returning boolean instead
-            // of array during testing, so we've removed
-            // the require_once for now.
             if (is_file($file)) {
-                $strings[] = require $file;
+                // On some OS, we were seeing failures on this command returning boolean instead
+                // of array during testing, so we've removed the require_once for now.
+                $loadedStrings = require $file;
+
+                if (is_array($loadedStrings)) {
+                    /** @var LoadedStrings $loadedStrings */
+                    $strings[] = $loadedStrings;
+                }
             }
         }
 
-        if (isset($strings[1])) {
-            $string = array_shift($strings);
+        $count = count($strings);
+
+        if ($count > 1) {
+            $base = array_shift($strings);
 
-            $strings = array_replace_recursive($string, ...$strings);
-        } elseif (isset($strings[0])) {
+            $strings = array_replace_recursive($base, ...$strings);
+        } elseif ($count === 1) {
             $strings = $strings[0];
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Errors.php b/system/Language/en/Errors.php
index 29d6ad364687..bd2fc963412b 100644
--- a/system/Language/en/Errors.php
+++ b/system/Language/en/Errors.php
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 return [
     'pageNotFound'    => '404 - Page Not Found',
     'sorryCannotFind' => 'Sorry! Cannot seem to find the page you were looking for.',
+    'badRequest'      => '400 - Bad Request',
+    'sorryBadRequest' => 'Sorry! Something is wrong with your request.',
     'whoops'          => 'Whoops!',
     'weHitASnag'      => 'We seem to have hit a snag. Please try again later...',
 ];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Honeypot.php b/system/Language/en/Honeypot.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..65676da56017
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/Honeypot.php
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// Honeypot language settings
+return [
+    'noTemplate'      => 'The HTML template for the Honeypot is not configured.',
+    'noNameField'     => 'The name of the Honeypot field is not set.',
+    'theClientIsABot' => 'The Honeypot client may be a bot.',
+];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Language.php b/system/Language/en/Language.php
index 16456c3cc472..2d638c8e3f54 100644
--- a/system/Language/en/Language.php
+++ b/system/Language/en/Language.php
@@ -13,5 +13,6 @@
 
 // "Language" language settings
 return [
+    // @deprecated v4.6.3 - never used
     'invalidMessageFormat' => 'Invalid message format: "{0}", args: "{1}"',
 ];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Publisher.php b/system/Language/en/Publisher.php
index eb18dfebd555..c2d6d51ec900 100644
--- a/system/Language/en/Publisher.php
+++ b/system/Language/en/Publisher.php
@@ -18,7 +18,8 @@
     'fileNotAllowed'        => '"{0}" fails the following restriction for "{1}": {2}',
 
     // Publish Command
-    'publishMissing' => 'No Publisher classes detected in {0} across all namespaces.',
-    'publishSuccess' => '"{0}" published {1} file(s) to "{2}".',
-    'publishFailure' => '"{0}" failed to publish to "{1}".',
+    'publishMissing'          => 'No Publisher classes detected in {0} across all namespaces.',
+    'publishMissingNamespace' => 'No Publisher classes detected in {0} in the {1} namespace.',
+    'publishSuccess'          => '"{0}" published {1} file(s) to "{2}".',
+    'publishFailure'          => '"{0}" failed to publish to "{1}".',
 ];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Router.php b/system/Language/en/Router.php
index 7bb55860198b..a073d98d4ada 100644
--- a/system/Language/en/Router.php
+++ b/system/Language/en/Router.php
@@ -16,5 +16,5 @@
     'invalidParameter'         => 'A parameter does not match the expected type.',
     'missingDefaultRoute'      => 'Unable to determine what should be displayed. A default route has not been specified in the routing file.',
     'invalidDynamicController' => 'A dynamic controller is not allowed for security reasons. Route handler: "{0}"',
-    'invalidControllerName'    => 'The namespace delimiter is a backslash (\), not a slash (/). Route handler: "{0}"',
+    'invalidControllerName'    => 'The namespace delimiter is a backslash (\\), not a slash (/). Route handler: "{0}"',
 ];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Validation.php b/system/Language/en/Validation.php
index ba5b413e79f1..facf512d559a 100644
--- a/system/Language/en/Validation.php
+++ b/system/Language/en/Validation.php
@@ -74,4 +74,5 @@
     'mime_in'  => '{field} does not have a valid mime type.',
     'ext_in'   => '{field} does not have a valid file extension.',
     'max_dims' => '{field} is either not an image, or it is too wide or tall.',
+    'min_dims' => '{field} is either not an image, or it is not wide or tall enough.',
 ];
diff --git a/system/Log/Handlers/BaseHandler.php b/system/Log/Handlers/BaseHandler.php
index 34f9fe2ecd6c..2b82f0f49225 100644
--- a/system/Log/Handlers/BaseHandler.php
+++ b/system/Log/Handlers/BaseHandler.php
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ abstract class BaseHandler implements HandlerInterface
     /**
      * Handles
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var list<string>
      */
     protected $handles;
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ abstract class BaseHandler implements HandlerInterface
     protected $dateFormat = 'Y-m-d H:i:s';
 
     /**
-     * Constructor
+     * @param array{handles?: list<string>} $config
      */
     public function __construct(array $config)
     {
diff --git a/system/Log/Handlers/ChromeLoggerHandler.php b/system/Log/Handlers/ChromeLoggerHandler.php
index 37c7c0ffeddf..8d763399b513 100644
--- a/system/Log/Handlers/ChromeLoggerHandler.php
+++ b/system/Log/Handlers/ChromeLoggerHandler.php
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
 
 /**
- * Class ChromeLoggerHandler
- *
  * Allows for logging items to the Chrome console for debugging.
  * Requires the ChromeLogger extension installed in your browser.
  *
@@ -41,7 +39,16 @@ class ChromeLoggerHandler extends BaseHandler
     /**
      * The final data that is sent to the browser.
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var array{
+     *   version: float,
+     *   columns: list<string>,
+     *   rows: list<array{
+     *     0: list<string>,
+     *     1: string,
+     *     2: string,
+     *   }>,
+     *   request_uri?: string,
+     * }
      */
     protected $json = [
         'version' => self::VERSION,
@@ -63,7 +70,7 @@ class ChromeLoggerHandler extends BaseHandler
     /**
      * Maps the log levels to the ChromeLogger types.
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var array<string, string>
      */
     protected $levels = [
         'emergency' => 'error',
@@ -77,7 +84,7 @@ class ChromeLoggerHandler extends BaseHandler
     ];
 
     /**
-     * Constructor
+     * @param array{handles?: list<string>} $config
      */
     public function __construct(array $config = [])
     {
@@ -97,10 +104,8 @@ public function __construct(array $config = [])
      */
     public function handle($level, $message): bool
     {
-        // Format our message
         $message = $this->format($message);
 
-        // Generate Backtrace info
         $backtrace = debug_backtrace(0, $this->backtraceLevel);
         $backtrace = end($backtrace);
 
@@ -116,11 +121,7 @@ public function handle($level, $message): bool
             $type = $this->levels[$level];
         }
 
-        $this->json['rows'][] = [
-            [$message],
-            $backtraceMessage,
-            $type,
-        ];
+        $this->json['rows'][] = [[$message], $backtraceMessage, $type];
 
         $this->sendLogs();
 
@@ -130,9 +131,9 @@ public function handle($level, $message): bool
     /**
      * Converts the object to display nicely in the Chrome Logger UI.
      *
-     * @param array|int|object|string $object
+     * @param object|string $object
      *
-     * @return array
+     * @return array<string, mixed>|string
      */
     protected function format($object)
     {
@@ -151,6 +152,8 @@ protected function format($object)
     /**
      * Attaches the header and the content to the passed in request object.
      *
+     * @param-out ResponseInterface $response
+     *
      * @return void
      */
     public function sendLogs(?ResponseInterface &$response = null)
@@ -160,7 +163,7 @@ public function sendLogs(?ResponseInterface &$response = null)
         }
 
         $data = base64_encode(
-            mb_convert_encoding(json_encode($this->json), 'UTF-8', mb_list_encodings())
+            mb_convert_encoding(json_encode($this->json), 'UTF-8', mb_list_encodings()),
         );
 
         $response->setHeader($this->header, $data);
diff --git a/system/Log/Handlers/ErrorlogHandler.php b/system/Log/Handlers/ErrorlogHandler.php
index 8eee392c6b6f..a7e820419fee 100644
--- a/system/Log/Handlers/ErrorlogHandler.php
+++ b/system/Log/Handlers/ErrorlogHandler.php
@@ -38,14 +38,14 @@ class ErrorlogHandler extends BaseHandler
      * Says where the error should go. Currently supported are
      * 0 (`TYPE_OS`) and 4 (`TYPE_SAPI`).
      *
-     * @var int
+     * @var 0|4
      */
     protected $messageType = 0;
 
     /**
      * Constructor.
      *
-     * @param list<mixed> $config
+     * @param array{handles?: list<string>, messageType?: int} $config
      */
     public function __construct(array $config = [])
     {
@@ -79,6 +79,8 @@ public function handle($level, $message): bool
     /**
      * Extracted call to `error_log()` in order to be tested.
      *
+     * @param 0|4 $messageType
+     *
      * @codeCoverageIgnore
      */
     protected function errorLog(string $message, int $messageType): bool
diff --git a/system/Log/Handlers/FileHandler.php b/system/Log/Handlers/FileHandler.php
index 64d1485f0f7a..d3132bf878ac 100644
--- a/system/Log/Handlers/FileHandler.php
+++ b/system/Log/Handlers/FileHandler.php
@@ -45,18 +45,22 @@ class FileHandler extends BaseHandler
     protected $filePermissions;
 
     /**
-     * Constructor
+     * @param array{handles?: list<string>, path?: string, fileExtension?: string, filePermissions?: int} $config
      */
     public function __construct(array $config = [])
     {
         parent::__construct($config);
 
-        $this->path = empty($config['path']) ? WRITEPATH . 'logs/' : $config['path'];
+        $defaults = ['path' => WRITEPATH . 'logs/', 'fileExtension' => 'log', 'filePermissions' => 0644];
+        $config   = [...$defaults, ...$config];
 
-        $this->fileExtension = empty($config['fileExtension']) ? 'log' : $config['fileExtension'];
-        $this->fileExtension = ltrim($this->fileExtension, '.');
+        $this->path = $config['path'] === '' ? $defaults['path'] : $config['path'];
 
-        $this->filePermissions = $config['filePermissions'] ?? 0644;
+        $this->fileExtension = $config['fileExtension'] === ''
+            ? $defaults['fileExtension']
+            : ltrim($config['fileExtension'], '.');
+
+        $this->filePermissions = $config['filePermissions'];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -108,10 +112,8 @@ public function handle($level, $message): bool
 
         for ($written = 0, $length = strlen($msg); $written < $length; $written += $result) {
             if (($result = fwrite($fp, substr($msg, $written))) === false) {
-                // if we get this far, we'll never see this during travis-ci
-                // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
-                break;
-                // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+                // if we get this far, we'll never see this during unit testing
+                break; // @codeCoverageIgnore
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Log/Logger.php b/system/Log/Logger.php
index fca608f91ff8..3770e3a6567f 100644
--- a/system/Log/Logger.php
+++ b/system/Log/Logger.php
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Log;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use CodeIgniter\Log\Exceptions\LogException;
 use CodeIgniter\Log\Handlers\HandlerInterface;
 use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
-use RuntimeException;
 use Stringable;
 use Throwable;
 
@@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ class Logger implements LoggerInterface
     ];
 
     /**
-     * Array of levels to be logged.
-     * The rest will be ignored.
-     * Set in Config/logger.php
+     * Array of levels to be logged. The rest will be ignored.
      *
-     * @var array
+     * Set in app/Config/Logger.php
+     *
+     * @var list<string>
      */
     protected $loggableLevels = [];
 
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class Logger implements LoggerInterface
     /**
      * Caches instances of the handlers.
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var array<class-string<HandlerInterface>, HandlerInterface>
      */
     protected $handlers = [];
 
@@ -96,14 +96,14 @@ class Logger implements LoggerInterface
      * value is an associative array of configuration
      * items.
      *
-     * @var array<class-string, array<string, int|list<string>|string>>
+     * @var array<class-string<HandlerInterface>, array<string, int|list<string>|string>>
      */
     protected $handlerConfig = [];
 
     /**
      * Caches logging calls for debugbar.
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var list<array{level: string, msg: string}>
      */
     public $logCache;
 
@@ -123,32 +123,34 @@ class Logger implements LoggerInterface
      */
     public function __construct($config, bool $debug = CI_DEBUG)
     {
-        $this->loggableLevels = is_array($config->threshold) ? $config->threshold : range(1, (int) $config->threshold);
+        $loggableLevels = is_array($config->threshold) ? $config->threshold : range(1, (int) $config->threshold);
 
         // Now convert loggable levels to strings.
         // We only use numbers to make the threshold setting convenient for users.
-        if ($this->loggableLevels !== []) {
-            $temp = [];
+        foreach ($loggableLevels as $level) {
+            /** @var false|string $stringLevel */
+            $stringLevel = array_search($level, $this->logLevels, true);
 
-            foreach ($this->loggableLevels as $level) {
-                $temp[] = array_search((int) $level, $this->logLevels, true);
+            if ($stringLevel === false) {
+                continue;
             }
 
-            $this->loggableLevels = $temp;
-            unset($temp);
+            $this->loggableLevels[] = $stringLevel;
         }
 
-        $this->dateFormat = $config->dateFormat ?? $this->dateFormat;
+        if (isset($config->dateFormat)) {
+            $this->dateFormat = $config->dateFormat;
+        }
 
-        if (! is_array($config->handlers) || $config->handlers === []) {
+        if ($config->handlers === []) {
             throw LogException::forNoHandlers('LoggerConfig');
         }
 
         // Save the handler configuration for later.
         // Instances will be created on demand.
         $this->handlerConfig = $config->handlers;
+        $this->cacheLogs     = $debug;
 
-        $this->cacheLogs = $debug;
         if ($this->cacheLogs) {
             $this->logCache = [];
         }
@@ -156,8 +158,6 @@ public function __construct($config, bool $debug = CI_DEBUG)
 
     /**
      * System is unusable.
-     *
-     * @param string $message
      */
     public function emergency(string|Stringable $message, array $context = []): void
     {
@@ -169,8 +169,6 @@ public function emergency(string|Stringable $message, array $context = []): void
      *
      * Example: Entire website down, database unavailable, etc. This should
      * trigger the SMS alerts and wake you up.
-     *
-     * @param string $message
      */
     public function alert(string|Stringable $message, array $context = []): void
     {
@@ -181,8 +179,6 @@ public function alert(string|Stringable $message, array $context = []): void
      * Critical conditions.
      *
      * Example: Application component unavailable, unexpected exception.
-     *
-     * @param string $message
      */
     public function critical(string|Stringable $message, array $context = []): void
     {
@@ -192,8 +188,6 @@ public function critical(string|Stringable $message, array $context = []): void
     /**
      * Runtime errors that do not require immediate action but should typically
      * be logged and monitored.
-     *
-     * @param string $message
      */
     public function error(string|Stringable $message, array $context = []): void
     {
@@ -205,8 +199,6 @@ public function error(string|Stringable $message, array $context = []): void
      *
      * Example: Use of deprecated APIs, poor use of an API, undesirable things
      * that are not necessarily wrong.
-     *
-     * @param string $message
      */
     public function warning(string|Stringable $message, array $context = []): void
     {
@@ -215,8 +207,6 @@ public function warning(string|Stringable $message, array $context = []): void
 
     /**
      * Normal but significant events.
-     *
-     * @param string $message
      */
     public function notice(string|Stringable $message, array $context = []): void
     {
@@ -227,8 +217,6 @@ public function notice(string|Stringable $message, array $context = []): void
      * Interesting events.
      *
      * Example: User logs in, SQL logs.
-     *
-     * @param string $message
      */
     public function info(string|Stringable $message, array $context = []): void
     {
@@ -237,8 +225,6 @@ public function info(string|Stringable $message, array $context = []): void
 
     /**
      * Detailed debug information.
-     *
-     * @param string $message
      */
     public function debug(string|Stringable $message, array $context = []): void
     {
@@ -248,8 +234,7 @@ public function debug(string|Stringable $message, array $context = []): void
     /**
      * Logs with an arbitrary level.
      *
-     * @param string $level
-     * @param string $message
+     * @param mixed $level
      */
     public function log($level, string|Stringable $message, array $context = []): void
     {
@@ -257,24 +242,18 @@ public function log($level, string|Stringable $message, array $context = []): vo
             $level = array_search((int) $level, $this->logLevels, true);
         }
 
-        // Is the level a valid level?
         if (! array_key_exists($level, $this->logLevels)) {
             throw LogException::forInvalidLogLevel($level);
         }
 
-        // Does the app want to log this right now?
         if (! in_array($level, $this->loggableLevels, true)) {
             return;
         }
 
-        // Parse our placeholders
         $message = $this->interpolate($message, $context);
 
         if ($this->cacheLogs) {
-            $this->logCache[] = [
-                'level' => $level,
-                'msg'   => $message,
-            ];
+            $this->logCache[] = ['level' => $level, 'msg' => $message];
         }
 
         foreach ($this->handlerConfig as $className => $config) {
@@ -282,17 +261,13 @@ public function log($level, string|Stringable $message, array $context = []): vo
                 $this->handlers[$className] = new $className($config);
             }
 
-            /**
-             * @var HandlerInterface $handler
-             */
             $handler = $this->handlers[$className];
 
             if (! $handler->canHandle($level)) {
                 continue;
             }
 
-            // If the handler returns false, then we
-            // don't execute any other handlers.
+            // If the handler returns false, then we don't execute any other handlers.
             if (! $handler->setDateFormat($this->dateFormat)->handle($level, $message)) {
                 break;
             }
@@ -311,7 +286,8 @@ public function log($level, string|Stringable $message, array $context = []): vo
      * {file}
      * {line}
      *
-     * @param string $message
+     * @param string|Stringable    $message
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $context
      *
      * @return string
      */
@@ -321,7 +297,6 @@ protected function interpolate($message, array $context = [])
             return print_r($message, true);
         }
 
-        // build a replacement array with braces around the context keys
         $replace = [];
 
         foreach ($context as $key => $val) {
@@ -335,13 +310,12 @@ protected function interpolate($message, array $context = [])
             $replace['{' . $key . '}'] = $val;
         }
 
-        // Add special placeholders
         $replace['{post_vars}'] = '$_POST: ' . print_r($_POST, true);
         $replace['{get_vars}']  = '$_GET: ' . print_r($_GET, true);
         $replace['{env}']       = ENVIRONMENT;
 
         // Allow us to log the file/line that we are logging from
-        if (str_contains($message, '{file}')) {
+        if (str_contains($message, '{file}') || str_contains($message, '{line}')) {
             [$file, $line] = $this->determineFile();
 
             $replace['{file}'] = $file;
@@ -362,7 +336,6 @@ protected function interpolate($message, array $context = [])
             $replace['{session_vars}'] = '$_SESSION: ' . print_r($_SESSION, true);
         }
 
-        // interpolate replacement values into the message and return
         return strtr($message, $replace);
     }
 
@@ -370,6 +343,8 @@ protected function interpolate($message, array $context = [])
      * Determines the file and line that the logging call
      * was made from by analyzing the backtrace.
      * Find the earliest stack frame that is part of our logging system.
+     *
+     * @return array{string, int|string}
      */
     public function determineFile(): array
     {
@@ -386,43 +361,19 @@ public function determineFile(): array
             'notice',
         ];
 
-        // Generate Backtrace info
-        $trace = \debug_backtrace(0);
+        $trace = debug_backtrace(0);
 
-        // So we search from the bottom (earliest) of the stack frames
-        $stackFrames = \array_reverse($trace);
+        $stackFrames = array_reverse($trace);
 
-        // Find the first reference to a Logger class method
         foreach ($stackFrames as $frame) {
-            if (\in_array($frame['function'], $logFunctions, true)) {
+            if (in_array($frame['function'], $logFunctions, true)) {
                 $file = isset($frame['file']) ? clean_path($frame['file']) : 'unknown';
                 $line = $frame['line'] ?? 'unknown';
 
-                return [
-                    $file,
-                    $line,
-                ];
+                return [$file, $line];
             }
         }
 
-        return [
-            'unknown',
-            'unknown',
-        ];
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Cleans the paths of filenames by replacing APPPATH, SYSTEMPATH, FCPATH
-     * with the actual var. i.e.
-     *
-     *  /var/www/site/app/Controllers/Home.php
-     *      becomes:
-     *  APPPATH/Controllers/Home.php
-     *
-     * @deprecated Use dedicated `clean_path()` function.
-     */
-    protected function cleanFileNames(string $file): string
-    {
-        return clean_path($file);
+        return ['unknown', 'unknown'];
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/Model.php b/system/Model.php
index d5df3f861b97..60759b9e201f 100644
--- a/system/Model.php
+++ b/system/Model.php
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter;
 
-use BadMethodCallException;
 use Closure;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseBuilder;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnection;
@@ -23,6 +22,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DataException;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Query;
 use CodeIgniter\Entity\Entity;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\BadMethodCallException;
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ModelException;
 use CodeIgniter\Validation\ValidationInterface;
 use Config\Database;
@@ -317,13 +317,13 @@ protected function doFirst()
 
         if ($this->tempUseSoftDeletes) {
             $builder->where($this->table . '.' . $this->deletedField, null);
-        } elseif ($this->useSoftDeletes && ($builder->QBGroupBy === []) && $this->primaryKey) {
+        } elseif ($this->useSoftDeletes && ($builder->QBGroupBy === []) && $this->primaryKey !== '') {
             $builder->groupBy($this->table . '.' . $this->primaryKey);
         }
 
         // Some databases, like PostgreSQL, need order
         // information to consistently return correct results.
-        if ($builder->QBGroupBy && ($builder->QBOrderBy === []) && $this->primaryKey) {
+        if ($builder->QBGroupBy !== [] && ($builder->QBOrderBy === []) && $this->primaryKey !== '') {
             $builder->orderBy($this->table . '.' . $this->primaryKey, 'asc');
         }
 
@@ -373,17 +373,17 @@ protected function doInsert(array $row)
                 $allFields = $this->db->protectIdentifiers(
                     array_map(
                         static fn ($row) => $row->name,
-                        $this->db->getFieldData($this->table)
+                        $this->db->getFieldData($this->table),
                     ),
                     false,
-                    true
+                    true,
                 );
 
                 $sql = sprintf(
                     'INSERT INTO %s (%s) VALUES (%s)',
                     $table,
                     implode(',', $allFields),
-                    substr(str_repeat(',DEFAULT', count($allFields)), 1)
+                    substr(str_repeat(',DEFAULT', count($allFields)), 1),
                 );
             } else {
                 $sql = 'INSERT INTO ' . $table . ' DEFAULT VALUES';
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ protected function doInsert(array $row)
 
         // If insertion succeeded then save the insert ID
         if ($result) {
-            $this->insertID = ! $this->useAutoIncrement ? $row[$this->primaryKey] : $this->db->insertID();
+            $this->insertID = $this->useAutoIncrement ? $this->db->insertID() : $row[$this->primaryKey];
         }
 
         return $result;
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ protected function doUpdate($id = null, $row = null): bool
 
         $builder = $this->builder();
 
-        if ($id) {
+        if (! in_array($id, [null, '', 0, '0', []], true)) {
             $builder = $builder->whereIn($this->table . '.' . $this->primaryKey, $id);
         }
 
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ protected function doUpdate($id = null, $row = null): bool
 
         if ($builder->getCompiledQBWhere() === []) {
             throw new DatabaseException(
-                'Updates are not allowed unless they contain a "where" or "like" clause.'
+                'Updates are not allowed unless they contain a "where" or "like" clause.',
             );
         }
 
@@ -496,14 +496,14 @@ protected function doDelete($id = null, bool $purge = false)
         $set     = [];
         $builder = $this->builder();
 
-        if ($id) {
+        if (! in_array($id, [null, '', 0, '0', []], true)) {
             $builder = $builder->whereIn($this->primaryKey, $id);
         }
 
         if ($this->useSoftDeletes && ! $purge) {
             if ($builder->getCompiledQBWhere() === []) {
                 throw new DatabaseException(
-                    'Deletes are not allowed unless they contain a "where" or "like" clause.'
+                    'Deletes are not allowed unless they contain a "where" or "like" clause.',
                 );
             }
 
@@ -551,9 +551,8 @@ protected function doOnlyDeleted()
      * Compiles a replace into string and runs the query
      * This method works only with dbCalls.
      *
-     * @param         array|null     $row       Data
-     * @phpstan-param row_array|null $row
-     * @param         bool           $returnSQL Set to true to return Query String
+     * @param row_array|null $row       Data
+     * @param bool           $returnSQL Set to true to return Query String
      *
      * @return BaseResult|false|Query|string
      */
@@ -592,9 +591,9 @@ protected function doErrors()
      */
     public function getIdValue($row)
     {
-        if (is_object($row) && isset($row->{$this->primaryKey})) {
-            // Get the raw primary key value of the Entity.
-            if ($row instanceof Entity) {
+        if (is_object($row)) {
+            // Get the raw or mapped primary key value of the Entity.
+            if ($row instanceof Entity && $row->{$this->primaryKey} !== null) {
                 $cast = $row->cast();
 
                 // Disable Entity casting, because raw primary key value is needed for database.
@@ -608,7 +607,9 @@ public function getIdValue($row)
                 return $primaryKey;
             }
 
-            return $row->{$this->primaryKey};
+            if (! $row instanceof Entity && isset($row->{$this->primaryKey})) {
+                return $row->{$this->primaryKey};
+            }
         }
 
         if (is_array($row) && isset($row[$this->primaryKey])) {
@@ -623,10 +624,6 @@ public function getIdValue($row)
      * Works with $this->builder to get the Compiled select to
      * determine the rows to operate on.
      * This method works only with dbCalls.
-     *
-     * @return void
-     *
-     * @throws DataException
      */
     public function chunk(int $size, Closure $userFunc)
     {
@@ -692,7 +689,7 @@ public function builder(?string $table = null)
         // Check for an existing Builder
         if ($this->builder instanceof BaseBuilder) {
             // Make sure the requested table matches the builder
-            if ($table && $this->builder->getTable() !== $table) {
+            if ((string) $table !== '' && $this->builder->getTable() !== $table) {
                 return $this->db->table($table);
             }
 
@@ -706,7 +703,7 @@ public function builder(?string $table = null)
             throw ModelException::forNoPrimaryKey(static::class);
         }
 
-        $table = ($table === null || $table === '') ? $this->table : $table;
+        $table = ((string) $table === '') ? $this->table : $table;
 
         // Ensure we have a good db connection
         if (! $this->db instanceof BaseConnection) {
@@ -776,12 +773,10 @@ protected function shouldUpdate($row): bool
      * Inserts data into the database. If an object is provided,
      * it will attempt to convert it to an array.
      *
-     * @param         array|object|null     $row
-     * @phpstan-param row_array|object|null $row
-     * @param         bool                  $returnID Whether insert ID should be returned or not.
+     * @param object|row_array|null $row
+     * @param bool                  $returnID Whether insert ID should be returned or not.
      *
-     * @return         bool|int|string
-     * @phpstan-return ($returnID is true ? int|string|false : bool)
+     * @return ($returnID is true ? false|int|string : bool)
      *
      * @throws ReflectionException
      */
diff --git a/system/Pager/Pager.php b/system/Pager/Pager.php
index 3bdc85388c18..6d0f54d14a00 100644
--- a/system/Pager/Pager.php
+++ b/system/Pager/Pager.php
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ public function getPageURI(?int $page = null, string $group = 'default', bool $r
                 $uri->getAuthority(),
                 $uri->getPath(),
                 $uri->getQuery(),
-                $uri->getFragment()
+                $uri->getFragment(),
             );
     }
 
diff --git a/system/Pager/PagerRenderer.php b/system/Pager/PagerRenderer.php
index 64c4c40c531d..f970ee551f19 100644
--- a/system/Pager/PagerRenderer.php
+++ b/system/Pager/PagerRenderer.php
@@ -29,9 +29,12 @@ class PagerRenderer
     /**
      * First page number in the set of links to be displayed.
      *
+     * `first` and `last` will be updated by `setSurroundCount()`.
+     * You must call `setSurroundCount()` after instantiation.
+     *
      * @var int
      */
-    protected $first;
+    protected $first = 1;
 
     /**
      * Last page number in the set of links to be displayed.
@@ -82,15 +85,27 @@ class PagerRenderer
      */
     protected $pageSelector;
 
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of results per page that should be shown.
+     */
+    protected ?int $perPage;
+
+    /**
+     * The number of items the page starts with.
+     */
+    protected ?int $perPageStart = null;
+
+    /**
+     * The number of items the page ends with.
+     */
+    protected ?int $perPageEnd = null;
+
     /**
      * Constructor.
      */
     public function __construct(array $details)
     {
-        // `first` and `last` will be updated by `setSurroundCount()`.
-        // You must call `setSurroundCount()` after instantiation.
-        $this->first = 1;
-        $this->last  = $details['pageCount'];
+        $this->last = $details['pageCount'];
 
         $this->current      = $details['currentPage'];
         $this->total        = $details['total'];
@@ -98,6 +113,8 @@ public function __construct(array $details)
         $this->pageCount    = $details['pageCount'];
         $this->segment      = $details['segment'] ?? 0;
         $this->pageSelector = $details['pageSelector'] ?? 'page';
+        $this->perPage      = $details['perPage'] ?? null;
+        $this->updatePerPages();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -148,7 +165,7 @@ public function getPrevious()
             $uri->getAuthority(),
             $uri->getPath(),
             $uri->getQuery(),
-            $uri->getFragment()
+            $uri->getFragment(),
         );
     }
 
@@ -186,7 +203,7 @@ public function getNext()
             $uri->getAuthority(),
             $uri->getPath(),
             $uri->getQuery(),
-            $uri->getFragment()
+            $uri->getFragment(),
         );
     }
 
@@ -208,7 +225,7 @@ public function getFirst(): string
             $uri->getAuthority(),
             $uri->getPath(),
             $uri->getQuery(),
-            $uri->getFragment()
+            $uri->getFragment(),
         );
     }
 
@@ -230,7 +247,7 @@ public function getLast(): string
             $uri->getAuthority(),
             $uri->getPath(),
             $uri->getQuery(),
-            $uri->getFragment()
+            $uri->getFragment(),
         );
     }
 
@@ -252,7 +269,7 @@ public function getCurrent(): string
             $uri->getAuthority(),
             $uri->getPath(),
             $uri->getQuery(),
-            $uri->getFragment()
+            $uri->getFragment(),
         );
     }
 
@@ -278,7 +295,7 @@ public function links(): array
                     $uri->getAuthority(),
                     $uri->getPath(),
                     $uri->getQuery(),
-                    $uri->getFragment()
+                    $uri->getFragment(),
                 ),
                 'title'  => $i,
                 'active' => ($i === $this->current),
@@ -307,6 +324,28 @@ protected function updatePages(?int $count = null)
         $this->last  = $this->current + $count <= $this->pageCount ? $this->current + $count : (int) $this->pageCount;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Updates the start and end items per pages, which is
+     * the number of items displayed on the active page.
+     */
+    protected function updatePerPages(): void
+    {
+        if ($this->total === null || $this->perPage === null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // When the page is the last, perform a different calculation.
+        if ($this->last === $this->current) {
+            $this->perPageStart = $this->perPage * ($this->current - 1) + 1;
+            $this->perPageEnd   = $this->total;
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->perPageStart = $this->current === 1 ? 1 : ($this->perPage * $this->current) - $this->perPage + 1;
+        $this->perPageEnd   = $this->perPage * $this->current;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Checks to see if there is a "previous" page before our "first" page.
      */
@@ -341,7 +380,7 @@ public function getPreviousPage()
             $uri->getAuthority(),
             $uri->getPath(),
             $uri->getQuery(),
-            $uri->getFragment()
+            $uri->getFragment(),
         );
     }
 
@@ -379,7 +418,7 @@ public function getNextPage()
             $uri->getAuthority(),
             $uri->getPath(),
             $uri->getQuery(),
-            $uri->getFragment()
+            $uri->getFragment(),
         );
     }
 
@@ -430,4 +469,36 @@ public function getNextPageNumber(): ?int
     {
         return ($this->current === $this->pageCount) ? null : $this->current + 1;
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the total items of the page.
+     */
+    public function getTotal(): ?int
+    {
+        return $this->total;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of items to be displayed on the page.
+     */
+    public function getPerPage(): ?int
+    {
+        return $this->perPage;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of items the page starts with.
+     */
+    public function getPerPageStart(): ?int
+    {
+        return $this->perPageStart;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of items the page ends with.
+     */
+    public function getPerPageEnd(): ?int
+    {
+        return $this->perPageEnd;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/system/Publisher/ContentReplacer.php b/system/Publisher/ContentReplacer.php
index 72dd8ace43b8..6e8c01fa2e41 100644
--- a/system/Publisher/ContentReplacer.php
+++ b/system/Publisher/ContentReplacer.php
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Publisher;
 
-use RuntimeException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 
 /**
  * Replace Text Content
diff --git a/system/Publisher/Publisher.php b/system/Publisher/Publisher.php
index 90c966623b2a..8d9f6b72327a 100644
--- a/system/Publisher/Publisher.php
+++ b/system/Publisher/Publisher.php
@@ -14,11 +14,11 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Publisher;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Autoloader\FileLocatorInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use CodeIgniter\Files\FileCollection;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\URI;
 use CodeIgniter\Publisher\Exceptions\PublisherException;
 use Config\Publisher as PublisherConfig;
-use RuntimeException;
 use Throwable;
 
 /**
@@ -99,18 +99,24 @@ class Publisher extends FileCollection
      *
      * @return list<self>
      */
-    final public static function discover(string $directory = 'Publishers'): array
+    final public static function discover(string $directory = 'Publishers', string $namespace = ''): array
     {
-        if (isset(self::$discovered[$directory])) {
-            return self::$discovered[$directory];
+        $key = implode('.', [$namespace, $directory]);
+
+        if (isset(self::$discovered[$key])) {
+            return self::$discovered[$key];
         }
 
-        self::$discovered[$directory] = [];
+        self::$discovered[$key] = [];
 
-        /** @var FileLocatorInterface $locator */
+        /** @var FileLocatorInterface */
         $locator = service('locator');
 
-        if ([] === $files = $locator->listFiles($directory)) {
+        $files = $namespace === ''
+            ? $locator->listFiles($directory)
+            : $locator->listNamespaceFiles($namespace, $directory);
+
+        if ([] === $files) {
             return [];
         }
 
@@ -119,13 +125,14 @@ final public static function discover(string $directory = 'Publishers'): array
             $className = $locator->findQualifiedNameFromPath($file);
 
             if ($className !== false && class_exists($className) && is_a($className, self::class, true)) {
-                self::$discovered[$directory][] = new $className();
+                /** @var class-string<self> $className */
+                self::$discovered[$key][] = new $className();
             }
         }
 
-        sort(self::$discovered[$directory]);
+        sort(self::$discovered[$key]);
 
-        return self::$discovered[$directory];
+        return self::$discovered[$key];
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/system/RESTful/BaseResource.php b/system/RESTful/BaseResource.php
index 0360bdb12fc5..f2e171c8319e 100644
--- a/system/RESTful/BaseResource.php
+++ b/system/RESTful/BaseResource.php
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ public function initController(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $res
      */
     public function setModel($which = null)
     {
-        if ($which) {
+        if ($which !== null) {
             $this->model     = is_object($which) ? $which : null;
             $this->modelName = is_object($which) ? null : $which;
         }
diff --git a/system/RESTful/ResourceController.php b/system/RESTful/ResourceController.php
index 072b52ee8260..ed72df212b07 100644
--- a/system/RESTful/ResourceController.php
+++ b/system/RESTful/ResourceController.php
@@ -106,8 +106,7 @@ public function delete($id = null)
     /**
      * Set/change the expected response representation for returned objects
      *
-     * @param         string       $format Response format
-     * @phpstan-param 'json'|'xml' $format
+     * @param 'json'|'xml' $format Response format
      *
      * @return void
      */
diff --git a/system/Router/AutoRouter.php b/system/Router/AutoRouter.php
index bb47bf96c89a..3a81f3a7bc6b 100644
--- a/system/Router/AutoRouter.php
+++ b/system/Router/AutoRouter.php
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ public function __construct(
          * Whether dashes in URI's should be converted
          * to underscores when determining method names.
          */
-        private bool $translateURIDashes
+        private bool $translateURIDashes,
     ) {
     }
 
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ public function getRoute(string $uri, string $httpVerb): array
         if ($httpVerb !== 'CLI') {
             $controller = '\\' . $this->defaultNamespace;
 
-            $controller .= $this->directory ? str_replace('/', '\\', $this->directory) : '';
+            $controller .= $this->directory !== null ? str_replace('/', '\\', $this->directory) : '';
             $controller .= $controllerName;
 
             $controller = strtolower($controller);
@@ -118,19 +118,19 @@ public function getRoute(string $uri, string $httpVerb): array
                     // Like $routes->cli('hello/(:segment)', 'Home::$1')
                     if (str_contains($handler, '::$')) {
                         throw new PageNotFoundException(
-                            'Cannot access CLI Route: ' . $uri
+                            'Cannot access CLI Route: ' . $uri,
                         );
                     }
 
                     if (str_starts_with($handler, $controller . '::' . $methodName)) {
                         throw new PageNotFoundException(
-                            'Cannot access CLI Route: ' . $uri
+                            'Cannot access CLI Route: ' . $uri,
                         );
                     }
 
                     if ($handler === $controller) {
                         throw new PageNotFoundException(
-                            'Cannot access CLI Route: ' . $uri
+                            'Cannot access CLI Route: ' . $uri,
                         );
                     }
                 }
@@ -153,9 +153,9 @@ public function getRoute(string $uri, string $httpVerb): array
                 str_replace(
                     '/',
                     '\\',
-                    $this->defaultNamespace . $this->directory . $controllerName
+                    $this->defaultNamespace . $this->directory . $controllerName,
                 ),
-                '\\'
+                '\\',
             );
         }
 
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ public function setTranslateURIDashes(bool $val = false): self
      */
     private function scanControllers(array $segments): array
     {
-        $segments = array_filter($segments, static fn ($segment) => $segment !== '');
+        $segments = array_filter($segments, static fn ($segment): bool => $segment !== '');
         // numerically reindex the array, removing gaps
         $segments = array_values($segments);
 
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ private function scanControllers(array $segments): array
 
         while ($c-- > 0) {
             $segmentConvert = ucfirst(
-                $this->translateURIDashes ? str_replace('-', '_', $segments[0]) : $segments[0]
+                $this->translateURIDashes ? str_replace('-', '_', $segments[0]) : $segments[0],
             );
             // as soon as we encounter any segment that is not PSR-4 compliant, stop searching
             if (! $this->isValidSegment($segmentConvert)) {
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ private function isValidSegment(string $segment): bool
      */
     public function setDirectory(?string $dir = null, bool $append = false, bool $validate = true)
     {
-        if ($dir === null || $dir === '') {
+        if ((string) $dir === '') {
             $this->directory = null;
 
             return;
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ public function setDirectory(?string $dir = null, bool $append = false, bool $va
             }
         }
 
-        if (! $append || ($this->directory === null || $this->directory === '')) {
+        if (! $append || ((string) $this->directory === '')) {
             $this->directory = trim($dir, '/') . '/';
         } else {
             $this->directory .= trim($dir, '/') . '/';
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ public function setDirectory(?string $dir = null, bool $append = false, bool $va
      */
     public function directory(): string
     {
-        return ($this->directory !== null && $this->directory !== '') ? $this->directory : '';
+        return ((string) $this->directory !== '') ? $this->directory : '';
     }
 
     private function controllerName(): string
diff --git a/system/Router/AutoRouterImproved.php b/system/Router/AutoRouterImproved.php
index 63cdd7702635..a00c04d265d7 100644
--- a/system/Router/AutoRouterImproved.php
+++ b/system/Router/AutoRouterImproved.php
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ public function __construct(
          * Whether dashes in URI's should be converted
          * to underscores when determining method names.
          */
-        private readonly bool $translateURIDashes
+        private readonly bool $translateURIDashes,
     ) {
         $this->namespace = rtrim($namespace, '\\');
 
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ public function __construct(
     private function createSegments(string $uri): array
     {
         $segments = explode('/', $uri);
-        $segments = array_filter($segments, static fn ($segment) => $segment !== '');
+        $segments = array_filter($segments, static fn ($segment): bool => $segment !== '');
 
         // numerically reindex the array, removing gaps
         return array_values($segments);
@@ -209,8 +209,8 @@ private function searchLastDefaultController(): bool
             }
 
             $namespaces = array_map(
-                fn ($segment) => $this->translateURI($segment),
-                $segments
+                $this->translateURI(...),
+                $segments,
             );
 
             $controller = '\\' . $this->namespace
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ public function getRoute(string $uri, string $httpVerb): array
                 strtolower($baseControllerName) === strtolower($this->defaultController)
             ) {
                 throw new PageNotFoundException(
-                    'Cannot access the default controller "' . $this->controller . '" with the controller name URI path.'
+                    'Cannot access the default controller "' . $this->controller . '" with the controller name URI path.',
                 );
             }
         } elseif ($this->searchLastDefaultController()) {
@@ -329,14 +329,14 @@ public function getRoute(string $uri, string $httpVerb): array
             // Prevent access to default controller's method
             if (strtolower($baseControllerName) === strtolower($this->defaultController)) {
                 throw new PageNotFoundException(
-                    'Cannot access the default controller "' . $this->controller . '::' . $this->method . '"'
+                    'Cannot access the default controller "' . $this->controller . '::' . $this->method . '"',
                 );
             }
 
             // Prevent access to default method path
             if (strtolower($this->method) === strtolower($defaultMethod)) {
                 throw new PageNotFoundException(
-                    'Cannot access the default method "' . $this->method . '" with the method name URI path.'
+                    'Cannot access the default method "' . $this->method . '" with the method name URI path.',
                 );
             }
         } elseif (method_exists($this->controller, $defaultMethod)) {
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ private function setDirectory()
         $dir = str_replace(
             '\\',
             '/',
-            ltrim(substr($namespaces, strlen($this->namespace)), '\\')
+            ltrim(substr($namespaces, strlen($this->namespace)), '\\'),
         );
 
         if ($dir !== '') {
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ private function protectDefinedRoutes(): void
 
             if ($routeLowerCase === $controller) {
                 throw new PageNotFoundException(
-                    'Cannot access the controller in Defined Routes. Controller: ' . $controllerInRoutes
+                    'Cannot access the controller in Defined Routes. Controller: ' . $controllerInRoutes,
                 );
             }
         }
@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ private function checkParameters(): void
             throw new PageNotFoundException(
                 'The param count in the URI are greater than the controller method params.'
                 . ' Handler:' . $this->controller . '::' . $this->method
-                . ', URI:' . $this->uri
+                . ', URI:' . $this->uri,
             );
         }
     }
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ private function checkRemap(): void
 
             throw new PageNotFoundException(
                 'AutoRouterImproved does not support `_remap()` method.'
-                . ' Controller:' . $this->controller
+                . ' Controller:' . $this->controller,
             );
         } catch (ReflectionException) {
             // Do nothing.
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ private function checkUnderscore(): void
                     . ' when $translateURIDashes is enabled.'
                     . ' Please use the dash.'
                     . ' Handler:' . $this->controller . '::' . $this->method
-                    . ', URI:' . $this->uri
+                    . ', URI:' . $this->uri,
                 );
             }
         }
@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ private function checkUriForController(string $classname): void
 
         if (! in_array(ltrim($classname, '\\'), get_declared_classes(), true)) {
             throw new PageNotFoundException(
-                '"' . $classname . '" is not found.'
+                '"' . $classname . '" is not found.',
             );
         }
     }
@@ -531,7 +531,7 @@ private function checkUriForMethod(string $method): void
             && ! in_array($method, get_class_methods($this->controller), true)
         ) {
             throw new PageNotFoundException(
-                '"' . $this->controller . '::' . $method . '()" is not found.'
+                '"' . $this->controller . '::' . $method . '()" is not found.',
             );
         }
     }
@@ -558,7 +558,7 @@ private function translateURI(string $segment): string
                     . ' containing uppercase letters ("' . $segment . '")'
                     . ' when $translateUriToCamelCase is enabled.'
                     . ' Please use the dash.'
-                    . ' URI:' . $this->uri
+                    . ' URI:' . $this->uri,
                 );
             }
 
@@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ private function translateURI(string $segment): string
                     . ' containing double dash ("' . $segment . '")'
                     . ' when $translateUriToCamelCase is enabled.'
                     . ' Please use the single dash.'
-                    . ' URI:' . $this->uri
+                    . ' URI:' . $this->uri,
                 );
             }
 
@@ -576,8 +576,8 @@ private function translateURI(string $segment): string
                 ' ',
                 '',
                 ucwords(
-                    preg_replace('/[\-]+/', ' ', $segment)
-                )
+                    preg_replace('/[\-]+/', ' ', $segment),
+                ),
             );
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Router/DefinedRouteCollector.php b/system/Router/DefinedRouteCollector.php
index 2452a141fa75..0aa4fdd063d8 100644
--- a/system/Router/DefinedRouteCollector.php
+++ b/system/Router/DefinedRouteCollector.php
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
  */
 final class DefinedRouteCollector
 {
-    public function __construct(private readonly RouteCollection $routeCollection)
+    public function __construct(private readonly RouteCollectionInterface $routeCollection)
     {
     }
 
diff --git a/system/Router/Exceptions/ExceptionInterface.php b/system/Router/Exceptions/ExceptionInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..49ed7cc11a78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Router/Exceptions/ExceptionInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Router\Exceptions;
+
+/**
+ * Provides a domain-level interface for broad capture
+ * of all Router-related exceptions.
+ *
+ * catch (\CodeIgniter\Router\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface) { ... }
+ */
+interface ExceptionInterface extends \CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface
+{
+}
diff --git a/system/Router/Exceptions/MethodNotFoundException.php b/system/Router/Exceptions/MethodNotFoundException.php
index 6e82fb09583c..2dabad79b6a1 100644
--- a/system/Router/Exceptions/MethodNotFoundException.php
+++ b/system/Router/Exceptions/MethodNotFoundException.php
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Router\Exceptions;
 
-use RuntimeException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 
 /**
  * @internal
  */
-final class MethodNotFoundException extends RuntimeException
+final class MethodNotFoundException extends RuntimeException implements ExceptionInterface
 {
 }
diff --git a/system/Router/Exceptions/RedirectException.php b/system/Router/Exceptions/RedirectException.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 4baef3278dd9..000000000000
--- a/system/Router/Exceptions/RedirectException.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-
-declare(strict_types=1);
-
-/**
- * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
- *
- * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
- *
- * For the full copyright and license information, please view
- * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
- */
-
-namespace CodeIgniter\Router\Exceptions;
-
-use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\HTTPExceptionInterface;
-use Exception;
-
-/**
- * RedirectException
- *
- * @deprecated Use \CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\RedirectException instead
- */
-class RedirectException extends Exception implements HTTPExceptionInterface
-{
-    /**
-     * HTTP status code for redirects
-     *
-     * @var int
-     */
-    protected $code = 302;
-}
diff --git a/system/Router/Exceptions/RouterException.php b/system/Router/Exceptions/RouterException.php
index fe21b53d32b7..7a65603d84b2 100644
--- a/system/Router/Exceptions/RouterException.php
+++ b/system/Router/Exceptions/RouterException.php
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 /**
  * RouterException
  */
-class RouterException extends FrameworkException
+class RouterException extends FrameworkException implements ExceptionInterface
 {
     /**
      * Thrown when the actual parameter type does not match
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class RouterException extends FrameworkException
      */
     public static function forInvalidParameterType()
     {
-        return new static(lang('Router.invalidParameterType'));
+        return new static(lang('Router.invalidParameter'));
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/system/Router/RouteCollection.php b/system/Router/RouteCollection.php
index 74c34d6ad518..feb161bdfc92 100644
--- a/system/Router/RouteCollection.php
+++ b/system/Router/RouteCollection.php
@@ -15,13 +15,13 @@
 
 use Closure;
 use CodeIgniter\Autoloader\FileLocatorInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Method;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\Router\Exceptions\RouterException;
 use Config\App;
 use Config\Modules;
 use Config\Routing;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 
 /**
  * @todo Implement nested resource routing (See CakePHP)
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ public function shouldAutoRoute(): bool
      */
     public function getRoutes(?string $verb = null, bool $includeWildcard = true): array
     {
-        if ($verb === null || $verb === '') {
+        if ((string) $verb === '') {
             $verb = $this->getHTTPVerb();
         }
 
@@ -609,7 +609,7 @@ public function getRoutesOptions(?string $from = null, ?string $verb = null): ar
     {
         $options = $this->loadRoutesOptions($verb);
 
-        return $from ? $options[$from] ?? [] : $options;
+        return ((string) $from !== '') ? $options[$from] ?? [] : $options;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -634,7 +634,7 @@ public function setHTTPVerb(string $verb)
             @trigger_error(
                 'Passing lowercase HTTP method "' . $verb . '" is deprecated.'
                 . ' Use uppercase HTTP method like "' . strtoupper($verb) . '".',
-                E_USER_DEPRECATED
+                E_USER_DEPRECATED,
             );
         }
 
@@ -779,7 +779,7 @@ public function group(string $name, ...$params)
 
         $callback = array_pop($params);
 
-        if ($params && is_array($params[0])) {
+        if ($params !== [] && is_array($params[0])) {
             $options = array_shift($params);
 
             if (isset($options['filter'])) {
@@ -791,7 +791,7 @@ public function group(string $name, ...$params)
             // Merge options other than filters.
             $this->currentOptions = array_merge(
                 $this->currentOptions ?? [],
-                $options
+                $options,
             );
         }
 
@@ -1026,7 +1026,7 @@ public function match(array $verbs = [], string $from = '', $to = '', ?array $op
                 @trigger_error(
                     'Passing lowercase HTTP method "' . $verb . '" is deprecated.'
                     . ' Use uppercase HTTP method like "' . strtoupper($verb) . '".',
-                    E_USER_DEPRECATED
+                    E_USER_DEPRECATED,
                 );
             }
 
@@ -1158,6 +1158,8 @@ public function view(string $from, string $view, ?array $options = null): RouteC
 
     /**
      * Limits the routes to a specified ENVIRONMENT or they won't run.
+     *
+     * @param Closure(RouteCollection): void $callback
      */
     public function environment(string $env, Closure $callback): RouteCollectionInterface
     {
@@ -1327,7 +1329,7 @@ protected function fillRouteParams(string $from, ?array $params = null): string
         $patterns = $matches[0];
 
         foreach ($patterns as $index => $pattern) {
-            if (! preg_match('#^' . $pattern . '$#u', $params[$index])) {
+            if (preg_match('#^' . $pattern . '$#u', $params[$index]) !== 1) {
                 throw RouterException::forInvalidParameterType();
             }
 
@@ -1380,7 +1382,7 @@ protected function buildReverseRoute(string $from, array $params): string
         foreach ($placeholders as $index => $placeholder) {
             if (! isset($params[$index])) {
                 throw new InvalidArgumentException(
-                    'Missing argument for "' . $placeholder . '" in route "' . $from . '".'
+                    'Missing argument for "' . $placeholder . '" in route "' . $from . '".',
                 );
             }
 
@@ -1389,7 +1391,7 @@ protected function buildReverseRoute(string $from, array $params): string
             // or maybe $placeholder is not a placeholder, but a regex.
             $pattern = $this->placeholders[$placeholderName] ?? $placeholder;
 
-            if (! preg_match('#^' . $pattern . '$#u', (string) $params[$index])) {
+            if (preg_match('#^' . $pattern . '$#u', (string) $params[$index]) !== 1) {
                 throw RouterException::forInvalidParameterType();
             }
 
@@ -1414,14 +1416,14 @@ private function replaceLocale(string $route, ?string $locale = null): string
         }
 
         // Check invalid locale
-        if ($locale !== null) {
+        if ((string) $locale !== '') {
             $config = config(App::class);
             if (! in_array($locale, $config->supportedLocales, true)) {
                 $locale = null;
             }
         }
 
-        if ($locale === null) {
+        if ((string) $locale === '') {
             $locale = service('request')->getLocale();
         }
 
@@ -1502,9 +1504,9 @@ protected function create(string $verb, string $from, $to, ?array $options = nul
             for ($i = (int) $options['offset'] + 1; $i < (int) $options['offset'] + 7; $i++) {
                 $to = preg_replace_callback(
                     '/\$X/',
-                    static fn ($m) => '$' . $i,
+                    static fn ($m): string => '$' . $i,
                     $to,
-                    1
+                    1,
                 );
             }
         }
@@ -1561,7 +1563,7 @@ protected function create(string $verb, string $from, $to, ?array $options = nul
      * Compares the hostname passed in against the current hostname
      * on this page request.
      *
-     * @param string $hostname Hostname in route options
+     * @param list<string>|string $hostname Hostname in route options
      */
     private function checkHostname($hostname): bool
     {
@@ -1570,6 +1572,13 @@ private function checkHostname($hostname): bool
             return false;
         }
 
+        // Has multiple hostnames
+        if (is_array($hostname)) {
+            $hostnameLower = array_map(strtolower(...), $hostname);
+
+            return in_array(strtolower($this->httpHost), $hostnameLower, true);
+        }
+
         return strtolower($this->httpHost) === strtolower($hostname);
     }
 
@@ -1715,7 +1724,7 @@ public function resetRoutes()
      * @return array<
      *     string,
      *     array{
-     *         filter?: string|list<string>, namespace?: string, hostname?: string,
+     *         filter?: list<string>|string, namespace?: string, hostname?: string,
      *         subdomain?: string, offset?: int, priority?: int, as?: string,
      *         redirect?: int
      *     }
@@ -1771,7 +1780,7 @@ public function getRegisteredControllers(?string $verb = '*'): array
             @trigger_error(
                 'Passing lowercase HTTP method "' . $verb . '" is deprecated.'
                 . ' Use uppercase HTTP method like "' . strtoupper($verb) . '".',
-                E_USER_DEPRECATED
+                E_USER_DEPRECATED,
             );
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Router/RouteCollectionInterface.php b/system/Router/RouteCollectionInterface.php
index bc6ca022bf93..3c34a9be2d8a 100644
--- a/system/Router/RouteCollectionInterface.php
+++ b/system/Router/RouteCollectionInterface.php
@@ -22,9 +22,6 @@
  * A Route Collection's sole job is to hold a series of routes. The required
  * number of methods is kept very small on purpose, but implementors may
  * add a number of additional methods to customize how the routes are defined.
- *
- * The RouteCollection provides the Router with the routes so that it can determine
- * which controller should be run.
  */
 interface RouteCollectionInterface
 {
@@ -62,11 +59,19 @@ public function addPlaceholder($placeholder, ?string $pattern = null);
      */
     public function setDefaultNamespace(string $value);
 
+    /**
+     * Returns the default namespace.
+     */
+    public function getDefaultNamespace(): string;
+
     /**
      * Sets the default controller to use when no other controller has been
      * specified.
      *
      * @return RouteCollectionInterface
+     *
+     * @TODO The default controller is only for auto-routing. So this should be
+     *      removed in the future.
      */
     public function setDefaultController(string $value);
 
@@ -86,6 +91,9 @@ public function setDefaultMethod(string $value);
      * doesn't work well with PHP method names....
      *
      * @return RouteCollectionInterface
+     *
+     * @TODO This method is only for auto-routing. So this should be removed in
+     *      the future.
      */
     public function setTranslateURIDashes(bool $value);
 
@@ -96,6 +104,9 @@ public function setTranslateURIDashes(bool $value);
      * defined routes.
      *
      * If FALSE, will stop searching and do NO automatic routing.
+     *
+     * @TODO This method is only for auto-routing. So this should be removed in
+     *      the future.
      */
     public function setAutoRoute(bool $value): self;
 
@@ -107,6 +118,9 @@ public function setAutoRoute(bool $value): self;
      * This setting is passed to the Router class and handled there.
      *
      * @param callable|null $callable
+     *
+     * @TODO This method is not related to the route collection. So this should
+     *      be removed in the future.
      */
     public function set404Override($callable = null): self;
 
@@ -115,6 +129,9 @@ public function set404Override($callable = null): self;
      * or the controller/string.
      *
      * @return (Closure(string): (ResponseInterface|string|void))|string|null
+     *
+     * @TODO This method is not related to the route collection. So this should
+     *      be removed in the future.
      */
     public function get404Override();
 
@@ -122,6 +139,9 @@ public function get404Override();
      * Returns the name of the default controller. With Namespace.
      *
      * @return string
+     *
+     * @TODO The default controller is only for auto-routing. So this should be
+     *      removed in the future.
      */
     public function getDefaultController();
 
@@ -136,6 +156,9 @@ public function getDefaultMethod();
      * Returns the current value of the translateURIDashes setting.
      *
      * @return bool
+     *
+     * @TODO This method is only for auto-routing. So this should be removed in
+     *      the future.
      */
     public function shouldTranslateURIDashes();
 
@@ -143,15 +166,38 @@ public function shouldTranslateURIDashes();
      * Returns the flag that tells whether to autoRoute URI against Controllers.
      *
      * @return bool
+     *
+     * @TODO This method is only for auto-routing. So this should be removed in
+     *      the future.
      */
     public function shouldAutoRoute();
 
     /**
      * Returns the raw array of available routes.
      *
-     * @return array
+     * @param non-empty-string|null $verb            HTTP verb like `GET`,`POST` or `*` or `CLI`.
+     * @param bool                  $includeWildcard Whether to include '*' routes.
+     */
+    public function getRoutes(?string $verb = null, bool $includeWildcard = true): array;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns one or all routes options
+     *
+     * @param string|null $from The route path (with placeholders or regex)
+     * @param string|null $verb HTTP verb like `GET`,`POST` or `*` or `CLI`.
+     *
+     * @return array<string, int|string> [key => value]
      */
-    public function getRoutes();
+    public function getRoutesOptions(?string $from = null, ?string $verb = null): array;
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the current HTTP verb.
+     *
+     * @param string $verb HTTP verb
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setHTTPVerb(string $verb);
 
     /**
      * Returns the current HTTP Verb being used.
@@ -194,4 +240,28 @@ public function getRedirectCode(string $routeKey): int;
      * Get the flag that limit or not the routes with {locale} placeholder to App::$supportedLocales
      */
     public function shouldUseSupportedLocalesOnly(): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Checks a route (using the "from") to see if it's filtered or not.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $verb HTTP verb like `GET`,`POST` or `*` or `CLI`.
+     */
+    public function isFiltered(string $search, ?string $verb = null): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the filters that should be applied for a single route, along
+     * with any parameters it might have. Parameters are found by splitting
+     * the parameter name on a colon to separate the filter name from the parameter list,
+     * and the splitting the result on commas. So:
+     *
+     *    'role:admin,manager'
+     *
+     * has a filter of "role", with parameters of ['admin', 'manager'].
+     *
+     * @param string      $search routeKey
+     * @param string|null $verb   HTTP verb like `GET`,`POST` or `*` or `CLI`.
+     *
+     * @return list<string> filter_name or filter_name:arguments like 'role:admin,manager'
+     */
+    public function getFiltersForRoute(string $search, ?string $verb = null): array;
 }
diff --git a/system/Router/Router.php b/system/Router/Router.php
index 0cd1614991ee..eb75e33adc3e 100644
--- a/system/Router/Router.php
+++ b/system/Router/Router.php
@@ -144,6 +144,7 @@ class Router implements RouterInterface
     public function __construct(RouteCollectionInterface $routes, ?Request $request = null)
     {
         $config = config(App::class);
+
         if (isset($config->permittedURIChars)) {
             $this->permittedURIChars = $config->permittedURIChars;
         }
@@ -154,27 +155,29 @@ public function __construct(RouteCollectionInterface $routes, ?Request $request
         $this->controller = $this->collection->getDefaultController();
         $this->method     = $this->collection->getDefaultMethod();
 
-        $this->collection->setHTTPVerb($request->getMethod() ?? $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD']);
+        $this->collection->setHTTPVerb($request->getMethod() === '' ? $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] : $request->getMethod());
 
         $this->translateURIDashes = $this->collection->shouldTranslateURIDashes();
 
         if ($this->collection->shouldAutoRoute()) {
             $autoRoutesImproved = config(Feature::class)->autoRoutesImproved ?? false;
             if ($autoRoutesImproved) {
+                assert($this->collection instanceof RouteCollection);
+
                 $this->autoRouter = new AutoRouterImproved(
                     $this->collection->getRegisteredControllers('*'),
                     $this->collection->getDefaultNamespace(),
                     $this->collection->getDefaultController(),
                     $this->collection->getDefaultMethod(),
-                    $this->translateURIDashes
+                    $this->translateURIDashes,
                 );
             } else {
                 $this->autoRouter = new AutoRouter(
-                    $this->collection->getRoutes('CLI', false), // @phpstan-ignore-line
+                    $this->collection->getRoutes('CLI', false),
                     $this->collection->getDefaultNamespace(),
                     $this->collection->getDefaultController(),
                     $this->collection->getDefaultMethod(),
-                    $this->translateURIDashes
+                    $this->translateURIDashes,
                 );
             }
         }
@@ -220,7 +223,7 @@ public function handle(?string $uri = null)
         // want this, like in the case of API's.
         if (! $this->collection->shouldAutoRoute()) {
             throw new PageNotFoundException(
-                "Can't find a route for '{$this->collection->getHTTPVerb()}: {$uri}'."
+                "Can't find a route for '{$this->collection->getHTTPVerb()}: {$uri}'.",
             );
         }
 
@@ -266,6 +269,8 @@ public function methodName(): string
     /**
      * Returns the 404 Override settings from the Collection.
      * If the override is a string, will split to controller/index array.
+     *
+     * @return array{string, string}|(Closure(string): (ResponseInterface|string|void))|null
      */
     public function get404Override()
     {
@@ -401,7 +406,6 @@ public function getLocale()
      */
     protected function checkRoutes(string $uri): bool
     {
-        // @phpstan-ignore-next-line
         $routes = $this->collection->getRoutes($this->collection->getHTTPVerb());
 
         // Don't waste any time
@@ -441,7 +445,7 @@ protected function checkRoutes(string $uri): bool
 
                     throw new RedirectException(
                         preg_replace('#\A' . $routeKey . '\z#u', $redirectTo, $uri),
-                        $this->collection->getRedirectCode($routeKey)
+                        $this->collection->getRedirectCode($routeKey),
                     );
                 }
                 // Store our locale so CodeIgniter object can
@@ -450,7 +454,7 @@ protected function checkRoutes(string $uri): bool
                     preg_match(
                         '#^' . str_replace('{locale}', '(?<locale>[^/]+)', $matchedKey) . '$#u',
                         $uri,
-                        $matched
+                        $matched,
                     );
 
                     if ($this->collection->shouldUseSupportedLocalesOnly()
@@ -545,7 +549,7 @@ static function ($match) use ($matches) {
 
                 return $matches[$index] ?? '';
             },
-            $input
+            $input,
         );
     }
 
@@ -590,7 +594,7 @@ protected function validateRequest(array $segments): array
      */
     protected function scanControllers(array $segments): array
     {
-        $segments = array_filter($segments, static fn ($segment) => $segment !== '');
+        $segments = array_filter($segments, static fn ($segment): bool => $segment !== '');
         // numerically reindex the array, removing gaps
         $segments = array_values($segments);
 
@@ -735,7 +739,7 @@ private function checkDisallowedChars(string $uri): void
                 && preg_match('/\A[' . $this->permittedURIChars . ']+\z/iu', $segment) !== 1
             ) {
                 throw new BadRequestException(
-                    'The URI you submitted has disallowed characters: "' . $segment . '"'
+                    'The URI you submitted has disallowed characters: "' . $segment . '"',
                 );
             }
         }
diff --git a/system/Security/CheckPhpIni.php b/system/Security/CheckPhpIni.php
index 1e92cdc403aa..949c1d10aa48 100644
--- a/system/Security/CheckPhpIni.php
+++ b/system/Security/CheckPhpIni.php
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\View\Table;
 
 /**
- * Checks php.ini settings
+ * Checks php.ini settings in production environment.
  *
  * @used-by \CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\PhpIniCheck
  * @see \CodeIgniter\Security\CheckPhpIniTest
@@ -27,30 +27,33 @@ class CheckPhpIni
     /**
      * @param bool $isCli Set false if you run via Web
      *
-     * @return string|void HTML string or void in CLI
+     * @return ($isCli is true ? null : string)
      */
-    public static function run(bool $isCli = true)
+    public static function run(bool $isCli = true, ?string $argument = null)
     {
-        $output = static::checkIni();
+        $output = self::checkIni($argument);
 
         $thead = ['Directive', 'Global', 'Current', 'Recommended', 'Remark'];
-        $tbody = [];
 
-        // CLI
         if ($isCli) {
-            self::outputForCli($output, $thead, $tbody);
+            self::outputForCli($output, $thead);
 
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
 
-        // Web
-        return self::outputForWeb($output, $thead, $tbody);
+        return self::outputForWeb($output, $thead);
     }
 
-    private static function outputForCli(array $output, array $thead, array $tbody): void
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, array{global: string, current: string, recommended: string, remark: string}> $output
+     * @param array{string, string, string, string, string}                                              $thead
+     */
+    private static function outputForCli(array $output, array $thead): void
     {
+        $tbody = [];
+
         foreach ($output as $directive => $values) {
-            $current        = $values['current'] ?? '';
+            $current        = $values['current'];
             $notRecommended = false;
 
             if ($values['recommended'] !== '') {
@@ -64,16 +67,27 @@ private static function outputForCli(array $output, array $thead, array $tbody):
             }
 
             $directive = $notRecommended ? CLI::color($directive, 'red') : $directive;
-            $tbody[]   = [
-                $directive, $values['global'], $current, $values['recommended'], $values['remark'],
+
+            $tbody[] = [
+                $directive,
+                $values['global'],
+                $current,
+                $values['recommended'],
+                $values['remark'],
             ];
         }
 
         CLI::table($tbody, $thead);
     }
 
-    private static function outputForWeb(array $output, array $thead, array $tbody): string
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, array{global: string, current: string, recommended: string, remark: string}> $output
+     * @param array{string, string, string, string, string}                                              $thead
+     */
+    private static function outputForWeb(array $output, array $thead): string
     {
+        $tbody = [];
+
         foreach ($output as $directive => $values) {
             $current        = $values['current'];
             $notRecommended = false;
@@ -95,28 +109,29 @@ private static function outputForWeb(array $output, array $thead, array $tbody):
             $directive = $notRecommended
                 ? '<span style="color: red">' . $directive . '</span>'
                 : $directive;
+
             $tbody[] = [
-                $directive, $values['global'], $current, $values['recommended'], $values['remark'],
+                $directive,
+                $values['global'],
+                $current,
+                $values['recommended'],
+                $values['remark'],
             ];
         }
 
-        $table    = new Table();
-        $template = [
-            'table_open' => '<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0">',
-        ];
-        $table->setTemplate($template);
-
+        $table = new Table();
+        $table->setTemplate(['table_open' => '<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0">']);
         $table->setHeading($thead);
 
         return '<pre>' . $table->generate($tbody) . '</pre>';
     }
 
     /**
-     * @internal Used for testing purposes only.
-     * @testTag
+     * @return array<string, array{global: string, current: string, recommended: string, remark: string}>
      */
-    public static function checkIni(): array
+    private static function checkIni(?string $argument = null): array
     {
+        // Default items
         $items = [
             'error_reporting'         => ['recommended' => '5111'],
             'display_errors'          => ['recommended' => '0'],
@@ -124,21 +139,45 @@ public static function checkIni(): array
             'log_errors'              => [],
             'error_log'               => [],
             'default_charset'         => ['recommended' => 'UTF-8'],
+            'max_execution_time'      => ['remark' => 'The default is 30.'],
             'memory_limit'            => ['remark' => '> post_max_size'],
             'post_max_size'           => ['remark' => '> upload_max_filesize'],
             'upload_max_filesize'     => ['remark' => '< post_max_size'],
+            'max_input_vars'          => ['remark' => 'The default is 1000.'],
             'request_order'           => ['recommended' => 'GP'],
             'variables_order'         => ['recommended' => 'GPCS'],
             'date.timezone'           => ['recommended' => 'UTC'],
             'mbstring.language'       => ['recommended' => 'neutral'],
             'opcache.enable'          => ['recommended' => '1'],
-            'opcache.enable_cli'      => [],
-            'opcache.jit'             => [],
-            'opcache.jit_buffer_size' => [],
+            'opcache.enable_cli'      => ['recommended' => '0', 'remark' => 'Enable when you are using queues or running repetitive CLI tasks'],
+            'opcache.jit'             => ['recommended' => 'tracing'],
+            'opcache.jit_buffer_size' => ['recommended' => '128', 'remark' => 'Adjust with your free space of memory'],
+            'zend.assertions'         => ['recommended' => '-1'],
         ];
 
+        if ($argument === 'opcache') {
+            $items = [
+                'opcache.enable'                  => ['recommended' => '1'],
+                'opcache.enable_cli'              => ['recommended' => '0', 'remark' => 'Enable when you are using queues or running repetitive CLI tasks'],
+                'opcache.jit'                     => ['recommended' => 'tracing', 'remark' => 'Disable when you used third-party extensions'],
+                'opcache.jit_buffer_size'         => ['recommended' => '128', 'remark' => 'Adjust with your free space of memory'],
+                'opcache.memory_consumption'      => ['recommended' => '128', 'remark' => 'Adjust with your free space of memory'],
+                'opcache.interned_strings_buffer' => ['recommended' => '16'],
+                'opcache.max_accelerated_files'   => ['remark' => 'Adjust based on the number of PHP files in your project (e.g.: find your_project/ -iname \'*.php\'|wc -l)'],
+                'opcache.max_wasted_percentage'   => ['recommended' => '10'],
+                'opcache.validate_timestamps'     => ['recommended' => '0', 'remark' => 'When disabled, opcache will hold your code into shared memory. Restart webserver as needed'],
+                'opcache.revalidate_freq'         => [],
+                'opcache.file_cache'              => ['remark' => 'Location file caching, It should improve performance when SHM memory is full'],
+                'opcache.file_cache_only'         => ['remark' => 'Opcode caching in shared memory, Disabled when you are using Windows'],
+                'opcache.file_cache_fallback'     => ['remark' => 'Enable when you are using Windows'],
+                'opcache.save_comments'           => ['recommended' => '0', 'remark' => 'Enable when your code requires to read docblock annotations at runtime'],
+            ];
+        }
+
         $output = [];
-        $ini    = ini_get_all();
+
+        $ini = ini_get_all();
+        assert(is_array($ini));
 
         foreach ($items as $key => $values) {
             $hasKeyInIni  = array_key_exists($key, $ini);
@@ -150,7 +189,6 @@ public static function checkIni(): array
             ];
         }
 
-        // [directive => [current_value, recommended_value]]
         return $output;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/Security/Exceptions/SecurityException.php b/system/Security/Exceptions/SecurityException.php
index ed1d76825036..09ecc26e6bc8 100644
--- a/system/Security/Exceptions/SecurityException.php
+++ b/system/Security/Exceptions/SecurityException.php
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ public static function forInvalidUTF8Chars(string $source, string $string)
     {
         return new static(
             'Invalid UTF-8 characters in ' . $source . ': ' . $string,
-            400
+            400,
         );
     }
 
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ public static function forInvalidControlChars(string $source, string $string)
     {
         return new static(
             'Invalid Control characters in ' . $source . ': ' . $string,
-            400
+            400,
         );
     }
 
diff --git a/system/Security/Security.php b/system/Security/Security.php
index 0b51062e4cdb..aa744d9ed343 100644
--- a/system/Security/Security.php
+++ b/system/Security/Security.php
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Security;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Cookie\Cookie;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\LogicException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Method;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Request;
@@ -24,8 +26,6 @@
 use Config\Cookie as CookieConfig;
 use Config\Security as SecurityConfig;
 use ErrorException;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
-use LogicException;
 
 /**
  * Class Security
@@ -307,13 +307,13 @@ private function getPostedToken(RequestInterface $request): ?string
         // Does the token exist in POST, HEADER or optionally php:://input - json data or PUT, DELETE, PATCH - raw data.
 
         if ($tokenValue = $request->getPost($this->config->tokenName)) {
-            return $tokenValue;
+            return is_string($tokenValue) ? $tokenValue : null;
         }
 
-        if ($request->hasHeader($this->config->headerName)
-            && $request->header($this->config->headerName)->getValue() !== ''
-            && $request->header($this->config->headerName)->getValue() !== []) {
-            return $request->header($this->config->headerName)->getValue();
+        if ($request->hasHeader($this->config->headerName)) {
+            $tokenValue = $request->header($this->config->headerName)->getValue();
+
+            return (is_string($tokenValue) && $tokenValue !== '') ? $tokenValue : null;
         }
 
         $body = (string) $request->getBody();
@@ -321,12 +321,15 @@ private function getPostedToken(RequestInterface $request): ?string
         if ($body !== '') {
             $json = json_decode($body);
             if ($json !== null && json_last_error() === JSON_ERROR_NONE) {
-                return $json->{$this->config->tokenName} ?? null;
+                $tokenValue = $json->{$this->config->tokenName} ?? null;
+
+                return is_string($tokenValue) ? $tokenValue : null;
             }
 
             parse_str($body, $parsed);
+            $tokenValue = $parsed[$this->config->tokenName] ?? null;
 
-            return $parsed[$this->config->tokenName] ?? null;
+            return is_string($tokenValue) ? $tokenValue : null;
         }
 
         return null;
@@ -377,7 +380,7 @@ protected function derandomize(string $token): string
             return bin2hex(hex2bin($value) ^ hex2bin($key));
         } catch (ErrorException $e) {
             // "hex2bin(): Hexadecimal input string must have an even length"
-            throw new InvalidArgumentException($e->getMessage());
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException($e->getMessage(), $e->getCode(), $e);
         }
     }
 
@@ -422,61 +425,18 @@ public function shouldRedirect(): bool
      *
      * If it is acceptable for the user input to include relative paths,
      * e.g. file/in/some/approved/folder.txt, you can set the second optional
-     * parameter, $relative_path to TRUE.
+     * parameter, $relativePath to TRUE.
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.6.2 Use `sanitize_filename()` instead
      *
      * @param string $str          Input file name
      * @param bool   $relativePath Whether to preserve paths
      */
     public function sanitizeFilename(string $str, bool $relativePath = false): string
     {
-        // List of sanitize filename strings
-        $bad = [
-            '../',
-            '<!--',
-            '-->',
-            '<',
-            '>',
-            "'",
-            '"',
-            '&',
-            '$',
-            '#',
-            '{',
-            '}',
-            '[',
-            ']',
-            '=',
-            ';',
-            '?',
-            '%20',
-            '%22',
-            '%3c',
-            '%253c',
-            '%3e',
-            '%0e',
-            '%28',
-            '%29',
-            '%2528',
-            '%26',
-            '%24',
-            '%3f',
-            '%3b',
-            '%3d',
-        ];
-
-        if (! $relativePath) {
-            $bad[] = './';
-            $bad[] = '/';
-        }
-
-        $str = remove_invisible_characters($str, false);
-
-        do {
-            $old = $str;
-            $str = str_replace($bad, '', $str);
-        } while ($old !== $str);
+        helper('security');
 
-        return stripslashes($str);
+        return sanitize_filename($str, $relativePath);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -530,7 +490,7 @@ private function saveHashInCookie(): void
             $this->hash,
             [
                 'expires' => $this->config->expires === 0 ? 0 : Time::now()->getTimestamp() + $this->config->expires,
-            ]
+            ],
         );
 
         $response = service('response');
diff --git a/system/Security/SecurityInterface.php b/system/Security/SecurityInterface.php
index 1460cf0e6a00..ebd8919cd109 100644
--- a/system/Security/SecurityInterface.php
+++ b/system/Security/SecurityInterface.php
@@ -64,7 +64,9 @@ public function shouldRedirect(): bool;
      *
      * If it is acceptable for the user input to include relative paths,
      * e.g. file/in/some/approved/folder.txt, you can set the second optional
-     * parameter, $relative_path to TRUE.
+     * parameter, $relativePath to TRUE.
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.6.2 Use `sanitize_filename()` instead
      *
      * @param string $str          Input file name
      * @param bool   $relativePath Whether to preserve paths
diff --git a/system/Session/Exceptions/SessionException.php b/system/Session/Exceptions/SessionException.php
index 2a72a8f3ca4d..2548d5f5dc18 100644
--- a/system/Session/Exceptions/SessionException.php
+++ b/system/Session/Exceptions/SessionException.php
@@ -17,26 +17,41 @@
 
 class SessionException extends FrameworkException
 {
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
     public static function forMissingDatabaseTable()
     {
         return new static(lang('Session.missingDatabaseTable'));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
     public static function forInvalidSavePath(?string $path = null)
     {
         return new static(lang('Session.invalidSavePath', [$path]));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
     public static function forWriteProtectedSavePath(?string $path = null)
     {
         return new static(lang('Session.writeProtectedSavePath', [$path]));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
     public static function forEmptySavepath()
     {
         return new static(lang('Session.emptySavePath'));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
     public static function forInvalidSavePathFormat(string $path)
     {
         return new static(lang('Session.invalidSavePathFormat', [$path]));
@@ -45,6 +60,8 @@ public static function forInvalidSavePathFormat(string $path)
     /**
      * @deprecated
      *
+     * @return static
+     *
      * @codeCoverageIgnore
      */
     public static function forInvalidSameSiteSetting(string $samesite)
diff --git a/system/Session/Handlers/BaseHandler.php b/system/Session/Handlers/BaseHandler.php
index 6d7e09e4b6eb..bc2cdc17af11 100644
--- a/system/Session/Handlers/BaseHandler.php
+++ b/system/Session/Handlers/BaseHandler.php
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ protected function destroyCookie(): bool
         return setcookie(
             $this->cookieName,
             '',
-            ['expires' => 1, 'path' => $this->cookiePath, 'domain' => $this->cookieDomain, 'secure' => $this->cookieSecure, 'httponly' => true]
+            ['expires' => 1, 'path' => $this->cookiePath, 'domain' => $this->cookieDomain, 'secure' => $this->cookieSecure, 'httponly' => true],
         );
     }
 
diff --git a/system/Session/Handlers/Database/PostgreHandler.php b/system/Session/Handlers/Database/PostgreHandler.php
index b92ab1e57323..be0621efb945 100644
--- a/system/Session/Handlers/Database/PostgreHandler.php
+++ b/system/Session/Handlers/Database/PostgreHandler.php
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ class PostgreHandler extends DatabaseHandler
 {
     /**
      * Sets SELECT clause
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function setSelect(BaseBuilder $builder)
     {
@@ -75,7 +77,7 @@ public function gc($max_lifetime)
     protected function lockSession(string $sessionID): bool
     {
         $arg = "hashtext('{$sessionID}')" . ($this->matchIP ? ", hashtext('{$this->ipAddress}')" : '');
-        if ($this->db->simpleQuery("SELECT pg_advisory_lock({$arg})")) {
+        if ($this->db->simpleQuery("SELECT pg_advisory_lock({$arg})") !== false) {
             $this->lock = $arg;
 
             return true;
@@ -93,7 +95,7 @@ protected function releaseLock(): bool
             return true;
         }
 
-        if ($this->db->simpleQuery("SELECT pg_advisory_unlock({$this->lock})")) {
+        if ($this->db->simpleQuery("SELECT pg_advisory_unlock({$this->lock})") !== false) {
             $this->lock = false;
 
             return true;
diff --git a/system/Session/Handlers/DatabaseHandler.php b/system/Session/Handlers/DatabaseHandler.php
index d36e9592cec0..9fb5fcd89f95 100644
--- a/system/Session/Handlers/DatabaseHandler.php
+++ b/system/Session/Handlers/DatabaseHandler.php
@@ -154,6 +154,8 @@ public function read($id)
 
     /**
      * Sets SELECT clause
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function setSelect(BaseBuilder $builder)
     {
@@ -285,7 +287,7 @@ public function gc($max_lifetime)
         return $this->db->table($this->table)->where(
             'timestamp <',
             "now() - INTERVAL {$max_lifetime} second",
-            false
+            false,
         )->delete() ? 1 : $this->fail();
     }
 
diff --git a/system/Session/Handlers/FileHandler.php b/system/Session/Handlers/FileHandler.php
index 4dbec779526a..6938bcd2bbf6 100644
--- a/system/Session/Handlers/FileHandler.php
+++ b/system/Session/Handlers/FileHandler.php
@@ -201,7 +201,9 @@ public function write($id, $data): bool
         if (($length = strlen($data)) > 0) {
             $result = null;
 
-            for ($written = 0; $written < $length; $written += $result) {
+            $written = 0;
+
+            for (; $written < $length; $written += $result) {
                 if (($result = fwrite($this->fileHandle, substr($data, $written))) === false) {
                     break;
                 }
@@ -283,14 +285,14 @@ public function gc($max_lifetime)
 
         $pattern = sprintf(
             '#\A%s' . $pattern . $this->sessionIDRegex . '\z#',
-            preg_quote($this->cookieName, '#')
+            preg_quote($this->cookieName, '#'),
         );
 
         $collected = 0;
 
         while (($file = readdir($directory)) !== false) {
             // If the filename doesn't match this pattern, it's either not a session file or is not ours
-            if (! preg_match($pattern, $file)
+            if (preg_match($pattern, $file) !== 1
                 || ! is_file($this->savePath . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $file)
                 || ($mtime = filemtime($this->savePath . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $file)) === false
                 || $mtime > $ts
@@ -309,32 +311,28 @@ public function gc($max_lifetime)
 
     /**
      * Configure Session ID regular expression
+     *
+     * To make life easier, we force the PHP defaults. Because PHP9 forces them.
+     *
+     * @see https://wiki.php.net/rfc/deprecations_php_8_4#sessionsid_length_and_sessionsid_bits_per_character
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function configureSessionIDRegex()
     {
         $bitsPerCharacter = (int) ini_get('session.sid_bits_per_character');
-        $SIDLength        = (int) ini_get('session.sid_length');
+        $sidLength        = (int) ini_get('session.sid_length');
 
-        if (($bits = $SIDLength * $bitsPerCharacter) < 160) {
-            // Add as many more characters as necessary to reach at least 160 bits
-            $SIDLength += (int) ceil((160 % $bits) / $bitsPerCharacter);
-            ini_set('session.sid_length', (string) $SIDLength);
-        }
-
-        switch ($bitsPerCharacter) {
-            case 4:
-                $this->sessionIDRegex = '[0-9a-f]';
-                break;
-
-            case 5:
-                $this->sessionIDRegex = '[0-9a-v]';
-                break;
-
-            case 6:
-                $this->sessionIDRegex = '[0-9a-zA-Z,-]';
-                break;
+        // We force the PHP defaults.
+        if (PHP_VERSION_ID < 90000) {
+            if ($bitsPerCharacter !== 4) {
+                ini_set('session.sid_bits_per_character', '4');
+            }
+            if ($sidLength !== 32) {
+                ini_set('session.sid_length', '32');
+            }
         }
 
-        $this->sessionIDRegex .= '{' . $SIDLength . '}';
+        $this->sessionIDRegex = '[0-9a-f]{32}';
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/Session/Handlers/MemcachedHandler.php b/system/Session/Handlers/MemcachedHandler.php
index 79bb4ca4613f..744d9556ee02 100644
--- a/system/Session/Handlers/MemcachedHandler.php
+++ b/system/Session/Handlers/MemcachedHandler.php
@@ -93,12 +93,12 @@ public function open($path, $name): bool
         }
 
         if (
-            ! preg_match_all(
+            preg_match_all(
                 '#,?([^,:]+)\:(\d{1,5})(?:\:(\d+))?#',
                 $this->savePath,
                 $matches,
-                PREG_SET_ORDER
-            )
+                PREG_SET_ORDER,
+            ) < 1
         ) {
             $this->memcached = null;
             $this->logger->error('Session: Invalid Memcached save path format: ' . $this->savePath);
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ public function open($path, $name): bool
             // If Memcached already has this server (or if the port is invalid), skip it
             if (in_array($match[1] . ':' . $match[2], $serverList, true)) {
                 $this->logger->debug(
-                    'Session: Memcached server pool already has ' . $match[1] . ':' . $match[2]
+                    'Session: Memcached server pool already has ' . $match[1] . ':' . $match[2],
                 );
 
                 continue;
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ public function open($path, $name): bool
 
             if (! $this->memcached->addServer($match[1], (int) $match[2], $match[3] ?? 0)) {
                 $this->logger->error(
-                    'Could not add ' . $match[1] . ':' . $match[2] . ' to Memcached server pool.'
+                    'Could not add ' . $match[1] . ':' . $match[2] . ' to Memcached server pool.',
                 );
             } else {
                 $serverList[] = $match[1] . ':' . $match[2];
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ protected function lockSession(string $sessionID): bool
         $attempt = 0;
 
         do {
-            if ($this->memcached->get($lockKey)) {
+            if ($this->memcached->get($lockKey) !== false) {
                 sleep(1);
 
                 continue;
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ protected function lockSession(string $sessionID): bool
 
             if (! $this->memcached->set($lockKey, Time::now()->getTimestamp(), 300)) {
                 $this->logger->error(
-                    'Session: Error while trying to obtain lock for ' . $this->keyPrefix . $sessionID
+                    'Session: Error while trying to obtain lock for ' . $this->keyPrefix . $sessionID,
                 );
 
                 return false;
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ protected function lockSession(string $sessionID): bool
 
         if ($attempt === 30) {
             $this->logger->error(
-                'Session: Unable to obtain lock for ' . $this->keyPrefix . $sessionID . ' after 30 attempts, aborting.'
+                'Session: Unable to obtain lock for ' . $this->keyPrefix . $sessionID . ' after 30 attempts, aborting.',
             );
 
             return false;
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ protected function releaseLock(): bool
                 && $this->memcached->getResultCode() !== Memcached::RES_NOTFOUND
             ) {
                 $this->logger->error(
-                    'Session: Error while trying to free lock for ' . $this->lockKey
+                    'Session: Error while trying to free lock for ' . $this->lockKey,
                 );
 
                 return false;
diff --git a/system/Session/Handlers/RedisHandler.php b/system/Session/Handlers/RedisHandler.php
index 5e44a2a2bef8..eeb06043321b 100644
--- a/system/Session/Handlers/RedisHandler.php
+++ b/system/Session/Handlers/RedisHandler.php
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ public function open($path, $name): bool
             ! $redis->connect(
                 $this->savePath['host'],
                 $this->savePath['port'],
-                $this->savePath['timeout']
+                $this->savePath['timeout'],
             )
         ) {
             $this->logger->error('Session: Unable to connect to Redis with the configured settings.');
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ public function open($path, $name): bool
             $this->logger->error('Session: Unable to authenticate to Redis instance.');
         } elseif (isset($this->savePath['database']) && ! $redis->select($this->savePath['database'])) {
             $this->logger->error(
-                'Session: Unable to select Redis database with index ' . $this->savePath['database']
+                'Session: Unable to select Redis database with index ' . $this->savePath['database'],
             );
         } else {
             $this->redis = $redis;
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ public function destroy($id): bool
         if (isset($this->redis, $this->lockKey)) {
             if (($result = $this->redis->del($this->keyPrefix . $id)) !== 1) {
                 $this->logger->debug(
-                    'Session: Redis::del() expected to return 1, got ' . var_export($result, true) . ' instead.'
+                    'Session: Redis::del() expected to return 1, got ' . var_export($result, true) . ' instead.',
                 );
             }
 
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ protected function lockSession(string $sessionID): bool
                 (string) Time::now()->getTimestamp(),
                 // NX -- Only set the key if it does not already exist.
                 // EX seconds -- Set the specified expire time, in seconds.
-                ['nx', 'ex' => 300]
+                ['nx', 'ex' => 300],
             );
 
             if (! $result) {
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ protected function lockSession(string $sessionID): bool
         if ($attempt === 300) {
             $this->logger->error(
                 'Session: Unable to obtain lock for ' . $this->keyPrefix . $sessionID
-                . ' after 300 attempts, aborting.'
+                . ' after 300 attempts, aborting.',
             );
 
             return false;
diff --git a/system/Session/Session.php b/system/Session/Session.php
index b522f63af5f2..f3dd570556c6 100644
--- a/system/Session/Session.php
+++ b/system/Session/Session.php
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ public function __construct(SessionHandlerInterface $driver, SessionConfig $conf
     /**
      * Initialize the session container and starts up the session.
      *
-     * @return $this|void
+     * @return $this|null
      */
     public function start()
     {
@@ -213,28 +213,29 @@ public function start()
             // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
             $this->logger->debug('Session: Initialization under CLI aborted.');
 
-            return;
+            return null;
             // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
         }
 
         if ((bool) ini_get('session.auto_start')) {
             $this->logger->error('Session: session.auto_start is enabled in php.ini. Aborting.');
 
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
 
         if (session_status() === PHP_SESSION_ACTIVE) {
             $this->logger->warning('Session: Sessions is enabled, and one exists. Please don\'t $session->start();');
 
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
 
         $this->configure();
         $this->setSaveHandler();
 
         // Sanitize the cookie, because apparently PHP doesn't do that for userspace handlers
-        if (isset($_COOKIE[$this->config->cookieName])
-            && (! is_string($_COOKIE[$this->config->cookieName]) || ! preg_match('#\A' . $this->sidRegexp . '\z#', $_COOKIE[$this->config->cookieName]))
+        if (
+            isset($_COOKIE[$this->config->cookieName])
+            && (! is_string($_COOKIE[$this->config->cookieName]) || preg_match('#\A' . $this->sidRegexp . '\z#', $_COOKIE[$this->config->cookieName]) !== 1)
         ) {
             unset($_COOKIE[$this->config->cookieName]);
         }
@@ -248,7 +249,7 @@ public function start()
             if (! isset($_SESSION['__ci_last_regenerate'])) {
                 $_SESSION['__ci_last_regenerate'] = Time::now()->getTimestamp();
             } elseif ($_SESSION['__ci_last_regenerate'] < (Time::now()->getTimestamp() - $regenerateTime)) {
-                $this->regenerate((bool) $this->config->regenerateDestroy);
+                $this->regenerate($this->config->regenerateDestroy);
             }
         }
         // Another work-around ... PHP doesn't seem to send the session cookie
@@ -267,6 +268,8 @@ public function start()
      * Destroys the current session.
      *
      * @deprecated Use destroy() instead.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function stop()
     {
@@ -277,6 +280,8 @@ public function stop()
      * Configuration.
      *
      * Handle input binds and configuration defaults.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function configure()
     {
@@ -316,49 +321,27 @@ protected function configure()
     /**
      * Configure session ID length
      *
-     * To make life easier, we used to force SHA-1 and 4 bits per
-     * character on everyone. And of course, someone was unhappy.
-     *
-     * Then PHP 7.1 broke backwards-compatibility because ext/session
-     * is such a mess that nobody wants to touch it with a pole stick,
-     * and the one guy who does, nobody has the energy to argue with.
+     * To make life easier, we force the PHP defaults. Because PHP9 forces them.
+     * See https://wiki.php.net/rfc/deprecations_php_8_4#sessionsid_length_and_sessionsid_bits_per_character
      *
-     * So we were forced to make changes, and OF COURSE something was
-     * going to break and now we have this pile of shit. -- Narf
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function configureSidLength()
     {
-        $bitsPerCharacter = (int) (ini_get('session.sid_bits_per_character') !== false
-            ? ini_get('session.sid_bits_per_character')
-            : 4);
-
-        $sidLength = (int) (ini_get('session.sid_length') !== false
-            ? ini_get('session.sid_length')
-            : 40);
-
-        if (($sidLength * $bitsPerCharacter) < 160) {
-            $bits = ($sidLength * $bitsPerCharacter);
-            // Add as many more characters as necessary to reach at least 160 bits
-            $sidLength += (int) ceil((160 % $bits) / $bitsPerCharacter);
-            ini_set('session.sid_length', (string) $sidLength);
-        }
-
-        // Yes, 4,5,6 are the only known possible values as of 2016-10-27
-        switch ($bitsPerCharacter) {
-            case 4:
-                $this->sidRegexp = '[0-9a-f]';
-                break;
-
-            case 5:
-                $this->sidRegexp = '[0-9a-v]';
-                break;
+        $bitsPerCharacter = (int) ini_get('session.sid_bits_per_character');
+        $sidLength        = (int) ini_get('session.sid_length');
 
-            case 6:
-                $this->sidRegexp = '[0-9a-zA-Z,-]';
-                break;
+        // We force the PHP defaults.
+        if (PHP_VERSION_ID < 90000) {
+            if ($bitsPerCharacter !== 4) {
+                ini_set('session.sid_bits_per_character', '4');
+            }
+            if ($sidLength !== 32) {
+                ini_set('session.sid_length', '32');
+            }
         }
 
-        $this->sidRegexp .= '{' . $sidLength . '}';
+        $this->sidRegexp = '[0-9a-f]{32}';
     }
 
     /**
@@ -366,6 +349,8 @@ protected function configureSidLength()
      *
      * Clears old "flash" data, marks the new one for deletion and handles
      * "temp" data deletion.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function initVars()
     {
@@ -394,6 +379,8 @@ protected function initVars()
      * Regenerates the session ID.
      *
      * @param bool $destroy Should old session data be destroyed?
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function regenerate(bool $destroy = false)
     {
@@ -425,6 +412,8 @@ private function removeOldSessionCookie(): void
 
     /**
      * Destroys the current session.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function destroy()
     {
@@ -458,24 +447,22 @@ public function close()
      * If $data is an array, it is expected to be an array of key/value pairs
      * to be set as session properties.
      *
-     * @param array|string                            $data  Property name or associative array of properties
-     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $value Property value if single key provided
+     * @param array<string, mixed>|list<string>|string $data  Property name or associative array of properties
+     * @param mixed                                    $value Property value if single key provided
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function set($data, $value = null)
     {
-        if (is_array($data)) {
-            foreach ($data as $key => &$value) {
-                if (is_int($key)) {
-                    $_SESSION[$value] = null;
-                } else {
-                    $_SESSION[$key] = $value;
-                }
-            }
+        $data = is_array($data) ? $data : [$data => $value];
 
-            return;
+        if (array_is_list($data)) {
+            $data = array_fill_keys($data, null);
         }
 
-        $_SESSION[$data] = $value;
+        foreach ($data as $sessionKey => $sessionValue) {
+            $_SESSION[$sessionKey] = $sessionValue;
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -487,31 +474,27 @@ public function set($data, $value = null)
      *
      * Replaces the legacy method $session->userdata();
      *
-     * @param non-empty-string|null $key Identifier of the session property to retrieve
+     * @param string|null $key Identifier of the session property to retrieve
      *
-     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null The property value(s)
+     * @return ($key is string ? mixed : array<string, mixed>)
      */
     public function get(?string $key = null)
     {
-        if ($key !== null && $key !== '' && (null !== ($value = $_SESSION[$key] ?? null) || null !== ($value = dot_array_search($key, $_SESSION ?? [])))) {
-            return $value;
-        }
-
         if (! isset($_SESSION) || $_SESSION === []) {
             return $key === null ? [] : null;
         }
 
-        if ($key !== null && $key !== '') {
-            return null;
+        $key ??= '';
+
+        if ($key !== '') {
+            return $_SESSION[$key] ?? dot_array_search($key, $_SESSION);
         }
 
         $userdata = [];
-        $_exclude = array_merge(['__ci_vars'], $this->getFlashKeys(), $this->getTempKeys());
-
-        $keys = array_keys($_SESSION);
+        $exclude  = array_merge(['__ci_vars'], $this->getFlashKeys(), $this->getTempKeys());
 
-        foreach ($keys as $key) {
-            if (! in_array($key, $_exclude, true)) {
+        foreach (array_keys($_SESSION) as $key) {
+            if (! in_array($key, $exclude, true)) {
                 $userdata[$key] = $_SESSION[$key];
             }
         }
@@ -532,8 +515,10 @@ public function has(string $key): bool
     /**
      * Push new value onto session value that is array.
      *
-     * @param string $key  Identifier of the session property we are interested in.
-     * @param array  $data value to be pushed to existing session key.
+     * @param string               $key  Identifier of the session property we are interested in.
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $data value to be pushed to existing session key.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function push(string $key, array $data)
     {
@@ -549,27 +534,27 @@ public function push(string $key, array $data)
      * identifiers to remove. Otherwise, it is interpreted as the identifier
      * of a specific session property to remove.
      *
-     * @param array|string $key Identifier of the session property or properties to remove.
+     * @param list<string>|string $key Identifier of the session property or properties to remove.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function remove($key)
     {
-        if (is_array($key)) {
-            foreach ($key as $k) {
-                unset($_SESSION[$k]);
-            }
+        $key = is_array($key) ? $key : [$key];
 
-            return;
+        foreach ($key as $k) {
+            unset($_SESSION[$k]);
         }
-
-        unset($_SESSION[$key]);
     }
 
     /**
      * Magic method to set variables in the session by simply calling
      *  $session->foo = bar;
      *
-     * @param string       $key   Identifier of the session property to set.
-     * @param array|string $value
+     * @param string $key   Identifier of the session property to set.
+     * @param mixed  $value
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function __set(string $key, $value)
     {
@@ -582,7 +567,7 @@ public function __set(string $key, $value)
      *
      * @param string $key Identifier of the session property to remove.
      *
-     * @return string|null
+     * @return mixed
      */
     public function __get(string $key)
     {
@@ -601,14 +586,15 @@ public function __get(string $key)
 
     /**
      * Magic method to check for session variables.
-     * Different from has() in that it will validate 'session_id' as well.
-     * Mostly used by internal PHP functions, users should stick to has()
+     *
+     * Different from `has()` in that it will validate 'session_id' as well.
+     * Mostly used by internal PHP functions, users should stick to `has()`.
      *
      * @param string $key Identifier of the session property to remove.
      */
     public function __isset(string $key): bool
     {
-        return isset($_SESSION[$key]) || ($key === 'session_id');
+        return isset($_SESSION[$key]) || $key === 'session_id';
     }
 
     /**
@@ -620,8 +606,10 @@ public function __isset(string $key): bool
      * Otherwise, it is interpreted as the identifier of a specific
      * flashdata property, with $value containing the property value.
      *
-     * @param array|string                            $data  Property identifier or associative array of properties
-     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $value Property value if $data is a scalar
+     * @param array<string, mixed>|string $data  Property identifier or associative array of properties
+     * @param mixed                       $value Property value if $data is a scalar
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function setFlashdata($data, $value = null)
     {
@@ -634,24 +622,27 @@ public function setFlashdata($data, $value = null)
      *
      * If the item key is null, return all flashdata.
      *
-     * @param string $key Property identifier
+     * @param string|null $key Property identifier
      *
-     * @return array|null The requested property value, or an associative array  of them
+     * @return ($key is string ? mixed : array<string, mixed>)
      */
     public function getFlashdata(?string $key = null)
     {
+        $_SESSION['__ci_vars'] ??= [];
+
         if (isset($key)) {
-            return (isset($_SESSION['__ci_vars'], $_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$key], $_SESSION[$key])
-                && ! is_int($_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$key])) ? $_SESSION[$key] : null;
+            if (! isset($_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$key]) || is_int($_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$key])) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            return $_SESSION[$key] ?? null;
         }
 
         $flashdata = [];
 
-        if (isset($_SESSION['__ci_vars'])) {
-            foreach ($_SESSION['__ci_vars'] as $key => &$value) {
-                if (! is_int($value)) {
-                    $flashdata[$key] = $_SESSION[$key];
-                }
+        foreach ($_SESSION['__ci_vars'] as $key => $value) {
+            if (! is_int($value)) {
+                $flashdata[$key] = $_SESSION[$key];
             }
         }
 
@@ -661,7 +652,9 @@ public function getFlashdata(?string $key = null)
     /**
      * Keeps a single piece of flash data alive for one more request.
      *
-     * @param array|string $key Property identifier or array of them
+     * @param list<string>|string $key Property identifier or array of them
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function keepFlashdata($key)
     {
@@ -669,33 +662,23 @@ public function keepFlashdata($key)
     }
 
     /**
-     * Mark a session property or properties as flashdata.
+     * Mark a session property or properties as flashdata. This returns
+     * `false` if any of the properties were not already set.
      *
-     * @param array|string $key Property identifier or array of them
-     *
-     * @return bool False if any of the properties are not already set
+     * @param list<string>|string $key Property identifier or array of them
      */
     public function markAsFlashdata($key): bool
     {
-        if (is_array($key)) {
-            foreach ($key as $sessionKey) {
-                if (! isset($_SESSION[$sessionKey])) {
-                    return false;
-                }
-            }
-
-            $new = array_fill_keys($key, 'new');
-
-            $_SESSION['__ci_vars'] = isset($_SESSION['__ci_vars']) ? array_merge($_SESSION['__ci_vars'], $new) : $new;
-
-            return true;
-        }
+        $keys = is_array($key) ? $key : [$key];
 
-        if (! isset($_SESSION[$key])) {
-            return false;
+        foreach ($keys as $sessionKey) {
+            if (! isset($_SESSION[$sessionKey])) {
+                return false;
+            }
         }
 
-        $_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$key] = 'new';
+        $_SESSION['__ci_vars'] ??= [];
+        $_SESSION['__ci_vars'] = [...$_SESSION['__ci_vars'], ...array_fill_keys($keys, 'new')];
 
         return true;
     }
@@ -703,7 +686,9 @@ public function markAsFlashdata($key): bool
     /**
      * Unmark data in the session as flashdata.
      *
-     * @param array|string $key Property identifier or array of them
+     * @param list<string>|string $key Property identifier or array of them
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function unmarkFlashdata($key)
     {
@@ -729,7 +714,7 @@ public function unmarkFlashdata($key)
     /**
      * Retrieve all of the keys for session data marked as flashdata.
      *
-     * @return array The property names of all flashdata
+     * @return list<string>
      */
     public function getFlashKeys(): array
     {
@@ -752,9 +737,11 @@ public function getFlashKeys(): array
      * Sets new data into the session, and marks it as temporary data
      * with a set lifespan.
      *
-     * @param array|string                            $data  Session data key or associative array of items
-     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $value Value to store
-     * @param int                                     $ttl   Time-to-live in seconds
+     * @param array<string, mixed>|list<string>|string $data  Session data key or associative array of items
+     * @param mixed                                    $value Value to store
+     * @param int                                      $ttl   Time-to-live in seconds
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function setTempdata($data, $value = null, int $ttl = 300)
     {
@@ -766,24 +753,27 @@ public function setTempdata($data, $value = null, int $ttl = 300)
      * Returns either a single piece of tempdata, or all temp data currently
      * in the session.
      *
-     * @param string $key Session data key
+     * @param string|null $key Session data key
      *
-     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null Session data value or null if not found.
+     * @return ($key is string ? mixed : array<string, mixed>)
      */
     public function getTempdata(?string $key = null)
     {
+        $_SESSION['__ci_vars'] ??= [];
+
         if (isset($key)) {
-            return (isset($_SESSION['__ci_vars'], $_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$key], $_SESSION[$key])
-                    && is_int($_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$key])) ? $_SESSION[$key] : null;
+            if (! isset($_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$key]) || ! is_int($_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$key])) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            return $_SESSION[$key] ?? null;
         }
 
         $tempdata = [];
 
-        if (isset($_SESSION['__ci_vars'])) {
-            foreach ($_SESSION['__ci_vars'] as $key => &$value) {
-                if (is_int($value)) {
-                    $tempdata[$key] = $_SESSION[$key];
-                }
+        foreach ($_SESSION['__ci_vars'] as $key => $value) {
+            if (is_int($value)) {
+                $tempdata[$key] = $_SESSION[$key];
             }
         }
 
@@ -794,6 +784,8 @@ public function getTempdata(?string $key = null)
      * Removes a single piece of temporary data from the session.
      *
      * @param string $key Session data key
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function removeTempdata(string $key)
     {
@@ -805,46 +797,38 @@ public function removeTempdata(string $key)
      * Mark one of more pieces of data as being temporary, meaning that
      * it has a set lifespan within the session.
      *
-     * @param array|string $key Property identifier or array of them
-     * @param int          $ttl Time to live, in seconds
+     * Returns `false` if any of the properties were not set.
      *
-     * @return bool False if any of the properties were not set
+     * @param array<string, mixed>|list<string>|string $key Property identifier or array of them
+     * @param int                                      $ttl Time to live, in seconds
      */
     public function markAsTempdata($key, int $ttl = 300): bool
     {
-        $ttl += Time::now()->getTimestamp();
+        $time = Time::now()->getTimestamp();
+        $keys = is_array($key) ? $key : [$key];
 
-        if (is_array($key)) {
-            $temp = [];
-
-            foreach ($key as $k => $v) {
-                // Do we have a key => ttl pair, or just a key?
-                if (is_int($k)) {
-                    $k = $v;
-                    $v = $ttl;
-                } elseif (is_string($v)) {
-                    $v = Time::now()->getTimestamp() + $ttl;
-                } else {
-                    $v += Time::now()->getTimestamp();
-                }
+        if (array_is_list($keys)) {
+            $keys = array_fill_keys($keys, $ttl);
+        }
 
-                if (! array_key_exists($k, $_SESSION)) {
-                    return false;
-                }
+        $tempdata = [];
 
-                $temp[$k] = $v;
+        foreach ($keys as $sessionKey => $timeToLive) {
+            if (! array_key_exists($sessionKey, $_SESSION)) {
+                return false;
             }
 
-            $_SESSION['__ci_vars'] = isset($_SESSION['__ci_vars']) ? array_merge($_SESSION['__ci_vars'], $temp) : $temp;
-
-            return true;
-        }
+            if (is_int($timeToLive)) {
+                $timeToLive += $time;
+            } else {
+                $timeToLive = $time + $ttl;
+            }
 
-        if (! isset($_SESSION[$key])) {
-            return false;
+            $tempdata[$sessionKey] = $timeToLive;
         }
 
-        $_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$key] = $ttl;
+        $_SESSION['__ci_vars'] ??= [];
+        $_SESSION['__ci_vars'] = [...$_SESSION['__ci_vars'], ...$tempdata];
 
         return true;
     }
@@ -853,7 +837,9 @@ public function markAsTempdata($key, int $ttl = 300): bool
      * Unmarks temporary data in the session, effectively removing its
      * lifespan and allowing it to live as long as the session does.
      *
-     * @param array|string $key Property identifier or array of them
+     * @param list<string>|string $key Property identifier or array of them
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function unmarkTempdata($key)
     {
@@ -878,6 +864,8 @@ public function unmarkTempdata($key)
 
     /**
      * Retrieve the keys of all session data that have been marked as temporary data.
+     *
+     * @return list<string>
      */
     public function getTempKeys(): array
     {
@@ -899,6 +887,8 @@ public function getTempKeys(): array
     /**
      * Sets the driver as the session handler in PHP.
      * Extracted for easier testing.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function setSaveHandler()
     {
@@ -908,6 +898,8 @@ protected function setSaveHandler()
     /**
      * Starts the session.
      * Extracted for testing reasons.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function startSession()
     {
@@ -924,6 +916,8 @@ protected function startSession()
      * Takes care of setting the cookie on the client side.
      *
      * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function setCookie()
     {
diff --git a/system/Session/SessionInterface.php b/system/Session/SessionInterface.php
index 3ed61664a952..fc441c534494 100644
--- a/system/Session/SessionInterface.php
+++ b/system/Session/SessionInterface.php
@@ -22,11 +22,15 @@ interface SessionInterface
      * Regenerates the session ID.
      *
      * @param bool $destroy Should old session data be destroyed?
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function regenerate(bool $destroy = false);
 
     /**
      * Destroys the current session.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function destroy();
 
@@ -39,8 +43,10 @@ public function destroy();
      * If $data is an array, it is expected to be an array of key/value pairs
      * to be set as session properties.
      *
-     * @param array|string                            $data  Property name or associative array of properties
-     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $value Property value if single key provided
+     * @param array<string, mixed>|list<string>|string $data  Property name or associative array of properties
+     * @param mixed                                    $value Property value if single key provided
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function set($data, $value = null);
 
@@ -53,9 +59,9 @@ public function set($data, $value = null);
      *
      * Replaces the legacy method $session->userdata();
      *
-     * @param non-empty-string|null $key Identifier of the session property to retrieve
+     * @param string|null $key Identifier of the session property to retrieve
      *
-     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null The property value(s)
+     * @return ($key is string ? mixed : array<string, mixed>)
      */
     public function get(?string $key = null);
 
@@ -73,7 +79,9 @@ public function has(string $key): bool;
      * identifiers to remove. Otherwise, it is interpreted as the identifier
      * of a specific session property to remove.
      *
-     * @param array|string $key Identifier of the session property or properties to remove.
+     * @param list<string>|string $key Identifier of the session property or properties to remove.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function remove($key);
 
@@ -86,8 +94,10 @@ public function remove($key);
      * Otherwise, it is interpreted as the identifier of a specific
      * flashdata property, with $value containing the property value.
      *
-     * @param array|string $data  Property identifier or associative array of properties
-     * @param array|string $value Property value if $data is a scalar
+     * @param array<string, mixed>|string $data  Property identifier or associative array of properties
+     * @param mixed                       $value Property value if $data is a scalar
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function setFlashdata($data, $value = null);
 
@@ -96,40 +106,44 @@ public function setFlashdata($data, $value = null);
      *
      * If the item key is null, return all flashdata.
      *
-     * @param string $key Property identifier
+     * @param string|null $key Property identifier
      *
-     * @return array|null The requested property value, or an associative
-     *                    array  of them
+     * @return ($key is string ? mixed : array<string, mixed>)
      */
     public function getFlashdata(?string $key = null);
 
     /**
      * Keeps a single piece of flash data alive for one more request.
      *
-     * @param array|string $key Property identifier or array of them
+     * @param list<string>|string $key Property identifier or array of them
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function keepFlashdata($key);
 
     /**
-     * Mark a session property or properties as flashdata.
+     * Mark a session property or properties as flashdata. This returns
+     * `false` if any of the properties were not already set.
      *
-     * @param array|string $key Property identifier or array of them
+     * @param list<string>|string $key Property identifier or array of them
      *
-     * @return false if any of the properties are not already set
+     * @return bool
      */
     public function markAsFlashdata($key);
 
     /**
      * Unmark data in the session as flashdata.
      *
-     * @param array|string $key Property identifier or array of them
+     * @param list<string>|string $key Property identifier or array of them
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function unmarkFlashdata($key);
 
     /**
      * Retrieve all of the keys for session data marked as flashdata.
      *
-     * @return array The property names of all flashdata
+     * @return list<string>
      */
     public function getFlashKeys(): array;
 
@@ -137,9 +151,11 @@ public function getFlashKeys(): array;
      * Sets new data into the session, and marks it as temporary data
      * with a set lifespan.
      *
-     * @param array|string                            $data  Session data key or associative array of items
-     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $value Value to store
-     * @param int                                     $ttl   Time-to-live in seconds
+     * @param array<string, mixed>|list<string>|string $data  Session data key or associative array of items
+     * @param mixed                                    $value Value to store
+     * @param int                                      $ttl   Time-to-live in seconds
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function setTempdata($data, $value = null, int $ttl = 300);
 
@@ -147,9 +163,9 @@ public function setTempdata($data, $value = null, int $ttl = 300);
      * Returns either a single piece of tempdata, or all temp data currently
      * in the session.
      *
-     * @param string $key Session data key
+     * @param string|null $key Session data key
      *
-     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null Session data value or null if not found.
+     * @return ($key is string ? mixed : array<string, mixed>)
      */
     public function getTempdata(?string $key = null);
 
@@ -157,6 +173,8 @@ public function getTempdata(?string $key = null);
      * Removes a single piece of temporary data from the session.
      *
      * @param string $key Session data key
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function removeTempdata(string $key);
 
@@ -164,10 +182,12 @@ public function removeTempdata(string $key);
      * Mark one of more pieces of data as being temporary, meaning that
      * it has a set lifespan within the session.
      *
-     * @param array|string $key Property identifier or array of them
-     * @param int          $ttl Time to live, in seconds
+     * Returns `false` if any of the properties were not set.
      *
-     * @return bool False if any of the properties were not set
+     * @param array<string, mixed>|list<string>|string $key Property identifier or array of them
+     * @param int                                      $ttl Time to live, in seconds
+     *
+     * @return bool
      */
     public function markAsTempdata($key, int $ttl = 300);
 
@@ -175,12 +195,16 @@ public function markAsTempdata($key, int $ttl = 300);
      * Unmarks temporary data in the session, effectively removing its
      * lifespan and allowing it to live as long as the session does.
      *
-     * @param array|string $key Property identifier or array of them
+     * @param list<string>|string $key Property identifier or array of them
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function unmarkTempdata($key);
 
     /**
      * Retrieve the keys of all session data that have been marked as temporary data.
+     *
+     * @return list<string>
      */
     public function getTempKeys(): array;
 }
diff --git a/system/Test/CIUnitTestCase.php b/system/Test/CIUnitTestCase.php
index 62c0fff83844..81d669138422 100644
--- a/system/Test/CIUnitTestCase.php
+++ b/system/Test/CIUnitTestCase.php
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Database\MigrationRunner;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Seeder;
 use CodeIgniter\Events\Events;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Header;
 use CodeIgniter\Router\RouteCollection;
 use CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\ArrayHandler;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\Mock\MockCache;
@@ -72,6 +73,8 @@ abstract class CIUnitTestCase extends TestCase
 
     /**
      * Store of identified traits.
+     *
+     * @var array<class-string, class-string>|null
      */
     private ?array $traits = null;
 
@@ -109,9 +112,9 @@ abstract class CIUnitTestCase extends TestCase
 
     /**
      * The seed file(s) used for all tests within this test case.
-     * Should be fully-namespaced or relative to $basePath
+     * Should be fully-namespaced or relative to $basePath.
      *
-     * @var class-string<Seeder>|list<class-string<Seeder>>
+     * @var ''|class-string<Seeder>|list<class-string<Seeder>>
      */
     protected $seed = '';
 
@@ -127,9 +130,9 @@ abstract class CIUnitTestCase extends TestCase
      * The namespace(s) to help us find the migration classes.
      * `null` is equivalent to running `spark migrate --all`.
      * Note that running "all" runs migrations in date order,
-     * but specifying namespaces runs them in namespace order (then date)
+     * but specifying namespaces runs them in namespace order (then date).
      *
-     * @var array|string|null
+     * @var list<string>|string|null
      */
     protected $namespace = 'Tests\Support';
 
@@ -156,17 +159,17 @@ abstract class CIUnitTestCase extends TestCase
     protected $migrations;
 
     /**
-     * Seeder instance
+     * Seeder instance.
      *
-     * @var Seeder
+     * @var Seeder|null
      */
     protected $seeder;
 
     /**
      * Stores information needed to remove any
-     * rows inserted via $this->hasInDatabase();
+     * rows inserted via $this->hasInDatabase().
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var list<array<int|string, mixed>>
      */
     protected $insertCache = [];
 
@@ -186,27 +189,27 @@ abstract class CIUnitTestCase extends TestCase
      * Values to be set in the SESSION global
      * before running the test.
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var array<int|string, mixed>
      */
     protected $session = [];
 
     /**
-     * Enabled auto clean op buffer after request call
+     * Enabled auto clean op buffer after request call.
      *
      * @var bool
      */
     protected $clean = true;
 
     /**
-     * Custom request's headers
+     * Custom request's headers.
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var array<string, Header|list<Header>>
      */
     protected $headers = [];
 
     /**
      * Allows for formatting the request body to what
-     * the controller is going to expect
+     * the controller is going to expect.
      *
      * @var string
      */
@@ -238,7 +241,7 @@ protected function setUp(): void
     {
         parent::setUp();
 
-        if (! $this->app) {
+        if (! $this->app instanceof CodeIgniter) {
             $this->app = $this->createApplication();
         }
 
@@ -276,7 +279,7 @@ protected function tearDown(): void
      * Checks for traits with corresponding
      * methods for setUp or tearDown.
      *
-     * @param string $stage 'setUp' or 'tearDown'
+     * @param 'setUp'|'tearDown' $stage
      */
     private function callTraitMethods(string $stage): void
     {
@@ -298,7 +301,9 @@ private function callTraitMethods(string $stage): void
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     /**
-     * Resets shared instanced for all Factories components
+     * Resets shared instanced for all Factories components.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function resetFactories()
     {
@@ -306,7 +311,9 @@ protected function resetFactories()
     }
 
     /**
-     * Resets shared instanced for all Services
+     * Resets shared instanced for all Services.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function resetServices(bool $initAutoloader = true)
     {
@@ -314,7 +321,9 @@ protected function resetServices(bool $initAutoloader = true)
     }
 
     /**
-     * Injects the mock Cache driver to prevent filesystem collisions
+     * Injects the mock Cache driver to prevent filesystem collisions.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function mockCache()
     {
@@ -322,7 +331,9 @@ protected function mockCache()
     }
 
     /**
-     * Injects the mock email driver so no emails really send
+     * Injects the mock email driver so no emails really send.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function mockEmail()
     {
@@ -330,7 +341,9 @@ protected function mockEmail()
     }
 
     /**
-     * Injects the mock session driver into Services
+     * Injects the mock session driver into Services.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function mockSession()
     {
@@ -361,7 +374,7 @@ public function assertLogged(string $level, $expectedMessage = null)
         $this->assertTrue($result, sprintf(
             'Failed asserting that expected message "%s" with level "%s" was logged.',
             $expectedMessage ?? '',
-            $level
+            $level,
         ));
 
         return $result;
@@ -374,11 +387,11 @@ public function assertLogContains(string $level, string $logMessage, string $mes
     {
         $this->assertTrue(
             TestLogger::didLog($level, $logMessage, false),
-            $message ?: sprintf(
+            $message !== '' ? $message : sprintf(
                 'Failed asserting that logs have a record of message containing "%s" with level "%s".',
                 $logMessage,
-                $level
-            )
+                $level,
+            ),
         );
     }
 
@@ -417,7 +430,7 @@ public function assertHeaderEmitted(string $header, bool $ignoreCase = false): v
     {
         $this->assertNotNull(
             $this->getHeaderEmitted($header, $ignoreCase, __METHOD__),
-            "Didn't find header for {$header}"
+            "Didn't find header for {$header}",
         );
     }
 
@@ -431,7 +444,7 @@ public function assertHeaderNotEmitted(string $header, bool $ignoreCase = false)
     {
         $this->assertNull(
             $this->getHeaderEmitted($header, $ignoreCase, __METHOD__),
-            "Found header for {$header}"
+            "Found header for {$header}",
         );
     }
 
@@ -443,6 +456,8 @@ public function assertHeaderNotEmitted(string $header, bool $ignoreCase = false)
      *
      * @param float|int $actual
      *
+     * @return void
+     *
      * @throws Exception
      */
     public function assertCloseEnough(int $expected, $actual, string $message = '', int $tolerance = 1)
@@ -461,7 +476,7 @@ public function assertCloseEnough(int $expected, $actual, string $message = '',
      * @param mixed $expected
      * @param mixed $actual
      *
-     * @return bool|void
+     * @return bool|null
      *
      * @throws Exception
      */
@@ -482,6 +497,8 @@ public function assertCloseEnoughString($expected, $actual, string $message = ''
         } catch (Exception) {
             return false;
         }
+
+        return null;
     }
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -516,7 +533,7 @@ protected function getHeaderEmitted(string $header, bool $ignoreCase = false, st
 
         foreach (xdebug_get_headers() as $emittedHeader) {
             $found = $ignoreCase
-                ? (stripos($emittedHeader, $header) === 0)
+                ? (str_starts_with(strtolower($emittedHeader), strtolower($header)))
                 : (str_starts_with($emittedHeader, $header));
 
             if ($found) {
diff --git a/system/Test/ConfigFromArrayTrait.php b/system/Test/ConfigFromArrayTrait.php
index 3652fa1074a1..330549118e22 100644
--- a/system/Test/ConfigFromArrayTrait.php
+++ b/system/Test/ConfigFromArrayTrait.php
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Test;
 
-use LogicException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\LogicException;
 
 trait ConfigFromArrayTrait
 {
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ private function createConfigFromArray(string $classname, array $config)
             }
 
             throw new LogicException(
-                'No such property: ' . $classname . '::$' . $key
+                'No such property: ' . $classname . '::$' . $key,
             );
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Test/Constraints/SeeInDatabase.php b/system/Test/Constraints/SeeInDatabase.php
index faf874be9ce8..d1025bc13d08 100644
--- a/system/Test/Constraints/SeeInDatabase.php
+++ b/system/Test/Constraints/SeeInDatabase.php
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ protected function failureDescription($table): string
             "a row in the table [%s] matches the attributes \n%s\n\n%s",
             $table,
             $this->toString(false, JSON_PRETTY_PRINT),
-            $this->getAdditionalInfo($table)
+            $this->getAdditionalInfo($table),
         );
     }
 
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ protected function getAdditionalInfo(string $table): string
 
         $similar = $builder->where(
             array_key_first($this->data),
-            $this->data[array_key_first($this->data)]
+            $this->data[array_key_first($this->data)],
         )->limit($this->show)->get()->getResultArray();
 
         if ($similar !== []) {
diff --git a/system/Test/ControllerTestTrait.php b/system/Test/ControllerTestTrait.php
index 99e9cf330274..2a7be526383d 100644
--- a/system/Test/ControllerTestTrait.php
+++ b/system/Test/ControllerTestTrait.php
@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Test;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Controller;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\URI;
 use Config\App;
 use Config\Services;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
 use Throwable;
 
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
  *
  *  $this->withRequest($request)
  *       ->withResponse($response)
- *       ->withURI($uri)
+ *       ->withUri($uri)
  *       ->withBody($body)
  *       ->controller('App\Controllers\Home')
  *       ->execute('methodName');
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ protected function setUpControllerTestTrait(): void
         // The URL helper is always loaded by the system so ensure it is available.
         helper('url');
 
-        if (empty($this->appConfig)) {
+        if (! $this->appConfig instanceof App) {
             $this->appConfig = config(App::class);
         }
 
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ protected function setUpControllerTestTrait(): void
             $this->uri = $factory->createFromGlobals();
         }
 
-        if (empty($this->request)) {
+        if (! $this->request instanceof IncomingRequest) {
             // Do some acrobatics, so we can use the Request service with our own URI
             $tempUri = service('uri');
             Services::injectMock('uri', $this->uri);
@@ -115,11 +115,11 @@ protected function setUpControllerTestTrait(): void
             Services::injectMock('uri', $tempUri);
         }
 
-        if (empty($this->response)) {
+        if (! $this->response instanceof ResponseInterface) {
             $this->response = service('response', $this->appConfig, false);
         }
 
-        if (empty($this->logger)) {
+        if (! $this->logger instanceof LoggerInterface) {
             $this->logger = service('logger');
         }
     }
diff --git a/system/Test/DOMParser.php b/system/Test/DOMParser.php
index fe9ee1d58b2a..d8521edfbc86 100644
--- a/system/Test/DOMParser.php
+++ b/system/Test/DOMParser.php
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Test;
 
-use BadMethodCallException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\BadMethodCallException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use DOMDocument;
 use DOMNodeList;
 use DOMXPath;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 
 /**
  * Load a response into a DOMDocument for testing assertions based on that
@@ -233,10 +233,8 @@ protected function doXPath(?string $search, string $element, array $paths = [])
 
         // $paths might contain a number of different
         // ready to go xpath portions to tack on.
-        if ($paths !== [] && is_array($paths)) {
-            foreach ($paths as $extra) {
-                $path .= $extra;
-            }
+        foreach ($paths as $extra) {
+            $path .= $extra;
         }
 
         if ($search !== null) {
diff --git a/system/Test/DatabaseTestTrait.php b/system/Test/DatabaseTestTrait.php
index c0d4473c7b9e..14c47c95cee7 100644
--- a/system/Test/DatabaseTestTrait.php
+++ b/system/Test/DatabaseTestTrait.php
@@ -14,11 +14,13 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Test;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseBuilder;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnection;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\MigrationRunner;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Seeder;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\Constraints\SeeInDatabase;
 use Config\Database;
 use Config\Migrations;
-use Config\Services;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\AfterClass;
 
 /**
@@ -27,6 +29,12 @@
  * Provides functionality for refreshing/seeding
  * the database during testing.
  *
+ * @property BaseConnection                 $db
+ * @property list<array<int|string, mixed>> $insertCache
+ * @property Seeder|null                    $seeder
+ * @property MigrationRunner|null           $migrations
+ * @property list<string>|string|null       $namespace
+ *
  * @mixin CIUnitTestCase
  */
 trait DatabaseTestTrait
@@ -88,7 +96,7 @@ public function loadDependencies()
             $config          = new Migrations();
             $config->enabled = true;
 
-            $this->migrations = Services::migrations($config, $this->db, false);
+            $this->migrations = service('migrations', $config, $this->db, false);
             $this->migrations->setSilent(false);
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Test/Fabricator.php b/system/Test/Fabricator.php
index 8da0c60fc089..b366464d5a26 100644
--- a/system/Test/Fabricator.php
+++ b/system/Test/Fabricator.php
@@ -15,13 +15,14 @@
 
 use Closure;
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\FrameworkException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
 use Config\App;
 use Faker\Factory;
 use Faker\Generator;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
-use RuntimeException;
+use InvalidArgumentException as BaseInvalidArgumentException;
 
 /**
  * Fabricator
@@ -118,8 +119,7 @@ class Fabricator
      */
     public function __construct($model, ?array $formatters = null, ?string $locale = null)
     {
-        if (is_string($model)) {
-            // Create a new model instance
+        if (is_string($model) && class_exists($model)) {
             $model = model($model, false);
         }
 
@@ -153,6 +153,8 @@ public function __construct($model, ?array $formatters = null, ?string $locale =
 
     /**
      * Reset internal counts
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public static function resetCounts()
     {
@@ -166,7 +168,7 @@ public static function resetCounts()
      */
     public static function getCount(string $table): int
     {
-        return ! isset(self::$tableCounts[$table]) ? 0 : self::$tableCounts[$table];
+        return self::$tableCounts[$table] ?? 0;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -359,7 +361,7 @@ protected function guessFormatter($field): string
             $this->faker->getFormatter($field);
 
             return $field;
-        } catch (InvalidArgumentException) {
+        } catch (BaseInvalidArgumentException) {
             // No match, keep going
         }
 
@@ -379,12 +381,12 @@ protected function guessFormatter($field): string
 
         // Check some common partials
         foreach (['email', 'name', 'title', 'text', 'date', 'url'] as $term) {
-            if (stripos($field, $term) !== false) {
+            if (str_contains(strtolower($field), strtolower($term))) {
                 return $term;
             }
         }
 
-        if (stripos($field, 'phone') !== false) {
+        if (str_contains(strtolower($field), 'phone')) {
             return 'phoneNumber';
         }
 
@@ -437,21 +439,21 @@ public function makeArray()
                 if (isset($this->modifiedFields['unique'][$field])) {
                     $faker = $faker->unique(
                         $this->modifiedFields['unique'][$field]['reset'],
-                        $this->modifiedFields['unique'][$field]['maxRetries']
+                        $this->modifiedFields['unique'][$field]['maxRetries'],
                     );
                 }
 
                 if (isset($this->modifiedFields['optional'][$field])) {
                     $faker = $faker->optional(
                         $this->modifiedFields['optional'][$field]['weight'],
-                        $this->modifiedFields['optional'][$field]['default']
+                        $this->modifiedFields['optional'][$field]['default'],
                     );
                 }
 
                 if (isset($this->modifiedFields['valid'][$field])) {
                     $faker = $faker->valid(
                         $this->modifiedFields['valid'][$field]['validator'],
-                        $this->modifiedFields['valid'][$field]['maxRetries']
+                        $this->modifiedFields['valid'][$field]['maxRetries'],
                     );
                 }
 
diff --git a/system/Test/FeatureTestTrait.php b/system/Test/FeatureTestTrait.php
index 083313dfa7e2..c3b974448e43 100644
--- a/system/Test/FeatureTestTrait.php
+++ b/system/Test/FeatureTestTrait.php
@@ -13,13 +13,17 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Test;
 
+use Closure;
 use CodeIgniter\Events\Events;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\RedirectException;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Header;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Method;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Request;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\SiteURI;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\URI;
+use CodeIgniter\Router\RouteCollection;
 use Config\App;
 use Config\Services;
 use Exception;
@@ -30,6 +34,12 @@
  *
  * Provides additional utilities for doing full HTTP testing
  * against your application in trait format.
+ *
+ * @property array<int|string, mixed>           $session
+ * @property array<string, Header|list<Header>> $headers
+ * @property RouteCollection|null               $routes
+ *
+ * @mixin CIUnitTestCase
  */
 trait FeatureTestTrait
 {
@@ -42,7 +52,12 @@ trait FeatureTestTrait
      *    ['GET', 'home', 'Home::index'],
      * ]
      *
-     * @param array|null $routes Array to set routes
+     * @param array<int, array{
+     *      0: string,
+     *      1: string,
+     *      2: ((Closure(mixed...): (ResponseInterface|string|void)))|string,
+     *      3?: array<string, mixed>
+     *  }>|null $routes Array to set routes
      *
      * @return $this
      */
@@ -58,7 +73,7 @@ protected function withRoutes(?array $routes = null)
                     @trigger_error(
                         'Passing lowercase HTTP method "' . $route[0] . '" is deprecated.'
                         . ' Use uppercase HTTP method like "' . strtoupper($route[0]) . '".',
-                        E_USER_DEPRECATED
+                        E_USER_DEPRECATED,
                     );
                 }
 
@@ -84,7 +99,7 @@ protected function withRoutes(?array $routes = null)
     /**
      * Sets any values that should exist during this session.
      *
-     * @param array|null $values Array of values, or null to use the current $_SESSION
+     * @param array<int|string, mixed>|null $values Array of values, or null to use the current $_SESSION
      *
      * @return $this
      */
@@ -103,7 +118,7 @@ public function withSession(?array $values = null)
      *  'Authorization' => 'Token'
      * ])
      *
-     * @param array $headers Array of headers
+     * @param array<string, Header|list<Header>> $headers Array of headers
      *
      * @return $this
      */
@@ -168,7 +183,7 @@ public function call(string $method, string $path, ?array $params = null)
             @trigger_error(
                 'Passing lowercase HTTP method "' . $method . '" is deprecated.'
                 . ' Use uppercase HTTP method like "' . strtoupper($method) . '".',
-                E_USER_DEPRECATED
+                E_USER_DEPRECATED,
             );
         }
 
@@ -189,7 +204,9 @@ public function call(string $method, string $path, ?array $params = null)
         $request = $this->setRequestBody($request, $params);
 
         // Initialize the RouteCollection
-        if (! $routes = $this->routes) {
+        $routes = $this->routes;
+
+        if ($routes !== []) {
             $routes = service('routes')->loadRoutes();
         }
 
@@ -211,7 +228,7 @@ public function call(string $method, string $path, ?array $params = null)
             ->run($routes, true);
 
         // Reset directory if it has been set
-        service('router')->setDirectory(null);
+        service('router')->setDirectory();
 
         return new TestResponse($response);
     }
@@ -383,11 +400,11 @@ protected function populateGlobals(string $name, Request $request, ?array $param
             $request->setGlobal($name, $params);
             $request->setGlobal(
                 'request',
-                $request->fetchGlobal('post') + $request->fetchGlobal('get')
+                (array) $request->fetchGlobal('post') + (array) $request->fetchGlobal('get'),
             );
         }
 
-        $_SESSION = $this->session ?? [];
+        $_SESSION = $this->session;
 
         return $request;
     }
diff --git a/system/Test/FilterTestTrait.php b/system/Test/FilterTestTrait.php
index 93f273a39f1f..1140adf7dc5e 100644
--- a/system/Test/FilterTestTrait.php
+++ b/system/Test/FilterTestTrait.php
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Test;
 
 use Closure;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use CodeIgniter\Filters\Exceptions\FilterException;
 use CodeIgniter\Filters\FilterInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\Filters\Filters;
@@ -21,8 +23,6 @@
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\Router\RouteCollection;
 use Config\Filters as FiltersConfig;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
-use RuntimeException;
 
 /**
  * Filter Test Trait
@@ -119,6 +119,8 @@ protected function setUpFilterTestTrait(): void
      *
      * @param FilterInterface|string $filter   The filter instance, class, or alias
      * @param string                 $position "before" or "after"
+     *
+     * @return Closure(list<string>|null=): mixed
      */
     protected function getFilterCaller($filter, string $position): Closure
     {
@@ -161,6 +163,8 @@ protected function getFilterCaller($filter, string $position): Closure
 
         if ($position === 'before') {
             return static function (?array $params = null) use ($filterInstances, $request) {
+                $result = null;
+
                 foreach ($filterInstances as $filter) {
                     $result = $filter->before($request, $params);
 
@@ -186,6 +190,8 @@ protected function getFilterCaller($filter, string $position): Closure
         $response = clone $this->response;
 
         return static function (?array $params = null) use ($filterInstances, $request, $response) {
+            $result = null;
+
             foreach ($filterInstances as $filter) {
                 $result = $filter->after($request, $response, $params);
 
@@ -219,7 +225,9 @@ protected function getFiltersForRoute(string $route, string $position): array
 
         $this->filters->reset();
 
-        if ($routeFilters = $this->collection->getFiltersForRoute($route)) {
+        $routeFilters = $this->collection->getFiltersForRoute($route);
+
+        if ($routeFilters !== []) {
             $this->filters->enableFilters($routeFilters, $position);
         }
 
@@ -260,6 +268,8 @@ protected function assertFilter(string $route, string $position, string $alias):
      * @param string $route    The route to test
      * @param string $position "before" or "after"
      * @param string $alias    Alias for the anticipated filter
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function assertNotFilter(string $route, string $position, string $alias)
     {
@@ -278,6 +288,8 @@ protected function assertNotFilter(string $route, string $position, string $alia
      *
      * @param string $route    The route to test
      * @param string $position "before" or "after"
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function assertHasFilters(string $route, string $position)
     {
@@ -295,6 +307,8 @@ protected function assertHasFilters(string $route, string $position)
      *
      * @param string $route    The route to test
      * @param string $position "before" or "after"
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function assertNotHasFilters(string $route, string $position)
     {
diff --git a/system/Test/Filters/CITestStreamFilter.php b/system/Test/Filters/CITestStreamFilter.php
index 64c3d64d65c5..538c0741ba8d 100644
--- a/system/Test/Filters/CITestStreamFilter.php
+++ b/system/Test/Filters/CITestStreamFilter.php
@@ -48,13 +48,14 @@ class CITestStreamFilter extends php_user_filter
      * @param resource $out
      * @param int      $consumed
      * @param bool     $closing
+     *
+     * @param-out int $consumed
      */
     public function filter($in, $out, &$consumed, $closing): int
     {
         while ($bucket = stream_bucket_make_writeable($in)) {
             static::$buffer .= $bucket->data;
-
-            $consumed += $bucket->datalen;
+            $consumed += (int) $bucket->datalen;
         }
 
         return PSFS_PASS_ON;
@@ -92,11 +93,13 @@ public static function removeOutputFilter(): void
     }
 
     /**
-     * @param resource $stream
+     * @param resource|null $stream
+     *
+     * @param-out null $stream
      */
     protected static function removeFilter(&$stream): void
     {
-        if (is_resource($stream)) {
+        if ($stream !== null) {
             stream_filter_remove($stream);
             $stream = null;
         }
diff --git a/system/Test/Interfaces/FabricatorModel.php b/system/Test/Interfaces/FabricatorModel.php
index a5860e22fb83..57c1b16cc2dc 100644
--- a/system/Test/Interfaces/FabricatorModel.php
+++ b/system/Test/Interfaces/FabricatorModel.php
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ interface FabricatorModel
      *
      * @param int|list<int|string>|string|null $id One primary key or an array of primary keys
      *
-     * @phpstan-return ($id is int|string ? row_array|object|null : list<row_array|object>)
+     * @return ($id is int|string ? object|row_array|null : list<object|row_array>)
      */
     public function find($id = null);
 
@@ -47,9 +47,8 @@ public function find($id = null);
      * Inserts data into the current table. If an object is provided,
      * it will attempt to convert it to an array.
      *
-     * @param         array|object|null     $row
-     * @phpstan-param row_array|object|null $row
-     * @param         bool                  $returnID Whether insert ID should be returned or not.
+     * @param object|row_array|null $row
+     * @param bool                  $returnID Whether insert ID should be returned or not.
      *
      * @return bool|int|string
      *
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockBuilder.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockBuilder.php
index e947f0ef5fb7..f95f09495a98 100644
--- a/system/Test/Mock/MockBuilder.php
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockBuilder.php
@@ -17,6 +17,9 @@
 
 class MockBuilder extends BaseBuilder
 {
+    /**
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
     protected $supportedIgnoreStatements = [
         'update' => 'IGNORE',
         'insert' => 'IGNORE',
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockCLIConfig.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockCLIConfig.php
index c62df3d9f43a..99e3597d353a 100644
--- a/system/Test/Mock/MockCLIConfig.php
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockCLIConfig.php
@@ -17,14 +17,19 @@
 
 class MockCLIConfig extends App
 {
-    public string $baseURL         = 'http://example.com/';
-    public string $uriProtocol     = 'REQUEST_URI';
-    public array $proxyIPs         = [];
-    public string $CSRFTokenName   = 'csrf_test_name';
-    public string $CSRFCookieName  = 'csrf_cookie_name';
-    public int $CSRFExpire         = 7200;
-    public bool $CSRFRegenerate    = true;
-    public $CSRFExcludeURIs        = ['http://example.com'];
+    public string $baseURL        = 'http://example.com/';
+    public string $uriProtocol    = 'REQUEST_URI';
+    public array $proxyIPs        = [];
+    public string $CSRFTokenName  = 'csrf_test_name';
+    public string $CSRFCookieName = 'csrf_cookie_name';
+    public int $CSRFExpire        = 7200;
+    public bool $CSRFRegenerate   = true;
+
+    /**
+     * @var list<string>
+     */
+    public array $CSRFExcludeURIs = ['http://example.com'];
+
     public string $CSRFSameSite    = 'Lax';
     public bool $CSPEnabled        = false;
     public string $defaultLocale   = 'en';
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockCURLRequest.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockCURLRequest.php
index 97f80e7c1da2..059b83114927 100644
--- a/system/Test/Mock/MockCURLRequest.php
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockCURLRequest.php
@@ -14,19 +14,30 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Mock;
 
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CURLRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\URI;
 
 /**
- * Class MockCURLRequest
- *
  * Simply allows us to not actually call cURL during the
  * test runs. Instead, we can set the desired output
  * and get back the set options.
  */
 class MockCURLRequest extends CURLRequest
 {
+    /**
+     * @var array<int, mixed>
+     */
     public $curl_options;
+
+    /**
+     * @var string
+     */
     protected $output = '';
 
+    /**
+     * @param string $output
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
     public function setOutput($output)
     {
         $this->output = $output;
@@ -34,23 +45,33 @@ public function setOutput($output)
         return $this;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @param array<int, mixed> $curlOptions
+     */
     protected function sendRequest(array $curlOptions = []): string
     {
         $this->response = clone $this->responseOrig;
 
-        // Save so we can access later.
         $this->curl_options = $curlOptions;
 
         return $this->output;
     }
 
-    // for testing purposes only
+    /**
+     * for testing purposes only
+     *
+     * @return URI
+     */
     public function getBaseURI()
     {
         return $this->baseURI;
     }
 
-    // for testing purposes only
+    /**
+     * for testing purposes only
+     *
+     * @return float
+     */
     public function getDelay()
     {
         return $this->delay;
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockCache.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockCache.php
index 85b5fd9e7e14..6699ad266c63 100644
--- a/system/Test/Mock/MockCache.php
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockCache.php
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class MockCache extends BaseHandler implements CacheInterface
     /**
      * Expiration times.
      *
-     * @var ?list<int>
+     * @var array<string, int|null>
      */
     protected $expirations = [];
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ public function get(string $key)
     {
         $key = static::validateKey($key, $this->prefix);
 
-        return array_key_exists($key, $this->cache) ? $this->cache[$key] : null;
+        return $this->cache[$key] ?? null;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -214,8 +214,9 @@ public function getCacheInfo()
     /**
      * Returns detailed information about the specific item in the cache.
      *
-     * @return array|null Returns null if the item does not exist, otherwise array<string, mixed>
-     *                    with at least the 'expire' key for absolute epoch expiry (or null).
+     * @return array{expire: int|null}|null Returns null if the item does not exist,
+     *                                      otherwise, array with the 'expire' key for
+     *                                      absolute epoch expiry (or null).
      */
     public function getMetaData(string $key)
     {
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockConnection.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockConnection.php
index ed814240bad3..d14160595333 100644
--- a/system/Test/Mock/MockConnection.php
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockConnection.php
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnection;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseResult;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Query;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\TableName;
+use stdClass;
 
 /**
  * @extends BaseConnection<object|resource, object|resource>
@@ -24,7 +26,10 @@
 class MockConnection extends BaseConnection
 {
     /**
-     * @var array{connect?: mixed, execute?: bool|object}
+     * @var array{
+     *   connect?: false|list<false|object|resource>|object|resource,
+     *   execute?: false|object|resource,
+     * }
      */
     protected $returnValues = [];
 
@@ -35,11 +40,18 @@ class MockConnection extends BaseConnection
      */
     protected $schema;
 
+    /**
+     * @var string
+     */
     public $database;
+
+    /**
+     * @var Query
+     */
     public $lastQuery;
 
     /**
-     * @param mixed $return
+     * @param false|list<false|object|resource>|object|resource $return
      *
      * @return $this
      */
@@ -58,14 +70,15 @@ public function shouldReturn(string $method, $return)
      * Should automatically handle different connections for read/write
      * queries if needed.
      *
-     * @param mixed ...$binds
+     * @param mixed $binds
      *
-     * @return BaseResult|bool|Query
+     * @return BaseResult<object|resource, object|resource>|bool|Query
      *
      * @todo BC set $queryClass default as null in 4.1
      */
     public function query(string $sql, $binds = null, bool $setEscapeFlags = true, string $queryClass = '')
     {
+        /** @var class-string<Query> $queryClass */
         $queryClass = str_replace('Connection', 'Query', static::class);
 
         $query = new $queryClass($this);
@@ -80,23 +93,24 @@ public function query(string $sql, $binds = null, bool $setEscapeFlags = true, s
 
         $this->lastQuery = $query;
 
-        // Run the query
-        if (false === ($this->resultID = $this->simpleQuery($query->getQuery()))) {
+        $this->resultID = $this->simpleQuery($query->getQuery());
+
+        if ($this->resultID === false) {
             $query->setDuration($startTime, $startTime);
 
             // @todo deal with errors
-
             return false;
         }
 
         $query->setDuration($startTime);
 
         // resultID is not false, so it must be successful
-        if ($query->isWriteType($sql)) {
+        if ($query->isWriteType()) {
             return true;
         }
 
         // query is not write-type, so it must be read-type query; return QueryResult
+        /** @var class-string<BaseResult> $resultClass */
         $resultClass = str_replace('Connection', 'Result', static::class);
 
         return new $resultClass($this->connID, $this->resultID);
@@ -105,7 +119,7 @@ public function query(string $sql, $binds = null, bool $setEscapeFlags = true, s
     /**
      * Connect to the database.
      *
-     * @return mixed
+     * @return false|object|resource
      */
     public function connect(bool $persistent = false)
     {
@@ -152,7 +166,7 @@ public function getVersion(): string
     /**
      * Executes the query against the database.
      *
-     * @return bool|object
+     * @return false|object|resource
      */
     protected function execute(string $sql)
     {
@@ -170,9 +184,7 @@ public function affectedRows(): int
     /**
      * Returns the last error code and message.
      *
-     * Must return an array with keys 'code' and 'message':
-     *
-     *  return ['code' => null, 'message' => null);
+     * @return array{code: int, message: string}
      */
     public function error(): array
     {
@@ -182,9 +194,6 @@ public function error(): array
         ];
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Insert ID
-     */
     public function insertID(): int
     {
         return $this->connID->insert_id;
@@ -202,22 +211,33 @@ protected function _listTables(bool $constrainByPrefix = false, ?string $tableNa
 
     /**
      * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched.
+     *
+     * @param string|TableName $table
      */
-    protected function _listColumns(string $table = ''): string
+    protected function _listColumns($table = ''): string
     {
         return '';
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return list<stdClass>
+     */
     protected function _fieldData(string $table): array
     {
         return [];
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return array<string, stdClass>
+     */
     protected function _indexData(string $table): array
     {
         return [];
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return array<string, stdClass>
+     */
     protected function _foreignKeyData(string $table): array
     {
         return [];
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockEvents.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockEvents.php
index 9a2f0f35f342..4ed1ea67ccce 100644
--- a/system/Test/Mock/MockEvents.php
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockEvents.php
@@ -15,26 +15,35 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\Events\Events;
 
-/**
- * Events
- */
 class MockEvents extends Events
 {
+    /**
+     * @return array<string, array{0: bool, 1: list<int>, 2: list<callable(mixed): mixed>}>
+     */
     public function getListeners()
     {
         return self::$listeners;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return list<string>
+     */
     public function getEventsFile()
     {
         return self::$files;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return bool
+     */
     public function getSimulate()
     {
         return self::$simulate;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return void
+     */
     public function unInitialize()
     {
         static::$initialized = false;
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockFileLogger.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockFileLogger.php
index 8737e724b413..5a815b223196 100644
--- a/system/Test/Mock/MockFileLogger.php
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockFileLogger.php
@@ -16,21 +16,24 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Log\Handlers\FileHandler;
 
 /**
- * Class MockFileLogger
- *
  * Extends FileHandler, exposing some inner workings
  */
 class MockFileLogger extends FileHandler
 {
     /**
      * Where would the log be written?
+     *
+     * @var string
      */
     public $destination;
 
+    /**
+     * @param array{handles?: list<string>, path?: string, fileExtension?: string, filePermissions?: int} $config
+     */
     public function __construct(array $config)
     {
         parent::__construct($config);
-        $this->handles     = $config['handles'] ?? [];
+
         $this->destination = $this->path . 'log-' . date('Y-m-d') . '.' . $this->fileExtension;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockInputOutput.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockInputOutput.php
index 750f142a00e7..6aa4779fb742 100644
--- a/system/Test/Mock/MockInputOutput.php
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockInputOutput.php
@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Mock;
 
 use CodeIgniter\CLI\InputOutput;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\LogicException;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\Filters\CITestStreamFilter;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\PhpStreamWrapper;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
-use LogicException;
 
 final class MockInputOutput extends InputOutput
 {
@@ -31,16 +31,14 @@ final class MockInputOutput extends InputOutput
     /**
      * Output lines.
      *
-     * @var         array<int, string>
-     * @phpstan-var list<string>
+     * @var list<string>
      */
     private array $outputs = [];
 
     /**
      * Sets user inputs.
      *
-     * @param         array<int, string> $inputs
-     * @phpstan-param list<string>       $inputs
+     * @param list<string> $inputs
      */
     public function setInputs(array $inputs): void
     {
@@ -74,12 +72,14 @@ public function getOutput(?int $index = null): string
 
         throw new InvalidArgumentException(
             'No such index in output: ' . $index . ', the last index is: '
-            . (count($this->outputs) - 1)
+            . (count($this->outputs) - 1),
         );
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns the outputs array.
+     *
+     * @return list<string>
      */
     public function getOutputs(): array
     {
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ public function input(?string $prefix = null): string
     {
         if ($this->inputs === []) {
             throw new LogicException(
-                'No input data. Specifiy input data with `MockInputOutput::setInputs()`.'
+                'No input data. Specifiy input data with `MockInputOutput::setInputs()`.',
             );
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockLanguage.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockLanguage.php
index 80143d555f19..3102bb91755b 100644
--- a/system/Test/Mock/MockLanguage.php
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockLanguage.php
@@ -15,13 +15,16 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\Language\Language;
 
+/**
+ * @phpstan-import-type LoadedStrings from Language
+ */
 class MockLanguage extends Language
 {
     /**
      * Stores the data that should be
      * returned by the 'requireFile()' method.
      *
-     * @var mixed
+     * @var LoadedStrings|null
      */
     protected $data;
 
@@ -30,18 +33,24 @@ class MockLanguage extends Language
      * 'requireFile()' method to allow easy overrides
      * during testing.
      *
+     * @param LoadedStrings $data
+     *
      * @return $this
      */
     public function setData(string $file, array $data, ?string $locale = null)
     {
         $this->language[$locale ?? $this->locale][$file] = $data;
 
+        $this->data = $data;
+
         return $this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Provides an override that allows us to set custom
      * data to be returned easily during testing.
+     *
+     * @return LoadedStrings
      */
     protected function requireFile(string $path): array
     {
@@ -50,6 +59,8 @@ protected function requireFile(string $path): array
 
     /**
      * Arbitrarily turnoff internationalization support for testing
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function disableIntlSupport()
     {
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockLogger.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockLogger.php
index 5130b2eabada..411c1a66a6be 100644
--- a/system/Test/Mock/MockLogger.php
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockLogger.php
@@ -13,77 +13,79 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Mock;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Log\Handlers\HandlerInterface;
+use Config\Logger;
 use Tests\Support\Log\Handlers\TestHandler;
 
-class MockLogger
+class MockLogger extends Logger
 {
-    /*
-      |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-      | Error Logging Threshold
-      |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-      |
-      | You can enable error logging by setting a threshold over zero. The
-      | threshold determines what gets logged. Any values below or equal to the
-      | threshold will be logged. Threshold options are:
-      |
-      |	0 = Disables logging, Error logging TURNED OFF
-      |	1 = Emergency Messages  - System is unusable
-      |	2 = Alert Messages      - Action Must Be Taken Immediately
-      |   3 = Critical Messages   - Application component unavailable, unexpected exception.
-      |   4 = Runtime Errors      - Don't need immediate action, but should be monitored.
-      |   5 = Warnings            - Exceptional occurrences that are not errors.
-      |   6 = Notices             - Normal but significant events.
-      |   7 = Info                - Interesting events, like user logging in, etc.
-      |   8 = Debug               - Detailed debug information.
-      |   9 = All Messages
-      |
-      | You can also pass an array with threshold levels to show individual error types
-      |
-      | 	array(1, 2, 3, 8) = Emergency, Alert, Critical, and Debug messages
-      |
-      | For a live site you'll usually enable Critical or higher (3) to be logged otherwise
-      | your log files will fill up very fast.
-      |
+    /**
+     *--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Error Logging Threshold
+     *--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * You can enable error logging by setting a threshold over zero. The
+     * threshold determines what gets logged. Any values below or equal to the
+     * threshold will be logged. Threshold options are:
+     *
+     *	0 = Disables logging, Error logging TURNED OFF
+     *	1 = Emergency Messages  - System is unusable
+     *	2 = Alert Messages      - Action Must Be Taken Immediately
+     *   3 = Critical Messages   - Application component unavailable, unexpected exception.
+     *   4 = Runtime Errors      - Don't need immediate action, but should be monitored.
+     *   5 = Warnings            - Exceptional occurrences that are not errors.
+     *   6 = Notices             - Normal but significant events.
+     *   7 = Info                - Interesting events, like user logging in, etc.
+     *   8 = Debug               - Detailed debug information.
+     *   9 = All Messages
+     *
+     * You can also pass an array with threshold levels to show individual error types
+     *
+     * 	array(1, 2, 3, 8) = Emergency, Alert, Critical, and Debug messages
+     *
+     * For a live site you'll usually enable Critical or higher (3) to be logged otherwise
+     * your log files will fill up very fast.
+     *
+     * @var int|list<int>
      */
-
     public $threshold = 9;
 
-    /*
-      |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-      | Date Format for Logs
-      |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-      |
-      | Each item that is logged has an associated date. You can use PHP date
-      | codes to set your own date formatting
-      |
+    /**
+     *--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Date Format for Logs
+     *--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Each item that is logged has an associated date. You can use PHP date
+     * codes to set your own date formatting
      */
-    public $dateFormat = 'Y-m-d';
+    public string $dateFormat = 'Y-m-d';
 
-    /*
-      |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-      | Log Handlers
-      |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-      |
-      | The logging system supports multiple actions to be taken when something
-      | is logged. This is done by allowing for multiple Handlers, special classes
-      | designed to write the log to their chosen destinations, whether that is
-      | a file on the server, a cloud-based service, or even taking actions such
-      | as emailing the dev team.
-      |
-      | Each handler is defined by the class name used for that handler, and it
-      | MUST implement the CodeIgniter\Log\Handlers\HandlerInterface interface.
-      |
-      | The value of each key is an array of configuration items that are sent
-      | to the constructor of each handler. The only required configuration item
-      | is the 'handles' element, which must be an array of integer log levels.
-      | This is most easily handled by using the constants defined in the
-      | Psr\Log\LogLevel class.
-      |
-      | Handlers are executed in the order defined in this array, starting with
-      | the handler on top and continuing down.
-      |
+    /**
+     *--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Log Handlers
+     *--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * The logging system supports multiple actions to be taken when something
+     * is logged. This is done by allowing for multiple Handlers, special classes
+     * designed to write the log to their chosen destinations, whether that is
+     * a file on the server, a cloud-based service, or even taking actions such
+     * as emailing the dev team.
+     *
+     * Each handler is defined by the class name used for that handler, and it
+     * MUST implement the CodeIgniter\Log\Handlers\HandlerInterface interface.
+     *
+     * The value of each key is an array of configuration items that are sent
+     * to the constructor of each handler. The only required configuration item
+     * is the 'handles' element, which must be an array of integer log levels.
+     * This is most easily handled by using the constants defined in the
+     * Psr\Log\LogLevel class.
+     *
+     * Handlers are executed in the order defined in this array, starting with
+     * the handler on top and continuing down.
+     *
+     * @var array<class-string<HandlerInterface>, array<string, int|list<string>|string>>
      */
-    public $handlers = [
+    public array $handlers = [
         // File Handler
         TestHandler::class => [
             // The log levels that this handler will handle.
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockResourceController.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockResourceController.php
index daf2cf4b9275..67bc89d88e9a 100644
--- a/system/Test/Mock/MockResourceController.php
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockResourceController.php
@@ -17,16 +17,25 @@
 
 class MockResourceController extends ResourceController
 {
+    /**
+     * @return object|null
+     */
     public function getModel()
     {
         return $this->model;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return class-string|null
+     */
     public function getModelName()
     {
         return $this->modelName;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return 'json'|'xml'|null
+     */
     public function getFormat()
     {
         return $this->format;
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockResourcePresenter.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockResourcePresenter.php
index 9f6cd7ba16d3..ecb0aa10c51a 100644
--- a/system/Test/Mock/MockResourcePresenter.php
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockResourcePresenter.php
@@ -20,16 +20,25 @@ class MockResourcePresenter extends ResourcePresenter
 {
     use ResponseTrait;
 
+    /**
+     * @return object|null
+     */
     public function getModel()
     {
         return $this->model;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return class-string|null
+     */
     public function getModelName()
     {
         return $this->modelName;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return 'json'|'xml'|null
+     */
     public function getFormat()
     {
         return $this->format;
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockResponse.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockResponse.php
index ec3da86fd55d..1ea9c1627541 100644
--- a/system/Test/Mock/MockResponse.php
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockResponse.php
@@ -15,9 +15,6 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Response;
 
-/**
- * Class MockResponse
- */
 class MockResponse extends Response
 {
     /**
@@ -27,13 +24,21 @@ class MockResponse extends Response
      */
     protected $pretend = true;
 
-    // for testing
+    /**
+     * For testing.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
     public function getPretend()
     {
         return $this->pretend;
     }
 
-    // artificial error for testing
+    /**
+     * Artificial error for testing
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
     public function misbehave()
     {
         $this->statusCode = 0;
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockResult.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockResult.php
index f3ca02651bfc..bc5cd8ac2054 100644
--- a/system/Test/Mock/MockResult.php
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockResult.php
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ public function getFieldCount(): int
 
     /**
      * Generates an array of column names in the result set.
+     *
+     * @return array{}
      */
     public function getFieldNames(): array
     {
@@ -39,6 +41,8 @@ public function getFieldNames(): array
 
     /**
      * Generates an array of objects representing field meta-data.
+     *
+     * @return array{}
      */
     public function getFieldData(): array
     {
@@ -73,22 +77,21 @@ public function dataSeek($n = 0)
      *
      * Overridden by driver classes.
      *
-     * @return mixed
+     * @return array{}
      */
     protected function fetchAssoc()
     {
+        return [];
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns the result set as an object.
      *
-     * Overridden by child classes.
-     *
-     * @param string $className
+     * @param class-string $className
      *
-     * @return object|stdClass
+     * @return object
      */
-    protected function fetchObject($className = 'stdClass')
+    protected function fetchObject($className = stdClass::class)
     {
         return new $className();
     }
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockServices.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockServices.php
index 5d1076a6dffb..c71bb612c6a7 100644
--- a/system/Test/Mock/MockServices.php
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockServices.php
@@ -18,9 +18,16 @@
 
 class MockServices extends BaseService
 {
+    /**
+     * @var array<non-empty-string, non-empty-string>
+     */
     public $psr4 = [
         'Tests/Support' => TESTPATH . '_support/',
     ];
+
+    /**
+     * @var array<class-string, string>
+     */
     public $classmap = [];
 
     public function __construct()
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockSession.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockSession.php
index 37cdc76111b0..b581f81dfafb 100644
--- a/system/Test/Mock/MockSession.php
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockSession.php
@@ -30,13 +30,15 @@ class MockSession extends Session
      *
      * @var list<Cookie>
      */
-    public $cookies = [];
+    public array $cookies = [];
 
-    public $didRegenerate = false;
+    public bool $didRegenerate = false;
 
     /**
      * Sets the driver as the session handler in PHP.
      * Extracted for easier testing.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function setSaveHandler()
     {
@@ -46,6 +48,8 @@ protected function setSaveHandler()
     /**
      * Starts the session.
      * Extracted for testing reasons.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function startSession()
     {
@@ -56,6 +60,8 @@ protected function startSession()
     /**
      * Takes care of setting the cookie on the client side.
      * Extracted for testing reasons.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function setCookie()
     {
@@ -65,6 +71,11 @@ protected function setCookie()
         $this->cookies[] = $this->cookie;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Regenerates the session ID.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
     public function regenerate(bool $destroy = false)
     {
         $this->didRegenerate              = true;
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockTable.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockTable.php
index 1976aaed7be1..4ce1a29e8391 100644
--- a/system/Test/Mock/MockTable.php
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockTable.php
@@ -13,12 +13,19 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Mock;
 
-use BadMethodCallException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\BadMethodCallException;
 use CodeIgniter\View\Table;
 
 class MockTable extends Table
 {
-    // Override inaccessible protected method
+    /**
+     * Override inaccessible protected method
+     *
+     * @param string      $method
+     * @param list<mixed> $params
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
     public function __call($method, $params)
     {
         if (is_callable([$this, '_' . $method])) {
diff --git a/system/Test/PhpStreamWrapper.php b/system/Test/PhpStreamWrapper.php
index a6be8dd1329c..927821e8b4dd 100644
--- a/system/Test/PhpStreamWrapper.php
+++ b/system/Test/PhpStreamWrapper.php
@@ -30,17 +30,26 @@ final class PhpStreamWrapper
     private static string $content = '';
     private int $position          = 0;
 
+    /**
+     * @return void
+     */
     public static function setContent(string $content)
     {
         self::$content = $content;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return void
+     */
     public static function register()
     {
         stream_wrapper_unregister('php');
         stream_wrapper_register('php', self::class);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return void
+     */
     public static function restore()
     {
         stream_wrapper_restore('php');
@@ -52,7 +61,7 @@ public function stream_open(): bool
     }
 
     /**
-     * @return false|string
+     * @return string
      */
     public function stream_read(int $count)
     {
@@ -63,7 +72,7 @@ public function stream_read(int $count)
     }
 
     /**
-     * @return array|false
+     * @return array{}
      */
     public function stream_stat()
     {
diff --git a/system/Test/ReflectionHelper.php b/system/Test/ReflectionHelper.php
index adf22ac5a9ac..47e85f4a8903 100644
--- a/system/Test/ReflectionHelper.php
+++ b/system/Test/ReflectionHelper.php
@@ -31,18 +31,16 @@ trait ReflectionHelper
      * @param object|string $obj    object or class name
      * @param string        $method method name
      *
-     * @return         Closure
-     * @phpstan-return Closure(mixed ...$args): mixed
+     * @return Closure(mixed ...$args): mixed
      *
      * @throws ReflectionException
      */
     public static function getPrivateMethodInvoker($obj, $method)
     {
         $refMethod = new ReflectionMethod($obj, $method);
-        $refMethod->setAccessible(true);
-        $obj = (gettype($obj) === 'object') ? $obj : null;
+        $obj       = (gettype($obj) === 'object') ? $obj : null;
 
-        return static fn (...$args) => $refMethod->invokeArgs($obj, $args);
+        return static fn (...$args): mixed => $refMethod->invokeArgs($obj, $args);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -59,10 +57,7 @@ private static function getAccessibleRefProperty($obj, $property)
     {
         $refClass = is_object($obj) ? new ReflectionObject($obj) : new ReflectionClass($obj);
 
-        $refProperty = $refClass->getProperty($property);
-        $refProperty->setAccessible(true);
-
-        return $refProperty;
+        return $refClass->getProperty($property);
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/system/Test/TestLogger.php b/system/Test/TestLogger.php
index 73fbab5571a7..bbd0839e93b2 100644
--- a/system/Test/TestLogger.php
+++ b/system/Test/TestLogger.php
@@ -92,18 +92,4 @@ public static function didLog(string $level, $message, bool $useExactComparison
 
         return false;
     }
-
-    /**
-     * Expose filenames.
-     *
-     * @param string $file
-     *
-     * @return string
-     *
-     * @deprecated No longer needed as underlying protected method is also deprecated.
-     */
-    public function cleanup($file)
-    {
-        return clean_path($file);
-    }
 }
diff --git a/system/Test/TestResponse.php b/system/Test/TestResponse.php
index f36a9f8ff5e5..13b1df3abaf0 100644
--- a/system/Test/TestResponse.php
+++ b/system/Test/TestResponse.php
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ public function assertOK(): void
     {
         Assert::assertTrue(
             $this->isOK(),
-            "{$this->response->getStatusCode()} is not a successful status code, or Response has an empty body."
+            "{$this->response->getStatusCode()} is not a successful status code, or Response has an empty body.",
         );
     }
 
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ public function assertNotOK(): void
     {
         Assert::assertFalse(
             $this->isOK(),
-            "{$this->response->getStatusCode()} is an unexpected successful status code, or Response body has content."
+            "{$this->response->getStatusCode()} is an unexpected successful status code, or Response body has content.",
         );
     }
 
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ public function assertHeader(string $key, $value = null): void
             Assert::assertSame(
                 $value,
                 $this->response->getHeaderLine($key),
-                "The value of '{$key}' header ({$this->response->getHeaderLine($key)}) does not match expected value."
+                "The value of '{$key}' header ({$this->response->getHeaderLine($key)}) does not match expected value.",
             );
         }
     }
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ public function assertCookieExpired(string $key, string $prefix = ''): void
 
         Assert::assertGreaterThan(
             Time::now()->getTimestamp(),
-            $this->response->getCookie($key, $prefix)->getExpiresTimestamp()
+            $this->response->getCookie($key, $prefix)->getExpiresTimestamp(),
         );
     }
 
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ public function assertSee(?string $search = null, ?string $element = null): void
     {
         Assert::assertTrue(
             $this->domParser->see($search, $element),
-            "Text '{$search}' is not seen in response."
+            "Text '{$search}' is not seen in response.",
         );
     }
 
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ public function assertDontSee(?string $search = null, ?string $element = null):
     {
         Assert::assertTrue(
             $this->domParser->dontSee($search, $element),
-            "Text '{$search}' is unexpectedly seen in response."
+            "Text '{$search}' is unexpectedly seen in response.",
         );
     }
 
@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ public function assertSeeElement(string $search): void
     {
         Assert::assertTrue(
             $this->domParser->seeElement($search),
-            "Element with selector '{$search}' is not seen in response."
+            "Element with selector '{$search}' is not seen in response.",
         );
     }
 
@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ public function assertDontSeeElement(string $search): void
     {
         Assert::assertTrue(
             $this->domParser->dontSeeElement($search),
-            "Element with selector '{$search}' is unexpectedly seen in response.'"
+            "Element with selector '{$search}' is unexpectedly seen in response.'",
         );
     }
 
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ public function assertSeeLink(string $text, ?string $details = null): void
     {
         Assert::assertTrue(
             $this->domParser->seeLink($text, $details),
-            "Anchor tag with text '{$text}' is not seen in response."
+            "Anchor tag with text '{$text}' is not seen in response.",
         );
     }
 
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ public function assertSeeInField(string $field, ?string $value = null): void
     {
         Assert::assertTrue(
             $this->domParser->seeInField($field, $value),
-            "Input named '{$field}' with value '{$value}' is not seen in response."
+            "Input named '{$field}' with value '{$value}' is not seen in response.",
         );
     }
 
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Escaper/Escaper.php b/system/ThirdParty/Escaper/Escaper.php
index c4964cb55e4a..25119a0e5158 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Escaper/Escaper.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Escaper/Escaper.php
@@ -4,11 +4,13 @@
 
 namespace Laminas\Escaper;
 
+use function assert;
 use function bin2hex;
 use function ctype_digit;
 use function hexdec;
 use function htmlspecialchars;
 use function in_array;
+use function is_string;
 use function mb_convert_encoding;
 use function ord;
 use function preg_match;
@@ -25,8 +27,10 @@
 
 /**
  * Context specific methods for use in secure output escaping
+ *
+ * @final
  */
-class Escaper
+class Escaper implements EscaperInterface
 {
     /**
      * Entity Map mapping Unicode codepoints to any available named HTML entities.
@@ -49,7 +53,7 @@ class Escaper
      * Current encoding for escaping. If not UTF-8, we convert strings from this encoding
      * pre-escaping and back to this encoding post-escaping.
      *
-     * @var string
+     * @var non-empty-string
      */
     protected $encoding = 'utf-8';
 
@@ -88,7 +92,7 @@ class Escaper
     /**
      * List of all encoding supported by this class
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var list<non-empty-string>
      */
     protected $supportedEncodings = [
         'iso-8859-1',
@@ -131,6 +135,7 @@ class Escaper
      * Constructor: Single parameter allows setting of global encoding for use by
      * the current object.
      *
+     * @param non-empty-string|null $encoding
      * @throws Exception\InvalidArgumentException
      */
     public function __construct(?string $encoding = null)
@@ -159,49 +164,32 @@ public function __construct(?string $encoding = null)
         // set matcher callbacks
         $this->htmlAttrMatcher =
             /** @param array<array-key, string> $matches */
-            function (array $matches): string {
-                return $this->htmlAttrMatcher($matches);
-            };
+            fn(array $matches): string => $this->htmlAttrMatcher($matches);
         $this->jsMatcher       =
             /** @param array<array-key, string> $matches */
-            function (array $matches): string {
-                return $this->jsMatcher($matches);
-            };
+            fn(array $matches): string => $this->jsMatcher($matches);
         $this->cssMatcher      =
             /** @param array<array-key, string> $matches */
-            function (array $matches): string {
-                return $this->cssMatcher($matches);
-            };
+            fn(array $matches): string => $this->cssMatcher($matches);
     }
 
     /**
      * Return the encoding that all output/input is expected to be encoded in.
      *
-     * @return string
+     * @return non-empty-string
      */
     public function getEncoding()
     {
         return $this->encoding;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Escape a string for the HTML Body context where there are very few characters
-     * of special meaning. Internally this will use htmlspecialchars().
-     *
-     * @return string
-     */
+    /** @inheritDoc */
     public function escapeHtml(string $string)
     {
         return htmlspecialchars($string, $this->htmlSpecialCharsFlags, $this->encoding);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Escape a string for the HTML Attribute context. We use an extended set of characters
-     * to escape that are not covered by htmlspecialchars() to cover cases where an attribute
-     * might be unquoted or quoted illegally (e.g. backticks are valid quotes for IE).
-     *
-     * @return string
-     */
+    /** @inheritDoc */
     public function escapeHtmlAttr(string $string)
     {
         $string = $this->toUtf8($string);
@@ -210,20 +198,12 @@ public function escapeHtmlAttr(string $string)
         }
 
         $result = preg_replace_callback('/[^a-z0-9,\.\-_]/iSu', $this->htmlAttrMatcher, $string);
+        assert(is_string($result));
+
         return $this->fromUtf8($result);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Escape a string for the Javascript context. This does not use json_encode(). An extended
-     * set of characters are escaped beyond ECMAScript's rules for Javascript literal string
-     * escaping in order to prevent misinterpretation of Javascript as HTML leading to the
-     * injection of special characters and entities. The escaping used should be tolerant
-     * of cases where HTML escaping was not applied on top of Javascript escaping correctly.
-     * Backslash escaping is not used as it still leaves the escaped character as-is and so
-     * is not useful in a HTML context.
-     *
-     * @return string
-     */
+    /** @inheritDoc */
     public function escapeJs(string $string)
     {
         $string = $this->toUtf8($string);
@@ -232,27 +212,18 @@ public function escapeJs(string $string)
         }
 
         $result = preg_replace_callback('/[^a-z0-9,\._]/iSu', $this->jsMatcher, $string);
+        assert(is_string($result));
+
         return $this->fromUtf8($result);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Escape a string for the URI or Parameter contexts. This should not be used to escape
-     * an entire URI - only a subcomponent being inserted. The function is a simple proxy
-     * to rawurlencode() which now implements RFC 3986 since PHP 5.3 completely.
-     *
-     * @return string
-     */
+    /** @inheritDoc */
     public function escapeUrl(string $string)
     {
         return rawurlencode($string);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Escape a string for the CSS context. CSS escaping can be applied to any string being
-     * inserted into CSS and escapes everything except alphanumerics.
-     *
-     * @return string
-     */
+    /** @inheritDoc */
     public function escapeCss(string $string)
     {
         $string = $this->toUtf8($string);
@@ -261,6 +232,8 @@ public function escapeCss(string $string)
         }
 
         $result = preg_replace_callback('/[^a-z0-9]/iSu', $this->cssMatcher, $string);
+        assert(is_string($result));
+
         return $this->fromUtf8($result);
     }
 
@@ -274,7 +247,7 @@ public function escapeCss(string $string)
     protected function htmlAttrMatcher($matches)
     {
         $chr = $matches[0];
-        $ord = ord($chr);
+        $ord = ord($chr[0]);
 
         /**
          * The following replaces characters undefined in HTML with the
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Escaper/EscaperInterface.php b/system/ThirdParty/Escaper/EscaperInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3930db88ac01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Escaper/EscaperInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Laminas\Escaper;
+
+/**
+ * Interface for context specific methods for use in secure output escaping
+ */
+interface EscaperInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Escape a string for the HTML Body context where there are very few characters
+     * of special meaning. Internally this will use htmlspecialchars().
+     *
+     * @return ($string is non-empty-string ? non-empty-string : string)
+     */
+    public function escapeHtml(string $string);
+
+    /**
+     * Escape a string for the HTML Attribute context. We use an extended set of characters
+     * to escape that are not covered by htmlspecialchars() to cover cases where an attribute
+     * might be unquoted or quoted illegally (e.g. backticks are valid quotes for IE).
+     *
+     * @return ($string is non-empty-string ? non-empty-string : string)
+     */
+    public function escapeHtmlAttr(string $string);
+
+    /**
+     * Escape a string for the Javascript context. This does not use json_encode(). An extended
+     * set of characters are escaped beyond ECMAScript's rules for Javascript literal string
+     * escaping in order to prevent misinterpretation of Javascript as HTML leading to the
+     * injection of special characters and entities. The escaping used should be tolerant
+     * of cases where HTML escaping was not applied on top of Javascript escaping correctly.
+     * Backslash escaping is not used as it still leaves the escaped character as-is and so
+     * is not useful in a HTML context.
+     *
+     * @return ($string is non-empty-string ? non-empty-string : string)
+     */
+    public function escapeJs(string $string);
+
+    /**
+     * Escape a string for the URI or Parameter contexts. This should not be used to escape
+     * an entire URI - only a subcomponent being inserted. The function is a simple proxy
+     * to rawurlencode() which now implements RFC 3986 since PHP 5.3 completely.
+     *
+     * @return ($string is non-empty-string ? non-empty-string : string)
+     */
+    public function escapeUrl(string $string);
+
+    /**
+     * Escape a string for the CSS context. CSS escaping can be applied to any string being
+     * inserted into CSS and escapes everything except alphanumerics.
+     *
+     * @return ($string is non-empty-string ? non-empty-string : string)
+     */
+    public function escapeCss(string $string);
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/CallFinder.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/CallFinder.php
index f85b1ae017a9..cc34123a72c8 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/CallFinder.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/CallFinder.php
@@ -30,10 +30,17 @@
 /**
  * @psalm-type PhpTokenArray = array{int, string, int}
  * @psalm-type PhpToken = string|PhpTokenArray
+ * @psalm-type CallParameter = array{
+ *   name: string,
+ *   path: string,
+ *   expression: bool,
+ *   literal: bool,
+ *   new_without_parens: bool,
+ * }
  */
 class CallFinder
 {
-    private static $ignore = [
+    private static array $ignore = [
         T_CLOSE_TAG => true,
         T_COMMENT => true,
         T_DOC_COMMENT => true,
@@ -49,13 +56,12 @@ class CallFinder
      * - Wrap the access path in parentheses if there
      *   are any of these in the final short parameter.
      */
-    private static $operator = [
+    private static array $operator = [
         T_AND_EQUAL => true,
         T_BOOLEAN_AND => true,
         T_BOOLEAN_OR => true,
         T_ARRAY_CAST => true,
         T_BOOL_CAST => true,
-        T_CLASS => true,
         T_CLONE => true,
         T_CONCAT_EQUAL => true,
         T_DEC => true,
@@ -79,7 +85,6 @@ class CallFinder
         T_MINUS_EQUAL => true,
         T_MOD_EQUAL => true,
         T_MUL_EQUAL => true,
-        T_NEW => true,
         T_OBJECT_CAST => true,
         T_OR_EQUAL => true,
         T_PLUS_EQUAL => true,
@@ -96,6 +101,8 @@ class CallFinder
         T_POW_EQUAL => true,
         T_SPACESHIP => true,
         T_DOUBLE_ARROW => true,
+        T_FN => true,
+        T_COALESCE_EQUAL => true,
         '!' => true,
         '%' => true,
         '&' => true,
@@ -114,7 +121,12 @@ class CallFinder
         '~' => true,
     ];
 
-    private static $strip = [
+    private static array $preserve_spaces = [
+        T_CLASS => true,
+        T_NEW => true,
+    ];
+
+    private static array $strip = [
         '(' => true,
         ')' => true,
         '[' => true,
@@ -126,21 +138,21 @@ class CallFinder
         T_NS_SEPARATOR => true,
     ];
 
-    private static $classcalls = [
+    private static array $classcalls = [
         T_DOUBLE_COLON => true,
         T_OBJECT_OPERATOR => true,
     ];
 
-    private static $namespace = [
+    private static array $namespace = [
         T_STRING => true,
     ];
 
     /**
-     * @psalm-param callable-array|callable-string $function
-     *
-     * @psalm-return list<array{parameters: list, modifiers: list<PhpToken>}>
+     * @psalm-param callable-string|(callable-array&list{class-string, non-empty-string}) $function
      *
      * @return array List of matching calls on the relevant line
+     *
+     * @psalm-return list<array{parameters: list<CallParameter>, modifiers: list<PhpToken>}>
      */
     public static function getFunctionCalls(string $source, int $line, $function): array
     {
@@ -169,11 +181,6 @@ public static function getFunctionCalls(string $source, int $line, $function): a
             T_NS_SEPARATOR => true,
         ];
 
-        if (KINT_PHP74) {
-            self::$operator[T_FN] = true;
-            self::$operator[T_COALESCE_EQUAL] = true;
-        }
-
         if (KINT_PHP80) {
             $up[T_ATTRIBUTE] = true;
             self::$operator[T_MATCH] = true;
@@ -187,9 +194,17 @@ public static function getFunctionCalls(string $source, int $line, $function): a
             $identifier[T_NAME_RELATIVE] = true;
         }
 
+        if (!KINT_PHP84) {
+            self::$operator[T_NEW] = true; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        if (KINT_PHP85) {
+            /** @psalm-suppress UndefinedConstant */
+            self::$operator[T_PIPE] = true;
+        }
+
         /** @psalm-var list<PhpToken> */
         $tokens = \token_get_all($source);
-        $cursor = 1;
         $function_calls = [];
 
         // Performance optimization preventing backwards loops
@@ -202,9 +217,6 @@ public static function getFunctionCalls(string $source, int $line, $function): a
             $function = \strtolower($function[1]);
         } else {
             $class = null;
-            /**
-             * @psalm-suppress RedundantFunctionCallGivenDocblockType
-             */
             $function = \strtolower($function);
         }
 
@@ -214,11 +226,7 @@ public static function getFunctionCalls(string $source, int $line, $function): a
                 continue;
             }
 
-            // Count newlines for line number instead of using $token[2]
-            // since certain situations (String tokens after whitespace) may
-            // not have the correct line number unless you do this manually
-            $cursor += \substr_count($token[1], "\n");
-            if ($cursor > $line) {
+            if ($token[2] > $line) {
                 break;
             }
 
@@ -229,6 +237,12 @@ public static function getFunctionCalls(string $source, int $line, $function): a
 
             $prev_tokens = [$prev_tokens[1], $prev_tokens[2], $token];
 
+            // The logic for 7.3 through 8.1 is far more complicated.
+            // This should speed things up without making a lot more work for us
+            if (KINT_PHP82 && $line !== $token[2]) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
             // Check if it's the right type to be the function we're looking for
             if (!isset(self::$namespace[$token[0]])) {
                 continue;
@@ -242,26 +256,29 @@ public static function getFunctionCalls(string $source, int $line, $function): a
 
             // Check if it's a function call
             $nextReal = self::realTokenIndex($tokens, $index);
-            if (!isset($nextReal, $tokens[$nextReal]) || '(' !== $tokens[$nextReal]) {
+            if ('(' !== ($tokens[$nextReal] ?? null)) {
                 continue;
             }
 
             // Check if it matches the signature
             if (null === $class) {
-                if ($prev_tokens[1] && isset(self::$classcalls[$prev_tokens[1][0]])) {
+                if (null !== $prev_tokens[1] && isset(self::$classcalls[$prev_tokens[1][0]])) {
                     continue;
                 }
             } else {
-                if (!$prev_tokens[1] || T_DOUBLE_COLON !== $prev_tokens[1][0]) {
+                if (null === $prev_tokens[1] || T_DOUBLE_COLON !== $prev_tokens[1][0]) {
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                if (!$prev_tokens[0] || !isset(self::$namespace[$prev_tokens[0][0]])) {
+                if (null === $prev_tokens[0] || !isset(self::$namespace[$prev_tokens[0][0]])) {
                     continue;
                 }
 
                 // All self::$namespace tokens are T_ constants
-                /** @psalm-var PhpTokenArray $prev_tokens[0] */
+                /**
+                 * @psalm-var PhpTokenArray $prev_tokens[0]
+                 * Psalm bug #746 (wontfix)
+                 */
                 $ns = \explode('\\', \strtolower($prev_tokens[0][1]));
 
                 if (\end($ns) !== $class) {
@@ -269,7 +286,7 @@ public static function getFunctionCalls(string $source, int $line, $function): a
                 }
             }
 
-            $inner_cursor = $cursor;
+            $last_line = $token[2];
             $depth = 1; // The depth respective to the function call
             $offset = $nextReal + 1; // The start of the function call
             $instring = false; // Whether we're in a string or not
@@ -278,15 +295,15 @@ public static function getFunctionCalls(string $source, int $line, $function): a
             $params = []; // All our collected parameters
             $shortparam = []; // The short version of the parameter
             $param_start = $offset; // The distance to the start of the parameter
+            $quote = null; // Buffer to store quote type for shortparam
+            $in_ternary = false;
 
             // Loop through the following tokens until the function call ends
             while (isset($tokens[$offset])) {
                 $token = $tokens[$offset];
 
-                // Ensure that the $inner_cursor is correct and
-                // that $token is either a T_ constant or a string
                 if (\is_array($token)) {
-                    $inner_cursor += \substr_count($token[1], "\n");
+                    $last_line = $token[2];
                 }
 
                 if (!isset(self::$ignore[$token[0]]) && !isset($down[$token[0]])) {
@@ -312,7 +329,7 @@ public static function getFunctionCalls(string $source, int $line, $function): a
                         }
                         $shortparam[] = $token;
                     }
-                } elseif ('"' === $token[0]) {
+                } elseif ('"' === $token || 'b"' === $token) {
                     // Strings use the same symbol for up and down, but we can
                     // only ever be inside one string, so just use a bool for that
                     if ($instring) {
@@ -326,7 +343,27 @@ public static function getFunctionCalls(string $source, int $line, $function): a
 
                     $instring = !$instring;
 
-                    $shortparam[] = '"';
+                    $shortparam[] = $token;
+                } elseif (T_START_HEREDOC === $token[0]) {
+                    if (1 === $depth) {
+                        $quote = \ltrim($token[1], " \t<")[0];
+                        if ("'" !== $quote) {
+                            $quote = '"';
+                        }
+                        $shortparam[] = [T_START_HEREDOC, $quote];
+                        $instring = true;
+                    }
+
+                    ++$depth;
+                } elseif (T_END_HEREDOC === $token[0]) {
+                    --$depth;
+
+                    if (1 === $depth) {
+                        if ($realtokens) {
+                            $shortparam[] = '...';
+                        }
+                        $shortparam[] = [T_END_HEREDOC, $quote];
+                    }
                 } elseif (1 === $depth) {
                     if (',' === $token[0]) {
                         $params[] = [
@@ -335,10 +372,31 @@ public static function getFunctionCalls(string $source, int $line, $function): a
                         ];
                         $shortparam = [];
                         $paramrealtokens = false;
+                        $in_ternary = false;
                         $param_start = $offset + 1;
-                    } elseif (T_CONSTANT_ENCAPSED_STRING === $token[0] && \strlen($token[1]) > 2) {
-                        $shortparam[] = $token[1][0].'...'.$token[1][0];
+                    } elseif (T_CONSTANT_ENCAPSED_STRING === $token[0]) {
+                        $quote = $token[1][0];
+                        if ('b' === $quote) {
+                            $quote = $token[1][1];
+                            if (\strlen($token[1]) > 3) {
+                                $token[1] = 'b'.$quote.'...'.$quote;
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            if (\strlen($token[1]) > 2) {
+                                $token[1] = $quote.'...'.$quote;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        $shortparam[] = $token;
                     } else {
+                        // We can't tell the order of named parameters or if they're splatting
+                        // without parsing the called function and that's too much work for this
+                        // edge case so we'll just skip parameters altogether.
+                        if ('?' === $token) {
+                            $in_ternary = true;
+                        } elseif (!$in_ternary && ':' === $token) {
+                            $params = [];
+                            break;
+                        }
                         $shortparam[] = $token;
                     }
                 }
@@ -360,32 +418,114 @@ public static function getFunctionCalls(string $source, int $line, $function): a
 
             // If we're not passed (or at) the line at the end
             // of the function call, we're too early so skip it
-            if ($inner_cursor < $line) {
-                continue;
+            // Only applies to < 8.2 since we check line explicitly above that
+            if (!KINT_PHP82 && $last_line < $line) {
+                continue; // @codeCoverageIgnore
             }
 
+            $formatted_parameters = [];
+
             // Format the final output parameters
-            foreach ($params as &$param) {
+            foreach ($params as $param) {
                 $name = self::tokensFormatted($param['short']);
-
+                $path = self::tokensToString(self::tokensTrim($param['full']));
                 $expression = false;
-                foreach ($name as $token) {
+                $literal = false;
+                $new_without_parens = false;
+
+                foreach ($name as $name_index => $token) {
+                    if (KINT_PHP85 && T_CLONE === $token[0]) {
+                        $nextReal = self::realTokenIndex($name, $name_index + 1);
+
+                        if (null !== $nextReal && '(' === $name[$nextReal]) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    }
+
                     if (self::tokenIsOperator($token)) {
                         $expression = true;
                         break;
                     }
                 }
 
-                $param = [
-                    'name' => self::tokensToString($name),
-                    'path' => self::tokensToString(self::tokensTrim($param['full'])),
+                if (!$expression && T_START_HEREDOC === $name[0][0]) {
+                    $expression = true;
+                    $literal = true;
+                }
+
+                // As of 8.4 new is only an expression when parentheses are
+                // omitted. In that case we can cheat and add them ourselves.
+                //
+                // > PHP interprets the first expression after new as a class name
+                // per https://wiki.php.net/rfc/new_without_parentheses
+                if (KINT_PHP84 && !$expression && T_NEW === $name[0][0]) {
+                    $had_name_token = false;
+                    $new_without_parens = true;
+
+                    foreach ($name as $token) {
+                        if (T_NEW === $token[0]) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        if (isset(self::$ignore[$token[0]])) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        if (T_CLASS === $token[0]) {
+                            $new_without_parens = false;
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        if ('(' === $token && $had_name_token) {
+                            $new_without_parens = false;
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        $had_name_token = true;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (!$expression && 1 === \count($name)) {
+                    switch ($name[0][0]) {
+                        case T_CONSTANT_ENCAPSED_STRING:
+                        case T_LNUMBER:
+                        case T_DNUMBER:
+                            $literal = true;
+                            break;
+                        case T_STRING:
+                            switch (\strtolower($name[0][1])) {
+                                case 'null':
+                                case 'true':
+                                case 'false':
+                                    $literal = true;
+                            }
+                    }
+
+                    $name = self::tokensToString($name);
+                } else {
+                    $name = self::tokensToString($name);
+
+                    if (!$expression) {
+                        switch (\strtolower($name)) {
+                            case 'array()':
+                            case '[]':
+                                $literal = true;
+                                break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                $formatted_parameters[] = [
+                    'name' => $name,
+                    'path' => $path,
                     'expression' => $expression,
+                    'literal' => $literal,
+                    'new_without_parens' => $new_without_parens,
                 ];
             }
 
             // Skip first-class callables
-            /** @psalm-var list<array{name: string, path: string, expression: bool}> $params */
-            if (KINT_PHP81 && 1 === \count($params) && '...' === \reset($params)['path']) {
+            if (KINT_PHP81 && 1 === \count($formatted_parameters) && '...' === \reset($formatted_parameters)['path']) {
                 continue;
             }
 
@@ -418,7 +558,7 @@ public static function getFunctionCalls(string $source, int $line, $function): a
             }
 
             $function_calls[] = [
-                'parameters' => $params,
+                'parameters' => $formatted_parameters,
                 'modifiers' => $mods,
             ];
         }
@@ -426,9 +566,6 @@ public static function getFunctionCalls(string $source, int $line, $function): a
         return $function_calls;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @psalm-param PhpToken[] $tokens
-     */
     private static function realTokenIndex(array $tokens, int $index): ?int
     {
         ++$index;
@@ -457,8 +594,13 @@ private static function tokenIsOperator($token): bool
     }
 
     /**
-     * @psalm-param PhpToken[] $tokens
+     * @psalm-param PhpToken $token The token to check
      */
+    private static function tokenPreserveWhitespace($token): bool
+    {
+        return self::tokenIsOperator($token) || isset(self::$preserve_spaces[$token[0]]);
+    }
+
     private static function tokensToString(array $tokens): string
     {
         $out = '';
@@ -474,9 +616,6 @@ private static function tokensToString(array $tokens): string
         return $out;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @psalm-param PhpToken[] $tokens
-     */
     private static function tokensTrim(array $tokens): array
     {
         foreach ($tokens as $index => $token) {
@@ -500,11 +639,7 @@ private static function tokensTrim(array $tokens): array
         return \array_reverse($tokens);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @psalm-param PhpToken[] $tokens
-     *
-     * @psalm-return PhpToken[]
-     */
+    /** @psalm-return list<PhpToken> */
     private static function tokensFormatted(array $tokens): array
     {
         $tokens = self::tokensTrim($tokens);
@@ -519,7 +654,7 @@ private static function tokensFormatted(array $tokens): array
         $last = null;
 
         if (T_FUNCTION === $tokens[0][0] ||
-            (KINT_PHP74 && T_FN === $tokens[0][0]) ||
+            T_FN === $tokens[0][0] ||
             (KINT_PHP80 && T_MATCH === $tokens[0][0])
         ) {
             $ignorestrip = true;
@@ -538,21 +673,24 @@ private static function tokensFormatted(array $tokens): array
                 }
                 $next = $tokens[$next];
 
-                /** @psalm-var PhpToken $last */
+                /**
+                 * @psalm-var PhpToken $last
+                 * Since we call tokensTrim we know we can't be here without a $last
+                 */
                 if ($attribute && ']' === $last[0]) {
                     $attribute = false;
-                } elseif (!$ignorestrip && isset(self::$strip[$last[0]]) && !self::tokenIsOperator($next)) {
+                } elseif (!$ignorestrip && isset(self::$strip[$last[0]]) && !self::tokenPreserveWhitespace($next)) {
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                if (!$ignorestrip && isset(self::$strip[$next[0]]) && $last && !self::tokenIsOperator($last)) {
+                if (!$ignorestrip && isset(self::$strip[$next[0]]) && !self::tokenPreserveWhitespace($last)) {
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                $token = ' ';
+                $token[1] = ' ';
                 $space = true;
             } else {
-                if (KINT_PHP80 && $last && T_ATTRIBUTE == $last[0]) {
+                if (KINT_PHP80 && null !== $last && T_ATTRIBUTE === $last[0]) {
                     $attribute = true;
                 }
 
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/FacadeInterface.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/FacadeInterface.php
index da4badcd869a..d61f1bdb6e10 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/FacadeInterface.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/FacadeInterface.php
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 
 use Kint\Parser\Parser;
 use Kint\Renderer\RendererInterface;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
 
 interface FacadeInterface
 {
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ public function setStatesFromCallInfo(array $info): void;
     /**
      * Renders a list of vars including the pre and post renders.
      *
-     * @param array   $vars Data to dump
-     * @param Value[] $base The base value objects
+     * @param array              $vars Data to dump
+     * @param ContextInterface[] $base The base contexts
      */
     public function dumpAll(array $vars, array $base): string;
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Kint.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Kint.php
index 418c1f3f8789..4348aab090b3 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Kint.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Kint.php
@@ -31,12 +31,31 @@
 use Kint\Parser\ConstructablePluginInterface;
 use Kint\Parser\Parser;
 use Kint\Parser\PluginInterface;
+use Kint\Renderer\ConstructableRendererInterface;
 use Kint\Renderer\RendererInterface;
 use Kint\Renderer\TextRenderer;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\Context\BaseContext;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
+use Kint\Value\TraceFrameValue;
+use Kint\Value\UninitializedValue;
 
 /**
  * @psalm-consistent-constructor
+ * Psalm bug #8523
+ *
+ * @psalm-import-type CallParameter from CallFinder
+ * @psalm-import-type TraceFrame from TraceFrameValue
+ *
+ * @psalm-type KintMode = array-key|bool
+ * @psalm-type KintCallInfo = array{
+ *   params: ?list<CallParameter>,
+ *   modifiers: array,
+ *   callee: ?callable,
+ *   caller: ?callable,
+ *   trace: TraceFrame[],
+ * }
+ *
+ * @psalm-api
  */
 class Kint implements FacadeInterface
 {
@@ -51,134 +70,111 @@ class Kint implements FacadeInterface
      * false: Disabled
      * true: Enabled, default mode selection
      * other: Manual mode selection
+     *
+     * @psalm-var KintMode
      */
     public static $enabled_mode = true;
 
     /**
      * Default mode.
      *
-     * @var string
+     * @psalm-var KintMode
      */
     public static $mode_default = self::MODE_RICH;
 
     /**
      * Default mode in CLI with cli_detection on.
      *
-     * @var string
+     * @psalm-var KintMode
      */
     public static $mode_default_cli = self::MODE_CLI;
 
     /**
-     * @var bool Return output instead of echoing
-     */
-    public static $return;
-
-    /**
-     * @var string format of the link to the source file in trace entries.
-     *
-     * Use %f for file path, %l for line number.
-     *
-     * [!] EXAMPLE (works with for phpStorm and RemoteCall Plugin):
+     * @var bool enable detection when Kint is command line.
      *
-     * Kint::$file_link_format = 'http://localhost:8091/?message=%f:%l';
-     */
-    public static $file_link_format = '';
-
-    /**
-     * @var bool whether to display where kint was called from
+     * Formats output with whitespace only; does not HTML-escape it
      */
-    public static $display_called_from = true;
+    public static bool $cli_detection = true;
 
     /**
-     * @var array base directories of your application that will be displayed instead of the full path.
-     *
-     * Keys are paths, values are replacement strings
-     *
-     * [!] EXAMPLE (for Laravel 5):
-     *
-     * Kint::$app_root_dirs = [
-     *     base_path() => '<BASE>',
-     *     app_path() => '<APP>',
-     *     config_path() => '<CONFIG>',
-     *     database_path() => '<DATABASE>',
-     *     public_path() => '<PUBLIC>',
-     *     resource_path() => '<RESOURCE>',
-     *     storage_path() => '<STORAGE>',
-     * ];
-     *
-     * Defaults to [$_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] => '<ROOT>']
+     * @var bool Return output instead of echoing
      */
-    public static $app_root_dirs = [];
+    public static bool $return = false;
 
     /**
      * @var int depth limit for array/object traversal. 0 for no limit
      */
-    public static $depth_limit = 7;
+    public static int $depth_limit = 7;
 
     /**
      * @var bool expand all trees by default for rich view
      */
-    public static $expanded = false;
+    public static bool $expanded = false;
 
     /**
-     * @var bool enable detection when Kint is command line.
-     *
-     * Formats output with whitespace only; does not HTML-escape it
+     * @var bool whether to display where kint was called from
      */
-    public static $cli_detection = true;
+    public static bool $display_called_from = true;
 
     /**
      * @var array Kint aliases. Add debug functions in Kint wrappers here to fix modifiers and backtraces
      */
-    public static $aliases = [
-        ['Kint\\Kint', 'dump'],
-        ['Kint\\Kint', 'trace'],
-        ['Kint\\Kint', 'dumpAll'],
+    public static array $aliases = [
+        [self::class, 'dump'],
+        [self::class, 'trace'],
+        [self::class, 'dumpAll'],
     ];
 
     /**
-     * @psalm-var class-string[] Array of modes to renderer class names
+     * @psalm-var array<RendererInterface|class-string<ConstructableRendererInterface>>
+     *
+     * Array of modes to renderer class names
      */
-    public static $renderers = [
-        self::MODE_RICH => \Kint\Renderer\RichRenderer::class,
-        self::MODE_PLAIN => \Kint\Renderer\PlainRenderer::class,
-        self::MODE_TEXT => \Kint\Renderer\TextRenderer::class,
-        self::MODE_CLI => \Kint\Renderer\CliRenderer::class,
+    public static array $renderers = [
+        self::MODE_RICH => Renderer\RichRenderer::class,
+        self::MODE_PLAIN => Renderer\PlainRenderer::class,
+        self::MODE_TEXT => TextRenderer::class,
+        self::MODE_CLI => Renderer\CliRenderer::class,
     ];
 
     /**
-     * @psalm-var class-string[]
+     * @psalm-var array<PluginInterface|class-string<ConstructablePluginInterface>>
      */
-    public static $plugins = [
+    public static array $plugins = [
         \Kint\Parser\ArrayLimitPlugin::class,
         \Kint\Parser\ArrayObjectPlugin::class,
         \Kint\Parser\Base64Plugin::class,
+        \Kint\Parser\BinaryPlugin::class,
         \Kint\Parser\BlacklistPlugin::class,
+        \Kint\Parser\ClassHooksPlugin::class,
         \Kint\Parser\ClassMethodsPlugin::class,
         \Kint\Parser\ClassStaticsPlugin::class,
+        \Kint\Parser\ClassStringsPlugin::class,
         \Kint\Parser\ClosurePlugin::class,
         \Kint\Parser\ColorPlugin::class,
         \Kint\Parser\DateTimePlugin::class,
+        \Kint\Parser\DomPlugin::class,
         \Kint\Parser\EnumPlugin::class,
         \Kint\Parser\FsPathPlugin::class,
+        \Kint\Parser\HtmlPlugin::class,
         \Kint\Parser\IteratorPlugin::class,
         \Kint\Parser\JsonPlugin::class,
         \Kint\Parser\MicrotimePlugin::class,
+        \Kint\Parser\MysqliPlugin::class,
+        // \Kint\Parser\SerializePlugin::class,
         \Kint\Parser\SimpleXMLElementPlugin::class,
         \Kint\Parser\SplFileInfoPlugin::class,
-        \Kint\Parser\SplObjectStoragePlugin::class,
         \Kint\Parser\StreamPlugin::class,
         \Kint\Parser\TablePlugin::class,
         \Kint\Parser\ThrowablePlugin::class,
         \Kint\Parser\TimestampPlugin::class,
+        \Kint\Parser\ToStringPlugin::class,
         \Kint\Parser\TracePlugin::class,
         \Kint\Parser\XmlPlugin::class,
     ];
 
-    protected static $plugin_pool = [];
-
-    protected $parser;
-    protected $renderer;
+    protected Parser $parser;
+    protected RendererInterface $renderer;
 
     public function __construct(Parser $p, RendererInterface $r)
     {
@@ -210,7 +206,7 @@ public function setStatesFromStatics(array $statics): void
     {
         $this->renderer->setStatics($statics);
 
-        $this->parser->setDepthLimit(isset($statics['depth_limit']) ? $statics['depth_limit'] : 0);
+        $this->parser->setDepthLimit($statics['depth_limit'] ?? 0);
         $this->parser->clearPlugins();
 
         if (!isset($statics['plugins'])) {
@@ -222,19 +218,22 @@ public function setStatesFromStatics(array $statics): void
         foreach ($statics['plugins'] as $plugin) {
             if ($plugin instanceof PluginInterface) {
                 $plugins[] = $plugin;
-            } elseif (\is_string($plugin) && \is_subclass_of($plugin, ConstructablePluginInterface::class)) {
-                if (!isset(static::$plugin_pool[$plugin])) {
-                    $p = new $plugin();
-                    static::$plugin_pool[$plugin] = $p;
-                }
-                $plugins[] = static::$plugin_pool[$plugin];
+            } elseif (\is_string($plugin) && \is_a($plugin, ConstructablePluginInterface::class, true)) {
+                $plugins[] = new $plugin($this->parser);
             }
         }
 
         $plugins = $this->renderer->filterParserPlugins($plugins);
 
         foreach ($plugins as $plugin) {
-            $this->parser->addPlugin($plugin);
+            try {
+                $this->parser->addPlugin($plugin);
+            } catch (InvalidArgumentException $e) {
+                \trigger_error(
+                    'Plugin '.Utils::errorSanitizeString(\get_class($plugin)).' could not be added to a Kint parser: '.Utils::errorSanitizeString($e->getMessage()),
+                    E_USER_WARNING
+                );
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -246,7 +245,7 @@ public function setStatesFromCallInfo(array $info): void
             $this->parser->setDepthLimit(0);
         }
 
-        $this->parser->setCallerClass(isset($info['caller']['class']) ? $info['caller']['class'] : null);
+        $this->parser->setCallerClass($info['caller']['class'] ?? null);
     }
 
     public function dumpAll(array $vars, array $base): string
@@ -255,17 +254,17 @@ public function dumpAll(array $vars, array $base): string
             throw new InvalidArgumentException('Kint::dumpAll requires arrays of identical size and keys as arguments');
         }
 
-        $output = $this->renderer->preRender();
-
         if ([] === $vars) {
-            $output .= $this->renderer->renderNothing();
+            return $this->dumpNothing();
         }
 
-        foreach ($vars as $key => $arg) {
-            if (!$base[$key] instanceof Value) {
-                throw new InvalidArgumentException('Kint::dumpAll requires all elements of the second argument to be Value instances');
+        $output = $this->renderer->preRender();
+
+        foreach ($vars as $key => $_) {
+            if (!$base[$key] instanceof ContextInterface) {
+                throw new InvalidArgumentException('Kint::dumpAll requires all elements of the second argument to be ContextInterface instances');
             }
-            $output .= $this->dumpVar($arg, $base[$key]);
+            $output .= $this->dumpVar($vars[$key], $base[$key]);
         }
 
         $output .= $this->renderer->postRender();
@@ -273,16 +272,24 @@ public function dumpAll(array $vars, array $base): string
         return $output;
     }
 
+    protected function dumpNothing(): string
+    {
+        $output = $this->renderer->preRender();
+        $output .= $this->renderer->render(new UninitializedValue(new BaseContext('No argument')));
+        $output .= $this->renderer->postRender();
+
+        return $output;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Dumps and renders a var.
      *
      * @param mixed &$var Data to dump
-     * @param Value $base Base object
      */
-    protected function dumpVar(&$var, Value $base): string
+    protected function dumpVar(&$var, ContextInterface $c): string
     {
         return $this->renderer->render(
-            $this->parser->parse($var, $base)
+            $this->parser->parse($var, $c)
         );
     }
 
@@ -295,13 +302,11 @@ public static function getStatics(): array
     {
         return [
             'aliases' => static::$aliases,
-            'app_root_dirs' => static::$app_root_dirs,
             'cli_detection' => static::$cli_detection,
             'depth_limit' => static::$depth_limit,
             'display_called_from' => static::$display_called_from,
             'enabled_mode' => static::$enabled_mode,
             'expanded' => static::$expanded,
-            'file_link_format' => static::$file_link_format,
             'mode_default' => static::$mode_default,
             'mode_default_cli' => static::$mode_default_cli,
             'plugins' => static::$plugins,
@@ -335,67 +340,57 @@ public static function createFromStatics(array $statics): ?FacadeInterface
             return null;
         }
 
-        /** @psalm-var class-string[] $statics['renderers'] */
-        if (isset($statics['renderers'][$mode]) && \is_subclass_of($statics['renderers'][$mode], RendererInterface::class)) {
-            $renderer = new $statics['renderers'][$mode]();
-        } else {
-            $renderer = new TextRenderer();
+        $renderer = null;
+        if (isset($statics['renderers'][$mode])) {
+            if ($statics['renderers'][$mode] instanceof RendererInterface) {
+                $renderer = $statics['renderers'][$mode];
+            }
+
+            if (\is_a($statics['renderers'][$mode], ConstructableRendererInterface::class, true)) {
+                $renderer = new $statics['renderers'][$mode]();
+            }
         }
 
+        $renderer ??= new TextRenderer();
+
         return new static(new Parser(), $renderer);
     }
 
     /**
-     * Creates base objects given parameter info.
+     * Creates base contexts given parameter info.
      *
-     * @param array $params Parameters as returned from getCallInfo
-     * @param int   $argc   Number of arguments the helper was called with
+     * @psalm-param list<CallParameter> $params
      *
-     * @return Value[] Base objects for the arguments
+     * @return BaseContext[] Base contexts for the arguments
      */
     public static function getBasesFromParamInfo(array $params, int $argc): array
     {
-        static $blacklist = [
-            'null',
-            'true',
-            'false',
-            'array(...)',
-            'array()',
-            '[...]',
-            '[]',
-            '(...)',
-            '()',
-            '"..."',
-            'b"..."',
-            "'...'",
-            "b'...'",
-        ];
-
-        $params = \array_values($params);
         $bases = [];
 
         for ($i = 0; $i < $argc; ++$i) {
             $param = $params[$i] ?? null;
 
-            if (!isset($param['name']) || \is_numeric($param['name'])) {
-                $name = null;
-            } elseif (\in_array(\strtolower($param['name']), $blacklist, true)) {
-                $name = null;
+            if (!empty($param['literal'])) {
+                $name = 'literal';
             } else {
-                $name = $param['name'];
+                $name = $param['name'] ?? '$'.$i;
             }
 
             if (isset($param['path'])) {
                 $access_path = $param['path'];
 
-                if (!empty($param['expression'])) {
+                if ($param['expression']) {
                     $access_path = '('.$access_path.')';
+                } elseif ($param['new_without_parens']) {
+                    $access_path .= '()';
                 }
             } else {
                 $access_path = '$'.$i;
             }
 
-            $bases[] = Value::blank($name, $access_path);
+            $base = new BaseContext($name);
+            $base->access_path = $access_path;
+            $bases[] = $base;
         }
 
         return $bases;
@@ -410,7 +405,9 @@ public static function getBasesFromParamInfo(array $params, int $argc): array
      * @param array[] $trace   Backtrace
      * @param array   $args    Arguments
      *
-     * @return array Call info
+     * @psalm-param list<non-empty-array> $trace
+     *
+     * @return KintCallInfo Call info
      */
     public static function getCallInfo(array $aliases, array $trace, array $args): array
     {
@@ -419,7 +416,7 @@ public static function getCallInfo(array $aliases, array $trace, array $args): a
         $caller = null;
         $miniTrace = [];
 
-        foreach ($trace as $index => $frame) {
+        foreach ($trace as $frame) {
             if (Utils::traceFrameIsListed($frame, $aliases)) {
                 $found = true;
                 $miniTrace = [];
@@ -456,7 +453,7 @@ public static function getCallInfo(array $aliases, array $trace, array $args): a
             'trace' => $miniTrace,
         ];
 
-        if ($call) {
+        if (null !== $call) {
             $ret['params'] = $call['parameters'];
             $ret['modifiers'] = $call['modifiers'];
         }
@@ -477,7 +474,7 @@ public static function trace()
             return 0;
         }
 
-        Utils::normalizeAliases(static::$aliases);
+        static::$aliases = Utils::normalizeAliases(static::$aliases);
 
         $call_info = static::getCallInfo(static::$aliases, \debug_backtrace(DEBUG_BACKTRACE_IGNORE_ARGS), []);
 
@@ -514,10 +511,9 @@ public static function trace()
 
         \array_shift($trimmed_trace);
 
-        $output = $kintstance->dumpAll(
-            [$trimmed_trace],
-            [Value::blank('Kint\\Kint::trace()', 'debug_backtrace()')]
-        );
+        $base = new BaseContext('Kint\\Kint::trace()');
+        $base->access_path = 'debug_backtrace()';
+        $output = $kintstance->dumpAll([$trimmed_trace], [$base]);
 
         if (static::$return || \in_array('@', $call_info['modifiers'], true)) {
             return $output;
@@ -537,7 +533,7 @@ public static function trace()
      *
      * Functionally equivalent to Kint::dump(1) or Kint::dump(debug_backtrace())
      *
-     * @psalm-param array ...$args
+     * @psalm-param mixed ...$args
      *
      * @return int|string
      */
@@ -547,7 +543,7 @@ public static function dump(...$args)
             return 0;
         }
 
-        Utils::normalizeAliases(static::$aliases);
+        static::$aliases = Utils::normalizeAliases(static::$aliases);
 
         $call_info = static::getCallInfo(static::$aliases, \debug_backtrace(DEBUG_BACKTRACE_IGNORE_ARGS), $args);
 
@@ -587,54 +583,6 @@ public static function dump(...$args)
         return 0;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * generic path display callback, can be configured in app_root_dirs; purpose is
-     * to show relevant path info and hide as much of the path as possible.
-     */
-    public static function shortenPath(string $file): string
-    {
-        $file = \array_values(\array_filter(\explode('/', \str_replace('\\', '/', $file)), 'strlen'));
-
-        $longest_match = 0;
-        $match = '/';
-
-        foreach (static::$app_root_dirs as $path => $alias) {
-            /** @psalm-var string $path */
-            if (empty($path)) {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            $path = \array_values(\array_filter(\explode('/', \str_replace('\\', '/', $path)), 'strlen'));
-
-            if (\array_slice($file, 0, \count($path)) === $path && \count($path) > $longest_match) {
-                $longest_match = \count($path);
-                $match = $alias;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if ($longest_match) {
-            $file = \array_merge([$match], \array_slice($file, $longest_match));
-
-            return \implode('/', $file);
-        }
-
-        // fallback to find common path with Kint dir
-        $kint = \array_values(\array_filter(\explode('/', \str_replace('\\', '/', KINT_DIR)), 'strlen'));
-
-        foreach ($file as $i => $part) {
-            if (!isset($kint[$i]) || $kint[$i] !== $part) {
-                return ($i ? '.../' : '/').\implode('/', \array_slice($file, $i));
-            }
-        }
-
-        return '/'.\implode('/', $file);
-    }
-
-    public static function getIdeLink(string $file, int $line): string
-    {
-        return \str_replace(['%f', '%l'], [$file, $line], static::$file_link_format);
-    }
-
     /**
      * Returns specific function call info from a stack trace frame, or null if no match could be found.
      *
@@ -648,7 +596,7 @@ protected static function getSingleCall(array $frame, array $args): ?array
         if (
             !isset($frame['file'], $frame['line'], $frame['function']) ||
             !\is_readable($frame['file']) ||
-            !$source = \file_get_contents($frame['file'])
+            false === ($source = \file_get_contents($frame['file']))
         ) {
             return null;
         }
@@ -683,9 +631,11 @@ protected static function getSingleCall(array $frame, array $args): ?array
 
                             foreach ($keys as $key) {
                                 $call['parameters'][] = [
-                                    'name' => \substr($param['name'], 3).'['.\var_export($key, true).']',
-                                    'path' => \substr($param['path'], 3).'['.\var_export($key, true).']',
+                                    'name' => ((string) \substr($param['name'], 3)).'['.\var_export($key, true).']',
+                                    'path' => ((string) \substr($param['path'], 3)).'['.\var_export($key, true).']',
                                     'expression' => false,
+                                    'literal' => false,
+                                    'new_without_parens' => false,
                                 ];
                             }
                         } else {
@@ -693,9 +643,11 @@ protected static function getSingleCall(array $frame, array $args): ?array
                             // through array_values so we can't access them directly at all
                             for ($j = 0; $j + $i < $argc; ++$j) {
                                 $call['parameters'][] = [
-                                    'name' => 'array_values('.\substr($param['name'], 3).')['.$j.']',
-                                    'path' => 'array_values('.\substr($param['path'], 3).')['.$j.']',
+                                    'name' => 'array_values('.((string) \substr($param['name'], 3)).')['.$j.']',
+                                    'path' => 'array_values('.((string) \substr($param['path'], 3)).')['.$j.']',
                                     'expression' => false,
+                                    'literal' => false,
+                                    'new_without_parens' => false,
                                 ];
                             }
                         }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/AbstractPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/AbstractPlugin.php
index a3f896843a3a..6ab031d0b586 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/AbstractPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/AbstractPlugin.php
@@ -27,19 +27,22 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Parser;
 
-/**
- * @psalm-consistent-constructor
- */
 abstract class AbstractPlugin implements ConstructablePluginInterface
 {
-    protected $parser;
+    private Parser $parser;
 
-    public function __construct()
+    public function __construct(Parser $parser)
     {
+        $this->parser = $parser;
     }
 
     public function setParser(Parser $p): void
     {
         $this->parser = $p;
     }
+
+    protected function getParser(): Parser
+    {
+        return $this->parser;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ArrayLimitPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ArrayLimitPlugin.php
index 2e7fca93842d..bd54f5fc235d 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ArrayLimitPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ArrayLimitPlugin.php
@@ -29,30 +29,43 @@
 
 use InvalidArgumentException;
 use Kint\Utils;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
-
-class ArrayLimitPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\ArrayValue;
+use Kint\Value\Context\BaseContext;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ContainerRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ProfileRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ValueRepresentation;
+
+class ArrayLimitPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginBeginInterface
 {
     /**
      * Maximum size of arrays before limiting.
-     *
-     * @var int
      */
-    public static $trigger = 1000;
+    public static int $trigger = 1000;
 
     /**
      * Maximum amount of items to show in a limited array.
-     *
-     * @var int
      */
-    public static $limit = 50;
+    public static int $limit = 50;
 
     /**
      * Don't limit arrays with string keys.
-     *
-     * @var bool
      */
-    public static $numeric_only = true;
+    public static bool $numeric_only = true;
+
+    public function __construct(Parser $p)
+    {
+        if (self::$limit < 0) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('ArrayLimitPlugin::$limit can not be lower than 0');
+        }
+
+        if (self::$limit >= self::$trigger) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('ArrayLimitPlugin::$limit can not be lower than ArrayLimitPlugin::$trigger');
+        }
+
+        parent::__construct($p);
+    }
 
     public function getTypes(): array
     {
@@ -64,80 +77,92 @@ public function getTriggers(): int
         return Parser::TRIGGER_BEGIN;
     }
 
-    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    public function parseBegin(&$var, ContextInterface $c): ?AbstractValue
     {
-        if (self::$limit >= self::$trigger) {
-            throw new InvalidArgumentException('ArrayLimitPlugin::$limit can not be lower than ArrayLimitPlugin::$trigger');
-        }
-
-        $depth = $this->parser->getDepthLimit();
+        $parser = $this->getParser();
+        $pdepth = $parser->getDepthLimit();
 
-        if (!$depth) {
-            return;
+        if (!$pdepth) {
+            return null;
         }
 
-        if ($o->depth >= $depth - 1) {
-            return;
+        $cdepth = $c->getDepth();
+
+        if ($cdepth >= $pdepth - 1) {
+            return null;
         }
 
         if (\count($var) < self::$trigger) {
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
 
         if (self::$numeric_only && Utils::isAssoc($var)) {
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
 
-        $base = clone $o;
-        $base->depth = $depth - 1;
-        $obj = $this->parser->parse($var, $base);
+        $slice = \array_slice($var, 0, self::$limit, true);
+        $array = $parser->parse($slice, $c);
 
-        if ('array' != $obj->type) {
-            return; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        if (!$array instanceof ArrayValue) {
+            return null;
         }
 
-        $obj->depth = $o->depth;
-        $i = 0;
+        $base = new BaseContext($c->getName());
+        $base->depth = $pdepth - 1;
+        $base->access_path = $c->getAccessPath();
 
-        foreach ($obj->value->contents as $child) {
-            // We only bother setting the correct depth for the first child,
-            // any deeper children should be cancelled by the depth limit
-            $child->depth = $o->depth + 1;
-            $this->recalcDepthLimit($child);
+        $slice = \array_slice($var, self::$limit, null, true);
+        $slice = $parser->parse($slice, $base);
+
+        if (!$slice instanceof ArrayValue) {
+            return null;
         }
 
-        $var2 = \array_slice($var, 0, self::$limit, true);
-        $base = clone $o;
-        $slice = $this->parser->parse($var2, $base);
+        foreach ($slice->getContents() as $child) {
+            $this->replaceDepthLimit($child, $cdepth + 1);
+        }
 
-        \array_splice($obj->value->contents, 0, self::$limit, $slice->value->contents);
+        $out = new ArrayValue($c, \count($var), \array_merge($array->getContents(), $slice->getContents()));
+        $out->flags = $array->flags;
 
-        $o = $obj;
+        // Explicitly copy over profile plugin
+        $arrayp = $array->getRepresentation('profiling');
+        $slicep = $slice->getRepresentation('profiling');
+        if ($arrayp instanceof ProfileRepresentation && $slicep instanceof ProfileRepresentation) {
+            $out->addRepresentation(new ProfileRepresentation($arrayp->complexity + $slicep->complexity));
+        }
 
-        $this->parser->haltParse();
+        // Add contents. Check is in case some bad plugin empties both $slice and $array
+        if ($contents = $out->getContents()) {
+            $out->addRepresentation(new ContainerRepresentation('Contents', $contents, null, true));
+        }
+
+        return $out;
     }
 
-    protected function recalcDepthLimit(Value $o): void
+    protected function replaceDepthLimit(AbstractValue $v, int $depth): void
     {
-        $hintkey = \array_search('depth_limit', $o->hints, true);
-        if (false !== $hintkey) {
-            $o->hints[$hintkey] = 'array_limit';
+        $c = $v->getContext();
+
+        if ($c instanceof BaseContext) {
+            $c->depth = $depth;
         }
 
-        $reps = $o->getRepresentations();
-        if ($o->value) {
-            $reps[] = $o->value;
+        $pdepth = $this->getParser()->getDepthLimit();
+
+        if (($v->flags & AbstractValue::FLAG_DEPTH_LIMIT) && $pdepth && $depth < $pdepth) {
+            $v->flags = $v->flags & ~AbstractValue::FLAG_DEPTH_LIMIT | AbstractValue::FLAG_ARRAY_LIMIT;
         }
 
+        $reps = $v->getRepresentations();
+
         foreach ($reps as $rep) {
-            if ($rep->contents instanceof Value) {
-                $this->recalcDepthLimit($rep->contents);
-            } elseif (\is_array($rep->contents)) {
-                foreach ($rep->contents as $child) {
-                    if ($child instanceof Value) {
-                        $this->recalcDepthLimit($child);
-                    }
+            if ($rep instanceof ContainerRepresentation) {
+                foreach ($rep->getContents() as $child) {
+                    $this->replaceDepthLimit($child, $depth + 1);
                 }
+            } elseif ($rep instanceof ValueRepresentation) {
+                $this->replaceDepthLimit($rep->getValue(), $depth + 1);
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ArrayObjectPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ArrayObjectPlugin.php
index 82ff7593e3b7..605d695a887b 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ArrayObjectPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ArrayObjectPlugin.php
@@ -28,9 +28,10 @@
 namespace Kint\Parser;
 
 use ArrayObject;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
 
-class ArrayObjectPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+class ArrayObjectPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginBeginInterface
 {
     public function getTypes(): array
     {
@@ -42,24 +43,26 @@ public function getTriggers(): int
         return Parser::TRIGGER_BEGIN;
     }
 
-    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    public function parseBegin(&$var, ContextInterface $c): ?AbstractValue
     {
         if (!$var instanceof ArrayObject) {
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
 
         $flags = $var->getFlags();
 
         if (ArrayObject::STD_PROP_LIST === $flags) {
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
 
+        $parser = $this->getParser();
+
         $var->setFlags(ArrayObject::STD_PROP_LIST);
 
-        $o = $this->parser->parse($var, $o);
+        $v = $parser->parse($var, $c);
 
         $var->setFlags($flags);
 
-        $this->parser->haltParse();
+        return $v;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/Base64Plugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/Base64Plugin.php
index a25a7343ac1f..9cc6eee94c93 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/Base64Plugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/Base64Plugin.php
@@ -27,24 +27,22 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Parser;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Context\BaseContext;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ValueRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\StringValue;
 
-class Base64Plugin extends AbstractPlugin
+class Base64Plugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginCompleteInterface
 {
     /**
      * The minimum length before a string will be considered for base64 decoding.
-     *
-     * @var int
      */
-    public static $min_length_hard = 16;
+    public static int $min_length_hard = 16;
 
     /**
      * The minimum length before the base64 decoding will take precedence.
-     *
-     * @var int
      */
-    public static $min_length_soft = 50;
+    public static int $min_length_soft = 50;
 
     public function getTypes(): array
     {
@@ -56,41 +54,50 @@ public function getTriggers(): int
         return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
     }
 
-    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    public function parseComplete(&$var, AbstractValue $v, int $trigger): AbstractValue
     {
         if (\strlen($var) < self::$min_length_hard || \strlen($var) % 4) {
-            return;
+            return $v;
         }
 
         if (\preg_match('/^[A-Fa-f0-9]+$/', $var)) {
-            return;
+            return $v;
         }
 
         if (!\preg_match('/^[A-Za-z0-9+\\/=]+$/', $var)) {
-            return;
+            return $v;
         }
 
         $data = \base64_decode($var, true);
 
         if (false === $data) {
-            return;
+            return $v;
         }
 
-        $base_obj = new Value();
-        $base_obj->depth = $o->depth + 1;
-        $base_obj->name = 'base64_decode('.$o->name.')';
+        $c = $v->getContext();
 
-        if ($o->access_path) {
-            $base_obj->access_path = 'base64_decode('.$o->access_path.')';
+        $base = new BaseContext('base64_decode('.$c->getName().')');
+        $base->depth = $c->getDepth() + 1;
+
+        if (null !== ($ap = $c->getAccessPath())) {
+            $base->access_path = 'base64_decode('.$ap.')';
         }
 
-        $r = new Representation('Base64');
-        $r->contents = $this->parser->parse($data, $base_obj);
+        $data = $this->getParser()->parse($data, $base);
+        $data->flags |= AbstractValue::FLAG_GENERATED;
+
+        if (!$data instanceof StringValue || false === $data->getEncoding()) {
+            return $v;
+        }
+
+        $r = new ValueRepresentation('Base64', $data);
 
         if (\strlen($var) > self::$min_length_soft) {
-            $o->addRepresentation($r, 0);
+            $v->addRepresentation($r, 0);
         } else {
-            $o->addRepresentation($r);
+            $v->addRepresentation($r);
         }
+
+        return $v;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/BinaryPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/BinaryPlugin.php
index 56cf68a3359a..0ee1f639ab6e 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/BinaryPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/BinaryPlugin.php
@@ -27,10 +27,11 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Parser;
 
-use Kint\Zval\BlobValue;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\BinaryRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\StringValue;
 
-class BinaryPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+class BinaryPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginCompleteInterface
 {
     public function getTypes(): array
     {
@@ -42,10 +43,12 @@ public function getTriggers(): int
         return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
     }
 
-    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    public function parseComplete(&$var, AbstractValue $v, int $trigger): AbstractValue
     {
-        if (!$o instanceof BlobValue || !\in_array($o->encoding, ['ASCII', 'UTF-8'], true)) {
-            $o->value->hints[] = 'binary';
+        if ($v instanceof StringValue && false === $v->getEncoding()) {
+            $v->addRepresentation(new BinaryRepresentation($v->getValue(), true), 0);
         }
+
+        return $v;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/BlacklistPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/BlacklistPlugin.php
index fa54a3a6743e..2fa4fed56137 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/BlacklistPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/BlacklistPlugin.php
@@ -27,25 +27,30 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Parser;
 
-use Kint\Zval\InstanceValue;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
+use Kint\Value\InstanceValue;
 use Psr\Container\ContainerInterface;
+use Psr\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcherInterface;
 
-class BlacklistPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+class BlacklistPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginBeginInterface
 {
     /**
      * List of classes and interfaces to blacklist.
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var class-string[]
      */
-    public static $blacklist = [];
+    public static array $blacklist = [];
 
     /**
      * List of classes and interfaces to blacklist except when dumped directly.
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var class-string[]
      */
-    public static $shallow_blacklist = [ContainerInterface::class];
+    public static array $shallow_blacklist = [
+        ContainerInterface::class,
+        EventDispatcherInterface::class,
+    ];
 
     public function getTypes(): array
     {
@@ -57,45 +62,35 @@ public function getTriggers(): int
         return Parser::TRIGGER_BEGIN;
     }
 
-    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    public function parseBegin(&$var, ContextInterface $c): ?AbstractValue
     {
         foreach (self::$blacklist as $class) {
             if ($var instanceof $class) {
-                $this->blacklistValue($var, $o);
-
-                return;
+                return $this->blacklistValue($var, $c);
             }
         }
 
-        if ($o->depth <= 0) {
-            return;
+        if ($c->getDepth() <= 0) {
+            return null;
         }
 
         foreach (self::$shallow_blacklist as $class) {
             if ($var instanceof $class) {
-                $this->blacklistValue($var, $o);
-
-                return;
+                return $this->blacklistValue($var, $c);
             }
         }
+
+        return null;
     }
 
     /**
      * @param object &$var
      */
-    protected function blacklistValue(&$var, Value &$o): void
+    protected function blacklistValue(&$var, ContextInterface $c): InstanceValue
     {
-        $object = new InstanceValue();
-        $object->transplant($o);
-        $object->classname = \get_class($var);
-        $object->spl_object_hash = \spl_object_hash($var);
-        $object->clearRepresentations();
-        $object->value = null;
-        $object->size = null;
-        $object->hints[] = 'blacklist';
-
-        $o = $object;
+        $object = new InstanceValue($c, \get_class($var), \spl_object_hash($var), \spl_object_id($var));
+        $object->flags |= AbstractValue::FLAG_BLACKLIST;
 
-        $this->parser->haltParse();
+        return $object;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ClassHooksPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ClassHooksPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1d658bfa909d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ClassHooksPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Context\MethodContext;
+use Kint\Value\Context\PropertyContext;
+use Kint\Value\DeclaredCallableBag;
+use Kint\Value\InstanceValue;
+use Kint\Value\MethodValue;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ContainerRepresentation;
+use ReflectionProperty;
+
+class ClassHooksPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginCompleteInterface
+{
+    public static bool $verbose = false;
+
+    /** @psalm-var array<class-string, array<string, MethodValue[]>> */
+    private array $cache = [];
+    /** @psalm-var array<class-string, array<string, MethodValue[]>> */
+    private array $cache_verbose = [];
+
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['object'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        if (!KINT_PHP84) {
+            return Parser::TRIGGER_NONE; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    public function parseComplete(&$var, AbstractValue $v, int $trigger): AbstractValue
+    {
+        if (!$v instanceof InstanceValue) {
+            return $v;
+        }
+
+        $props = $v->getRepresentation('properties');
+
+        if (!$props instanceof ContainerRepresentation) {
+            return $v;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($props->getContents() as $prop) {
+            $c = $prop->getContext();
+
+            if (!$c instanceof PropertyContext || PropertyContext::HOOK_NONE === $c->hooks) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $cname = $c->getName();
+            $cowner = $c->owner_class;
+
+            if (!isset($this->cache_verbose[$cowner][$cname])) {
+                $ref = new ReflectionProperty($cowner, $cname);
+                $hooks = $ref->getHooks();
+
+                foreach ($hooks as $hook) {
+                    if (!self::$verbose && false === $hook->getDocComment()) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    $m = new MethodValue(
+                        new MethodContext($hook),
+                        new DeclaredCallableBag($hook)
+                    );
+
+                    $this->cache_verbose[$cowner][$cname][] = $m;
+
+                    if (false !== $hook->getDocComment()) {
+                        $this->cache[$cowner][$cname][] = $m;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                $this->cache[$cowner][$cname] ??= [];
+
+                if (self::$verbose) {
+                    $this->cache_verbose[$cowner][$cname] ??= [];
+                }
+            }
+
+            $cache = self::$verbose ? $this->cache_verbose : $this->cache;
+            $cache = $cache[$cowner][$cname] ?? [];
+
+            if (\count($cache)) {
+                $prop->addRepresentation(new ContainerRepresentation('Hooks', $cache, 'propertyhooks'));
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $v;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ClassMethodsPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ClassMethodsPlugin.php
index e71d537aa838..e06df2b61042 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ClassMethodsPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ClassMethodsPlugin.php
@@ -27,15 +27,32 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Parser;
 
-use Kint\Zval\InstanceValue;
-use Kint\Zval\MethodValue;
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Context\MethodContext;
+use Kint\Value\DeclaredCallableBag;
+use Kint\Value\InstanceValue;
+use Kint\Value\MethodValue;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ContainerRepresentation;
 use ReflectionClass;
+use ReflectionMethod;
 
-class ClassMethodsPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+class ClassMethodsPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginCompleteInterface
 {
-    private static $cache = [];
+    public static bool $show_access_path = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to go out of the way to show constructor paths
+     * when the instance isn't accessible.
+     *
+     * Disabling this improves performance.
+     */
+    public static bool $show_constructor_path = false;
+
+    /** @psalm-var array<class-string, MethodValue[]> */
+    private array $instance_cache = [];
+
+    /** @psalm-var array<class-string, MethodValue[]> */
+    private array $static_cache = [];
 
     public function getTypes(): array
     {
@@ -47,69 +64,162 @@ public function getTriggers(): int
         return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
     }
 
-    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    /**
+     * @psalm-template T of AbstractValue
+     *
+     * @psalm-param mixed $var
+     * @psalm-param T $v
+     *
+     * @psalm-return T
+     */
+    public function parseComplete(&$var, AbstractValue $v, int $trigger): AbstractValue
     {
-        $class = \get_class($var);
-
-        // assuming class definition will not change inside one request
-        if (!isset(self::$cache[$class])) {
-            $methods = [];
-
-            $reflection = new ReflectionClass($class);
+        if (!$v instanceof InstanceValue) {
+            return $v;
+        }
 
-            foreach ($reflection->getMethods() as $method) {
-                $methods[] = new MethodValue($method);
+        $class = $v->getClassName();
+        $scope = $this->getParser()->getCallerClass();
+
+        if ($contents = $this->getCachedMethods($class)) {
+            if (self::$show_access_path) {
+                if (null !== $v->getContext()->getAccessPath()) {
+                    // If we have an access path we can generate them for the children
+                    foreach ($contents as $key => $val) {
+                        if ($val->getContext()->isAccessible($scope)) {
+                            $val = clone $val;
+                            $val->getContext()->setAccessPathFromParent($v);
+                            $contents[$key] = $val;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } elseif (self::$show_constructor_path && isset($contents['__construct'])) {
+                    // __construct is the only exception: The only non-static method
+                    // that can be called without access to the parent instance.
+                    // Technically I guess it really is a static method but so long
+                    // as PHP continues to refer to it as a normal one so will we.
+                    $val = $contents['__construct'];
+                    if ($val->getContext()->isAccessible($scope)) {
+                        $val = clone $val;
+                        $val->getContext()->setAccessPathFromParent($v);
+                        $contents['__construct'] = $val;
+                    }
+                }
             }
 
-            \usort($methods, ['Kint\\Parser\\ClassMethodsPlugin', 'sort']);
+            $v->addRepresentation(new ContainerRepresentation('Methods', $contents));
+        }
 
-            self::$cache[$class] = $methods;
+        if ($contents = $this->getCachedStaticMethods($class)) {
+            $v->addRepresentation(new ContainerRepresentation('Static methods', $contents));
         }
 
-        if (!empty(self::$cache[$class])) {
-            $rep = new Representation('Available methods', 'methods');
+        return $v;
+    }
 
-            // Can't cache access paths
-            foreach (self::$cache[$class] as $m) {
-                $method = clone $m;
-                $method->depth = $o->depth + 1;
+    /**
+     * @psalm-param class-string $class
+     *
+     * @psalm-return MethodValue[]
+     */
+    private function getCachedMethods(string $class): array
+    {
+        if (!isset($this->instance_cache[$class])) {
+            $methods = [];
 
-                if (!$this->parser->childHasPath($o, $method)) {
-                    $method->access_path = null;
-                } else {
-                    $method->setAccessPathFrom($o);
+            $r = new ReflectionClass($class);
+
+            $parent_methods = [];
+            if ($parent = \get_parent_class($class)) {
+                $parent_methods = $this->getCachedMethods($parent);
+            }
+
+            foreach ($r->getMethods() as $mr) {
+                if ($mr->isStatic()) {
+                    continue;
                 }
 
-                if ($method->owner_class !== $class && $d = $method->getRepresentation('method_definition')) {
-                    $d = clone $d;
-                    $d->inherited = true;
-                    $method->replaceRepresentation($d);
+                $canon_name = \strtolower($mr->name);
+                if ($mr->isPrivate() && '__construct' !== $canon_name) {
+                    $canon_name = \strtolower($mr->getDeclaringClass()->name).'::'.$canon_name;
                 }
 
-                $rep->contents[] = $method;
+                if ($mr->getDeclaringClass()->name === $class) {
+                    $method = new MethodValue(new MethodContext($mr), new DeclaredCallableBag($mr));
+                    $methods[$canon_name] = $method;
+                    unset($parent_methods[$canon_name]);
+                } elseif (isset($parent_methods[$canon_name])) {
+                    $method = $parent_methods[$canon_name];
+                    unset($parent_methods[$canon_name]);
+
+                    if (!$method->getContext()->inherited) {
+                        $method = clone $method;
+                        $method->getContext()->inherited = true;
+                    }
+
+                    $methods[$canon_name] = $method;
+                } elseif ($mr->getDeclaringClass()->isInterface()) {
+                    $c = new MethodContext($mr);
+                    $c->inherited = true;
+                    $methods[$canon_name] = new MethodValue($c, new DeclaredCallableBag($mr));
+                }
             }
 
-            $o->addRepresentation($rep);
+            foreach ($parent_methods as $name => $method) {
+                if (!$method->getContext()->inherited) {
+                    $method = clone $method;
+                    $method->getContext()->inherited = true;
+                }
+
+                if ('__construct' === $name) {
+                    $methods['__construct'] = $method;
+                } else {
+                    $methods[] = $method;
+                }
+            }
+
+            $this->instance_cache[$class] = $methods;
         }
+
+        return $this->instance_cache[$class];
     }
 
-    private static function sort(MethodValue $a, MethodValue $b): int
+    /**
+     * @psalm-param class-string $class
+     *
+     * @psalm-return MethodValue[]
+     */
+    private function getCachedStaticMethods(string $class): array
     {
-        $sort = ((int) $a->static) - ((int) $b->static);
-        if ($sort) {
-            return $sort;
-        }
+        if (!isset($this->static_cache[$class])) {
+            $methods = [];
 
-        $sort = Value::sortByAccess($a, $b);
-        if ($sort) {
-            return $sort;
-        }
+            $r = new ReflectionClass($class);
+
+            $parent_methods = [];
+            if ($parent = \get_parent_class($class)) {
+                $parent_methods = $this->getCachedStaticMethods($parent);
+            }
+
+            foreach ($r->getMethods(ReflectionMethod::IS_STATIC) as $mr) {
+                $canon_name = \strtolower($mr->getDeclaringClass()->name.'::'.$mr->name);
+
+                if ($mr->getDeclaringClass()->name === $class) {
+                    $method = new MethodValue(new MethodContext($mr), new DeclaredCallableBag($mr));
+                    $methods[$canon_name] = $method;
+                } elseif (isset($parent_methods[$canon_name])) {
+                    $methods[$canon_name] = $parent_methods[$canon_name];
+                } elseif ($mr->getDeclaringClass()->isInterface()) {
+                    $c = new MethodContext($mr);
+                    $c->inherited = true;
+                    $methods[$canon_name] = new MethodValue($c, new DeclaredCallableBag($mr));
+                }
+
+                unset($parent_methods[$canon_name]);
+            }
 
-        $sort = InstanceValue::sortByHierarchy($a->owner_class, $b->owner_class);
-        if ($sort) {
-            return $sort;
+            $this->static_cache[$class] = $methods + $parent_methods;
         }
 
-        return $a->startline - $b->startline;
+        return $this->static_cache[$class];
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ClassStaticsPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ClassStaticsPlugin.php
index 5435da932bfc..0b5e616fc716 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ClassStaticsPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ClassStaticsPlugin.php
@@ -27,17 +27,22 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Parser;
 
-use Kint\Zval\InstanceValue;
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ClassConstContext;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ClassDeclaredContext;
+use Kint\Value\Context\StaticPropertyContext;
+use Kint\Value\InstanceValue;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ContainerRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\UninitializedValue;
 use ReflectionClass;
 use ReflectionClassConstant;
 use ReflectionProperty;
 use UnitEnum;
 
-class ClassStaticsPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+class ClassStaticsPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginCompleteInterface
 {
-    private static $cache = [];
+    /** @psalm-var array<class-string, array<1|0, array<AbstractValue>>> */
+    private array $cache = [];
 
     public function getTypes(): array
     {
@@ -49,106 +54,179 @@ public function getTriggers(): int
         return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
     }
 
-    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    /**
+     * @psalm-template T of AbstractValue
+     *
+     * @psalm-param mixed $var
+     * @psalm-param T $v
+     *
+     * @psalm-return T
+     */
+    public function parseComplete(&$var, AbstractValue $v, int $trigger): AbstractValue
     {
-        if (!$o instanceof InstanceValue) {
-            return;
+        if (!$v instanceof InstanceValue) {
+            return $v;
         }
 
-        $class = \get_class($var);
-        $reflection = new ReflectionClass($class);
+        $deep = 0 === $this->getParser()->getDepthLimit();
 
-        // Constants
-        if (!isset(self::$cache[$class])) {
-            $consts = [];
+        $r = new ReflectionClass($v->getClassName());
 
-            foreach ($reflection->getConstants() as $name => $val) {
-                // Skip enum constants
-                if ($var instanceof UnitEnum && $val instanceof UnitEnum && $o->classname == \get_class($val)) {
-                    continue;
-                }
+        if ($statics = $this->getStatics($r, $v->getContext()->getDepth() + 1)) {
+            $v->addRepresentation(new ContainerRepresentation('Static properties', \array_values($statics), 'statics'));
+        }
 
-                $const = Value::blank($name);
-                $const->const = true;
-                $const->depth = $o->depth + 1;
-                $const->owner_class = $class;
-                $const->operator = Value::OPERATOR_STATIC;
+        if ($consts = $this->getCachedConstants($r, $deep)) {
+            $v->addRepresentation(new ContainerRepresentation('Class constants', \array_values($consts), 'constants'));
+        }
 
-                $creflection = new ReflectionClassConstant($class, $name);
+        return $v;
+    }
 
-                $const->access = Value::ACCESS_PUBLIC;
-                if ($creflection->isProtected()) {
-                    $const->access = Value::ACCESS_PROTECTED;
-                } elseif ($creflection->isPrivate()) {
-                    $const->access = Value::ACCESS_PRIVATE;
-                }
+    /** @psalm-return array<AbstractValue> */
+    private function getStatics(ReflectionClass $r, int $depth): array
+    {
+        $cdepth = $depth ?: 1;
+        $class = $r->getName();
+        $parent = $r->getParentClass();
 
-                if ($this->parser->childHasPath($o, $const)) {
-                    $const->access_path = '\\'.$class.'::'.$name;
-                }
+        $parent_statics = $parent ? $this->getStatics($parent, $depth) : [];
+        $statics = [];
 
-                $const = $this->parser->parse($val, $const);
+        foreach ($r->getProperties(ReflectionProperty::IS_STATIC) as $pr) {
+            $canon_name = \strtolower($pr->getDeclaringClass()->name.'::'.$pr->name);
 
-                $consts[] = $const;
+            if ($pr->getDeclaringClass()->name === $class) {
+                $statics[$canon_name] = $this->buildStaticValue($pr, $cdepth);
+            } elseif (isset($parent_statics[$canon_name])) {
+                $statics[$canon_name] = $parent_statics[$canon_name];
+                unset($parent_statics[$canon_name]);
+            } else {
+                // This should never happen since abstract static properties can't exist
+                $statics[$canon_name] = $this->buildStaticValue($pr, $cdepth); // @codeCoverageIgnore
             }
+        }
 
-            self::$cache[$class] = $consts;
+        foreach ($parent_statics as $canon_name => $value) {
+            $statics[$canon_name] = $value;
         }
 
-        $statics = new Representation('Static class properties', 'statics');
-        $statics->contents = self::$cache[$class];
-
-        foreach ($reflection->getProperties(ReflectionProperty::IS_STATIC) as $static) {
-            $prop = new Value();
-            $prop->name = '$'.$static->getName();
-            $prop->depth = $o->depth + 1;
-            $prop->static = true;
-            $prop->operator = Value::OPERATOR_STATIC;
-            $prop->owner_class = $static->getDeclaringClass()->name;
-
-            $prop->access = Value::ACCESS_PUBLIC;
-            if ($static->isProtected()) {
-                $prop->access = Value::ACCESS_PROTECTED;
-            } elseif ($static->isPrivate()) {
-                $prop->access = Value::ACCESS_PRIVATE;
-            }
+        return $statics;
+    }
 
-            if ($this->parser->childHasPath($o, $prop)) {
-                $prop->access_path = '\\'.$prop->owner_class.'::'.$prop->name;
-            }
+    private function buildStaticValue(ReflectionProperty $pr, int $depth): AbstractValue
+    {
+        $context = new StaticPropertyContext(
+            $pr->name,
+            $pr->getDeclaringClass()->name,
+            ClassDeclaredContext::ACCESS_PUBLIC
+        );
+        $context->depth = $depth;
+        $context->final = KINT_PHP84 && $pr->isFinal();
+
+        if ($pr->isProtected()) {
+            $context->access = ClassDeclaredContext::ACCESS_PROTECTED;
+        } elseif ($pr->isPrivate()) {
+            $context->access = ClassDeclaredContext::ACCESS_PRIVATE;
+        }
 
-            $static->setAccessible(true);
+        $parser = $this->getParser();
 
-            if (KINT_PHP74 && !$static->isInitialized()) {
-                $prop->type = 'uninitialized';
-                $statics->contents[] = $prop;
-            } else {
-                $static = $static->getValue();
-                $statics->contents[] = $this->parser->parse($static, $prop);
-            }
+        if ($context->isAccessible($parser->getCallerClass())) {
+            $context->access_path = '\\'.$context->owner_class.'::$'.$context->name;
         }
 
-        if (empty($statics->contents)) {
-            return;
+        if (KINT_PHP81 === false) {
+            $pr->setAccessible(true);
         }
 
-        \usort($statics->contents, ['Kint\\Parser\\ClassStaticsPlugin', 'sort']);
+        /**
+         * @psalm-suppress TooFewArguments
+         * Appears to have been fixed in master.
+         */
+        if (!$pr->isInitialized()) {
+            $context->access_path = null;
+
+            return new UninitializedValue($context);
+        }
 
-        $o->addRepresentation($statics);
+        $val = $pr->getValue();
+
+        $out = $this->getParser()->parse($val, $context);
+        $context->access_path = null;
+
+        return $out;
     }
 
-    private static function sort(Value $a, Value $b): int
+    /** @psalm-return array<AbstractValue> */
+    private function getCachedConstants(ReflectionClass $r, bool $deep): array
     {
-        $sort = ((int) $a->const) - ((int) $b->const);
-        if ($sort) {
-            return $sort;
+        $parser = $this->getParser();
+        $cdepth = $parser->getDepthLimit() ?: 1;
+        $deepkey = (int) $deep;
+        $class = $r->getName();
+
+        // Separate cache for dumping with/without depth limit
+        // This means we can do immediate depth limit on normal dumps
+        if (!isset($this->cache[$class][$deepkey])) {
+            $consts = [];
+
+            $parent_consts = [];
+            if ($parent = $r->getParentClass()) {
+                $parent_consts = $this->getCachedConstants($parent, $deep);
+            }
+            foreach ($r->getConstants() as $name => $val) {
+                $cr = new ReflectionClassConstant($class, $name);
+
+                // Skip enum constants
+                if ($cr->class === $class && \is_a($class, UnitEnum::class, true)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                $canon_name = \strtolower($cr->getDeclaringClass()->name.'::'.$name);
+
+                if ($cr->getDeclaringClass()->name === $class) {
+                    $context = $this->buildConstContext($cr);
+                    $context->depth = $cdepth;
+
+                    $consts[$canon_name] = $parser->parse($val, $context);
+                    $context->access_path = null;
+                } elseif (isset($parent_consts[$canon_name])) {
+                    $consts[$canon_name] = $parent_consts[$canon_name];
+                } else {
+                    $context = $this->buildConstContext($cr);
+                    $context->depth = $cdepth;
+
+                    $consts[$canon_name] = $parser->parse($val, $context);
+                    $context->access_path = null;
+                }
+
+                unset($parent_consts[$canon_name]);
+            }
+
+            $this->cache[$class][$deepkey] = $consts + $parent_consts;
         }
 
-        $sort = Value::sortByAccess($a, $b);
-        if ($sort) {
-            return $sort;
+        return $this->cache[$class][$deepkey];
+    }
+
+    private function buildConstContext(ReflectionClassConstant $cr): ClassConstContext
+    {
+        $context = new ClassConstContext(
+            $cr->name,
+            $cr->getDeclaringClass()->name,
+            ClassDeclaredContext::ACCESS_PUBLIC
+        );
+        $context->final = KINT_PHP81 && $cr->isFinal();
+
+        if ($cr->isProtected()) {
+            $context->access = ClassDeclaredContext::ACCESS_PROTECTED;
+        } elseif ($cr->isPrivate()) {
+            $context->access = ClassDeclaredContext::ACCESS_PRIVATE;
+        } else {
+            $context->access_path = '\\'.$context->owner_class.'::'.$context->name;
         }
 
-        return InstanceValue::sortByHierarchy($a->owner_class, $b->owner_class);
+        return $context;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ClassStringsPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ClassStringsPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..82927a655ce1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ClassStringsPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Context\BaseContext;
+use Kint\Value\InstanceValue;
+use ReflectionClass;
+
+class ClassStringsPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginCompleteInterface
+{
+    public static array $blacklist = [];
+
+    protected ClassMethodsPlugin $methods_plugin;
+    protected ClassStaticsPlugin $statics_plugin;
+
+    public function __construct(Parser $parser)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($parser);
+
+        $this->methods_plugin = new ClassMethodsPlugin($parser);
+        $this->statics_plugin = new ClassStaticsPlugin($parser);
+    }
+
+    public function setParser(Parser $p): void
+    {
+        parent::setParser($p);
+
+        $this->methods_plugin->setParser($p);
+        $this->statics_plugin->setParser($p);
+    }
+
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['string'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    public function parseComplete(&$var, AbstractValue $v, int $trigger): AbstractValue
+    {
+        $c = $v->getContext();
+
+        if ($c->getDepth() > 0) {
+            return $v;
+        }
+
+        if (!\class_exists($var, true)) {
+            return $v;
+        }
+
+        if (\in_array($var, self::$blacklist, true)) {
+            return $v;
+        }
+
+        $r = new ReflectionClass($var);
+
+        $fakeC = new BaseContext($c->getName());
+        $fakeC->access_path = null;
+        $fakeV = new InstanceValue($fakeC, $r->getName(), 'badhash', -1);
+        $fakeVar = null;
+
+        $fakeV = $this->methods_plugin->parseComplete($fakeVar, $fakeV, Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS);
+        $fakeV = $this->statics_plugin->parseComplete($fakeVar, $fakeV, Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS);
+
+        foreach (['methods', 'static_methods', 'statics', 'constants'] as $rep) {
+            if ($rep = $fakeV->getRepresentation($rep)) {
+                $v->addRepresentation($rep);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $v;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ClosurePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ClosurePlugin.php
index 84ea582646f8..62db52547785 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ClosurePlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ClosurePlugin.php
@@ -28,13 +28,14 @@
 namespace Kint\Parser;
 
 use Closure;
-use Kint\Zval\ClosureValue;
-use Kint\Zval\ParameterValue;
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\ClosureValue;
+use Kint\Value\Context\BaseContext;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ContainerRepresentation;
 use ReflectionFunction;
+use ReflectionReference;
 
-class ClosurePlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+class ClosurePlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginCompleteInterface
 {
     public function getTypes(): array
     {
@@ -46,29 +47,21 @@ public function getTriggers(): int
         return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
     }
 
-    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    public function parseComplete(&$var, AbstractValue $v, int $trigger): AbstractValue
     {
         if (!$var instanceof Closure) {
-            return;
+            return $v;
         }
 
-        $object = new ClosureValue();
-        $object->transplant($o);
-        $o = $object;
-        $object->removeRepresentation('properties');
-
-        $closure = new ReflectionFunction($var);
+        $c = $v->getContext();
 
-        $o->filename = $closure->getFileName();
-        $o->startline = $closure->getStartLine();
+        $object = new ClosureValue($c, $var);
+        $object->flags = $v->flags;
+        $object->appendRepresentations($v->getRepresentations());
 
-        foreach ($closure->getParameters() as $param) {
-            $o->parameters[] = new ParameterValue($param);
-        }
+        $object->removeRepresentation('properties');
 
-        $p = new Representation('Parameters');
-        $p->contents = $o->parameters;
-        $o->addRepresentation($p, 0);
+        $closure = new ReflectionFunction($var);
 
         $statics = [];
 
@@ -76,21 +69,25 @@ public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
             $statics = ['this' => $v];
         }
 
-        if (\count($statics = $statics + $closure->getStaticVariables())) {
+        $statics = $statics + $closure->getStaticVariables();
+
+        $cdepth = $c->getDepth();
+
+        if (\count($statics)) {
             $statics_parsed = [];
 
-            foreach ($statics as $name => &$static) {
-                $obj = Value::blank('$'.$name);
-                $obj->depth = $o->depth + 1;
-                $statics_parsed[$name] = $this->parser->parse($static, $obj);
-                if (null === $statics_parsed[$name]->value) {
-                    $statics_parsed[$name]->access_path = null;
-                }
+            $parser = $this->getParser();
+
+            foreach ($statics as $name => $_) {
+                $base = new BaseContext('$'.$name);
+                $base->depth = $cdepth + 1;
+                $base->reference = null !== ReflectionReference::fromArrayElement($statics, $name);
+                $statics_parsed[$name] = $parser->parse($statics[$name], $base);
             }
 
-            $r = new Representation('Uses');
-            $r->contents = $statics_parsed;
-            $o->addRepresentation($r, 0);
+            $object->addRepresentation(new ContainerRepresentation('Uses', $statics_parsed), 0);
         }
+
+        return $object;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ColorPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ColorPlugin.php
index 2a58cb9ad3b9..ffdedd7cfb4d 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ColorPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ColorPlugin.php
@@ -27,10 +27,13 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Parser;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\ColorRepresentation;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\ColorValue;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ColorRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\StringValue;
 
-class ColorPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+class ColorPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginCompleteInterface
 {
     public function getTypes(): array
     {
@@ -42,24 +45,34 @@ public function getTriggers(): int
         return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
     }
 
-    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    public function parseComplete(&$var, AbstractValue $v, int $trigger): AbstractValue
     {
         if (\strlen($var) > 32) {
-            return;
+            return $v;
+        }
+
+        if (!$v instanceof StringValue) {
+            return $v;
         }
 
         $trimmed = \strtolower(\trim($var));
 
-        if (!isset(ColorRepresentation::$color_map[$trimmed]) && !\preg_match('/^(?:(?:rgb|hsl)[^\\)]{6,}\\)|#[0-9a-fA-F]{3,8})$/', $trimmed)) {
-            return;
+        if (!isset(ColorRepresentation::$color_map[$trimmed]) && !\preg_match('/^(?:(?:rgb|hsl)a?[^\\)]{6,}\\)|#[0-9a-f]{3,8})$/', $trimmed)) {
+            return $v;
         }
 
-        $rep = new ColorRepresentation($var);
-
-        if ($rep->variant) {
-            $o->removeRepresentation($o->value);
-            $o->addRepresentation($rep, 0);
-            $o->hints[] = 'color';
+        try {
+            $rep = new ColorRepresentation($var);
+        } catch (InvalidArgumentException $e) {
+            return $v;
         }
+
+        $out = new ColorValue($v->getContext(), $v->getValue(), $v->getEncoding());
+        $out->flags = $v->flags;
+        $out->appendRepresentations($v->getRepresentations());
+        $out->removeRepresentation('contents');
+        $out->addRepresentation($rep, 0);
+
+        return $out;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ConstructablePluginInterface.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ConstructablePluginInterface.php
index 689b24e61668..880b57efb72f 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ConstructablePluginInterface.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ConstructablePluginInterface.php
@@ -29,5 +29,5 @@
 
 interface ConstructablePluginInterface extends PluginInterface
 {
-    public function __construct();
+    public function __construct(Parser $p);
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/DOMDocumentPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/DOMDocumentPlugin.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 84cfbf835f26..000000000000
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/DOMDocumentPlugin.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,356 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-
-declare(strict_types=1);
-
-/*
- * The MIT License (MIT)
- *
- * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
- *
- * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
- * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
- * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
- * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
- * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
- * subject to the following conditions:
- *
- * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
- * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
- * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
- * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
- * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
- * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
- * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
- */
-
-namespace Kint\Parser;
-
-use DOMNamedNodeMap;
-use DOMNode;
-use DOMNodeList;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
-use Kint\Zval\BlobValue;
-use Kint\Zval\InstanceValue;
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
-
-/**
- * The DOMDocument parser plugin is particularly useful as it is both the only
- * way to see inside the DOMNode without print_r, and the only way to see mixed
- * text and node inside XML (SimpleXMLElement will strip out the text).
- */
-class DOMDocumentPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
-{
-    /**
-     * List of properties to skip parsing.
-     *
-     * The properties of a DOMNode can do a *lot* of damage to debuggers. The
-     * DOMNode contains not one, not two, not three, not four, not 5, not 6,
-     * not 7 but 8 different ways to recurse into itself:
-     * * firstChild
-     * * lastChild
-     * * previousSibling
-     * * nextSibling
-     * * ownerDocument
-     * * parentNode
-     * * childNodes
-     * * attributes
-     *
-     * All of this combined: the tiny SVGs used as the caret in Kint are already
-     * enough to make parsing and rendering take over a second, and send memory
-     * usage over 128 megs. So we blacklist every field we don't strictly need
-     * and hope that that's good enough.
-     *
-     * In retrospect - this is probably why print_r does the same
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    public static $blacklist = [
-        'parentNode' => 'DOMNode',
-        'firstChild' => 'DOMNode',
-        'lastChild' => 'DOMNode',
-        'previousSibling' => 'DOMNode',
-        'nextSibling' => 'DOMNode',
-        'ownerDocument' => 'DOMDocument',
-    ];
-
-    /**
-     * Show all properties and methods.
-     *
-     * @var bool
-     */
-    public static $verbose = false;
-
-    public function getTypes(): array
-    {
-        return ['object'];
-    }
-
-    public function getTriggers(): int
-    {
-        return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
-    }
-
-    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
-    {
-        if (!$o instanceof InstanceValue) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        if ($var instanceof DOMNamedNodeMap || $var instanceof DOMNodeList) {
-            $this->parseList($var, $o, $trigger);
-
-            return;
-        }
-
-        if ($var instanceof DOMNode) {
-            $this->parseNode($var, $o);
-
-            return;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param DOMNamedNodeMap|DOMNodeList &$var
-     */
-    protected function parseList($var, InstanceValue &$o, int $trigger): void
-    {
-        if (!$var instanceof DOMNamedNodeMap && !$var instanceof DOMNodeList) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // Recursion should never happen, should always be stopped at the parent
-        // DOMNode. Depth limit on the other hand we're going to skip since
-        // that would show an empty iterator and rather useless. Let the depth
-        // limit hit the children (DOMNodeList only has DOMNode as children)
-        if ($trigger & Parser::TRIGGER_RECURSION) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        $o->size = $var->length;
-        if (0 === $o->size) {
-            $o->replaceRepresentation(new Representation('Iterator'));
-            $o->size = null;
-
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // Depth limit
-        // Make empty iterator representation since we need it in DOMNode to point out depth limits
-        if ($this->parser->getDepthLimit() && $o->depth + 1 >= $this->parser->getDepthLimit()) {
-            $b = new Value();
-            $b->name = $o->classname.' Iterator Contents';
-            $b->access_path = 'iterator_to_array('.$o->access_path.')';
-            $b->depth = $o->depth + 1;
-            $b->hints[] = 'depth_limit';
-
-            $r = new Representation('Iterator');
-            $r->contents = [$b];
-            $o->replaceRepresentation($r, 0);
-
-            return;
-        }
-
-        $r = new Representation('Iterator');
-        $o->replaceRepresentation($r, 0);
-
-        foreach ($var as $key => $item) {
-            $base_obj = new Value();
-            $base_obj->depth = $o->depth + 1;
-            $base_obj->name = $item->nodeName;
-
-            if ($o->access_path) {
-                if ($var instanceof DOMNamedNodeMap) {
-                    // We can't use getNamedItem() for attributes without a
-                    // namespace because it will pick the first matching
-                    // attribute of *any* namespace.
-                    //
-                    // Contrary to the PHP docs, getNamedItemNS takes null
-                    // as a namespace argument for an unnamespaced item.
-                    $base_obj->access_path = $o->access_path.'->getNamedItemNS(';
-                    $base_obj->access_path .= \var_export($item->namespaceURI, true);
-                    $base_obj->access_path .= ', ';
-                    $base_obj->access_path .= \var_export($item->name, true);
-                    $base_obj->access_path .= ')';
-                } else { // DOMNodeList
-                    $base_obj->access_path = $o->access_path.'->item('.\var_export($key, true).')';
-                }
-            }
-
-            $r->contents[] = $this->parser->parse($item, $base_obj);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @psalm-param-out Value &$o
-     */
-    protected function parseNode(DOMNode $var, InstanceValue &$o): void
-    {
-        // Fill the properties
-        // They can't be enumerated through reflection or casting,
-        // so we have to trust the docs and try them one at a time
-        $known_properties = [
-            'nodeValue',
-            'childNodes',
-            'attributes',
-        ];
-
-        if (self::$verbose) {
-            $known_properties = [
-                'nodeName',
-                'nodeValue',
-                'nodeType',
-                'parentNode',
-                'childNodes',
-                'firstChild',
-                'lastChild',
-                'previousSibling',
-                'nextSibling',
-                'attributes',
-                'ownerDocument',
-                'namespaceURI',
-                'prefix',
-                'localName',
-                'baseURI',
-                'textContent',
-            ];
-        }
-
-        $childNodes = null;
-        $attributes = null;
-
-        $rep = $o->value;
-
-        foreach ($known_properties as $prop) {
-            $prop_obj = $this->parseProperty($o, $prop, $var);
-            $rep->contents[] = $prop_obj;
-
-            if ('childNodes' === $prop) {
-                $childNodes = $prop_obj->getRepresentation('iterator');
-            } elseif ('attributes' === $prop) {
-                $attributes = $prop_obj->getRepresentation('iterator');
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (!self::$verbose) {
-            $o->removeRepresentation('methods');
-            $o->removeRepresentation('properties');
-        }
-
-        // Attributes and comments and text nodes don't
-        // need children or attributes of their own
-        if (\in_array($o->classname, ['DOMAttr', 'DOMText', 'DOMComment'], true)) {
-            $o = self::textualNodeToString($o);
-
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // Set the attributes
-        if ($attributes) {
-            $a = new Representation('Attributes');
-            foreach ($attributes->contents as $attribute) {
-                $a->contents[] = $attribute;
-            }
-            $o->addRepresentation($a, 0);
-        }
-
-        // Set the children
-        if ($childNodes) {
-            $c = new Representation('Children');
-
-            if (1 === \count($childNodes->contents) && ($node = \reset($childNodes->contents)) && \in_array('depth_limit', $node->hints, true)) {
-                $n = new InstanceValue();
-                $n->transplant($node);
-                $n->name = 'childNodes';
-                $n->classname = 'DOMNodeList';
-                $c->contents = [$n];
-            } else {
-                foreach ($childNodes->contents as $node) {
-                    // Remove text nodes if theyre empty
-                    if ($node instanceof BlobValue && '#text' === $node->name && (\ctype_space($node->value->contents) || '' === $node->value->contents)) {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-
-                    $c->contents[] = $node;
-                }
-            }
-
-            $o->addRepresentation($c, 0);
-        }
-
-        if ($childNodes) {
-            $o->size = \count($childNodes->contents);
-        }
-
-        if (!$o->size) {
-            $o->size = null;
-        }
-    }
-
-    protected function parseProperty(InstanceValue $o, string $prop, DOMNode &$var): Value
-    {
-        // Duplicating (And slightly optimizing) the Parser::parseObject() code here
-        $base_obj = new Value();
-        $base_obj->depth = $o->depth + 1;
-        $base_obj->owner_class = $o->classname;
-        $base_obj->name = $prop;
-        $base_obj->operator = Value::OPERATOR_OBJECT;
-        $base_obj->access = Value::ACCESS_PUBLIC;
-
-        if (null !== $o->access_path) {
-            $base_obj->access_path = $o->access_path;
-
-            if (\preg_match('/^[A-Za-z0-9_]+$/', $base_obj->name)) {
-                $base_obj->access_path .= '->'.$base_obj->name;
-            } else {
-                $base_obj->access_path .= '->{'.\var_export($base_obj->name, true).'}';
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (!isset($var->{$prop})) {
-            $base_obj->type = 'null';
-        } elseif (isset(self::$blacklist[$prop])) {
-            $b = new InstanceValue();
-            $b->transplant($base_obj);
-            $base_obj = $b;
-
-            $base_obj->hints[] = 'blacklist';
-            $base_obj->classname = self::$blacklist[$prop];
-        } elseif ('attributes' === $prop) {
-            // Attributes are strings. If we're too deep set the
-            // depth limit to enable parsing them, but no deeper.
-            if ($this->parser->getDepthLimit() && $this->parser->getDepthLimit() - 2 < $base_obj->depth) {
-                $base_obj->depth = $this->parser->getDepthLimit() - 2;
-            }
-            $base_obj = $this->parser->parse($var->{$prop}, $base_obj);
-        } else {
-            $base_obj = $this->parser->parse($var->{$prop}, $base_obj);
-        }
-
-        return $base_obj;
-    }
-
-    protected static function textualNodeToString(InstanceValue $o): Value
-    {
-        if (empty($o->value) || empty($o->value->contents) || empty($o->classname)) {
-            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Invalid DOMNode passed to DOMDocumentPlugin::textualNodeToString');
-        }
-
-        if (!\in_array($o->classname, ['DOMText', 'DOMAttr', 'DOMComment'], true)) {
-            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Invalid DOMNode passed to DOMDocumentPlugin::textualNodeToString');
-        }
-
-        foreach ($o->value->contents as $property) {
-            if ('nodeValue' === $property->name) {
-                $ret = clone $property;
-                $ret->name = $o->name;
-
-                return $ret;
-            }
-        }
-
-        throw new InvalidArgumentException('Invalid DOMNode passed to DOMDocumentPlugin::textualNodeToString');
-    }
-}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/DateTimePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/DateTimePlugin.php
index 038acea133ec..4cba25d48dc9 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/DateTimePlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/DateTimePlugin.php
@@ -27,11 +27,13 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Parser;
 
-use DateTime;
-use Kint\Zval\DateTimeValue;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use DateTimeInterface;
+use Error;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\DateTimeValue;
+use Kint\Value\InstanceValue;
 
-class DateTimePlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+class DateTimePlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginCompleteInterface
 {
     public function getTypes(): array
     {
@@ -43,15 +45,23 @@ public function getTriggers(): int
         return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
     }
 
-    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    public function parseComplete(&$var, AbstractValue $v, int $trigger): AbstractValue
     {
-        if (!$var instanceof DateTime) {
-            return;
+        if (!$var instanceof DateTimeInterface || !$v instanceof InstanceValue) {
+            return $v;
         }
 
-        $object = new DateTimeValue($var);
-        $object->transplant($o);
+        try {
+            $dtv = new DateTimeValue($v->getContext(), $var);
+        } catch (Error $e) {
+            // Only happens if someone makes a DateTimeInterface with a private __clone
+            return $v;
+        }
+
+        $dtv->setChildren($v->getChildren());
+        $dtv->flags = $v->flags;
+        $dtv->appendRepresentations($v->getRepresentations());
 
-        $o = $object;
+        return $dtv;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/DomPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/DomPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7de5eb8db301
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/DomPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,555 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use Dom\Attr;
+use Dom\CharacterData;
+use Dom\Document;
+use Dom\DocumentType;
+use Dom\Element;
+use Dom\HTMLElement;
+use Dom\NamedNodeMap;
+use Dom\Node;
+use Dom\NodeList;
+use DOMAttr;
+use DOMCharacterData;
+use DOMDocumentType;
+use DOMElement;
+use DOMNamedNodeMap;
+use DOMNode;
+use DOMNodeList;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Context\BaseContext;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ClassDeclaredContext;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
+use Kint\Value\Context\PropertyContext;
+use Kint\Value\DomNodeListValue;
+use Kint\Value\DomNodeValue;
+use Kint\Value\FixedWidthValue;
+use Kint\Value\InstanceValue;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ContainerRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\StringValue;
+use LogicException;
+use ReflectionClass;
+
+class DomPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginBeginInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Reflection doesn't show readonly status.
+     *
+     * In order to ensure this is stable enough we're only going to provide
+     * properties for element and node. If subclasses like attr or document
+     * have their own fields then tough shit we're not showing them.
+     *
+     * @psalm-var non-empty-array<string, bool> Property names to readable status
+     */
+    public const NODE_PROPS = [
+        'nodeType' => true,
+        'nodeName' => true,
+        'baseURI' => true,
+        'isConnected' => true,
+        'ownerDocument' => true,
+        'parentNode' => true,
+        'parentElement' => true,
+        'childNodes' => true,
+        'firstChild' => true,
+        'lastChild' => true,
+        'previousSibling' => true,
+        'nextSibling' => true,
+        'nodeValue' => true,
+        'textContent' => false,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-var non-empty-array<string, bool> Property names to readable status
+     */
+    public const ELEMENT_PROPS = [
+        'namespaceURI' => true,
+        'prefix' => true,
+        'localName' => true,
+        'tagName' => true,
+        'id' => false,
+        'className' => false,
+        'classList' => true,
+        'attributes' => true,
+        'firstElementChild' => true,
+        'lastElementChild' => true,
+        'childElementCount' => true,
+        'previousElementSibling' => true,
+        'nextElementSibling' => true,
+        'innerHTML' => false,
+        'outerHTML' => true,
+        'substitutedNodeValue' => false,
+        'children' => true,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-var non-empty-array<string, bool> Property names to readable status
+     */
+    public const DOMNODE_PROPS = [
+        'nodeName' => true,
+        'nodeValue' => false,
+        'nodeType' => true,
+        'parentNode' => true,
+        'parentElement' => true,
+        'childNodes' => true,
+        'firstChild' => true,
+        'lastChild' => true,
+        'previousSibling' => true,
+        'nextSibling' => true,
+        'attributes' => true,
+        'isConnected' => true,
+        'ownerDocument' => true,
+        'namespaceURI' => true,
+        'prefix' => false,
+        'localName' => true,
+        'baseURI' => true,
+        'textContent' => false,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-var non-empty-array<string, bool> Property names to readable status
+     */
+    public const DOMELEMENT_PROPS = [
+        'tagName' => true,
+        'className' => false,
+        'id' => false,
+        'schemaTypeInfo' => true,
+        'firstElementChild' => true,
+        'lastElementChild' => true,
+        'childElementCount' => true,
+        'previousElementSibling' => true,
+        'nextElementSibling' => true,
+    ];
+
+    public const DOM_VERSIONS = [
+        'parentElement' => KINT_PHP83,
+        'isConnected' => KINT_PHP83,
+        'className' => KINT_PHP83,
+        'id' => KINT_PHP83,
+        'firstElementChild' => KINT_PHP80,
+        'lastElementChild' => KINT_PHP80,
+        'childElementCount' => KINT_PHP80,
+        'previousElementSibling' => KINT_PHP80,
+        'nextElementSibling' => KINT_PHP80,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * List of properties to skip parsing.
+     *
+     * The properties of a Dom\Node can do a *lot* of damage to debuggers. The
+     * Dom\Node contains not one, not two, but 13 different ways to recurse into itself:
+     * * parentNode
+     * * firstChild
+     * * lastChild
+     * * previousSibling
+     * * nextSibling
+     * * parentElement
+     * * firstElementChild
+     * * lastElementChild
+     * * previousElementSibling
+     * * nextElementSibling
+     * * childNodes
+     * * attributes
+     * * ownerDocument
+     *
+     * All of this combined: the tiny SVGs used as the caret in Kint were already
+     * enough to make parsing and rendering take over a second, and send memory
+     * usage over 128 megs, back in the old DOM API. So we blacklist every field
+     * we don't strictly need and hope that that's good enough.
+     *
+     * In retrospect -- this is probably why print_r does the same
+     *
+     * @psalm-var array<string, true>
+     */
+    public static array $blacklist = [
+        'parentNode' => true,
+        'firstChild' => true,
+        'lastChild' => true,
+        'previousSibling' => true,
+        'nextSibling' => true,
+        'firstElementChild' => true,
+        'lastElementChild' => true,
+        'parentElement' => true,
+        'previousElementSibling' => true,
+        'nextElementSibling' => true,
+        'ownerDocument' => true,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Show all properties and methods.
+     */
+    public static bool $verbose = false;
+
+    /** @psalm-var array<class-string, array<string, bool>> cache of properties for getKnownProperties */
+    protected static array $property_cache = [];
+
+    protected ClassMethodsPlugin $methods_plugin;
+    protected ClassStaticsPlugin $statics_plugin;
+
+    public function __construct(Parser $parser)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($parser);
+
+        $this->methods_plugin = new ClassMethodsPlugin($parser);
+        $this->statics_plugin = new ClassStaticsPlugin($parser);
+    }
+
+    public function setParser(Parser $p): void
+    {
+        parent::setParser($p);
+
+        $this->methods_plugin->setParser($p);
+        $this->statics_plugin->setParser($p);
+    }
+
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['object'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_BEGIN;
+    }
+
+    public function parseBegin(&$var, ContextInterface $c): ?AbstractValue
+    {
+        // Attributes and chardata (Which is parent of comments and text
+        // nodes) don't need children or attributes of their own
+        if ($var instanceof Attr || $var instanceof CharacterData || $var instanceof DOMAttr || $var instanceof DOMCharacterData) {
+            return $this->parseText($var, $c);
+        }
+
+        if ($var instanceof NamedNodeMap || $var instanceof NodeList || $var instanceof DOMNamedNodeMap || $var instanceof DOMNodeList) {
+            return $this->parseList($var, $c);
+        }
+
+        if ($var instanceof Node || $var instanceof DOMNode) {
+            return $this->parseNode($var, $c);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /** @psalm-param Node|DOMNode $var */
+    private function parseProperty(object $var, string $prop, ContextInterface $c): AbstractValue
+    {
+        // Suppress deprecation message
+        if (@!isset($var->{$prop})) {
+            return new FixedWidthValue($c, null);
+        }
+
+        $parser = $this->getParser();
+        // Suppress deprecation message
+        @$value = $var->{$prop};
+
+        if (\is_scalar($value)) {
+            return $parser->parse($value, $c);
+        }
+
+        if (isset(self::$blacklist[$prop])) {
+            $b = new InstanceValue($c, \get_class($value), \spl_object_hash($value), \spl_object_id($value));
+            $b->flags |= AbstractValue::FLAG_GENERATED | AbstractValue::FLAG_BLACKLIST;
+
+            return $b;
+        }
+
+        // Everything we can handle in parseBegin
+        if ($value instanceof Attr || $value instanceof CharacterData || $value instanceof DOMAttr || $value instanceof DOMCharacterData || $value instanceof NamedNodeMap || $value instanceof NodeList || $value instanceof DOMNamedNodeMap || $value instanceof DOMNodeList || $value instanceof Node || $value instanceof DOMNode) {
+            $out = $this->parseBegin($value, $c);
+        }
+
+        if (!isset($out)) {
+            // Shouldn't ever happen
+            $out = $parser->parse($value, $c); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        $out->flags |= AbstractValue::FLAG_GENERATED;
+
+        return $out;
+    }
+
+    /** @psalm-param Attr|CharacterData|DOMAttr|DOMCharacterData $var */
+    private function parseText(object $var, ContextInterface $c): AbstractValue
+    {
+        if ($c instanceof BaseContext && null !== $c->access_path) {
+            $c->access_path .= '->nodeValue';
+        }
+
+        return $this->parseProperty($var, 'nodeValue', $c);
+    }
+
+    /** @psalm-param NamedNodeMap|NodeList|DOMNamedNodeMap|DOMNodeList $var */
+    private function parseList(object $var, ContextInterface $c): InstanceValue
+    {
+        if ($var instanceof NodeList || $var instanceof DOMNodeList) {
+            $v = new DomNodeListValue($c, $var);
+        } else {
+            $v = new InstanceValue($c, \get_class($var), \spl_object_hash($var), \spl_object_id($var));
+        }
+
+        $parser = $this->getParser();
+        $pdepth = $parser->getDepthLimit();
+
+        // Depth limit
+        // Use empty iterator representation since we need it to point out depth limits
+        if (($var instanceof NodeList || $var instanceof DOMNodeList) && $pdepth && $c->getDepth() >= $pdepth) {
+            $v->flags |= AbstractValue::FLAG_DEPTH_LIMIT;
+
+            return $v;
+        }
+
+        if (self::$verbose) {
+            $v = $this->methods_plugin->parseComplete($var, $v, Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS);
+            $v = $this->statics_plugin->parseComplete($var, $v, Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS);
+        }
+
+        if (0 === $var->length) {
+            $v->setChildren([]);
+
+            return $v;
+        }
+
+        $cdepth = $c->getDepth();
+        $ap = $c->getAccessPath();
+        $contents = [];
+
+        foreach ($var as $key => $item) {
+            $base_obj = new BaseContext($item->nodeName);
+            $base_obj->depth = $cdepth + 1;
+
+            if ($var instanceof NamedNodeMap || $var instanceof DOMNamedNodeMap) {
+                if (null !== $ap) {
+                    $base_obj->access_path = $ap.'['.\var_export($item->nodeName, true).']';
+                }
+            } else { // NodeList
+                if (null !== $ap) {
+                    $base_obj->access_path = $ap.'['.\var_export($key, true).']';
+                }
+            }
+
+            if ($item instanceof HTMLElement) {
+                $base_obj->name = $item->localName;
+            }
+
+            $item = $parser->parse($item, $base_obj);
+            $item->flags |= AbstractValue::FLAG_GENERATED;
+
+            $contents[] = $item;
+        }
+
+        $v->setChildren($contents);
+
+        if ($contents) {
+            $v->addRepresentation(new ContainerRepresentation('Iterator', $contents), 0);
+        }
+
+        return $v;
+    }
+
+    /** @psalm-param Node|DOMNode $var */
+    private function parseNode(object $var, ContextInterface $c): DomNodeValue
+    {
+        $class = \get_class($var);
+        $pdepth = $this->getParser()->getDepthLimit();
+
+        if ($pdepth && $c->getDepth() >= $pdepth) {
+            $v = new DomNodeValue($c, $var);
+            $v->flags |= AbstractValue::FLAG_DEPTH_LIMIT;
+
+            return $v;
+        }
+
+        if (($var instanceof DocumentType || $var instanceof DOMDocumentType) && $c instanceof BaseContext && $c->name === $var->nodeName) {
+            $c->name = '!DOCTYPE '.$c->name;
+        }
+
+        $cdepth = $c->getDepth();
+        $ap = $c->getAccessPath();
+
+        $properties = [];
+        $children = [];
+        $attributes = [];
+
+        foreach (self::getKnownProperties($var) as $prop => $readonly) {
+            $prop_c = new PropertyContext($prop, $class, ClassDeclaredContext::ACCESS_PUBLIC);
+            $prop_c->depth = $cdepth + 1;
+            $prop_c->readonly = KINT_PHP81 && $readonly;
+
+            if (null !== $ap) {
+                $prop_c->access_path = $ap.'->'.$prop;
+            }
+
+            $properties[] = $prop_obj = $this->parseProperty($var, $prop, $prop_c);
+
+            if ('childNodes' === $prop) {
+                if (!$prop_obj instanceof DomNodeListValue) {
+                    throw new LogicException('childNodes property parsed incorrectly'); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+                }
+                $children = self::getChildren($prop_obj);
+            } elseif ('attributes' === $prop) {
+                $attributes = $prop_obj->getRepresentation('iterator');
+                $attributes = $attributes instanceof ContainerRepresentation ? $attributes->getContents() : [];
+            } elseif ('classList' === $prop) {
+                if ($iter = $prop_obj->getRepresentation('iterator')) {
+                    $prop_obj->removeRepresentation($iter);
+                    $prop_obj->addRepresentation($iter, 0);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        $v = new DomNodeValue($c, $var);
+        // If we're in text mode, we can see children through the childNodes property
+        $v->setChildren($properties);
+
+        if ($children) {
+            $v->addRepresentation(new ContainerRepresentation('Children', $children, null, true));
+        }
+
+        if ($attributes) {
+            $v->addRepresentation(new ContainerRepresentation('Attributes', $attributes));
+        }
+
+        if (self::$verbose) {
+            $v->addRepresentation(new ContainerRepresentation('Properties', $properties));
+
+            $v = $this->methods_plugin->parseComplete($var, $v, Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS);
+            $v = $this->statics_plugin->parseComplete($var, $v, Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS);
+        }
+
+        return $v;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-param Node|DOMNode $var
+     *
+     * @psalm-return non-empty-array<string, bool>
+     */
+    public static function getKnownProperties(object $var): array
+    {
+        if (KINT_PHP81) {
+            $r = new ReflectionClass($var);
+            $classname = $r->getName();
+
+            if (!isset(self::$property_cache[$classname])) {
+                self::$property_cache[$classname] = [];
+
+                foreach ($r->getProperties() as $prop) {
+                    if ($prop->isStatic()) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    $declaring = $prop->getDeclaringClass()->getName();
+                    $name = $prop->name;
+
+                    if (\in_array($declaring, [Node::class, Element::class], true)) {
+                        $readonly = self::NODE_PROPS[$name] ?? self::ELEMENT_PROPS[$name];
+                    } elseif (\in_array($declaring, [DOMNode::class, DOMElement::class], true)) {
+                        $readonly = self::DOMNODE_PROPS[$name] ?? self::DOMELEMENT_PROPS[$name];
+                    } else {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    self::$property_cache[$classname][$prop->name] = $readonly;
+                }
+
+                if ($var instanceof Document) {
+                    self::$property_cache[$classname]['textContent'] = true;
+                }
+
+                if ($var instanceof Attr || $var instanceof CharacterData) {
+                    self::$property_cache[$classname]['nodeValue'] = false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            $known_properties = self::$property_cache[$classname];
+        } else {
+            $known_properties = self::DOMNODE_PROPS;
+            if ($var instanceof DOMElement) {
+                $known_properties += self::DOMELEMENT_PROPS;
+            }
+
+            foreach (self::DOM_VERSIONS as $key => $val) {
+                if (false === $val) {
+                    unset($known_properties[$key]); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /** @psalm-var non-empty-array $known_properties */
+        if (!self::$verbose) {
+            $known_properties = \array_intersect_key($known_properties, [
+                'nodeValue' => null,
+                'childNodes' => null,
+                'attributes' => null,
+            ]);
+        }
+
+        return $known_properties;
+    }
+
+    /** @psalm-return list<AbstractValue> */
+    private static function getChildren(DomNodeListValue $property): array
+    {
+        if (0 === $property->getLength()) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        if ($property->flags & AbstractValue::FLAG_DEPTH_LIMIT) {
+            return [$property];
+        }
+
+        $list_items = $property->getChildren();
+
+        if (null === $list_items) {
+            // This is here for psalm but all DomNodeListValue should
+            // either be depth_limit or have array children
+            return []; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        $children = [];
+
+        foreach ($list_items as $node) {
+            // Remove text nodes if theyre empty
+            if ($node instanceof StringValue && '#text' === $node->getContext()->getName()) {
+                /**
+                 * @psalm-suppress InvalidArgument
+                 * Psalm bug #11055
+                 */
+                if (\ctype_space($node->getValue()) || '' === $node->getValue()) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+
+            $children[] = $node;
+        }
+
+        return $children;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/EnumPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/EnumPlugin.php
index d5d348aa5c90..e1fe85b65201 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/EnumPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/EnumPlugin.php
@@ -27,15 +27,15 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Parser;
 
-use BackedEnum;
-use Kint\Zval\EnumValue;
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Context\BaseContext;
+use Kint\Value\EnumValue;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ContainerRepresentation;
 use UnitEnum;
 
-class EnumPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+class EnumPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginCompleteInterface
 {
-    private static $cache = [];
+    private array $cache = [];
 
     public function getTypes(): array
     {
@@ -51,38 +51,34 @@ public function getTriggers(): int
         return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
     }
 
-    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    public function parseComplete(&$var, AbstractValue $v, int $trigger): AbstractValue
     {
         if (!$var instanceof UnitEnum) {
-            return;
+            return $v;
         }
 
+        $c = $v->getContext();
         $class = \get_class($var);
 
-        if (!isset(self::$cache[$class])) {
-            $cases = new Representation('Enum values', 'enum');
-            $cases->contents = [];
+        if (!isset($this->cache[$class])) {
+            $contents = [];
 
             foreach ($var->cases() as $case) {
-                $base_obj = Value::blank($class.'::'.$case->name, '\\'.$class.'::'.$case->name);
-                $base_obj->depth = $o->depth + 1;
-
-                if ($var instanceof BackedEnum) {
-                    $c = $case->value;
-                    $cases->contents[] = $this->parser->parse($c, $base_obj);
-                } else {
-                    $cases->contents[] = $base_obj;
-                }
+                $base = new BaseContext($case->name);
+                $base->access_path = '\\'.$class.'::'.$case->name;
+                $base->depth = $c->getDepth() + 1;
+                $contents[] = new EnumValue($base, $case);
             }
 
-            self::$cache[$class] = $cases;
+            /** @psalm-var non-empty-array<EnumValue> $contents */
+            $this->cache[$class] = new ContainerRepresentation('Enum values', $contents, 'enum');
         }
 
-        $object = new EnumValue($var);
-        $object->transplant($o);
-
-        $object->addRepresentation(self::$cache[$class], 0);
+        $object = new EnumValue($c, $var);
+        $object->flags = $v->flags;
+        $object->appendRepresentations($v->getRepresentations());
+        $object->addRepresentation($this->cache[$class], 0);
 
-        $o = $object;
+        return $object;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/FsPathPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/FsPathPlugin.php
index 1a98c6dcd134..3b17d0e91142 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/FsPathPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/FsPathPlugin.php
@@ -27,14 +27,14 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Parser;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\SplFileInfoRepresentation;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\SplFileInfoRepresentation;
 use SplFileInfo;
 use TypeError;
 
-class FsPathPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+class FsPathPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginCompleteInterface
 {
-    public static $blacklist = ['/', '.'];
+    public static array $blacklist = ['/', '.'];
 
     public function getTypes(): array
     {
@@ -46,35 +46,35 @@ public function getTriggers(): int
         return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
     }
 
-    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    public function parseComplete(&$var, AbstractValue $v, int $trigger): AbstractValue
     {
         if (\strlen($var) > 2048) {
-            return;
+            return $v;
         }
 
         if (!\preg_match('/[\\/\\'.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.']/', $var)) {
-            return;
+            return $v;
         }
 
         if (\preg_match('/[?<>"*|]/', $var)) {
-            return;
+            return $v;
         }
 
         try {
             if (!@\file_exists($var)) {
-                return;
+                return $v;
             }
         } catch (TypeError $e) {// @codeCoverageIgnore
             // Only possible in PHP 7
-            return; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            return $v; // @codeCoverageIgnore
         }
 
         if (\in_array($var, self::$blacklist, true)) {
-            return;
+            return $v;
         }
 
-        $r = new SplFileInfoRepresentation(new SplFileInfo($var));
-        $r->hints[] = 'fspath';
-        $o->addRepresentation($r, 0);
+        $v->addRepresentation(new SplFileInfoRepresentation(new SplFileInfo($var)), 0);
+
+        return $v;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/HtmlPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/HtmlPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..bc1a4f268168
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/HtmlPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use Dom\HTMLDocument;
+use DOMException;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Context\BaseContext;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ContainerRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ValueRepresentation;
+
+class HtmlPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginCompleteInterface
+{
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['string'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        if (!KINT_PHP84) {
+            return Parser::TRIGGER_NONE; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    public function parseComplete(&$var, AbstractValue $v, int $trigger): AbstractValue
+    {
+        if ('<!doctype html>' !== \strtolower((string) \substr($var, 0, 15))) {
+            return $v;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            $html = HTMLDocument::createFromString($var, LIBXML_NOERROR);
+        } catch (DOMException $e) { // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            return $v; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        $c = $v->getContext();
+
+        $base = new BaseContext('childNodes');
+        $base->depth = $c->getDepth();
+
+        if (null !== ($ap = $c->getAccessPath())) {
+            $base->access_path = '\\Dom\\HTMLDocument::createFromString('.$ap.')->childNodes';
+        }
+
+        $out = $this->getParser()->parse($html->childNodes, $base);
+        $iter = $out->getRepresentation('iterator');
+
+        if ($out->flags & AbstractValue::FLAG_DEPTH_LIMIT) {
+            $out->flags |= AbstractValue::FLAG_GENERATED;
+            $v->addRepresentation(new ValueRepresentation('HTML', $out), 0);
+        } elseif ($iter instanceof ContainerRepresentation) {
+            $v->addRepresentation(new ContainerRepresentation('HTML', $iter->getContents()), 0);
+        }
+
+        return $v;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/IteratorPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/IteratorPlugin.php
index 7ebfe73e5cef..fc31d78fab7d 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/IteratorPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/IteratorPlugin.php
@@ -27,11 +27,25 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Parser;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Dom\NamedNodeMap;
+use Dom\NodeList;
+use DOMNamedNodeMap;
+use DOMNodeList;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\ArrayValue;
+use Kint\Value\Context\BaseContext;
+use Kint\Value\InstanceValue;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ContainerRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ValueRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\UninitializedValue;
+use mysqli_result;
+use PDOStatement;
+use SimpleXMLElement;
+use SplFileObject;
+use Throwable;
 use Traversable;
 
-class IteratorPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+class IteratorPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginCompleteInterface
 {
     /**
      * List of classes and interfaces to blacklist.
@@ -40,14 +54,17 @@ class IteratorPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
      * when traversed. Others are just huge. Either way, put them in here
      * and you won't have to worry about them being parsed.
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @psalm-var class-string[]
      */
-    public static $blacklist = [
-        'DOMNamedNodeMap',
-        'DOMNodeList',
-        'mysqli_result',
-        'PDOStatement',
-        'SplFileObject',
+    public static array $blacklist = [
+        NamedNodeMap::class,
+        NodeList::class,
+        DOMNamedNodeMap::class,
+        DOMNodeList::class,
+        mysqli_result::class,
+        PDOStatement::class,
+        SimpleXMLElement::class,
+        SplFileObject::class,
     ];
 
     public function getTypes(): array
@@ -60,48 +77,66 @@ public function getTriggers(): int
         return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
     }
 
-    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    public function parseComplete(&$var, AbstractValue $v, int $trigger): AbstractValue
     {
-        if (!$var instanceof Traversable) {
-            return;
+        if (!$var instanceof Traversable || !$v instanceof InstanceValue || $v->getRepresentation('iterator')) {
+            return $v;
         }
 
+        $c = $v->getContext();
+
         foreach (self::$blacklist as $class) {
             if ($var instanceof $class) {
-                $b = new Value();
-                $b->name = $class.' Iterator Contents';
-                $b->access_path = 'iterator_to_array('.$o->access_path.', true)';
-                $b->depth = $o->depth + 1;
-                $b->hints[] = 'blacklist';
+                $base = new BaseContext($class.' Iterator Contents');
+                $base->depth = $c->getDepth() + 1;
+                if (null !== ($ap = $c->getAccessPath())) {
+                    $base->access_path = 'iterator_to_array('.$ap.', false)';
+                }
 
-                $r = new Representation('Iterator');
-                $r->contents = [$b];
+                $b = new UninitializedValue($base);
+                $b->flags |= AbstractValue::FLAG_BLACKLIST;
 
-                $o->addRepresentation($r);
+                $v->addRepresentation(new ValueRepresentation('Iterator', $b));
 
-                return;
+                return $v;
             }
         }
 
-        $data = \iterator_to_array($var);
+        try {
+            $data = \iterator_to_array($var, false);
+        } catch (Throwable $t) {
+            return $v;
+        }
 
-        $base_obj = new Value();
-        $base_obj->depth = $o->depth;
+        if (!\count($data)) {
+            return $v;
+        }
 
-        if ($o->access_path) {
-            $base_obj->access_path = 'iterator_to_array('.$o->access_path.')';
+        $base = new BaseContext('Iterator Contents');
+        $base->depth = $c->getDepth();
+        if (null !== ($ap = $c->getAccessPath())) {
+            $base->access_path = 'iterator_to_array('.$ap.', false)';
         }
 
-        $r = new Representation('Iterator');
-        $r->contents = $this->parser->parse($data, $base_obj);
-        $r->contents = $r->contents->value->contents;
+        $iter_val = $this->getParser()->parse($data, $base);
 
-        $primary = $o->getRepresentations();
-        $primary = \reset($primary);
-        if ($primary && $primary === $o->value && [] === $primary->contents) {
-            $o->addRepresentation($r, 0);
+        // Since we didn't get TRIGGER_DEPTH_LIMIT and set the iterator to the
+        // same depth we can assume at least 1 level deep will exist
+        if ($iter_val instanceof ArrayValue && $iterator_items = $iter_val->getContents()) {
+            $r = new ContainerRepresentation('Iterator', $iterator_items);
+            $iterator_items = \array_values($iterator_items);
         } else {
-            $o->addRepresentation($r);
+            $r = new ValueRepresentation('Iterator', $iter_val);
+            $iterator_items = [$iter_val];
         }
+
+        if ((bool) $v->getChildren()) {
+            $v->addRepresentation($r);
+        } else {
+            $v->setChildren($iterator_items);
+            $v->addRepresentation($r, 0);
+        }
+
+        return $v;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/JsonPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/JsonPlugin.php
index 6bcf3a6130ce..cefdb11bda8f 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/JsonPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/JsonPlugin.php
@@ -27,10 +27,14 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Parser;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use JsonException;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\ArrayValue;
+use Kint\Value\Context\BaseContext;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ContainerRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ValueRepresentation;
 
-class JsonPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+class JsonPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginCompleteInterface
 {
     public function getTypes(): array
     {
@@ -42,34 +46,41 @@ public function getTriggers(): int
         return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
     }
 
-    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    public function parseComplete(&$var, AbstractValue $v, int $trigger): AbstractValue
     {
         if (!isset($var[0]) || ('{' !== $var[0] && '[' !== $var[0])) {
-            return;
+            return $v;
         }
 
-        $json = \json_decode($var, true);
-
-        if (!$json) {
-            return;
+        try {
+            $json = \json_decode($var, true, 512, JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR);
+        } catch (JsonException $e) {
+            return $v;
         }
 
         $json = (array) $json;
 
-        $base_obj = new Value();
-        $base_obj->depth = $o->depth;
+        $c = $v->getContext();
+
+        $base = new BaseContext('JSON Decode');
+        $base->depth = $c->getDepth();
 
-        if ($o->access_path) {
-            $base_obj->access_path = 'json_decode('.$o->access_path.', true)';
+        if (null !== ($ap = $c->getAccessPath())) {
+            $base->access_path = 'json_decode('.$ap.', true)';
         }
 
-        $r = new Representation('Json');
-        $r->contents = $this->parser->parse($json, $base_obj);
+        $json = $this->getParser()->parse($json, $base);
 
-        if (!\in_array('depth_limit', $r->contents->hints, true)) {
-            $r->contents = $r->contents->value->contents;
+        if ($json instanceof ArrayValue && (~$json->flags & AbstractValue::FLAG_DEPTH_LIMIT) && $contents = $json->getContents()) {
+            foreach ($contents as $value) {
+                $value->flags |= AbstractValue::FLAG_GENERATED;
+            }
+            $v->addRepresentation(new ContainerRepresentation('Json', $contents), 0);
+        } else {
+            $json->flags |= AbstractValue::FLAG_GENERATED;
+            $v->addRepresentation(new ValueRepresentation('Json', $json), 0);
         }
 
-        $o->addRepresentation($r, 0);
+        return $v;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/MicrotimePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/MicrotimePlugin.php
index 9531bbe73121..4ebabae88327 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/MicrotimePlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/MicrotimePlugin.php
@@ -27,15 +27,16 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Parser;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\MicrotimeRepresentation;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\MicrotimeValue;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\MicrotimeRepresentation;
 
-class MicrotimePlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+class MicrotimePlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginCompleteInterface
 {
-    private static $last = null;
-    private static $start = null;
-    private static $times = 0;
-    private static $group = 0;
+    private static ?array $last = null;
+    private static ?float $start = null;
+    private static int $times = 0;
+    private static ?string $group = null;
 
     public function getTypes(): array
     {
@@ -47,22 +48,24 @@ public function getTriggers(): int
         return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
     }
 
-    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    public function parseComplete(&$var, AbstractValue $v, int $trigger): AbstractValue
     {
-        if (0 !== $o->depth) {
-            return;
+        $c = $v->getContext();
+
+        if ($c->getDepth() > 0) {
+            return $v;
         }
 
         if (\is_string($var)) {
-            if ('microtime()' !== $o->name || !\preg_match('/^0\\.[0-9]{8} [0-9]{10}$/', $var)) {
-                return;
+            if ('microtime()' !== $c->getName() || !\preg_match('/^0\\.[0-9]{8} [0-9]{10}$/', $var)) {
+                return $v;
             }
 
             $usec = (int) \substr($var, 2, 6);
             $sec = (int) \substr($var, 11, 10);
         } else {
-            if ('microtime(...)' !== $o->name) {
-                return;
+            if ('microtime(...)' !== $c->getName()) {
+                return $v;
             }
 
             $sec = (int) \floor($var);
@@ -85,23 +88,38 @@ public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
 
         if (null !== $lap) {
             $total = $time - self::$start;
-            $r = new MicrotimeRepresentation($sec, $usec, self::$group, $lap, $total, self::$times);
+            $r = new MicrotimeRepresentation($sec, $usec, self::getGroup(), $lap, $total, self::$times);
         } else {
-            $r = new MicrotimeRepresentation($sec, $usec, self::$group);
+            $r = new MicrotimeRepresentation($sec, $usec, self::getGroup());
         }
-        $r->contents = $var;
-        $r->implicit_label = true;
 
-        $o->removeRepresentation($o->value);
-        $o->addRepresentation($r);
-        $o->hints[] = 'microtime';
+        $out = new MicrotimeValue($v);
+        $out->removeRepresentation('contents');
+        $out->addRepresentation($r);
+
+        return $out;
     }
 
+    /** @psalm-api */
     public static function clean(): void
     {
         self::$last = null;
         self::$start = null;
         self::$times = 0;
-        ++self::$group;
+        self::newGroup();
+    }
+
+    private static function getGroup(): string
+    {
+        if (null === self::$group) {
+            return self::newGroup();
+        }
+
+        return self::$group;
+    }
+
+    private static function newGroup(): string
+    {
+        return self::$group = \bin2hex(\random_bytes(4));
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/MysqliPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/MysqliPlugin.php
index 22a23a901ccb..51195bf306cc 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/MysqliPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/MysqliPlugin.php
@@ -27,9 +27,11 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Parser;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Context\PropertyContext;
+use Kint\Value\InstanceValue;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ContainerRepresentation;
 use mysqli;
-use ReflectionClass;
 use Throwable;
 
 /**
@@ -38,24 +40,24 @@
  * Due to the way mysqli is implemented in PHP, this will cause
  * warnings on certain mysqli objects if screaming is enabled.
  */
-class MysqliPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+class MysqliPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginCompleteInterface
 {
     // These 'properties' are actually globals
-    protected $always_readable = [
+    public const ALWAYS_READABLE = [
         'client_version' => true,
         'connect_errno' => true,
         'connect_error' => true,
     ];
 
     // These are readable on empty mysqli objects, but not on failed connections
-    protected $empty_readable = [
+    public const EMPTY_READABLE = [
         'client_info' => true,
         'errno' => true,
         'error' => true,
     ];
 
     // These are only readable on connected mysqli objects
-    protected $connected_readable = [
+    public const CONNECTED_READABLE = [
         'affected_rows' => true,
         'error_list' => true,
         'field_count' => true,
@@ -80,20 +82,33 @@ public function getTriggers(): int
         return Parser::TRIGGER_COMPLETE;
     }
 
-    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    /**
+     * Before 8.1: Properties were nulls when cast to array
+     * After 8.1: Properties are readonly and uninitialized when cast to array (Aka missing).
+     */
+    public function parseComplete(&$var, AbstractValue $v, int $trigger): AbstractValue
     {
-        if (!$var instanceof mysqli) {
-            return;
+        if (!$var instanceof mysqli || !$v instanceof InstanceValue) {
+            return $v;
         }
 
-        /** @psalm-var ?string $var->sqlstate */
+        $props = $v->getRepresentation('properties');
+
+        if (!$props instanceof ContainerRepresentation) {
+            return $v;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @psalm-var ?string $var->sqlstate
+         * @psalm-var ?string $var->client_info
+         * Psalm bug #4502
+         */
         try {
             $connected = \is_string(@$var->sqlstate);
         } catch (Throwable $t) {
             $connected = false;
         }
 
-        /** @psalm-var ?string $var->client_info */
         try {
             $empty = !$connected && \is_string(@$var->client_info);
         } catch (Throwable $t) { // @codeCoverageIgnore
@@ -102,93 +117,60 @@ public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
             $empty = false; // @codeCoverageIgnore
         }
 
-        foreach ($o->value->contents as $key => $obj) {
-            if (isset($this->connected_readable[$obj->name])) {
+        $parser = $this->getParser();
+
+        $new_contents = [];
+
+        foreach ($props->getContents() as $key => $obj) {
+            $new_contents[$key] = $obj;
+
+            $c = $obj->getContext();
+
+            if (!$c instanceof PropertyContext) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (isset(self::CONNECTED_READABLE[$c->getName()])) {
+                $c->readonly = KINT_PHP81;
                 if (!$connected) {
                     // No failed connections after PHP 8.1
                     continue; // @codeCoverageIgnore
                 }
-            } elseif (isset($this->empty_readable[$obj->name])) {
+            } elseif (isset(self::EMPTY_READABLE[$c->getName()])) {
+                $c->readonly = KINT_PHP81;
                 // No failed connections after PHP 8.1
                 if (!$connected && !$empty) { // @codeCoverageIgnore
                     continue; // @codeCoverageIgnore
                 }
-            } elseif (!isset($this->always_readable[$obj->name])) {
-                continue;
+            } elseif (!isset(self::ALWAYS_READABLE[$c->getName()])) {
+                continue; // @codeCoverageIgnore
             }
 
-            if ('null' !== $obj->type) {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
-            // All of this is irellevant after 8.1,
-            // we have separate logic for that below
-
-            $param = $var->{$obj->name};
+            $c->readonly = KINT_PHP81;
 
-            if (null === $param) {
+            // Only handle unparsed properties
+            if ((KINT_PHP81 ? 'uninitialized' : 'null') !== $obj->getType()) {
                 continue;
             }
 
-            $base = Value::blank($obj->name, $obj->access_path);
+            $param = $var->{$c->getName()};
 
-            $base->depth = $obj->depth;
-            $base->owner_class = $obj->owner_class;
-            $base->operator = $obj->operator;
-            $base->access = $obj->access;
-            $base->reference = $obj->reference;
-
-            $o->value->contents[$key] = $this->parser->parse($param, $base);
+            // If it really was a null
+            if (!KINT_PHP81 && null === $param) {
+                continue; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            }
 
-            // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+            $new_contents[$key] = $parser->parse($param, $c);
         }
 
-        // PHP81 returns an empty array when casting a mysqli instance
-        if (KINT_PHP81) {
-            $r = new ReflectionClass(mysqli::class);
-
-            $basepropvalues = [];
-
-            foreach ($r->getProperties() as $prop) {
-                if ($prop->isStatic()) {
-                    continue; // @codeCoverageIgnore
-                }
+        $new_contents = \array_values($new_contents);
 
-                $pname = $prop->getName();
-                $param = null;
-
-                if (isset($this->connected_readable[$pname])) {
-                    if ($connected) {
-                        $param = $var->{$pname};
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    $param = $var->{$pname};
-                }
+        $v->setChildren($new_contents);
 
-                $child = new Value();
-                $child->depth = $o->depth + 1;
-                $child->owner_class = mysqli::class;
-                $child->operator = Value::OPERATOR_OBJECT;
-                $child->name = $pname;
-
-                if ($prop->isPublic()) {
-                    $child->access = Value::ACCESS_PUBLIC;
-                } elseif ($prop->isProtected()) { // @codeCoverageIgnore
-                    $child->access = Value::ACCESS_PROTECTED; // @codeCoverageIgnore
-                } elseif ($prop->isPrivate()) { // @codeCoverageIgnore
-                    $child->access = Value::ACCESS_PRIVATE; // @codeCoverageIgnore
-                }
-
-                // We only do base mysqli properties so we don't need to worry about complex names
-                if ($this->parser->childHasPath($o, $child)) {
-                    $child->access_path .= $o->access_path.'->'.$child->name;
-                }
-
-                $basepropvalues[] = $this->parser->parse($param, $child);
-            }
-
-            $o->value->contents = \array_merge($basepropvalues, $o->value->contents);
+        if ($new_contents) {
+            $v->replaceRepresentation(new ContainerRepresentation('Properties', $new_contents));
         }
+
+        return $v;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/Parser.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/Parser.php
index f044a9de913f..5b28157ab29e 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/Parser.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/Parser.php
@@ -28,17 +28,34 @@
 namespace Kint\Parser;
 
 use DomainException;
-use Exception;
-use Kint\Zval\BlobValue;
-use Kint\Zval\InstanceValue;
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
-use Kint\Zval\ResourceValue;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use Kint\Utils;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\ArrayValue;
+use Kint\Value\ClosedResourceValue;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ArrayContext;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ClassDeclaredContext;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ClassOwnedContext;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
+use Kint\Value\Context\PropertyContext;
+use Kint\Value\FixedWidthValue;
+use Kint\Value\InstanceValue;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ContainerRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\StringRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\ResourceValue;
+use Kint\Value\StringValue;
+use Kint\Value\UninitializedValue;
+use Kint\Value\UnknownValue;
+use Kint\Value\VirtualValue;
+use ReflectionClass;
 use ReflectionObject;
 use ReflectionProperty;
-use stdClass;
-use TypeError;
+use ReflectionReference;
+use Throwable;
 
+/**
+ * @psalm-type ParserTrigger int-mask-of<Parser::TRIGGER_*>
+ */
 class Parser
 {
     /**
@@ -52,44 +69,48 @@ class Parser
      * DEPTH_LIMIT: After parsing cancelled by depth limit
      * COMPLETE: SUCCESS | RECURSION | DEPTH_LIMIT
      *
-     * While a plugin's getTriggers may return any of these
+     * While a plugin's getTriggers may return any of these only one should
+     * be given to the plugin when PluginInterface::parse is called
      */
     public const TRIGGER_NONE = 0;
-    public const TRIGGER_BEGIN = 1;
-    public const TRIGGER_SUCCESS = 2;
-    public const TRIGGER_RECURSION = 4;
-    public const TRIGGER_DEPTH_LIMIT = 8;
-    public const TRIGGER_COMPLETE = 14;
-
-    protected $caller_class;
-    protected $depth_limit = 0;
-    protected $marker;
-    protected $object_hashes = [];
-    protected $parse_break = false;
-    protected $plugins = [];
+    public const TRIGGER_BEGIN = 1 << 0;
+    public const TRIGGER_SUCCESS = 1 << 1;
+    public const TRIGGER_RECURSION = 1 << 2;
+    public const TRIGGER_DEPTH_LIMIT = 1 << 3;
+    public const TRIGGER_COMPLETE = self::TRIGGER_SUCCESS | self::TRIGGER_RECURSION | self::TRIGGER_DEPTH_LIMIT;
+
+    /** @psalm-var ?class-string */
+    protected ?string $caller_class;
+    protected int $depth_limit = 0;
+    protected array $array_ref_stack = [];
+    protected array $object_hashes = [];
+    protected array $plugins = [];
 
     /**
      * @param int     $depth_limit Maximum depth to parse data
      * @param ?string $caller      Caller class name
+     *
+     * @psalm-param ?class-string $caller
      */
-    public function __construct(int $depth_limit = 0, string $caller = null)
+    public function __construct(int $depth_limit = 0, ?string $caller = null)
     {
-        $this->marker = "kint\0".\random_bytes(16);
-
         $this->depth_limit = $depth_limit;
         $this->caller_class = $caller;
     }
 
     /**
      * Set the caller class.
+     *
+     * @psalm-param ?class-string $caller
      */
-    public function setCallerClass(string $caller = null): void
+    public function setCallerClass(?string $caller = null): void
     {
         $this->noRecurseCall();
 
         $this->caller_class = $caller;
     }
 
+    /** @psalm-return ?class-string */
     public function getCallerClass(): ?string
     {
         return $this->caller_class;
@@ -116,58 +137,73 @@ public function getDepthLimit(): int
      * Parses a variable into a Kint object structure.
      *
      * @param mixed &$var The input variable
-     * @param Value $o    The base object
      */
-    public function parse(&$var, Value $o): Value
+    public function parse(&$var, ContextInterface $c): AbstractValue
     {
-        $o->type = \strtolower(\gettype($var));
+        $type = \strtolower(\gettype($var));
 
-        if (!$this->applyPlugins($var, $o, self::TRIGGER_BEGIN)) {
-            return $o;
+        if ($v = $this->applyPluginsBegin($var, $c, $type)) {
+            return $v;
         }
 
-        switch ($o->type) {
+        switch ($type) {
             case 'array':
-                return $this->parseArray($var, $o);
+                return $this->parseArray($var, $c);
             case 'boolean':
             case 'double':
             case 'integer':
             case 'null':
-                return $this->parseGeneric($var, $o);
+                return $this->parseFixedWidth($var, $c);
             case 'object':
-                return $this->parseObject($var, $o);
+                return $this->parseObject($var, $c);
             case 'resource':
-                return $this->parseResource($var, $o);
+                return $this->parseResource($var, $c);
             case 'string':
-                return $this->parseString($var, $o);
-            case 'unknown type':
+                return $this->parseString($var, $c);
             case 'resource (closed)':
+                return $this->parseResourceClosed($var, $c);
+
+            case 'unknown type': // @codeCoverageIgnore
             default:
-                return $this->parseResourceClosed($var, $o);
+                // These should never happen. Unknown is resource (closed) from old
+                // PHP versions and there shouldn't be any other types.
+                return $this->parseUnknown($var, $c); // @codeCoverageIgnore
         }
     }
 
-    public function addPlugin(PluginInterface $p): bool
+    public function addPlugin(PluginInterface $p): void
     {
+        try {
+            $this->noRecurseCall();
+        } catch (DomainException $e) { // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            \trigger_error('Calling Kint\\Parser::addPlugin from inside a parse is deprecated', E_USER_DEPRECATED); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
         if (!$types = $p->getTypes()) {
-            return false;
+            return;
         }
 
         if (!$triggers = $p->getTriggers()) {
-            return false;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if ($triggers & self::TRIGGER_BEGIN && !$p instanceof PluginBeginInterface) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Parsers triggered on begin must implement PluginBeginInterface');
+        }
+
+        if ($triggers & self::TRIGGER_COMPLETE && !$p instanceof PluginCompleteInterface) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Parsers triggered on completion must implement PluginCompleteInterface');
         }
 
         $p->setParser($this);
 
         foreach ($types as $type) {
-            if (!isset($this->plugins[$type])) {
-                $this->plugins[$type] = [
-                    self::TRIGGER_BEGIN => [],
-                    self::TRIGGER_SUCCESS => [],
-                    self::TRIGGER_RECURSION => [],
-                    self::TRIGGER_DEPTH_LIMIT => [],
-                ];
-            }
+            $this->plugins[$type] ??= [
+                self::TRIGGER_BEGIN => [],
+                self::TRIGGER_SUCCESS => [],
+                self::TRIGGER_RECURSION => [],
+                self::TRIGGER_DEPTH_LIMIT => [],
+            ];
 
             foreach ($this->plugins[$type] as $trigger => &$pool) {
                 if ($triggers & $trigger) {
@@ -175,481 +211,400 @@ public function addPlugin(PluginInterface $p): bool
                 }
             }
         }
-
-        return true;
     }
 
     public function clearPlugins(): void
     {
-        $this->plugins = [];
-    }
-
-    public function haltParse(): void
-    {
-        $this->parse_break = true;
-    }
-
-    public function childHasPath(InstanceValue $parent, Value $child): bool
-    {
-        if ('__PHP_Incomplete_Class' === $parent->classname) {
-            return false;
+        try {
+            $this->noRecurseCall();
+        } catch (DomainException $e) { // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            \trigger_error('Calling Kint\\Parser::clearPlugins from inside a parse is deprecated', E_USER_DEPRECATED); // @codeCoverageIgnore
         }
 
-        if ('object' === $parent->type && (null !== $parent->access_path || $child->static || $child->const)) {
-            if (Value::ACCESS_PUBLIC === $child->access) {
-                return true;
-            }
-
-            if (Value::ACCESS_PRIVATE === $child->access && $this->caller_class) {
-                if ($this->caller_class === $child->owner_class) {
-                    return true;
-                }
-            } elseif (Value::ACCESS_PROTECTED === $child->access && $this->caller_class) {
-                if ($this->caller_class === $child->owner_class) {
-                    return true;
-                }
-
-                if (\is_subclass_of($this->caller_class, $child->owner_class)) {
-                    return true;
-                }
-
-                if (\is_subclass_of($child->owner_class, $this->caller_class)) {
-                    return true;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns an array without the recursion marker in it.
-     *
-     * DO NOT pass an array that has had it's marker removed back
-     * into the parser, it will result in an extra recursion
-     *
-     * @param array $array Array potentially containing a recursion marker
-     *
-     * @return array Array with recursion marker removed
-     */
-    public function getCleanArray(array $array): array
-    {
-        unset($array[$this->marker]);
-
-        return $array;
+        $this->plugins = [];
     }
 
     protected function noRecurseCall(): void
     {
         $bt = \debug_backtrace(DEBUG_BACKTRACE_PROVIDE_OBJECT | DEBUG_BACKTRACE_IGNORE_ARGS);
 
-        $caller_frame = [
-            'function' => __FUNCTION__,
-        ];
-
-        while (isset($bt[0]['object']) && $bt[0]['object'] === $this) {
-            $caller_frame = \array_shift($bt);
-        }
+        \reset($bt);
+        /** @psalm-var array{class: class-string, function: string, ...} $caller_frame */
+        $caller_frame = \next($bt);
 
         foreach ($bt as $frame) {
-            if (isset($frame['object']) && $frame['object'] === $this) {
-                throw new DomainException(__CLASS__.'::'.$caller_frame['function'].' cannot be called from inside a parse');
+            if (isset($frame['object']) && $frame['object'] === $this && 'parse' === $frame['function']) {
+                throw new DomainException($caller_frame['class'].'::'.$caller_frame['function'].' cannot be called from inside a parse');
             }
         }
     }
 
     /**
-     * @param null|bool|float|int &$var
+     * @psalm-param null|bool|float|int &$var
      */
-    private function parseGeneric(&$var, Value $o): Value
+    private function parseFixedWidth(&$var, ContextInterface $c): AbstractValue
     {
-        $rep = new Representation('Contents');
-        $rep->contents = $var;
-        $rep->implicit_label = true;
-        $o->addRepresentation($rep);
-        $o->value = $rep;
+        $v = new FixedWidthValue($c, $var);
 
-        $this->applyPlugins($var, $o, self::TRIGGER_SUCCESS);
-
-        return $o;
+        return $this->applyPluginsComplete($var, $v, self::TRIGGER_SUCCESS);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Parses a string into a Kint BlobValue structure.
-     *
-     * @param string &$var The input variable
-     * @param Value  $o    The base object
-     */
-    private function parseString(string &$var, Value $o): Value
+    private function parseString(string &$var, ContextInterface $c): AbstractValue
     {
-        $string = new BlobValue();
-        $string->transplant($o);
-        $string->encoding = BlobValue::detectEncoding($var);
-        $string->size = \strlen($var);
-
-        $rep = new Representation('Contents');
-        $rep->contents = $var;
-        $rep->implicit_label = true;
+        $string = new StringValue($c, $var, Utils::detectEncoding($var));
 
-        $string->addRepresentation($rep);
-        $string->value = $rep;
-
-        $this->applyPlugins($var, $string, self::TRIGGER_SUCCESS);
+        if (false !== $string->getEncoding() && \strlen($var)) {
+            $string->addRepresentation(new StringRepresentation('Contents', $var, null, true));
+        }
 
-        return $string;
+        return $this->applyPluginsComplete($var, $string, self::TRIGGER_SUCCESS);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Parses an array into a Kint object structure.
-     *
-     * @param array &$var The input variable
-     * @param Value $o    The base object
-     */
-    private function parseArray(array &$var, Value $o): Value
+    private function parseArray(array &$var, ContextInterface $c): AbstractValue
     {
-        $array = new Value();
-        $array->transplant($o);
-        $array->size = \count($var);
+        $size = \count($var);
+        $contents = [];
+        $parentRef = ReflectionReference::fromArrayElement([&$var], 0)->getId();
 
-        if (isset($var[$this->marker])) {
-            --$array->size;
-            $array->hints[] = 'recursion';
+        if (isset($this->array_ref_stack[$parentRef])) {
+            $array = new ArrayValue($c, $size, $contents);
+            $array->flags |= AbstractValue::FLAG_RECURSION;
 
-            $this->applyPlugins($var, $array, self::TRIGGER_RECURSION);
-
-            return $array;
+            return $this->applyPluginsComplete($var, $array, self::TRIGGER_RECURSION);
         }
 
-        $rep = new Representation('Contents');
-        $rep->implicit_label = true;
-        $array->addRepresentation($rep);
-        $array->value = $rep;
-
-        if (!$array->size) {
-            $this->applyPlugins($var, $array, self::TRIGGER_SUCCESS);
-
-            return $array;
-        }
+        try {
+            $this->array_ref_stack[$parentRef] = true;
 
-        if ($this->depth_limit && $o->depth >= $this->depth_limit) {
-            $array->hints[] = 'depth_limit';
+            $cdepth = $c->getDepth();
+            $ap = $c->getAccessPath();
 
-            $this->applyPlugins($var, $array, self::TRIGGER_DEPTH_LIMIT);
+            if ($size > 0 && $this->depth_limit && $cdepth >= $this->depth_limit) {
+                $array = new ArrayValue($c, $size, $contents);
+                $array->flags |= AbstractValue::FLAG_DEPTH_LIMIT;
 
-            return $array;
-        }
+                return $this->applyPluginsComplete($var, $array, self::TRIGGER_DEPTH_LIMIT);
+            }
 
-        $copy = \array_values($var);
+            foreach ($var as $key => $_) {
+                $child = new ArrayContext($key);
+                $child->depth = $cdepth + 1;
+                $child->reference = null !== ReflectionReference::fromArrayElement($var, $key);
 
-        // It's really really hard to access numeric string keys in arrays,
-        // and it's really really hard to access integer properties in
-        // objects, so we just use array_values and index by counter to get
-        // at it reliably for reference testing. This also affects access
-        // paths since it's pretty much impossible to access these things
-        // without complicated stuff you should never need to do.
-        $i = 0;
+                if (null !== $ap) {
+                    $child->access_path = $ap.'['.\var_export($key, true).']';
+                }
 
-        // Set the marker for recursion
-        $var[$this->marker] = $array->depth;
+                $contents[$key] = $this->parse($var[$key], $child);
+            }
 
-        $refmarker = new stdClass();
+            $array = new ArrayValue($c, $size, $contents);
 
-        foreach ($var as $key => &$val) {
-            if ($key === $this->marker) {
-                continue;
+            if ($contents) {
+                $array->addRepresentation(new ContainerRepresentation('Contents', $contents, null, true));
             }
 
-            $child = new Value();
-            $child->name = $key;
-            $child->depth = $array->depth + 1;
-            $child->access = Value::ACCESS_NONE;
-            $child->operator = Value::OPERATOR_ARRAY;
+            return $this->applyPluginsComplete($var, $array, self::TRIGGER_SUCCESS);
+        } finally {
+            unset($this->array_ref_stack[$parentRef]);
+        }
+    }
 
-            if (null !== $array->access_path) {
-                if (\is_string($key) && (string) (int) $key === $key) {
-                    $child->access_path = 'array_values('.$array->access_path.')['.$i.']'; // @codeCoverageIgnore
-                } else {
-                    $child->access_path = $array->access_path.'['.\var_export($key, true).']';
-                }
-            }
+    /**
+     * @psalm-return ReflectionProperty[]
+     */
+    private function getPropsOrdered(ReflectionClass $r): array
+    {
+        if ($parent = $r->getParentClass()) {
+            $props = self::getPropsOrdered($parent);
+        } else {
+            $props = [];
+        }
 
-            $stash = $val;
-            try {
-                $copy[$i] = $refmarker;
-            } catch (TypeError $e) {
-                $child->reference = true;
-            }
-            if ($val === $refmarker) {
-                $child->reference = true;
-                $val = $stash;
+        foreach ($r->getProperties() as $prop) {
+            if ($prop->isStatic()) {
+                continue;
             }
 
-            $rep->contents[] = $this->parse($val, $child);
-            ++$i;
+            if ($prop->isPrivate()) {
+                $props[] = $prop;
+            } else {
+                $props[$prop->name] = $prop;
+            }
         }
 
-        $this->applyPlugins($var, $array, self::TRIGGER_SUCCESS);
-        unset($var[$this->marker]);
-
-        return $array;
+        return $props;
     }
 
     /**
-     * Parses an object into a Kint InstanceValue structure.
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
      *
-     * @param object &$var The input variable
-     * @param Value  $o    The base object
+     * @psalm-return ReflectionProperty[]
      */
-    private function parseObject(&$var, Value $o): Value
+    private function getPropsOrderedOld(ReflectionClass $r): array
     {
-        $hash = \spl_object_hash($var);
-        $values = (array) $var;
+        $props = [];
 
-        $object = new InstanceValue();
-        $object->transplant($o);
-        $object->classname = \get_class($var);
-        $object->spl_object_hash = $hash;
-        $object->size = \count($values);
+        foreach ($r->getProperties() as $prop) {
+            if ($prop->isStatic()) {
+                continue;
+            }
 
-        if (KINT_PHP72) {
-            $object->spl_object_id = \spl_object_id($var);
+            $props[] = $prop;
         }
 
-        if (isset($this->object_hashes[$hash])) {
-            $object->hints[] = 'recursion';
-
-            $this->applyPlugins($var, $object, self::TRIGGER_RECURSION);
+        while ($r = $r->getParentClass()) {
+            foreach ($r->getProperties(ReflectionProperty::IS_PRIVATE) as $prop) {
+                if ($prop->isStatic()) {
+                    continue;
+                }
 
-            return $object;
+                $props[] = $prop;
+            }
         }
 
-        $this->object_hashes[$hash] = $object;
-
-        if ($this->depth_limit && $o->depth >= $this->depth_limit) {
-            $object->hints[] = 'depth_limit';
-
-            $this->applyPlugins($var, $object, self::TRIGGER_DEPTH_LIMIT);
-            unset($this->object_hashes[$hash]);
+        return $props;
+    }
 
-            return $object;
-        }
+    private function parseObject(object &$var, ContextInterface $c): AbstractValue
+    {
+        $hash = \spl_object_hash($var);
+        $classname = \get_class($var);
 
-        $reflector = new ReflectionObject($var);
+        if (isset($this->object_hashes[$hash])) {
+            $object = new InstanceValue($c, $classname, $hash, \spl_object_id($var));
+            $object->flags |= AbstractValue::FLAG_RECURSION;
 
-        if ($reflector->isUserDefined()) {
-            $object->filename = $reflector->getFileName();
-            $object->startline = $reflector->getStartLine();
+            return $this->applyPluginsComplete($var, $object, self::TRIGGER_RECURSION);
         }
 
-        $rep = new Representation('Properties');
+        try {
+            $this->object_hashes[$hash] = true;
 
-        $readonly = [];
+            $cdepth = $c->getDepth();
+            $ap = $c->getAccessPath();
 
-        // Reflection is both slower and more painful to use than array casting
-        // We only use it to identify readonly and uninitialized properties
-        if (KINT_PHP74 && '__PHP_Incomplete_Class' != $object->classname) {
-            $rprops = $reflector->getProperties();
+            if ($this->depth_limit && $cdepth >= $this->depth_limit) {
+                $object = new InstanceValue($c, $classname, $hash, \spl_object_id($var));
+                $object->flags |= AbstractValue::FLAG_DEPTH_LIMIT;
 
-            while ($reflector = $reflector->getParentClass()) {
-                $rprops = \array_merge($rprops, $reflector->getProperties(ReflectionProperty::IS_PRIVATE));
+                return $this->applyPluginsComplete($var, $object, self::TRIGGER_DEPTH_LIMIT);
             }
 
-            foreach ($rprops as $rprop) {
-                if ($rprop->isStatic()) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                $rprop->setAccessible(true);
+            if (KINT_PHP81) {
+                $props = $this->getPropsOrdered(new ReflectionObject($var));
+            } else {
+                $props = $this->getPropsOrderedOld(new ReflectionObject($var)); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            }
 
-                if (KINT_PHP81 && $rprop->isReadOnly()) {
-                    if ($rprop->isPublic()) {
-                        $readonly[$rprop->getName()] = true;
-                    } elseif ($rprop->isProtected()) {
-                        $readonly["\0*\0".$rprop->getName()] = true;
-                    } elseif ($rprop->isPrivate()) {
-                        $readonly["\0".$rprop->getDeclaringClass()->getName()."\0".$rprop->getName()] = true;
-                    }
-                }
+            $values = (array) $var;
+            $properties = [];
 
-                if ($rprop->isInitialized($var)) {
-                    continue;
+            foreach ($props as $rprop) {
+                if (KINT_PHP81 === false) {
+                    $rprop->setAccessible(true);
                 }
 
-                $undefined = null;
+                $name = $rprop->getName();
 
-                $child = new Value();
-                $child->type = 'undefined';
-                $child->depth = $object->depth + 1;
-                $child->owner_class = $rprop->getDeclaringClass()->getName();
-                $child->operator = Value::OPERATOR_OBJECT;
-                $child->name = $rprop->getName();
-                $child->readonly = KINT_PHP81 && $rprop->isReadOnly();
-
-                if ($rprop->isPublic()) {
-                    $child->access = Value::ACCESS_PUBLIC;
-                } elseif ($rprop->isProtected()) {
-                    $child->access = Value::ACCESS_PROTECTED;
+                // Casting object to array:
+                // private properties show in the form "\0$owner_class_name\0$property_name";
+                // protected properties show in the form "\0*\0$property_name";
+                // public properties show in the form "$property_name";
+                // http://www.php.net/manual/en/language.types.array.php#language.types.array.casting
+                $key = $name;
+                if ($rprop->isProtected()) {
+                    $key = "\0*\0".$name;
                 } elseif ($rprop->isPrivate()) {
-                    $child->access = Value::ACCESS_PRIVATE;
+                    $key = "\0".$rprop->getDeclaringClass()->getName()."\0".$name;
                 }
-
-                // Can't dynamically add undefined properties, so no need to use var_export
-                if ($this->childHasPath($object, $child)) {
-                    $child->access_path .= $object->access_path.'->'.$child->name;
+                $initialized = \array_key_exists($key, $values);
+                if ($key === (string) (int) $key) {
+                    $key = (int) $key;
                 }
 
-                if ($this->applyPlugins($undefined, $child, self::TRIGGER_BEGIN)) {
-                    $this->applyPlugins($undefined, $child, self::TRIGGER_SUCCESS);
-                }
-                $rep->contents[] = $child;
-            }
-        }
+                if ($rprop->isDefault()) {
+                    $child = new PropertyContext(
+                        $name,
+                        $rprop->getDeclaringClass()->getName(),
+                        ClassDeclaredContext::ACCESS_PUBLIC
+                    );
 
-        $copy = \array_values($values);
-        $refmarker = new stdClass();
-        $i = 0;
-
-        // Reflection will not show parent classes private properties, and if a
-        // property was unset it will happly trigger a notice looking for it.
-        foreach ($values as $key => &$val) {
-            // Casting object to array:
-            // private properties show in the form "\0$owner_class_name\0$property_name";
-            // protected properties show in the form "\0*\0$property_name";
-            // public properties show in the form "$property_name";
-            // http://www.php.net/manual/en/language.types.array.php#language.types.array.casting
-
-            $child = new Value();
-            $child->depth = $object->depth + 1;
-            $child->owner_class = $object->classname;
-            $child->operator = Value::OPERATOR_OBJECT;
-            $child->access = Value::ACCESS_PUBLIC;
-            if (isset($readonly[$key])) {
-                $child->readonly = true;
-            }
+                    $child->readonly = KINT_PHP81 && $rprop->isReadOnly();
 
-            $split_key = \explode("\0", (string) $key, 3);
+                    if ($rprop->isProtected()) {
+                        $child->access = ClassDeclaredContext::ACCESS_PROTECTED;
+                    } elseif ($rprop->isPrivate()) {
+                        $child->access = ClassDeclaredContext::ACCESS_PRIVATE;
+                    }
+
+                    if (KINT_PHP84) {
+                        if ($rprop->isProtectedSet()) {
+                            $child->access_set = ClassDeclaredContext::ACCESS_PROTECTED;
+                        } elseif ($rprop->isPrivateSet()) {
+                            $child->access_set = ClassDeclaredContext::ACCESS_PRIVATE;
+                        }
+
+                        $hooks = $rprop->getHooks();
+                        if (isset($hooks['get'])) {
+                            $child->hooks |= PropertyContext::HOOK_GET;
+                            if ($hooks['get']->returnsReference()) {
+                                $child->hooks |= PropertyContext::HOOK_GET_REF;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (isset($hooks['set'])) {
+                            $child->hooks |= PropertyContext::HOOK_SET;
+
+                            $child->hook_set_type = (string) $rprop->getSettableType();
+                            if ($child->hook_set_type !== (string) $rprop->getType()) {
+                                $child->hooks |= PropertyContext::HOOK_SET_TYPE;
+                            } elseif ('' === $child->hook_set_type) {
+                                $child->hook_set_type = null;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
 
-            if (3 === \count($split_key) && '' === $split_key[0]) {
-                $child->name = $split_key[2];
-                if ('*' === $split_key[1]) {
-                    $child->access = Value::ACCESS_PROTECTED;
+                    if (KINT_PHP8412) {
+                        $proto_prop = $rprop;
+                        while (($parent_class = $proto_prop->getDeclaringClass()->getParentClass()) &&
+                            $parent_class->hasProperty($name) &&
+                            ($parent_prop = $parent_class->getProperty($name)) &&
+                            !$parent_prop->isPrivate()) {
+                            $proto_prop = $parent_prop;
+                        }
+
+                        $proto_class = $proto_prop->getDeclaringClass()->getName();
+                        if ($proto_class !== $child->owner_class) {
+                            $child->proto_class = $proto_prop->getDeclaringClass()->getName();
+                        }
+                    }
                 } else {
-                    $child->access = Value::ACCESS_PRIVATE;
-                    $child->owner_class = $split_key[1];
+                    $child = new ClassOwnedContext($name, $rprop->getDeclaringClass()->getName());
                 }
-            } elseif (KINT_PHP72) {
-                $child->name = (string) $key;
-            } else {
-                $child->name = $key; // @codeCoverageIgnore
-            }
 
-            if ($this->childHasPath($object, $child)) {
-                $child->access_path = $object->access_path;
+                $child->reference = $initialized && null !== ReflectionReference::fromArrayElement($values, $key);
+                $child->depth = $cdepth + 1;
+
+                if (null !== $ap && $child->isAccessible($this->caller_class)) {
+                    /** @psalm-var string $child->name */
+                    if (Utils::isValidPhpName($child->name)) {
+                        $child->access_path = $ap.'->'.$child->name;
+                    } else {
+                        $child->access_path = $ap.'->{'.\var_export($child->name, true).'}';
+                    }
+                }
 
-                if (!KINT_PHP72 && \is_int($child->name)) {
-                    $child->access_path = 'array_values((array) '.$child->access_path.')['.$i.']'; // @codeCoverageIgnore
-                } elseif (\preg_match('/^[a-zA-Z_\\x7f-\\xff][a-zA-Z0-9_\\x7f-\\xff]*$/', $child->name)) {
-                    $child->access_path .= '->'.$child->name;
+                if (KINT_PHP84 && $rprop->isVirtual()) {
+                    $properties[] = new VirtualValue($child);
+                } elseif (!$initialized) {
+                    $properties[] = new UninitializedValue($child);
                 } else {
-                    $child->access_path .= '->{'.\var_export((string) $child->name, true).'}';
+                    $properties[] = $this->parse($values[$key], $child);
                 }
             }
 
-            $stash = $val;
-            try {
-                $copy[$i] = $refmarker;
-            } catch (TypeError $e) {
-                $child->reference = true;
+            $object = new InstanceValue($c, $classname, $hash, \spl_object_id($var));
+            if ($props) {
+                $object->setChildren($properties);
             }
-            if ($val === $refmarker) {
-                $child->reference = true;
-                $val = $stash;
+
+            if ($properties) {
+                $object->addRepresentation(new ContainerRepresentation('Properties', $properties));
             }
 
-            $rep->contents[] = $this->parse($val, $child);
-            ++$i;
+            return $this->applyPluginsComplete($var, $object, self::TRIGGER_SUCCESS);
+        } finally {
+            unset($this->object_hashes[$hash]);
         }
-
-        $object->addRepresentation($rep);
-        $object->value = $rep;
-        $this->applyPlugins($var, $object, self::TRIGGER_SUCCESS);
-        unset($this->object_hashes[$hash]);
-
-        return $object;
     }
 
     /**
-     * Parses a resource into a Kint ResourceValue structure.
-     *
-     * @param resource &$var The input variable
-     * @param Value    $o    The base object
+     * @psalm-param resource $var
      */
-    private function parseResource(&$var, Value $o): Value
+    private function parseResource(&$var, ContextInterface $c): AbstractValue
     {
-        $resource = new ResourceValue();
-        $resource->transplant($o);
-        $resource->resource_type = \get_resource_type($var);
+        $resource = new ResourceValue($c, \get_resource_type($var));
 
-        $this->applyPlugins($var, $resource, self::TRIGGER_SUCCESS);
+        $resource = $this->applyPluginsComplete($var, $resource, self::TRIGGER_SUCCESS);
 
         return $resource;
     }
 
     /**
-     * Parses a closed resource into a Kint object structure.
-     *
-     * @param mixed &$var The input variable
-     * @param Value $o    The base object
+     * @psalm-param mixed $var
      */
-    private function parseResourceClosed(&$var, Value $o): Value
+    private function parseResourceClosed(&$var, ContextInterface $c): AbstractValue
     {
-        $o->type = 'resource (closed)';
-        $this->applyPlugins($var, $o, self::TRIGGER_SUCCESS);
+        $v = new ClosedResourceValue($c);
 
-        return $o;
+        $v = $this->applyPluginsComplete($var, $v, self::TRIGGER_SUCCESS);
+
+        return $v;
     }
 
     /**
-     * Applies plugins for an object type.
+     * Catch-all for any unexpectedgettype.
+     *
+     * This should never happen.
      *
-     * @param mixed &$var    variable
-     * @param Value $o       Kint object parsed so far
-     * @param int   $trigger The trigger to check for the plugins
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
      *
-     * @return bool Continue parsing
+     * @psalm-param mixed $var
      */
-    private function applyPlugins(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): bool
+    private function parseUnknown(&$var, ContextInterface $c): AbstractValue
     {
-        $break_stash = $this->parse_break;
+        $v = new UnknownValue($c);
 
-        /** @psalm-var bool */
-        $this->parse_break = false;
+        $v = $this->applyPluginsComplete($var, $v, self::TRIGGER_SUCCESS);
 
-        $plugins = [];
+        return $v;
+    }
 
-        if (isset($this->plugins[$o->type][$trigger])) {
-            $plugins = $this->plugins[$o->type][$trigger];
-        }
+    /**
+     * Applies plugins for a yet-unparsed value.
+     *
+     * @param mixed &$var The input variable
+     */
+    private function applyPluginsBegin(&$var, ContextInterface $c, string $type): ?AbstractValue
+    {
+        $plugins = $this->plugins[$type][self::TRIGGER_BEGIN] ?? [];
 
         foreach ($plugins as $plugin) {
             try {
-                $plugin->parse($var, $o, $trigger);
-            } catch (Exception $e) {
+                if ($v = $plugin->parseBegin($var, $c)) {
+                    return $v;
+                }
+            } catch (Throwable $e) {
                 \trigger_error(
-                    'An exception ('.\get_class($e).') was thrown in '.$e->getFile().' on line '.$e->getLine().' while executing Kint Parser Plugin "'.\get_class($plugin).'". Error message: '.$e->getMessage(),
+                    Utils::errorSanitizeString(\get_class($e)).' was thrown in '.$e->getFile().' on line '.$e->getLine().' while executing '.Utils::errorSanitizeString(\get_class($plugin)).'->parseBegin. Error message: '.Utils::errorSanitizeString($e->getMessage()),
                     E_USER_WARNING
                 );
             }
+        }
 
-            if ($this->parse_break) {
-                $this->parse_break = $break_stash;
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Applies plugins for a parsed AbstractValue.
+     *
+     * @param mixed &$var The input variable
+     */
+    private function applyPluginsComplete(&$var, AbstractValue $v, int $trigger): AbstractValue
+    {
+        $plugins = $this->plugins[$v->getType()][$trigger] ?? [];
 
-                return false;
+        foreach ($plugins as $plugin) {
+            try {
+                $v = $plugin->parseComplete($var, $v, $trigger);
+            } catch (Throwable $e) {
+                \trigger_error(
+                    Utils::errorSanitizeString(\get_class($e)).' was thrown in '.$e->getFile().' on line '.$e->getLine().' while executing '.Utils::errorSanitizeString(\get_class($plugin)).'->parseComplete. Error message: '.Utils::errorSanitizeString($e->getMessage()),
+                    E_USER_WARNING
+                );
             }
         }
 
-        $this->parse_break = $break_stash;
-
-        return true;
+        return $v;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/PluginBeginInterface.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/PluginBeginInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..25d72f4e1525
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/PluginBeginInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
+
+interface PluginBeginInterface extends PluginInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * @psalm-param mixed &$var
+     */
+    public function parseBegin(&$var, ContextInterface $c): ?AbstractValue;
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/DepthLimitPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/PluginCompleteInterface.php
similarity index 78%
rename from system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/DepthLimitPlugin.php
rename to system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/PluginCompleteInterface.php
index 3b73b6be5df7..491eb5aaf610 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/DepthLimitPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/PluginCompleteInterface.php
@@ -25,14 +25,18 @@
  * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
+namespace Kint\Parser;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
 
-class DepthLimitPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements ValuePluginInterface
+/**
+ * @psalm-import-type ParserTrigger from Parser
+ */
+interface PluginCompleteInterface extends PluginInterface
 {
-    public function renderValue(Value $o): string
-    {
-        return '<dl>'.$this->renderLockedHeader($o, '<var>Depth Limit</var>').'</dl>';
-    }
+    /**
+     * @psalm-param mixed &$var
+     * @psalm-param ParserTrigger $trigger
+     */
+    public function parseComplete(&$var, AbstractValue $v, int $trigger): AbstractValue;
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/PluginInterface.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/PluginInterface.php
index 3afb1a77674b..64d2dfe22f1e 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/PluginInterface.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/PluginInterface.php
@@ -27,18 +27,17 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Parser;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
-
+/**
+ * @psalm-import-type ParserTrigger from Parser
+ */
 interface PluginInterface
 {
     public function setParser(Parser $p): void;
 
     public function getTypes(): array;
 
-    public function getTriggers(): int;
-
     /**
-     * @psalm-param mixed &$var
+     * @psalm-return ParserTrigger
      */
-    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void;
+    public function getTriggers(): int;
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ProfilePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ProfilePlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..836357b24eda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ProfilePlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Context\BaseContext;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
+use Kint\Value\FixedWidthValue;
+use Kint\Value\InstanceValue;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ContainerRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ProfileRepresentation;
+
+/** @psalm-api */
+class ProfilePlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginBeginInterface, PluginCompleteInterface
+{
+    protected array $instance_counts = [];
+    protected array $instance_complexity = [];
+    protected array $instance_count_stack = [];
+    protected array $class_complexity = [];
+    protected array $class_count_stack = [];
+
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['string', 'object', 'array', 'integer', 'double', 'resource'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_BEGIN | Parser::TRIGGER_COMPLETE;
+    }
+
+    public function parseBegin(&$var, ContextInterface $c): ?AbstractValue
+    {
+        if (0 === $c->getDepth()) {
+            $this->instance_counts = [];
+            $this->instance_complexity = [];
+            $this->instance_count_stack = [];
+            $this->class_complexity = [];
+            $this->class_count_stack = [];
+        }
+
+        if (\is_object($var)) {
+            $hash = \spl_object_hash($var);
+            $this->instance_counts[$hash] ??= 0;
+            $this->instance_complexity[$hash] ??= 0;
+            $this->instance_count_stack[$hash] ??= 0;
+
+            if (0 === $this->instance_count_stack[$hash]) {
+                /**
+                 * @psalm-suppress PossiblyFalseIterator
+                 * Psalm bug #11392
+                 */
+                foreach (\class_parents($var) as $class) {
+                    $this->class_count_stack[$class] ??= 0;
+                    ++$this->class_count_stack[$class];
+                }
+
+                /**
+                 * @psalm-suppress PossiblyFalseIterator
+                 * Psalm bug #11392
+                 */
+                foreach (\class_implements($var) as $iface) {
+                    $this->class_count_stack[$iface] ??= 0;
+                    ++$this->class_count_stack[$iface];
+                }
+            }
+
+            ++$this->instance_count_stack[$hash];
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public function parseComplete(&$var, AbstractValue $v, int $trigger): AbstractValue
+    {
+        if ($v instanceof InstanceValue) {
+            --$this->instance_count_stack[$v->getSplObjectHash()];
+
+            if (0 === $this->instance_count_stack[$v->getSplObjectHash()]) {
+                /**
+                 * @psalm-suppress PossiblyFalseIterator
+                 * Psalm bug #11392
+                 */
+                foreach (\class_parents($var) as $class) {
+                    --$this->class_count_stack[$class];
+                }
+
+                /**
+                 * @psalm-suppress PossiblyFalseIterator
+                 * Psalm bug #11392
+                 */
+                foreach (\class_implements($var) as $iface) {
+                    --$this->class_count_stack[$iface];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Don't check subs if we're in recursion or array limit
+        if (~$trigger & Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS) {
+            return $v;
+        }
+
+        $sub_complexity = 1;
+
+        foreach ($v->getRepresentations() as $rep) {
+            if ($rep instanceof ContainerRepresentation) {
+                foreach ($rep->getContents() as $value) {
+                    $profile = $value->getRepresentation('profiling');
+                    $sub_complexity += $profile instanceof ProfileRepresentation ? $profile->complexity : 1;
+                }
+            } else {
+                ++$sub_complexity;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($v instanceof InstanceValue) {
+            ++$this->instance_counts[$v->getSplObjectHash()];
+            if (0 === $this->instance_count_stack[$v->getSplObjectHash()]) {
+                $this->instance_complexity[$v->getSplObjectHash()] += $sub_complexity;
+
+                $this->class_complexity[$v->getClassName()] ??= 0;
+                $this->class_complexity[$v->getClassName()] += $sub_complexity;
+
+                /**
+                 * @psalm-suppress PossiblyFalseIterator
+                 * Psalm bug #11392
+                 */
+                foreach (\class_parents($var) as $class) {
+                    $this->class_complexity[$class] ??= 0;
+                    if (0 === $this->class_count_stack[$class]) {
+                        $this->class_complexity[$class] += $sub_complexity;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                /**
+                 * @psalm-suppress PossiblyFalseIterator
+                 * Psalm bug #11392
+                 */
+                foreach (\class_implements($var) as $iface) {
+                    $this->class_complexity[$iface] ??= 0;
+                    if (0 === $this->class_count_stack[$iface]) {
+                        $this->class_complexity[$iface] += $sub_complexity;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (0 === $v->getContext()->getDepth()) {
+            $contents = [];
+
+            \arsort($this->class_complexity);
+
+            foreach ($this->class_complexity as $name => $complexity) {
+                $contents[] = new FixedWidthValue(new BaseContext($name), $complexity);
+            }
+
+            if ($contents) {
+                $v->addRepresentation(new ContainerRepresentation('Class complexity', $contents), 0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        $rep = new ProfileRepresentation($sub_complexity);
+        /** @psalm-suppress UnsupportedReferenceUsage */
+        if ($v instanceof InstanceValue) {
+            $rep->instance_counts = &$this->instance_counts[$v->getSplObjectHash()];
+            $rep->instance_complexity = &$this->instance_complexity[$v->getSplObjectHash()];
+        }
+
+        $v->addRepresentation($rep, 0);
+
+        return $v;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ProxyPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ProxyPlugin.php
index 97050c6b4abf..e0db1b985708 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ProxyPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ProxyPlugin.php
@@ -27,25 +27,29 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Parser;
 
-use InvalidArgumentException;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
 
-class ProxyPlugin implements PluginInterface
+/**
+ * @psalm-import-type ParserTrigger from Parser
+ *
+ * @psalm-api
+ */
+class ProxyPlugin implements PluginBeginInterface, PluginCompleteInterface
 {
-    protected $parser;
-    protected $types;
-    protected $triggers;
+    protected array $types;
+    /** @psalm-var ParserTrigger */
+    protected int $triggers;
+    /** @psalm-var callable */
     protected $callback;
+    private ?Parser $parser = null;
 
     /**
-     * @param callable $callback
+     * @psalm-param ParserTrigger $triggers
+     * @psalm-param callable $callback
      */
     public function __construct(array $types, int $triggers, $callback)
     {
-        if (!\is_callable($callback)) {
-            throw new InvalidArgumentException('ProxyPlugin callback must be callable');
-        }
-
         $this->types = $types;
         $this->triggers = $triggers;
         $this->callback = $callback;
@@ -66,8 +70,23 @@ public function getTriggers(): int
         return $this->triggers;
     }
 
-    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    public function parseBegin(&$var, ContextInterface $c): ?AbstractValue
+    {
+        return \call_user_func_array($this->callback, [
+            &$var,
+            $c,
+            Parser::TRIGGER_BEGIN,
+            $this->parser,
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    public function parseComplete(&$var, AbstractValue $v, int $trigger): AbstractValue
     {
-        \call_user_func_array($this->callback, [&$var, &$o, $trigger, $this->parser]);
+        return \call_user_func_array($this->callback, [
+            &$var,
+            $v,
+            $trigger,
+            $this->parser,
+        ]);
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/SerializePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/SerializePlugin.php
index 4991087848e6..a23aaae1af2c 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/SerializePlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/SerializePlugin.php
@@ -27,10 +27,13 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Parser;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Context\BaseContext;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ValueRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\UninitializedValue;
 
-class SerializePlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+/** @psalm-api */
+class SerializePlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginCompleteInterface
 {
     /**
      * Disables automatic unserialization on arrays and objects.
@@ -43,13 +46,11 @@ class SerializePlugin extends AbstractPlugin
      *
      * The natural way to stop that from happening is to just refuse to unserialize
      * stuff by default. Which is what we're doing for anything that's not scalar.
-     *
-     * @var bool
      */
-    public static $safe_mode = true;
+    public static bool $safe_mode = true;
 
     /**
-     * @var bool|class-string[]
+     * @psalm-var bool|class-string[]
      */
     public static $allowed_classes = false;
 
@@ -63,47 +64,48 @@ public function getTriggers(): int
         return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
     }
 
-    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    public function parseComplete(&$var, AbstractValue $v, int $trigger): AbstractValue
     {
         $trimmed = \rtrim($var);
 
         if ('N;' !== $trimmed && !\preg_match('/^(?:[COabis]:\\d+[:;]|d:\\d+(?:\\.\\d+);)/', $trimmed)) {
-            return;
+            return $v;
         }
 
         $options = ['allowed_classes' => self::$allowed_classes];
 
-        if (!self::$safe_mode || !\in_array($trimmed[0], ['C', 'O', 'a'], true)) {
-            // Suppress warnings on unserializeable variable
-            $data = @\unserialize($trimmed, $options);
-
-            if (false === $data && 'b:0;' !== \substr($trimmed, 0, 4)) {
-                return;
-            }
-        }
+        $c = $v->getContext();
 
-        $base_obj = new Value();
-        $base_obj->depth = $o->depth + 1;
-        $base_obj->name = 'unserialize('.$o->name.')';
+        $base = new BaseContext('unserialize('.$c->getName().')');
+        $base->depth = $c->getDepth() + 1;
 
-        if ($o->access_path) {
-            $base_obj->access_path = 'unserialize('.$o->access_path;
+        if (null !== ($ap = $c->getAccessPath())) {
+            $base->access_path = 'unserialize('.$ap;
             if (true === self::$allowed_classes) {
-                $base_obj->access_path .= ')';
+                $base->access_path .= ')';
             } else {
-                $base_obj->access_path .= ', '.\var_export($options, true).')';
+                $base->access_path .= ', '.\var_export($options, true).')';
             }
         }
 
-        $r = new Representation('Serialized');
-
-        if (isset($data)) {
-            $r->contents = $this->parser->parse($data, $base_obj);
+        if (self::$safe_mode && \in_array($trimmed[0], ['C', 'O', 'a'], true)) {
+            $data = new UninitializedValue($base);
+            $data->flags |= AbstractValue::FLAG_BLACKLIST;
         } else {
-            $base_obj->hints[] = 'blacklist';
-            $r->contents = $base_obj;
+            // Suppress warnings on unserializeable variable
+            $data = @\unserialize($trimmed, $options);
+
+            if (false === $data && 'b:0;' !== \substr($trimmed, 0, 4)) {
+                return $v;
+            }
+
+            $data = $this->getParser()->parse($data, $base);
         }
 
-        $o->addRepresentation($r, 0);
+        $data->flags |= AbstractValue::FLAG_GENERATED;
+
+        $v->addRepresentation(new ValueRepresentation('Serialized', $data), 0);
+
+        return $v;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/SimpleXMLElementPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/SimpleXMLElementPlugin.php
index db6f9b9c1c2b..65b1671757ba 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/SimpleXMLElementPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/SimpleXMLElementPlugin.php
@@ -27,20 +27,39 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Parser;
 
-use Kint\Zval\BlobValue;
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
-use Kint\Zval\SimpleXMLElementValue;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Utils;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ArrayContext;
+use Kint\Value\Context\BaseContext;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ClassOwnedContext;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ContainerRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ValueRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\SimpleXMLElementValue;
 use SimpleXMLElement;
 
-class SimpleXMLElementPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+class SimpleXMLElementPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginBeginInterface
 {
     /**
      * Show all properties and methods.
-     *
-     * @var bool
      */
-    public static $verbose = false;
+    public static bool $verbose = false;
+
+    protected ClassMethodsPlugin $methods_plugin;
+
+    public function __construct(Parser $parser)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($parser);
+
+        $this->methods_plugin = new ClassMethodsPlugin($parser);
+    }
+
+    public function setParser(Parser $p): void
+    {
+        parent::setParser($p);
+
+        $this->methods_plugin->setParser($p);
+    }
 
     public function getTypes(): array
     {
@@ -49,173 +68,232 @@ public function getTypes(): array
 
     public function getTriggers(): int
     {
-        return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
+        // SimpleXMLElement is a weirdo. No recursion (Or rather everything is
+        // recursion) and depth limit will have to be handled manually anyway.
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_BEGIN;
     }
 
-    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    public function parseBegin(&$var, ContextInterface $c): ?AbstractValue
     {
         if (!$var instanceof SimpleXMLElement) {
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
 
-        if (!self::$verbose) {
-            $o->removeRepresentation('properties');
-            $o->removeRepresentation('iterator');
-            $o->removeRepresentation('methods');
-        }
+        return $this->parseElement($var, $c);
+    }
+
+    protected function parseElement(SimpleXMLElement &$var, ContextInterface $c): SimpleXMLElementValue
+    {
+        $parser = $this->getParser();
+        $pdepth = $parser->getDepthLimit();
+        $cdepth = $c->getDepth();
 
-        // An invalid SimpleXMLElement can gum up the works with
-        // warnings if we call stuff children/attributes on it.
-        if (!$var) {
-            $o->size = null;
+        $depthlimit = $pdepth && $cdepth >= $pdepth;
+        $has_children = self::hasChildElements($var);
 
-            return;
+        if ($depthlimit && $has_children) {
+            $x = new SimpleXMLElementValue($c, $var, [], null);
+            $x->flags |= AbstractValue::FLAG_DEPTH_LIMIT;
+
+            return $x;
         }
 
-        $x = new SimpleXMLElementValue();
-        $x->transplant($o);
+        $children = $this->getChildren($c, $var);
+        $attributes = $this->getAttributes($c, $var);
+        $toString = (string) $var;
+        $string_body = !$has_children && \strlen($toString);
 
-        $namespaces = \array_merge([null], $var->getDocNamespaces());
+        $x = new SimpleXMLElementValue($c, $var, $children, \strlen($toString) ? $toString : null);
 
-        // Attributes
-        $a = new Representation('Attributes');
+        if (self::$verbose) {
+            $x = $this->methods_plugin->parseComplete($var, $x, Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS);
+        }
 
-        $base_obj = new Value();
-        $base_obj->depth = $x->depth;
+        if ($attributes) {
+            $x->addRepresentation(new ContainerRepresentation('Attributes', $attributes), 0);
+        }
 
-        if ($x->access_path) {
-            $base_obj->access_path = '(string) '.$x->access_path;
+        if ($string_body) {
+            $base = new BaseContext('(string) '.$c->getName());
+            $base->depth = $cdepth + 1;
+            if (null !== ($ap = $c->getAccessPath())) {
+                $base->access_path = '(string) '.$ap;
+            }
+
+            $toString = $parser->parse($toString, $base);
+
+            $x->addRepresentation(new ValueRepresentation('toString', $toString, null, true), 0);
         }
 
-        // Attributes are strings. If we're too deep set the
-        // depth limit to enable parsing them, but no deeper.
-        if ($this->parser->getDepthLimit() && $this->parser->getDepthLimit() - 2 < $base_obj->depth) {
-            $base_obj->depth = $this->parser->getDepthLimit() - 2;
+        if ($children) {
+            $x->addRepresentation(new ContainerRepresentation('Children', $children), 0);
         }
 
-        $attribs = [];
+        return $x;
+    }
+
+    /** @psalm-return list<AbstractValue> */
+    protected function getAttributes(ContextInterface $c, SimpleXMLElement $var): array
+    {
+        $parser = $this->getParser();
+        $namespaces = \array_merge(['' => null], $var->getDocNamespaces());
 
-        foreach ($namespaces as $nsAlias => $nsUrl) {
-            if ($nsAttribs = $var->attributes($nsUrl)) {
-                $cleanAttribs = [];
+        $cdepth = $c->getDepth();
+        $ap = $c->getAccessPath();
+
+        $contents = [];
+
+        foreach ($namespaces as $nsAlias => $_) {
+            if ((bool) $nsAttribs = $var->attributes($nsAlias, true)) {
                 foreach ($nsAttribs as $name => $attrib) {
-                    $cleanAttribs[(string) $name] = $attrib;
-                }
+                    $obj = new ArrayContext($name);
+                    $obj->depth = $cdepth + 1;
 
-                if (null === $nsUrl) {
-                    $obj = clone $base_obj;
-                    if ($obj->access_path) {
-                        $obj->access_path .= '->attributes()';
+                    if (null !== $ap) {
+                        $obj->access_path = '(string) '.$ap;
+                        if ('' !== $nsAlias) {
+                            $obj->access_path .= '->attributes('.\var_export($nsAlias, true).', true)';
+                        }
+                        $obj->access_path .= '['.\var_export($name, true).']';
                     }
 
-                    $a->contents = $this->parser->parse($cleanAttribs, $obj)->value->contents;
-                } else {
-                    $obj = clone $base_obj;
-                    if ($obj->access_path) {
-                        $obj->access_path .= '->attributes('.\var_export($nsAlias, true).', true)';
+                    if ('' !== $nsAlias) {
+                        $obj->name = $nsAlias.':'.$obj->name;
                     }
 
-                    $cleanAttribs = $this->parser->parse($cleanAttribs, $obj)->value->contents;
+                    $string = (string) $attrib;
+                    $attribute = $parser->parse($string, $obj);
 
-                    foreach ($cleanAttribs as $attribute) {
-                        $attribute->name = $nsAlias.':'.$attribute->name;
-                        $a->contents[] = $attribute;
-                    }
+                    $contents[] = $attribute;
                 }
             }
         }
 
-        if ($a->contents) {
-            $x->addRepresentation($a, 0);
-        }
+        return $contents;
+    }
 
-        // Children
-        $c = new Representation('Children');
+    /**
+     * Alright kids, let's learn about SimpleXMLElement::children!
+     * children can take a namespace url or alias and provide a list of
+     * child nodes. This is great since just accessing the members through
+     * properties doesn't work on SimpleXMLElement when they have a
+     * namespace at all!
+     *
+     * Unfortunately SimpleXML decided to go the retarded route of
+     * categorizing elements by their tag name rather than by their local
+     * name (to put it in Dom terms) so if you have something like this:
+     *
+     * <root xmlns:localhost="http://localhost/">
+     *   <tag />
+     *   <tag xmlns="http://localhost/" />
+     *   <localhost:tag />
+     * </root>
+     *
+     * * children(null) will get the first 2 results
+     * * children('', true) will get the first 2 results
+     * * children('http://localhost/') will get the last 2 results
+     * * children('localhost', true) will get the last result
+     *
+     * So let's just give up and stick to aliases because fuck that mess!
+     *
+     * @psalm-return list<SimpleXMLElementValue>
+     */
+    protected function getChildren(ContextInterface $c, SimpleXMLElement $var): array
+    {
+        $namespaces = \array_merge(['' => null], $var->getDocNamespaces());
+
+        $cdepth = $c->getDepth();
+        $ap = $c->getAccessPath();
+
+        $contents = [];
 
-        foreach ($namespaces as $nsAlias => $nsUrl) {
-            // This is doubling items because of the root namespace
-            // and the implicit namespace on its children.
-            $thisNs = $var->getNamespaces();
-            if (isset($thisNs['']) && $thisNs[''] === $nsUrl) {
+        foreach ($namespaces as $nsAlias => $_) {
+            $nsChildren = $var->children($nsAlias, true);
+            if (!(bool) $nsChildren) {
                 continue;
             }
 
-            if ($nsChildren = $var->children($nsUrl)) {
-                $nsap = [];
-                foreach ($nsChildren as $name => $child) {
-                    $obj = new Value();
-                    $obj->depth = $x->depth + 1;
-                    $obj->name = (string) $name;
-                    if ($x->access_path) {
-                        if (null === $nsUrl) {
-                            $obj->access_path = $x->access_path.'->children()->';
-                        } else {
-                            $obj->access_path = $x->access_path.'->children('.\var_export($nsAlias, true).', true)->';
-                        }
+            $nsap = [];
 
-                        if (\preg_match('/^[a-zA-Z_\\x7f-\\xff][a-zA-Z0-9_\\x7f-\\xff]+$/', (string) $name)) {
-                            $obj->access_path .= (string) $name;
-                        } else {
-                            $obj->access_path .= '{'.\var_export((string) $name, true).'}';
-                        }
+            foreach ($nsChildren as $name => $child) {
+                $base = new ClassOwnedContext((string) $name, SimpleXMLElement::class);
+                $base->depth = $cdepth + 1;
 
-                        if (isset($nsap[$obj->access_path])) {
-                            ++$nsap[$obj->access_path];
-                            $obj->access_path .= '['.$nsap[$obj->access_path].']';
-                        } else {
-                            $nsap[$obj->access_path] = 0;
-                        }
-                    }
+                if ('' !== $nsAlias) {
+                    $base->name = $nsAlias.':'.$name;
+                }
 
-                    $value = $this->parser->parse($child, $obj);
+                if (null !== $ap) {
+                    if ('' === $nsAlias) {
+                        $base->access_path = $ap.'->';
+                    } else {
+                        $base->access_path = $ap.'->children('.\var_export($nsAlias, true).', true)->';
+                    }
 
-                    if ($value->access_path && 'string' === $value->type) {
-                        $value->access_path = '(string) '.$value->access_path;
+                    if (Utils::isValidPhpName((string) $name)) {
+                        $base->access_path .= (string) $name;
+                    } else {
+                        $base->access_path .= '{'.\var_export((string) $name, true).'}';
                     }
 
-                    $c->contents[] = $value;
+                    if (isset($nsap[$base->access_path])) {
+                        ++$nsap[$base->access_path];
+                        $base->access_path .= '['.$nsap[$base->access_path].']';
+                    } else {
+                        $nsap[$base->access_path] = 0;
+                    }
                 }
+
+                $v = $this->parseElement($child, $base);
+                $v->flags |= AbstractValue::FLAG_GENERATED;
+                $contents[] = $v;
             }
         }
 
-        $x->size = \count($c->contents);
-
-        if ($x->size) {
-            $x->addRepresentation($c, 0);
-        } else {
-            $x->size = null;
-
-            if (\strlen((string) $var)) {
-                $base_obj = new BlobValue();
-                $base_obj->depth = $x->depth + 1;
-                $base_obj->name = $x->name;
-                if ($x->access_path) {
-                    $base_obj->access_path = '(string) '.$x->access_path;
-                }
-
-                $value = (string) $var;
-
-                $s = $this->parser->parse($value, $base_obj);
-                $srep = $s->getRepresentation('contents');
-                $svalrep = $s->value && 'contents' == $s->value->getName() ? $s->value : null;
-
-                if ($srep || $svalrep) {
-                    $x->setIsStringValue(true);
-                    $x->value = $srep ?: $svalrep;
-
-                    if ($srep) {
-                        $x->replaceRepresentation($srep, 0);
-                    }
-                }
+        return $contents;
+    }
 
-                $reps = \array_reverse($s->getRepresentations());
+    /**
+     * More SimpleXMLElement bullshit.
+     *
+     * If we want to know if the element contains text we can cast to string.
+     * Except if it contains text mixed with elements simplexml for some stupid
+     * reason decides to concatenate the text from between those elements
+     * rather than all the text in the hierarchy...
+     *
+     * So we have NO way of getting text nodes between elements, but we can
+     * still tell if we have elements right? If we have elements we assume it's
+     * not a string and call it a day!
+     *
+     * Well if you cast the element to an array attributes will be on it so
+     * you'd have to remove that key, and if it's a string it'll also have the
+     * 0 index used for the string contents too...
+     *
+     * Wait, can we use the 0 index to tell if it's a string? Nope! CDATA
+     * doesn't show up AT ALL when casting to anything but string, and we'll
+     * still get those concatenated strings of mostly whitespace if we just do
+     * (string) and check the length.
+     *
+     * Luckily, I found the only way to do this reliably is through children().
+     * We still have to loop through all the namespaces and see if there's a
+     * match but then we have the problem of the attributes showing up again...
+     *
+     * Or at least that's what var_dump says. And when we cast the result to
+     * bool it's true too... But if we cast it to array then it's suddenly empty!
+     *
+     * Long story short the function below is the only way to reliably check if
+     * a SimpleXMLElement has children
+     */
+    protected static function hasChildElements(SimpleXMLElement $var): bool
+    {
+        $namespaces = \array_merge(['' => null], $var->getDocNamespaces());
 
-                foreach ($reps as $rep) {
-                    $x->addRepresentation($rep, 0);
-                }
+        foreach ($namespaces as $nsAlias => $_) {
+            if ((array) $var->children($nsAlias, true)) {
+                return true;
             }
         }
 
-        $o = $x;
+        return false;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/SplFileInfoPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/SplFileInfoPlugin.php
index 696f36007013..c5eea6c1e8d5 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/SplFileInfoPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/SplFileInfoPlugin.php
@@ -27,12 +27,14 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Parser;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\SplFileInfoRepresentation;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\InstanceValue;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\SplFileInfoRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\SplFileInfoValue;
 use SplFileInfo;
 use SplFileObject;
 
-class SplFileInfoPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+class SplFileInfoPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginCompleteInterface
 {
     public function getTypes(): array
     {
@@ -41,17 +43,26 @@ public function getTypes(): array
 
     public function getTriggers(): int
     {
-        return Parser::TRIGGER_COMPLETE;
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
     }
 
-    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    public function parseComplete(&$var, AbstractValue $v, int $trigger): AbstractValue
     {
+        // SplFileObject throws exceptions in normal use in places SplFileInfo doesn't
         if (!$var instanceof SplFileInfo || $var instanceof SplFileObject) {
-            return;
+            return $v;
         }
 
-        $r = new SplFileInfoRepresentation(clone $var);
-        $o->addRepresentation($r, 0);
-        $o->size = $r->getSize();
+        if (!$v instanceof InstanceValue) {
+            return $v;
+        }
+
+        $out = new SplFileInfoValue($v->getContext(), $var);
+        $out->setChildren($v->getChildren());
+        $out->flags = $v->flags;
+        $out->addRepresentation(new SplFileInfoRepresentation(clone $var));
+        $out->appendRepresentations($v->getRepresentations());
+
+        return $out;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/StreamPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/StreamPlugin.php
index 748b53c51997..fdbc2573bc5a 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/StreamPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/StreamPlugin.php
@@ -27,12 +27,13 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Parser;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
-use Kint\Zval\ResourceValue;
-use Kint\Zval\StreamValue;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ArrayContext;
+use Kint\Value\ResourceValue;
+use Kint\Value\StreamValue;
+use TypeError;
 
-class StreamPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+class StreamPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginCompleteInterface
 {
     public function getTypes(): array
     {
@@ -44,40 +45,44 @@ public function getTriggers(): int
         return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
     }
 
-    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    public function parseComplete(&$var, AbstractValue $v, int $trigger): AbstractValue
     {
-        if (!$o instanceof ResourceValue || 'stream' !== $o->resource_type) {
-            return;
+        if (!$v instanceof ResourceValue) {
+            return $v;
         }
 
         // Doublecheck that the resource is open before we get the metadata
         if (!\is_resource($var)) {
-            return;
+            return $v;
         }
 
-        $meta = \stream_get_meta_data($var);
-
-        $rep = new Representation('Stream');
-        $rep->implicit_label = true;
+        try {
+            $meta = \stream_get_meta_data($var);
+        } catch (TypeError $e) {
+            return $v;
+        }
 
-        $base_obj = new Value();
-        $base_obj->depth = $o->depth;
+        $c = $v->getContext();
 
-        if ($o->access_path) {
-            $base_obj->access_path = 'stream_get_meta_data('.$o->access_path.')';
-        }
+        $parser = $this->getParser();
+        $parsed_meta = [];
+        foreach ($meta as $key => $val) {
+            $base = new ArrayContext($key);
+            $base->depth = $c->getDepth() + 1;
 
-        $rep->contents = $this->parser->parse($meta, $base_obj);
+            if (null !== ($ap = $c->getAccessPath())) {
+                $base->access_path = 'stream_get_meta_data('.$ap.')['.\var_export($key, true).']';
+            }
 
-        if (!\in_array('depth_limit', $rep->contents->hints, true)) {
-            $rep->contents = $rep->contents->value->contents;
+            $val = $parser->parse($val, $base);
+            $val->flags |= AbstractValue::FLAG_GENERATED;
+            $parsed_meta[] = $val;
         }
 
-        $o->addRepresentation($rep, 0);
-        $o->value = $rep;
+        $stream = new StreamValue($c, $parsed_meta, $meta['uri'] ?? null);
+        $stream->flags = $v->flags;
+        $stream->appendRepresentations($v->getRepresentations());
 
-        $stream = new StreamValue($meta);
-        $stream->transplant($o);
-        $o = $stream;
+        return $stream;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/TablePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/TablePlugin.php
index 5afe75980bc8..8bbda7f7b181 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/TablePlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/TablePlugin.php
@@ -27,8 +27,9 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Parser;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\ArrayValue;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\TableRepresentation;
 
 // Note: Interaction with ArrayLimitPlugin:
 // Any array limited children will be shown in tables identically to
@@ -36,8 +37,11 @@
 // and it's size anyway. Because ArrayLimitPlugin halts the parse on finding
 // a limit all other plugins including this one are stopped, so you cannot get
 // a tabular representation of an array that is longer than the limit.
-class TablePlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+class TablePlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginCompleteInterface
 {
+    public static int $max_width = 300;
+    public static int $min_width = 2;
+
     public function getTypes(): array
     {
         return ['array'];
@@ -48,48 +52,52 @@ public function getTriggers(): int
         return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
     }
 
-    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    public function parseComplete(&$var, AbstractValue $v, int $trigger): AbstractValue
     {
-        if (empty($o->value->contents)) {
-            return;
+        if (!$v instanceof ArrayValue) {
+            return $v;
         }
 
-        $array = $this->parser->getCleanArray($var);
-
-        if (\count($array) < 2) {
-            return;
+        if (\count($var) < 2) {
+            return $v;
         }
 
         // Ensure this is an array of arrays and that all child arrays have the
         // same keys. We don't care about their children - if there's another
         // "table" inside we'll just make another one down the value tab
         $keys = null;
-        foreach ($array as $elem) {
-            if (!\is_array($elem) || \count($elem) < 2) {
-                return;
+        foreach ($var as $elem) {
+            if (!\is_array($elem)) {
+                return $v;
             }
 
             if (null === $keys) {
+                if (\count($elem) < self::$min_width || \count($elem) > self::$max_width) {
+                    return $v;
+                }
+
                 $keys = \array_keys($elem);
             } elseif (\array_keys($elem) !== $keys) {
-                return;
+                return $v;
             }
         }
 
+        $children = $v->getContents();
+
+        if (!$children) {
+            return $v;
+        }
+
         // Ensure none of the child arrays are recursion or depth limit. We
         // don't care if their children are since they are the table cells
-        foreach ($o->value->contents as $childarray) {
-            if (empty($childarray->value->contents)) {
-                return;
+        foreach ($children as $childarray) {
+            if (!$childarray instanceof ArrayValue || empty($childarray->getContents())) {
+                return $v;
             }
         }
 
-        // Objects by reference for the win! We can do a copy-paste of the value
-        // representation contents and just slap a new hint on there and hey
-        // presto we have our table representation with no extra memory used!
-        $table = new Representation('Table');
-        $table->contents = $o->value->contents;
-        $table->hints[] = 'table';
-        $o->addRepresentation($table, 0);
+        $v->addRepresentation(new TableRepresentation($children), 0);
+
+        return $v;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ThrowablePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ThrowablePlugin.php
index 7fd065f61910..c314fafb6c18 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ThrowablePlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ThrowablePlugin.php
@@ -27,12 +27,14 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Parser;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\SourceRepresentation;
-use Kint\Zval\ThrowableValue;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\InstanceValue;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\SourceRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\ThrowableValue;
+use RuntimeException;
 use Throwable;
 
-class ThrowablePlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+class ThrowablePlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginCompleteInterface
 {
     public function getTypes(): array
     {
@@ -44,18 +46,22 @@ public function getTriggers(): int
         return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
     }
 
-    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    public function parseComplete(&$var, AbstractValue $v, int $trigger): AbstractValue
     {
-        if (!$var instanceof Throwable) {
-            return;
+        if (!$var instanceof Throwable || !$v instanceof InstanceValue) {
+            return $v;
         }
 
-        $throw = new ThrowableValue($var);
-        $throw->transplant($o);
-        $r = new SourceRepresentation($var->getFile(), $var->getLine());
-        $r->showfilename = true;
-        $throw->addRepresentation($r, 0);
+        $throw = new ThrowableValue($v->getContext(), $var);
+        $throw->setChildren($v->getChildren());
+        $throw->flags = $v->flags;
+        $throw->appendRepresentations($v->getRepresentations());
 
-        $o = $throw;
+        try {
+            $throw->addRepresentation(new SourceRepresentation($var->getFile(), $var->getLine(), null, true), 0);
+        } catch (RuntimeException $e) {
+        }
+
+        return $throw;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/TimestampPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/TimestampPlugin.php
index 9136ca800d49..da3506fe7c62 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/TimestampPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/TimestampPlugin.php
@@ -27,11 +27,15 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Parser;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use DateTimeImmutable;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\FixedWidthValue;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\StringRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\StringValue;
 
-class TimestampPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+class TimestampPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginCompleteInterface
 {
-    public static $blacklist = [
+    public static array $blacklist = [
         2147483648,
         2147483647,
         1073741824,
@@ -48,30 +52,38 @@ public function getTriggers(): int
         return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
     }
 
-    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    public function parseComplete(&$var, AbstractValue $v, int $trigger): AbstractValue
     {
         if (\is_string($var) && !\ctype_digit($var)) {
-            return;
+            return $v;
         }
 
         if ($var < 0) {
-            return;
+            return $v;
         }
 
         if (\in_array($var, self::$blacklist, true)) {
-            return;
+            return $v;
         }
 
         $len = \strlen((string) $var);
 
         // Guess for anything between March 1973 and November 2286
-        if (9 === $len || 10 === $len) {
-            // If it's an int or string that's this short it probably has no other meaning
-            // Additionally it's highly unlikely the shortValue will be clipped for length
-            // If you're writing a plugin that interferes with this, just put your
-            // parser plugin further down the list so that it gets loaded afterwards.
-            $o->value->label = 'Timestamp';
-            $o->value->hints[] = 'timestamp';
+        if ($len < 9 || $len > 10) {
+            return $v;
         }
+
+        if (!$v instanceof StringValue && !$v instanceof FixedWidthValue) {
+            return $v;
+        }
+
+        if (!$dt = DateTimeImmutable::createFromFormat('U', (string) $var)) {
+            return $v;
+        }
+
+        $v->removeRepresentation('contents');
+        $v->addRepresentation(new StringRepresentation('Timestamp', $dt->format('c'), null, true));
+
+        return $v;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ToStringPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ToStringPlugin.php
index 478442bebb73..6fa7bd4e2b33 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ToStringPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ToStringPlugin.php
@@ -27,15 +27,19 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Parser;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Context\BaseContext;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ValueRepresentation;
 use ReflectionClass;
+use SimpleXMLElement;
+use SplFileInfo;
+use Throwable;
 
-class ToStringPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+class ToStringPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginCompleteInterface
 {
-    public static $blacklist = [
-        'SimpleXMLElement',
-        'SplFileObject',
+    public static array $blacklist = [
+        SimpleXMLElement::class,
+        SplFileInfo::class,
     ];
 
     public function getTypes(): array
@@ -48,22 +52,37 @@ public function getTriggers(): int
         return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
     }
 
-    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    public function parseComplete(&$var, AbstractValue $v, int $trigger): AbstractValue
     {
         $reflection = new ReflectionClass($var);
         if (!$reflection->hasMethod('__toString')) {
-            return;
+            return $v;
         }
 
         foreach (self::$blacklist as $class) {
             if ($var instanceof $class) {
-                return;
+                return $v;
             }
         }
 
-        $r = new Representation('toString');
-        $r->contents = (string) $var;
+        try {
+            $string = (string) $var;
+        } catch (Throwable $t) {
+            return $v;
+        }
+
+        $c = $v->getContext();
+
+        $base = new BaseContext($c->getName());
+        $base->depth = $c->getDepth() + 1;
+        if (null !== ($ap = $c->getAccessPath())) {
+            $base->access_path = '(string) '.$ap;
+        }
+
+        $string = $this->getParser()->parse($string, $base);
+
+        $v->addRepresentation(new ValueRepresentation('toString', $string));
 
-        $o->addRepresentation($r);
+        return $v;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/TracePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/TracePlugin.php
index a5f47dcfcdf9..d01ebd9d066d 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/TracePlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/TracePlugin.php
@@ -28,14 +28,23 @@
 namespace Kint\Parser;
 
 use Kint\Utils;
-use Kint\Zval\TraceFrameValue;
-use Kint\Zval\TraceValue;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
-
-class TracePlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\ArrayValue;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ArrayContext;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ContainerRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\SourceRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ValueRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\TraceFrameValue;
+use Kint\Value\TraceValue;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * @psalm-import-type TraceFrame from TraceFrameValue
+ */
+class TracePlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginCompleteInterface
 {
-    public static $blacklist = ['spl_autoload_call'];
-    public static $path_blacklist = [];
+    public static array $blacklist = ['spl_autoload_call'];
+    public static array $path_blacklist = [];
 
     public function getTypes(): array
     {
@@ -47,42 +56,46 @@ public function getTriggers(): int
         return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
     }
 
-    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    public function parseComplete(&$var, AbstractValue $v, int $trigger): AbstractValue
     {
-        if (!$o->value) {
-            return;
+        if (!$v instanceof ArrayValue) {
+            return $v;
         }
 
-        $trace = $this->parser->getCleanArray($var);
+        // Shallow copy so we don't have to worry about touching var
+        $trace = $var;
 
-        if (\count($trace) !== \count($o->value->contents) || !Utils::isTrace($trace)) {
-            return;
+        if (!Utils::isTrace($trace)) {
+            return $v;
         }
 
-        $traceobj = new TraceValue();
-        $traceobj->transplant($o);
-        $rep = $traceobj->value;
+        $pdepth = $this->getParser()->getDepthLimit();
+        $c = $v->getContext();
 
-        $old_trace = $rep->contents;
+        // We need at least 2 levels in order to get $trace[n]['args']
+        if ($pdepth && $c->getDepth() + 2 >= $pdepth) {
+            return $v;
+        }
 
-        Utils::normalizeAliases(self::$blacklist);
-        $path_blacklist = self::normalizePaths(self::$path_blacklist);
+        $contents = $v->getContents();
 
-        $rep->contents = [];
+        self::$blacklist = Utils::normalizeAliases(self::$blacklist);
+        $path_blacklist = self::normalizePaths(self::$path_blacklist);
 
-        foreach ($old_trace as $frame) {
-            $index = $frame->name;
+        $frames = [];
 
-            if (!isset($trace[$index]['function'])) {
-                // Something's very very wrong here, but it's probably a plugin's fault
+        foreach ($contents as $frame) {
+            if (!$frame instanceof ArrayValue || !$frame->getContext() instanceof ArrayContext) {
                 continue;
             }
 
-            if (Utils::traceFrameIsListed($trace[$index], self::$blacklist)) {
+            $index = $frame->getContext()->getName();
+
+            if (!isset($trace[$index]['file']) || Utils::traceFrameIsListed($trace[$index], self::$blacklist)) {
                 continue;
             }
 
-            if (isset($trace[$index]['file']) && ($realfile = \realpath($trace[$index]['file']))) {
+            if (false !== ($realfile = \realpath($trace[$index]['file']))) {
                 foreach ($path_blacklist as $path) {
                     if (0 === \strpos($realfile, $path)) {
                         continue 2;
@@ -90,16 +103,39 @@ public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
                 }
             }
 
-            $rep->contents[$index] = new TraceFrameValue($frame, $trace[$index]);
+            $frame = new TraceFrameValue($frame, $trace[$index]);
+
+            if (null !== ($file = $frame->getFile()) && null !== ($line = $frame->getLine())) {
+                try {
+                    $frame->addRepresentation(new SourceRepresentation($file, $line));
+                } catch (RuntimeException $e) {
+                }
+            }
+
+            if ($args = $frame->getArgs()) {
+                $frame->addRepresentation(new ContainerRepresentation('Arguments', $args));
+            }
+
+            if ($obj = $frame->getObject()) {
+                $frame->addRepresentation(
+                    new ValueRepresentation(
+                        'Callee object ['.$obj->getClassName().']',
+                        $obj,
+                        'callee_object'
+                    )
+                );
+            }
+
+            $frames[$index] = $frame;
         }
 
-        \ksort($rep->contents);
-        $rep->contents = \array_values($rep->contents);
+        $traceobj = new TraceValue($c, \count($frames), $frames);
+
+        if ($frames) {
+            $traceobj->addRepresentation(new ContainerRepresentation('Contents', $frames, null, true));
+        }
 
-        $traceobj->clearRepresentations();
-        $traceobj->addRepresentation($rep);
-        $traceobj->size = \count($rep->contents);
-        $o = $traceobj;
+        return $traceobj;
     }
 
     protected static function normalizePaths(array $paths): array
@@ -108,7 +144,7 @@ protected static function normalizePaths(array $paths): array
 
         foreach ($paths as $path) {
             $realpath = \realpath($path);
-            if (\is_dir($realpath)) {
+            if (false !== $realpath && \is_dir($realpath)) {
                 $realpath .= DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
             }
 
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/XmlPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/XmlPlugin.php
index a5a31abd4361..64275a2e9740 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/XmlPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/XmlPlugin.php
@@ -27,12 +27,19 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Parser;
 
+use Dom\Node;
+use Dom\XMLDocument;
 use DOMDocument;
-use Exception;
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
-
-class XmlPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+use DOMException;
+use DOMNode;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Context\BaseContext;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ValueRepresentation;
+use Throwable;
+
+class XmlPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements PluginCompleteInterface
 {
     /**
      * Which method to parse the variable with.
@@ -41,9 +48,9 @@ class XmlPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
      * however it's memory usage is very high and it takes longer to parse and
      * render. Plus it's a pain to work with. So SimpleXML is the default.
      *
-     * @var string
+     * @psalm-var 'SimpleXML'|'DOMDocument'|'XMLDocument'
      */
-    public static $parse_method = 'SimpleXML';
+    public static string $parse_method = 'SimpleXML';
 
     public function getTypes(): array
     {
@@ -55,59 +62,54 @@ public function getTriggers(): int
         return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
     }
 
-    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    public function parseComplete(&$var, AbstractValue $v, int $trigger): AbstractValue
     {
         if ('<?xml' !== \substr($var, 0, 5)) {
-            return;
+            return $v;
         }
 
-        if (!\method_exists(\get_class($this), 'xmlTo'.self::$parse_method)) {
-            return;
+        if (!\method_exists($this, 'xmlTo'.self::$parse_method)) {
+            return $v;
         }
 
-        $xml = \call_user_func([\get_class($this), 'xmlTo'.self::$parse_method], $var, $o->access_path);
+        $c = $v->getContext();
 
-        if (empty($xml)) {
-            return;
-        }
+        $out = \call_user_func([$this, 'xmlTo'.self::$parse_method], $var, $c);
 
-        [$xml, $access_path, $name] = $xml;
+        if (null === $out) {
+            return $v;
+        }
 
-        $base_obj = new Value();
-        $base_obj->depth = $o->depth + 1;
-        $base_obj->name = $name;
-        $base_obj->access_path = $access_path;
+        $out->flags |= AbstractValue::FLAG_GENERATED;
 
-        $r = new Representation('XML');
-        $r->contents = $this->parser->parse($xml, $base_obj);
+        $v->addRepresentation(new ValueRepresentation('XML', $out), 0);
 
-        $o->addRepresentation($r, 0);
+        return $v;
     }
 
-    protected static function xmlToSimpleXML(string $var, ?string $parent_path): ?array
+    /** @psalm-suppress PossiblyUnusedMethod */
+    protected function xmlToSimpleXML(string $var, ContextInterface $c): ?AbstractValue
     {
         $errors = \libxml_use_internal_errors(true);
         try {
             $xml = \simplexml_load_string($var);
-        } catch (Exception $e) {
+            if (!(bool) $xml) {
+                throw new InvalidArgumentException('Bad XML parse in XmlPlugin::xmlToSimpleXML');
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable $t) {
             return null;
         } finally {
             \libxml_use_internal_errors($errors);
+            \libxml_clear_errors();
         }
 
-        if (false === $xml) {
-            return null;
-        }
-
-        if (null === $parent_path) {
-            $access_path = null;
-        } else {
-            $access_path = 'simplexml_load_string('.$parent_path.')';
+        $base = new BaseContext($xml->getName());
+        $base->depth = $c->getDepth() + 1;
+        if (null !== ($ap = $c->getAccessPath())) {
+            $base->access_path = 'simplexml_load_string('.$ap.')';
         }
 
-        $name = $xml->getName();
-
-        return [$xml, $access_path, $name];
+        return $this->getParser()->parse($xml, $base);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -115,38 +117,63 @@ protected static function xmlToSimpleXML(string $var, ?string $parent_path): ?ar
      *
      * If it errors loading then we wouldn't have gotten this far in the first place.
      *
-     * @psalm-param non-empty-string $var         The XML string
-     *
-     * @param ?string $parent_path The path to the parent, in this case the XML string
+     * @psalm-suppress PossiblyUnusedMethod
      *
-     * @return ?array The root element DOMNode, the access path, and the root element name
+     * @psalm-param non-empty-string $var
      */
-    protected static function xmlToDOMDocument(string $var, ?string $parent_path): ?array
+    protected function xmlToDOMDocument(string $var, ContextInterface $c): ?AbstractValue
     {
-        // There's no way to check validity in DOMDocument without making errors. For shame!
-        if (!self::xmlToSimpleXML($var, $parent_path)) {
+        try {
+            $xml = new DOMDocument();
+            $check = $xml->loadXML($var, LIBXML_NOWARNING | LIBXML_NOERROR);
+
+            if (false === $check) {
+                throw new InvalidArgumentException('Bad XML parse in XmlPlugin::xmlToDOMDocument');
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable $t) {
             return null;
         }
 
-        $xml = new DOMDocument();
-        $xml->loadXML($var);
+        $xml = $xml->firstChild;
 
-        if ($xml->childNodes->count() > 1) {
-            $xml = $xml->childNodes;
-            $access_path = 'childNodes';
-        } else {
-            $xml = $xml->firstChild;
-            $access_path = 'firstChild';
+        /**
+         * @psalm-var DOMNode $xml
+         * Psalm bug #11120
+         */
+        $base = new BaseContext($xml->nodeName);
+        $base->depth = $c->getDepth() + 1;
+        if (null !== ($ap = $c->getAccessPath())) {
+            $base->access_path = '(function($s){$x = new \\DomDocument(); $x->loadXML($s); return $x;})('.$ap.')->firstChild';
         }
 
-        if (null === $parent_path) {
-            $access_path = null;
-        } else {
-            $access_path = '(function($s){$x = new \\DomDocument(); $x->loadXML($s); return $x;})('.$parent_path.')->'.$access_path;
+        return $this->getParser()->parse($xml, $base);
+    }
+
+    /** @psalm-suppress PossiblyUnusedMethod */
+    protected function xmlToXMLDocument(string $var, ContextInterface $c): ?AbstractValue
+    {
+        if (!KINT_PHP84) {
+            return null; // @codeCoverageIgnore
         }
 
-        $name = $xml->nodeName ?? null;
+        try {
+            $xml = XMLDocument::createFromString($var, LIBXML_NOWARNING | LIBXML_NOERROR);
+        } catch (DOMException $e) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $xml = $xml->firstChild;
+
+        /**
+         * @psalm-var Node $xml
+         * Psalm bug #11120
+         */
+        $base = new BaseContext($xml->nodeName);
+        $base->depth = $c->getDepth() + 1;
+        if (null !== ($ap = $c->getAccessPath())) {
+            $base->access_path = '\\Dom\\XMLDocument::createFromString('.$ap.')->firstChild';
+        }
 
-        return [$xml, $access_path, $name];
+        return $this->getParser()->parse($xml, $base);
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/AbstractRenderer.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/AbstractRenderer.php
index adec8f071d97..fb4597c2d01f 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/AbstractRenderer.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/AbstractRenderer.php
@@ -27,67 +27,38 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Renderer;
 
-use Kint\Zval\InstanceValue;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
-
-/**
- * @psalm-type PluginMap array<string, class-string>
- *
- * @psalm-consistent-constructor
- */
-abstract class AbstractRenderer implements RendererInterface
+abstract class AbstractRenderer implements ConstructableRendererInterface
 {
-    public const SORT_NONE = 0;
-    public const SORT_VISIBILITY = 1;
-    public const SORT_FULL = 2;
-
-    protected $call_info = [];
-    protected $statics = [];
-    protected $show_trace = true;
-
-    public function setCallInfo(array $info): void
-    {
-        if (!isset($info['modifiers']) || !\is_array($info['modifiers'])) {
-            $info['modifiers'] = [];
-        }
+    public static ?string $js_nonce = null;
+    public static ?string $css_nonce = null;
 
-        if (!isset($info['trace']) || !\is_array($info['trace'])) {
-            $info['trace'] = [];
-        }
+    /** @psalm-var ?non-empty-string */
+    public static ?string $file_link_format = null;
 
-        $this->call_info = [
-            'params' => $info['params'] ?? null,
-            'modifiers' => $info['modifiers'],
-            'callee' => $info['callee'] ?? null,
-            'caller' => $info['caller'] ?? null,
-            'trace' => $info['trace'],
-        ];
-    }
+    protected bool $show_trace = true;
+    protected ?array $callee = null;
+    protected array $trace = [];
 
-    public function getCallInfo(): array
-    {
-        return $this->call_info;
-    }
+    protected bool $render_spl_ids = true;
 
-    public function setStatics(array $statics): void
+    public function __construct()
     {
-        $this->statics = $statics;
-        $this->setShowTrace(!empty($statics['display_called_from']));
     }
 
-    public function getStatics(): array
+    public function shouldRenderObjectIds(): bool
     {
-        return $this->statics;
+        return $this->render_spl_ids;
     }
 
-    public function setShowTrace(bool $show_trace): void
+    public function setCallInfo(array $info): void
     {
-        $this->show_trace = $show_trace;
+        $this->callee = $info['callee'] ?? null;
+        $this->trace = $info['trace'] ?? [];
     }
 
-    public function getShowTrace(): bool
+    public function setStatics(array $statics): void
     {
-        return $this->show_trace;
+        $this->show_trace = !empty($statics['display_called_from']);
     }
 
     public function filterParserPlugins(array $plugins): array
@@ -105,71 +76,12 @@ public function postRender(): string
         return '';
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Returns the first compatible plugin available.
-     *
-     * @psalm-param PluginMap $plugins Array of hints to class strings
-     * @psalm-param string[] $hints Array of object hints
-     *
-     * @psalm-return PluginMap Array of hints to class strings filtered and sorted by object hints
-     */
-    public function matchPlugins(array $plugins, array $hints): array
-    {
-        $out = [];
-
-        foreach ($hints as $key) {
-            if (isset($plugins[$key])) {
-                $out[$key] = $plugins[$key];
-            }
-        }
-
-        return $out;
-    }
-
-    public static function sortPropertiesFull(Value $a, Value $b): int
+    public static function getFileLink(string $file, int $line): ?string
     {
-        $sort = Value::sortByAccess($a, $b);
-        if ($sort) {
-            return $sort;
+        if (null === self::$file_link_format) {
+            return null;
         }
 
-        $sort = Value::sortByName($a, $b);
-        if ($sort) {
-            return $sort;
-        }
-
-        return InstanceValue::sortByHierarchy($a->owner_class, $b->owner_class);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Sorts an array of Value.
-     *
-     * @param Value[] $contents Object properties to sort
-     *
-     * @return Value[]
-     */
-    public static function sortProperties(array $contents, int $sort): array
-    {
-        switch ($sort) {
-            case self::SORT_VISIBILITY:
-                // Containers to quickly stable sort by type
-                $containers = [
-                    Value::ACCESS_PUBLIC => [],
-                    Value::ACCESS_PROTECTED => [],
-                    Value::ACCESS_PRIVATE => [],
-                    Value::ACCESS_NONE => [],
-                ];
-
-                foreach ($contents as $item) {
-                    $containers[$item->access][] = $item;
-                }
-
-                return \call_user_func_array('array_merge', $containers);
-            case self::SORT_FULL:
-                \usort($contents, [self::class, 'sortPropertiesFull']);
-                // no break
-            default:
-                return $contents;
-        }
+        return \str_replace(['%f', '%l'], [$file, $line], self::$file_link_format);
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/MethodDefinitionPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/AssetRendererTrait.php
similarity index 52%
rename from system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/MethodDefinitionPlugin.php
rename to system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/AssetRendererTrait.php
index f5ed37b624b5..fb66f2db1b7b 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/MethodDefinitionPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/AssetRendererTrait.php
@@ -25,52 +25,46 @@
  * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
+namespace Kint\Renderer;
 
-use Kint\Kint;
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\MethodDefinitionRepresentation;
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
-
-class MethodDefinitionPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements TabPluginInterface
+trait AssetRendererTrait
 {
-    public function renderTab(Representation $r): ?string
-    {
-        if (!$r instanceof MethodDefinitionRepresentation) {
-            return null;
-        }
+    public static ?string $theme = null;
 
-        if (isset($r->contents)) {
-            $docstring = [];
-            foreach (\explode("\n", $r->contents) as $line) {
-                $docstring[] = \trim($line);
-            }
+    /** @psalm-var array{js?:string, css?:array<path, string|false>} */
+    private static array $assetCache = [];
 
-            $docstring = $this->renderer->escape(\implode("\n", $docstring));
+    /** @psalm-api */
+    public static function renderJs(): string
+    {
+        if (!isset(self::$assetCache['js'])) {
+            self::$assetCache['js'] = \file_get_contents(KINT_DIR.'/resources/compiled/main.js');
         }
 
-        $addendum = [];
-        if (isset($r->class) && $r->inherited) {
-            $addendum[] = 'Inherited from '.$this->renderer->escape($r->class);
-        }
+        return self::$assetCache['js'];
+    }
 
-        if (isset($r->file, $r->line)) {
-            $addendum[] = 'Defined in '.$this->renderer->escape(Kint::shortenPath($r->file)).':'.((int) $r->line);
+    /** @psalm-api */
+    public static function renderCss(): ?string
+    {
+        if (!isset(self::$theme)) {
+            return null;
         }
 
-        if ($addendum) {
-            $addendum = '<small>'.\implode("\n", $addendum).'</small>';
-
-            if (isset($docstring)) {
-                $docstring .= "\n\n".$addendum;
+        if (!isset(self::$assetCache['css'][self::$theme])) {
+            if (\file_exists(KINT_DIR.'/resources/compiled/'.self::$theme)) {
+                self::$assetCache['css'][self::$theme] = \file_get_contents(KINT_DIR.'/resources/compiled/'.self::$theme);
+            } elseif (\file_exists(self::$theme)) {
+                self::$assetCache['css'][self::$theme] = \file_get_contents(self::$theme);
             } else {
-                $docstring = $addendum;
+                self::$assetCache['css'][self::$theme] = false;
             }
         }
 
-        if (!isset($docstring)) {
+        if (false === self::$assetCache['css'][self::$theme]) {
             return null;
         }
 
-        return '<pre>'.$docstring.'</pre>';
+        return self::$assetCache['css'][self::$theme];
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/CliRenderer.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/CliRenderer.php
index c2ea103b6644..6efdbe83203d 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/CliRenderer.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/CliRenderer.php
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Renderer;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
 use Throwable;
 
 class CliRenderer extends TextRenderer
@@ -35,52 +35,46 @@ class CliRenderer extends TextRenderer
     /**
      * @var bool enable colors
      */
-    public static $cli_colors = true;
-
-    /**
-     * Forces utf8 output on windows.
-     *
-     * @var bool
-     */
-    public static $force_utf8 = false;
+    public static bool $cli_colors = true;
 
     /**
      * Detects the terminal width on startup.
-     *
-     * @var bool
      */
-    public static $detect_width = true;
+    public static bool $detect_width = true;
 
     /**
      * The minimum width to detect terminal size as.
      *
      * Less than this is ignored and falls back to default width.
-     *
-     * @var int
      */
-    public static $min_terminal_width = 40;
+    public static int $min_terminal_width = 40;
+
+    /**
+     * Forces utf8 output on windows.
+     */
+    public static bool $force_utf8 = false;
 
     /**
      * Which stream to check for VT100 support on windows.
      *
      * uses STDOUT by default if it's defined
      *
-     * @var ?resource
+     * @psalm-var ?resource
      */
     public static $windows_stream = null;
 
-    protected static $terminal_width = null;
+    protected static ?int $terminal_width = null;
 
-    protected $windows_output = false;
+    protected bool $windows_output = false;
 
-    protected $colors = false;
+    protected bool $colors = false;
 
     public function __construct()
     {
         parent::__construct();
 
         if (!self::$force_utf8 && KINT_WIN) {
-            if (!KINT_PHP72 || !\function_exists('sapi_windows_vt100_support')) {
+            if (!\function_exists('sapi_windows_vt100_support')) {
                 $this->windows_output = true;
             } else {
                 $stream = self::$windows_stream;
@@ -97,16 +91,23 @@ public function __construct()
             }
         }
 
-        if (!self::$terminal_width) {
-            if (!KINT_WIN && self::$detect_width) {
+        if (null === self::$terminal_width) {
+            if (self::$detect_width) {
                 try {
-                    self::$terminal_width = (int) \exec('tput cols');
+                    $tput = KINT_WIN ? \exec('tput cols 2>nul') : \exec('tput cols 2>/dev/null');
+                    if ((bool) $tput) {
+                        /**
+                         * @psalm-suppress InvalidCast
+                         * Psalm bug #11080
+                         */
+                        self::$terminal_width = (int) $tput;
+                    }
                 } catch (Throwable $t) {
                     self::$terminal_width = self::$default_width;
                 }
             }
 
-            if (self::$terminal_width < self::$min_terminal_width) {
+            if (!isset(self::$terminal_width) || self::$terminal_width < self::$min_terminal_width) {
                 self::$terminal_width = self::$default_width;
             }
         }
@@ -143,13 +144,13 @@ public function colorTitle(string $string): string
         return "\x1b[36m".\str_replace("\n", "\x1b[0m\n\x1b[36m", $string)."\x1b[0m";
     }
 
-    public function renderTitle(Value $o): string
+    public function renderTitle(AbstractValue $v): string
     {
         if ($this->windows_output) {
-            return $this->utf8ToWindows(parent::renderTitle($o));
+            return $this->utf8ToWindows(parent::renderTitle($v));
         }
 
-        return parent::renderTitle($o);
+        return parent::renderTitle($v);
     }
 
     public function preRender(): string
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/DepthLimitPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/ConstructableRendererInterface.php
similarity index 85%
rename from system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/DepthLimitPlugin.php
rename to system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/ConstructableRendererInterface.php
index cbb151882044..686f37a645f6 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/DepthLimitPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/ConstructableRendererInterface.php
@@ -25,14 +25,9 @@
  * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-namespace Kint\Renderer\Text;
+namespace Kint\Renderer;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
-
-class DepthLimitPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+interface ConstructableRendererInterface extends RendererInterface
 {
-    public function render(Value $o): string
-    {
-        return $this->renderLockedHeader($o, 'DEPTH LIMIT');
-    }
+    public function __construct();
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/PlainRenderer.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/PlainRenderer.php
index 7210f55f3072..ac949e5b6169 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/PlainRenderer.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/PlainRenderer.php
@@ -27,46 +27,38 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Renderer;
 
-use Kint\Kint;
-use Kint\Zval\BlobValue;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Utils;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
 
 class PlainRenderer extends TextRenderer
 {
-    public static $pre_render_sources = [
+    use AssetRendererTrait;
+
+    public static array $pre_render_sources = [
         'script' => [
-            ['Kint\\Renderer\\PlainRenderer', 'renderJs'],
-            ['Kint\\Renderer\\Text\\MicrotimePlugin', 'renderJs'],
+            [self::class, 'renderJs'],
         ],
         'style' => [
-            ['Kint\\Renderer\\PlainRenderer', 'renderCss'],
+            [self::class, 'renderCss'],
         ],
         'raw' => [],
     ];
 
-    /**
-     * Path to the CSS file to load by default.
-     *
-     * @var string
-     */
-    public static $theme = 'plain.css';
-
     /**
      * Output htmlentities instead of utf8.
-     *
-     * @var bool
      */
-    public static $disable_utf8 = false;
+    public static bool $disable_utf8 = false;
 
-    public static $needs_pre_render = true;
+    public static bool $needs_pre_render = true;
 
-    public static $always_pre_render = false;
+    public static bool $always_pre_render = false;
 
-    protected $force_pre_render = false;
+    protected bool $force_pre_render = false;
 
     public function __construct()
     {
         parent::__construct();
+        self::$theme ??= 'plain.css';
         $this->setForcePreRender(self::$always_pre_render);
     }
 
@@ -74,7 +66,7 @@ public function setCallInfo(array $info): void
     {
         parent::setCallInfo($info);
 
-        if (\in_array('@', $this->call_info['modifiers'], true)) {
+        if (\in_array('@', $info['modifiers'], true)) {
             $this->setForcePreRender(true);
         }
     }
@@ -118,13 +110,13 @@ public function colorTitle(string $string): string
         return '<u>'.$string.'</u>';
     }
 
-    public function renderTitle(Value $o): string
+    public function renderTitle(AbstractValue $v): string
     {
         if (self::$disable_utf8) {
-            return $this->utf8ToHtmlentity(parent::renderTitle($o));
+            return $this->utf8ToHtmlentity(parent::renderTitle($v));
         }
 
-        return parent::renderTitle($o);
+        return parent::renderTitle($v);
     }
 
     public function preRender(): string
@@ -144,10 +136,18 @@ public function preRender(): string
 
                 switch ($type) {
                     case 'script':
-                        $output .= '<script class="kint-plain-script">'.$contents.'</script>';
+                        $output .= '<script class="kint-plain-script"';
+                        if (null !== self::$js_nonce) {
+                            $output .= ' nonce="'.\htmlspecialchars(self::$js_nonce).'"';
+                        }
+                        $output .= '>'.$contents.'</script>';
                         break;
                     case 'style':
-                        $output .= '<style class="kint-plain-style">'.$contents.'</style>';
+                        $output .= '<style class="kint-plain-style"';
+                        if (null !== self::$css_nonce) {
+                            $output .= ' nonce="'.\htmlspecialchars(self::$css_nonce).'"';
+                        }
+                        $output .= '>'.$contents.'</style>';
                         break;
                     default:
                         $output .= $contents;
@@ -174,26 +174,20 @@ public function postRender(): string
 
     public function ideLink(string $file, int $line): string
     {
-        $path = $this->escape(Kint::shortenPath($file)).':'.$line;
-        $ideLink = Kint::getIdeLink($file, $line);
+        $path = $this->escape(Utils::shortenPath($file)).':'.$line;
+        $ideLink = self::getFileLink($file, $line);
 
-        if (!$ideLink) {
+        if (null === $ideLink) {
             return $path;
         }
 
-        $class = '';
-
-        if (\preg_match('/https?:\\/\\//i', $ideLink)) {
-            $class = 'class="kint-ide-link" ';
-        }
-
-        return '<a '.$class.'href="'.$this->escape($ideLink).'">'.$path.'</a>';
+        return '<a href="'.$this->escape($ideLink).'">'.$path.'</a>';
     }
 
     public function escape(string $string, $encoding = false): string
     {
         if (false === $encoding) {
-            $encoding = BlobValue::detectEncoding($string);
+            $encoding = Utils::detectEncoding($string);
         }
 
         $original_encoding = $encoding;
@@ -220,18 +214,4 @@ protected function utf8ToHtmlentity(string $string): string
             $string
         );
     }
-
-    protected static function renderJs(): string
-    {
-        return \file_get_contents(KINT_DIR.'/resources/compiled/shared.js').\file_get_contents(KINT_DIR.'/resources/compiled/plain.js');
-    }
-
-    protected static function renderCss(): string
-    {
-        if (\file_exists(KINT_DIR.'/resources/compiled/'.self::$theme)) {
-            return \file_get_contents(KINT_DIR.'/resources/compiled/'.self::$theme);
-        }
-
-        return \file_get_contents(self::$theme);
-    }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/RendererInterface.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/RendererInterface.php
index 577e9df02074..47673b88a8e6 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/RendererInterface.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/RendererInterface.php
@@ -27,28 +27,18 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Renderer;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
 
 interface RendererInterface
 {
-    public function __construct();
+    public function render(AbstractValue $v): string;
 
-    public function render(Value $o): string;
-
-    public function renderNothing(): string;
+    public function shouldRenderObjectIds(): bool;
 
     public function setCallInfo(array $info): void;
 
-    public function getCallInfo(): array;
-
     public function setStatics(array $statics): void;
 
-    public function getStatics(): array;
-
-    public function setShowTrace(bool $show_trace): void;
-
-    public function getShowTrace(): bool;
-
     public function filterParserPlugins(array $plugins): array;
 
     public function preRender(): string;
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/AbstractPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/AbstractPlugin.php
index 4d9ec70674ea..943b588045e5 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/AbstractPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/AbstractPlugin.php
@@ -28,15 +28,14 @@
 namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
 
 use Kint\Renderer\RichRenderer;
-use Kint\Zval\InstanceValue;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ClassDeclaredContext;
+use Kint\Value\Context\PropertyContext;
+use Kint\Value\InstanceValue;
 
-/**
- * @psalm-consistent-constructor
- */
 abstract class AbstractPlugin implements PluginInterface
 {
-    protected $renderer;
+    protected RichRenderer $renderer;
 
     public function __construct(RichRenderer $r)
     {
@@ -46,47 +45,51 @@ public function __construct(RichRenderer $r)
     /**
      * @param string $content The replacement for the getValueShort contents
      */
-    public function renderLockedHeader(Value $o, string $content): string
+    public function renderLockedHeader(AbstractValue $v, string $content): string
     {
         $header = '<dt class="kint-parent kint-locked">';
 
-        if (RichRenderer::$access_paths && $o->depth > 0 && $ap = $o->getAccessPath()) {
+        $c = $v->getContext();
+
+        if (RichRenderer::$access_paths && $c->getDepth() > 0 && null !== ($ap = $c->getAccessPath())) {
             $header .= '<span class="kint-access-path-trigger" title="Show access path">&rlarr;</span>';
         }
 
-        $header .= '<span class="kint-popup-trigger" title="Open in new window">&boxbox;</span><nav></nav>';
+        $header .= '<nav></nav>';
 
-        if (null !== ($s = $o->getModifiers())) {
-            $header .= '<var>'.$s.'</var> ';
+        if ($c instanceof ClassDeclaredContext) {
+            $header .= '<var>'.$c->getModifiers().'</var> ';
         }
 
-        if (null !== ($s = $o->getName())) {
-            $header .= '<dfn>'.$this->renderer->escape($s).'</dfn> ';
+        $header .= '<dfn>'.$this->renderer->escape($v->getDisplayName()).'</dfn> ';
 
-            if ($s = $o->getOperator()) {
-                $header .= $this->renderer->escape($s, 'ASCII').' ';
-            }
+        if ($c instanceof PropertyContext && null !== ($s = $c->getHooks())) {
+            $header .= '<var>'.$this->renderer->escape($s).'</var> ';
         }
 
-        if (null !== ($s = $o->getType())) {
-            if (RichRenderer::$escape_types) {
-                $s = $this->renderer->escape($s);
-            }
+        if (null !== ($s = $c->getOperator())) {
+            $header .= $this->renderer->escape($s, 'ASCII').' ';
+        }
 
-            if ($o->reference) {
-                $s = '&amp;'.$s;
-            }
+        $s = $v->getDisplayType();
 
-            $header .= '<var>'.$s.'</var>';
+        if (RichRenderer::$escape_types) {
+            $s = $this->renderer->escape($s);
+        }
 
-            if ($o instanceof InstanceValue && isset($o->spl_object_id)) {
-                $header .= '#'.((int) $o->spl_object_id);
-            }
+        if ($c->isRef()) {
+            $s = '&amp;'.$s;
+        }
+
+        $header .= '<var>'.$s.'</var>';
 
-            $header .= ' ';
+        if ($v instanceof InstanceValue && $this->renderer->shouldRenderObjectIds()) {
+            $header .= '#'.$v->getSplObjectId();
         }
 
-        if (null !== ($s = $o->getSize())) {
+        $header .= ' ';
+
+        if (null !== ($s = $v->getDisplaySize())) {
             if (RichRenderer::$escape_types) {
                 $s = $this->renderer->escape($s);
             }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/BinaryPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/BinaryPlugin.php
index 4cbce1ae2b97..75921625dfd8 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/BinaryPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/BinaryPlugin.php
@@ -27,29 +27,31 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\BinaryRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\RepresentationInterface;
 
 class BinaryPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements TabPluginInterface
 {
     /** @psalm-var positive-int */
-    public static $line_length = 0x10;
+    public static int $line_length = 0x10;
     /** @psalm-var positive-int */
-    public static $chunk_length = 0x4;
+    public static int $chunk_length = 0x2;
 
-    public function renderTab(Representation $r): ?string
+    public function renderTab(RepresentationInterface $r, AbstractValue $v): ?string
     {
-        if (!\is_string($r->contents)) {
+        if (!$r instanceof BinaryRepresentation) {
             return null;
         }
 
         $out = '<pre>';
 
-        $lines = \str_split($r->contents, self::$line_length);
+        $lines = \str_split($r->getValue(), self::$line_length);
 
         foreach ($lines as $index => $line) {
-            $out .= \sprintf('%08X', $index * self::$line_length).":\t";
+            $out .= ((string) \sprintf('%08X', $index * self::$line_length)).":\t";
 
-            $chunks = \str_split(\str_pad(\bin2hex($line), 2 * self::$line_length, ' '), self::$chunk_length);
+            $chunks = \str_split(\str_pad(\bin2hex($line), 2 * self::$line_length, ' '), 2 * self::$chunk_length);
 
             $out .= \implode(' ', $chunks);
             $out .= "\t".\preg_replace('/[^\\x20-\\x7E]/', '.', $line)."\n";
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/ClosurePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/CallableDefinitionPlugin.php
similarity index 56%
rename from system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/ClosurePlugin.php
rename to system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/CallableDefinitionPlugin.php
index a2b5a7e06e9f..fac6915e8d63 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/ClosurePlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/CallableDefinitionPlugin.php
@@ -27,38 +27,38 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
 
-use Kint\Kint;
-use Kint\Zval\ClosureValue;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Utils;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\MethodValue;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\CallableDefinitionRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\RepresentationInterface;
 
-class ClosurePlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements ValuePluginInterface
+class CallableDefinitionPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements TabPluginInterface
 {
-    public function renderValue(Value $o): ?string
+    public function renderTab(RepresentationInterface $r, AbstractValue $v): ?string
     {
-        if (!$o instanceof ClosureValue) {
+        if (!$r instanceof CallableDefinitionRepresentation) {
             return null;
         }
 
-        $children = $this->renderer->renderChildren($o);
+        $docstring = [];
 
-        $header = '';
+        if ($v instanceof MethodValue) {
+            $c = $v->getContext();
 
-        if (null !== ($s = $o->getModifiers())) {
-            $header .= '<var>'.$s.'</var> ';
+            if ($c->inherited) {
+                $docstring[] = 'Inherited from '.$this->renderer->escape($c->owner_class);
+            }
         }
 
-        if (null !== ($s = $o->getName())) {
-            $header .= '<dfn>'.$this->renderer->escape($s).'('.$this->renderer->escape($o->getParams()).')</dfn> ';
-        }
+        $docstring[] = 'Defined in '.$this->renderer->escape(Utils::shortenPath($r->getFileName())).':'.$r->getLine();
 
-        $header .= '<var>Closure</var>';
-        if (isset($o->spl_object_id)) {
-            $header .= '#'.((int) $o->spl_object_id);
-        }
-        $header .= ' '.$this->renderer->escape(Kint::shortenPath($o->filename)).':'.(int) $o->startline;
+        $docstring = '<small>'.\implode("\n", $docstring).'</small>';
 
-        $header = $this->renderer->renderHeaderWrapper($o, (bool) \strlen($children), $header);
+        if (null !== ($trimmed = $r->getDocstringTrimmed())) {
+            $docstring = $this->renderer->escape($trimmed)."\n\n".$docstring;
+        }
 
-        return '<dl>'.$header.$children.'</dl>';
+        return '<pre>'.$docstring.'</pre>';
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/CallablePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/CallablePlugin.php
index 744380524080..2669c7431872 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/CallablePlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/CallablePlugin.php
@@ -29,101 +29,76 @@
 
 use Kint\Renderer\RichRenderer;
 use Kint\Utils;
-use Kint\Zval\ClosureValue;
-use Kint\Zval\MethodValue;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Context\MethodContext;
+use Kint\Value\MethodValue;
 
-class CallablePlugin extends ClosurePlugin
+class CallablePlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements ValuePluginInterface
 {
-    protected static $method_cache = [];
+    protected static array $method_cache = [];
 
-    protected $closure_plugin = null;
-
-    public function renderValue(Value $o): ?string
+    public function renderValue(AbstractValue $v): ?string
     {
-        if ($o instanceof MethodValue) {
-            return $this->renderMethod($o);
+        if (!$v instanceof MethodValue) {
+            return null;
         }
 
-        if ($o instanceof ClosureValue) {
-            return parent::renderValue($o);
-        }
+        $c = $v->getContext();
 
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    protected function renderMethod(MethodValue $o): string
-    {
-        if (!empty(self::$method_cache[$o->owner_class][$o->name])) {
-            $children = self::$method_cache[$o->owner_class][$o->name]['children'];
-
-            $header = $this->renderer->renderHeaderWrapper(
-                $o,
-                (bool) \strlen($children),
-                self::$method_cache[$o->owner_class][$o->name]['header']
-            );
-
-            return '<dl>'.$header.$children.'</dl>';
+        if (!$c instanceof MethodContext) {
+            return null;
         }
 
-        $children = $this->renderer->renderChildren($o);
+        if (!isset(self::$method_cache[$c->owner_class][$c->name])) {
+            $children = $this->renderer->renderChildren($v);
 
-        $header = '';
+            $header = '<var>'.$c->getModifiers();
 
-        if (null !== ($s = $o->getModifiers()) || $o->return_reference) {
-            $header .= '<var>'.$s;
-
-            if ($o->return_reference) {
-                if ($s) {
-                    $header .= ' ';
-                }
-                $header .= $this->renderer->escape('&');
+            if ($v->getCallableBag()->return_reference) {
+                $header .= ' &amp;';
             }
 
             $header .= '</var> ';
-        }
 
-        if (null !== ($s = $o->getName())) {
-            $function = $this->renderer->escape($s).'('.$this->renderer->escape($o->getParams()).')';
+            $function = $this->renderer->escape($v->getDisplayName());
 
-            if (null !== ($url = $o->getPhpDocUrl())) {
+            if (null !== ($url = $v->getPhpDocUrl())) {
                 $function = '<a href="'.$url.'" target=_blank>'.$function.'</a>';
             }
 
             $header .= '<dfn>'.$function.'</dfn>';
-        }
-
-        if (!empty($o->returntype)) {
-            $header .= ': <var>';
-
-            if ($o->return_reference) {
-                $header .= $this->renderer->escape('&');
-            }
 
-            $header .= $this->renderer->escape($o->returntype).'</var>';
-        } elseif ($o->docstring) {
-            if (\preg_match('/@return\\s+(.*)\\r?\\n/m', $o->docstring, $matches)) {
-                if (\trim($matches[1])) {
-                    $header .= ': <var>'.$this->renderer->escape(\trim($matches[1])).'</var>';
+            if (null !== ($rt = $v->getCallableBag()->returntype)) {
+                $header .= ': <var>';
+                $header .= $this->renderer->escape($rt).'</var>';
+            } elseif (null !== ($ds = $v->getCallableBag()->docstring)) {
+                if (\preg_match('/@return\\s+(.*)\\r?\\n/m', $ds, $matches)) {
+                    if (\trim($matches[1])) {
+                        $header .= ': <var>'.$this->renderer->escape(\trim($matches[1])).'</var>';
+                    }
                 }
             }
-        }
 
-        if (null !== ($s = $o->getValueShort())) {
-            if (RichRenderer::$strlen_max) {
-                $s = Utils::truncateString($s, RichRenderer::$strlen_max);
+            if (null !== ($s = $v->getDisplayValue())) {
+                if (RichRenderer::$strlen_max) {
+                    $s = Utils::truncateString($s, RichRenderer::$strlen_max);
+                }
+                $header .= ' '.$this->renderer->escape($s);
             }
-            $header .= ' '.$this->renderer->escape($s);
-        }
 
-        if (\strlen($o->owner_class) && \strlen($o->name)) {
-            self::$method_cache[$o->owner_class][$o->name] = [
+            self::$method_cache[$c->owner_class][$c->name] = [
                 'header' => $header,
                 'children' => $children,
             ];
         }
 
-        $header = $this->renderer->renderHeaderWrapper($o, (bool) \strlen($children), $header);
+        $children = self::$method_cache[$c->owner_class][$c->name]['children'];
+
+        $header = $this->renderer->renderHeaderWrapper(
+            $c,
+            (bool) \strlen($children),
+            self::$method_cache[$c->owner_class][$c->name]['header']
+        );
 
         return '<dl>'.$header.$children.'</dl>';
     }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/ColorPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/ColorPlugin.php
index f1de5fe3670b..cce22be054d6 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/ColorPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/ColorPlugin.php
@@ -27,33 +27,33 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\ColorRepresentation;
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ColorRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\RepresentationInterface;
 
 class ColorPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements TabPluginInterface, ValuePluginInterface
 {
-    public function renderValue(Value $o): ?string
+    public function renderValue(AbstractValue $v): ?string
     {
-        $r = $o->getRepresentation('color');
+        $r = $v->getRepresentation('color');
 
         if (!$r instanceof ColorRepresentation) {
             return null;
         }
 
-        $children = $this->renderer->renderChildren($o);
+        $children = $this->renderer->renderChildren($v);
 
-        $header = $this->renderer->renderHeader($o);
+        $header = $this->renderer->renderHeader($v);
         $header .= '<div class="kint-color-preview"><div style="background:';
         $header .= $r->getColor(ColorRepresentation::COLOR_RGBA);
         $header .= '"></div></div>';
 
-        $header = $this->renderer->renderHeaderWrapper($o, (bool) \strlen($children), $header);
+        $header = $this->renderer->renderHeaderWrapper($v->getContext(), (bool) \strlen($children), $header);
 
         return '<dl>'.$header.$children.'</dl>';
     }
 
-    public function renderTab(Representation $r): ?string
+    public function renderTab(RepresentationInterface $r, AbstractValue $v): ?string
     {
         if (!$r instanceof ColorRepresentation) {
             return null;
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/LockPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/LockPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5a6c2aa86adc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/LockPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
+
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+
+class LockPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements ValuePluginInterface
+{
+    public function renderValue(AbstractValue $v): ?string
+    {
+        switch ($v->getHint()) {
+            case 'blacklist':
+                return '<dl>'.$this->renderLockedHeader($v, '<var>Blacklisted</var>').'</dl>';
+            case 'recursion':
+                return '<dl>'.$this->renderLockedHeader($v, '<var>Recursion</var>').'</dl>';
+            case 'depth_limit':
+                return '<dl>'.$this->renderLockedHeader($v, '<var>Depth Limit</var>').'</dl>';
+            case 'array_limit':
+                return '<dl>'.$this->renderLockedHeader($v, '<var>Array Limit</var>').'</dl>';
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/MicrotimePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/MicrotimePlugin.php
index 086e81447b12..8b2480d816cb 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/MicrotimePlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/MicrotimePlugin.php
@@ -28,47 +28,39 @@
 namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
 
 use Kint\Utils;
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\MicrotimeRepresentation;
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\MicrotimeRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\RepresentationInterface;
 
 class MicrotimePlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements TabPluginInterface
 {
-    public function renderTab(Representation $r): ?string
+    public function renderTab(RepresentationInterface $r, AbstractValue $v): ?string
     {
         if (!$r instanceof MicrotimeRepresentation || !($dt = $r->getDateTime())) {
             return null;
         }
 
         $out = $dt->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u');
-        if (null !== $r->lap) {
-            $out .= '<br><b>SINCE LAST CALL:</b> <span class="kint-microtime-lap">'.\round($r->lap, 4).'</span>s.';
+        if (null !== ($lap = $r->getLapTime())) {
+            $out .= '<br><b>SINCE LAST CALL:</b> <span class="kint-microtime-lap">'.\round($lap, 4).'</span>s.';
         }
-        if (null !== $r->total) {
-            $out .= '<br><b>SINCE START:</b> '.\round($r->total, 4).'s.';
+        if (null !== ($total = $r->getTotalTime())) {
+            $out .= '<br><b>SINCE START:</b> '.\round($total, 4).'s.';
         }
-        if (null !== $r->avg) {
-            $out .= '<br><b>AVERAGE DURATION:</b> <span class="kint-microtime-avg">'.\round($r->avg, 4).'</span>s.';
+        if (null !== ($avg = $r->getAverageTime())) {
+            $out .= '<br><b>AVERAGE DURATION:</b> <span class="kint-microtime-avg">'.\round($avg, 4).'</span>s.';
         }
 
-        $bytes = Utils::getHumanReadableBytes($r->mem);
-        $out .= '<br><b>MEMORY USAGE:</b> '.$r->mem.' bytes ('.\round($bytes['value'], 3).' '.$bytes['unit'].')';
-        $bytes = Utils::getHumanReadableBytes($r->mem_real);
+        $bytes = Utils::getHumanReadableBytes($r->getMemoryUsage());
+        $out .= '<br><b>MEMORY USAGE:</b> '.$r->getMemoryUsage().' bytes ('.\round($bytes['value'], 3).' '.$bytes['unit'].')';
+        $bytes = Utils::getHumanReadableBytes($r->getMemoryUsageReal());
         $out .= ' (real '.\round($bytes['value'], 3).' '.$bytes['unit'].')';
 
-        $bytes = Utils::getHumanReadableBytes($r->mem_peak);
-        $out .= '<br><b>PEAK MEMORY USAGE:</b> '.$r->mem_peak.' bytes ('.\round($bytes['value'], 3).' '.$bytes['unit'].')';
-        $bytes = Utils::getHumanReadableBytes($r->mem_peak_real);
+        $bytes = Utils::getHumanReadableBytes($r->getMemoryPeakUsage());
+        $out .= '<br><b>PEAK MEMORY USAGE:</b> '.$r->getMemoryPeakUsage().' bytes ('.\round($bytes['value'], 3).' '.$bytes['unit'].')';
+        $bytes = Utils::getHumanReadableBytes($r->getMemoryPeakUsageReal());
         $out .= ' (real '.\round($bytes['value'], 3).' '.$bytes['unit'].')';
 
-        return '<pre data-kint-microtime-group="'.$r->group.'">'.$out.'</pre>';
-    }
-
-    public static function renderJs(): string
-    {
-        if (\is_string($out = \file_get_contents(KINT_DIR.'/resources/compiled/microtime.js'))) {
-            return $out;
-        }
-
-        return '';
+        return '<pre data-kint-microtime-group="'.$r->getGroup().'">'.$out.'</pre>';
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/SimpleXMLElementPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/ProfilePlugin.php
similarity index 63%
rename from system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/SimpleXMLElementPlugin.php
rename to system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/ProfilePlugin.php
index 87d9870790f2..358a71be7d3e 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/SimpleXMLElementPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/ProfilePlugin.php
@@ -27,30 +27,30 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
 
-use Kint\Zval\BlobValue;
-use Kint\Zval\SimpleXMLElementValue;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ProfileRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\RepresentationInterface;
 
-class SimpleXMLElementPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements ValuePluginInterface
+class ProfilePlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements TabPluginInterface
 {
-    public function renderValue(Value $o): ?string
+    public function renderTab(RepresentationInterface $r, AbstractValue $v): ?string
     {
-        if (!($o instanceof SimpleXMLElementValue)) {
+        if (!$r instanceof ProfileRepresentation) {
             return null;
         }
 
-        if (!$o->isStringValue() || !empty($o->getRepresentation('attributes')->contents)) {
-            return null;
-        }
+        $out = '<pre>';
 
-        $b = new BlobValue();
-        $b->transplant($o);
-        $b->type = 'string';
+        $out .= 'Complexity: '.$r->complexity.PHP_EOL;
+        if (isset($r->instance_counts)) {
+            $out .= 'Instance repetitions: '.\var_export($r->instance_counts, true).PHP_EOL;
+        }
+        if (isset($r->instance_complexity)) {
+            $out .= 'Instance complexity: '.\var_export($r->instance_complexity, true).PHP_EOL;
+        }
 
-        $children = $this->renderer->renderChildren($b);
-        $header = $this->renderer->renderHeader($o);
-        $header = $this->renderer->renderHeaderWrapper($o, (bool) \strlen($children), $header);
+        $out .= '</pre>';
 
-        return '<dl>'.$header.$children.'</dl>';
+        return $out;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/SourcePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/SourcePlugin.php
index a02f7ec1ef0e..ed3bdf195240 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/SourcePlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/SourcePlugin.php
@@ -27,22 +27,23 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\SourceRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\RepresentationInterface;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\SourceRepresentation;
 
 class SourcePlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements TabPluginInterface
 {
-    public function renderTab(Representation $r): ?string
+    public function renderTab(RepresentationInterface $r, AbstractValue $v): ?string
     {
-        if (!($r instanceof SourceRepresentation) || empty($r->source)) {
+        if (!$r instanceof SourceRepresentation) {
             return null;
         }
 
-        $source = $r->source;
+        $source = $r->getSourceLines();
 
         // Trim empty lines from the start and end of the source
         foreach ($source as $linenum => $line) {
-            if (\strlen(\trim($line)) || $linenum === $r->line) {
+            if (\strlen(\trim($line)) || $linenum === $r->getLine()) {
                 break;
             }
 
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ public function renderTab(Representation $r): ?string
         }
 
         foreach (\array_reverse($source, true) as $linenum => $line) {
-            if (\strlen(\trim($line)) || $linenum === $r->line) {
+            if (\strlen(\trim($line)) || $linenum === $r->getLine()) {
                 break;
             }
 
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ public function renderTab(Representation $r): ?string
         $output = '';
 
         foreach ($source as $linenum => $line) {
-            if ($linenum === $r->line) {
+            if ($linenum === $r->getLine()) {
                 $output .= '<div class="kint-highlight">'.$this->renderer->escape($line)."\n".'</div>';
             } else {
                 $output .= '<div>'.$this->renderer->escape($line)."\n".'</div>';
@@ -68,14 +69,12 @@ public function renderTab(Representation $r): ?string
         }
 
         if ($output) {
-            \reset($source);
-
             $data = '';
-            if ($r->showfilename) {
-                $data = ' data-kint-filename="'.$this->renderer->escape($r->filename).'"';
+            if ($r->showFileName()) {
+                $data = ' data-kint-filename="'.$this->renderer->escape($r->getFileName()).'"';
             }
 
-            return '<div><pre class="kint-source"'.$data.' style="counter-reset: kint-l '.((int) \key($source) - 1).';">'.$output.'</pre></div><div></div>';
+            return '<div><pre class="kint-source"'.$data.' style="counter-reset: kint-l '.((int) \array_key_first($source) - 1).';">'.$output.'</pre></div><div></div>';
         }
 
         return null;
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/TabPluginInterface.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/TabPluginInterface.php
index fb310af5c696..4413630877cc 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/TabPluginInterface.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/TabPluginInterface.php
@@ -27,9 +27,10 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\RepresentationInterface;
 
 interface TabPluginInterface extends PluginInterface
 {
-    public function renderTab(Representation $r): ?string;
+    public function renderTab(RepresentationInterface $r, AbstractValue $v): ?string;
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/TablePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/TablePlugin.php
index 80fdd10f1b53..db32f4e7c153 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/TablePlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/TablePlugin.php
@@ -29,102 +29,93 @@
 
 use Kint\Renderer\RichRenderer;
 use Kint\Utils;
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\ArrayValue;
+use Kint\Value\FixedWidthValue;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\RepresentationInterface;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\TableRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\StringValue;
 
 class TablePlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements TabPluginInterface
 {
-    public static $respect_str_length = true;
+    public static bool $respect_str_length = true;
 
-    public function renderTab(Representation $r): string
+    public function renderTab(RepresentationInterface $r, AbstractValue $v): ?string
     {
-        $out = '<pre><table><thead><tr><th></th>';
+        if (!$r instanceof TableRepresentation) {
+            return null;
+        }
 
-        $firstrow = \reset($r->contents);
+        $contents = $r->getContents();
 
-        foreach ($firstrow->value->contents as $field) {
-            $out .= '<th>';
-            if (null !== ($s = $field->getName())) {
-                $out .= $this->renderer->escape($s);
-            }
-            $out .= '</th>';
+        $firstrow = \reset($contents);
+
+        if (!$firstrow instanceof ArrayValue) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $out = '<pre><table><thead><tr><th></th>';
+
+        foreach ($firstrow->getContents() as $field) {
+            $out .= '<th>'.$this->renderer->escape($field->getDisplayName()).'</th>';
         }
 
         $out .= '</tr></thead><tbody>';
 
-        foreach ($r->contents as $row) {
-            $out .= '<tr><th>';
-            if (null !== ($s = $row->getName())) {
-                $out .= $this->renderer->escape($s);
+        foreach ($contents as $row) {
+            if (!$row instanceof ArrayValue) {
+                return null;
             }
-            $out .= '</th>';
 
-            foreach ($row->value->contents as $field) {
-                $out .= '<td';
-                $type = '';
-                $size = '';
-                $ref = '';
+            $out .= '<tr><th>'.$this->renderer->escape($row->getDisplayName()).'</th>';
 
-                if (null !== ($s = $field->getType())) {
-                    $type = $this->renderer->escape($s);
+            foreach ($row->getContents() as $field) {
+                $ref = $field->getContext()->isRef() ? '&amp;' : '';
+                $type = $this->renderer->escape($field->getDisplayType());
 
-                    if ($field->reference) {
-                        $ref = '&amp;';
-                        $type = $ref.$type;
-                    }
+                $out .= '<td title="'.$ref.$type;
 
-                    if (null !== ($s = $field->getSize())) {
-                        $size .= ' ('.$this->renderer->escape($s).')';
-                    }
+                if (null !== ($size = $field->getDisplaySize())) {
+                    $size = $this->renderer->escape($size);
+                    $out .= ' ('.$size.')';
                 }
 
-                if ($type) {
-                    $out .= ' title="'.$type.$size.'"';
-                }
+                $out .= '">';
 
-                $out .= '>';
-
-                switch ($field->type) {
-                    case 'boolean':
-                        $out .= $field->value->contents ? '<var>'.$ref.'true</var>' : '<var>'.$ref.'false</var>';
-                        break;
-                    case 'integer':
-                    case 'double':
-                        $out .= (string) $field->value->contents;
-                        break;
-                    case 'null':
+                if ($field instanceof FixedWidthValue) {
+                    if (null === ($dv = $field->getDisplayValue())) {
                         $out .= '<var>'.$ref.'null</var>';
-                        break;
-                    case 'string':
-                        if ($field->encoding) {
-                            $val = $field->value->contents;
-                            if (RichRenderer::$strlen_max && self::$respect_str_length) {
-                                $val = Utils::truncateString($val, RichRenderer::$strlen_max);
-                            }
-
-                            $out .= $this->renderer->escape($val);
-                        } else {
-                            $out .= '<var>'.$type.'</var>';
+                    } elseif ('boolean' === $field->getType()) {
+                        $out .= '<var>'.$ref.$dv.'</var>';
+                    } else {
+                        $out .= $dv;
+                    }
+                } elseif ($field instanceof StringValue) {
+                    if (false !== $field->getEncoding()) {
+                        $val = $field->getValueUtf8();
+
+                        if (RichRenderer::$strlen_max && self::$respect_str_length) {
+                            $val = Utils::truncateString($val, RichRenderer::$strlen_max, 'UTF-8');
                         }
-                        break;
-                    case 'array':
-                        $out .= '<var>'.$ref.'array</var>'.$size;
-                        break;
-                    case 'object':
-                        $out .= '<var>'.$ref.$this->renderer->escape($field->classname).'</var>'.$size;
-                        break;
-                    case 'resource':
-                        $out .= '<var>'.$ref.'resource</var>';
-                        break;
-                    default:
-                        $out .= '<var>'.$ref.'unknown</var>';
-                        break;
+
+                        $out .= $this->renderer->escape($val);
+                    } else {
+                        $out .= '<var>'.$ref.$type.'</var>';
+                    }
+                } elseif ($field instanceof ArrayValue) {
+                    $out .= '<var>'.$ref.'array</var> ('.$field->getSize().')';
+                } else {
+                    $out .= '<var>'.$ref.$type.'</var>';
+                    if (null !== $size) {
+                        $out .= ' ('.$size.')';
+                    }
                 }
 
-                if (\in_array('blacklist', $field->hints, true)) {
+                if ($field->flags & AbstractValue::FLAG_BLACKLIST) {
                     $out .= ' <var>Blacklisted</var>';
-                } elseif (\in_array('recursion', $field->hints, true)) {
+                } elseif ($field->flags & AbstractValue::FLAG_RECURSION) {
                     $out .= ' <var>Recursion</var>';
-                } elseif (\in_array('depth_limit', $field->hints, true)) {
+                } elseif ($field->flags & AbstractValue::FLAG_DEPTH_LIMIT) {
                     $out .= ' <var>Depth Limit</var>';
                 }
 
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/TraceFramePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/TraceFramePlugin.php
index 147e2e31620f..7ce87b5d6af9 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/TraceFramePlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/TraceFramePlugin.php
@@ -27,43 +27,42 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
 
-use Kint\Zval\TraceFrameValue;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\MethodValue;
+use Kint\Value\TraceFrameValue;
 
 class TraceFramePlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements ValuePluginInterface
 {
-    public function renderValue(Value $o): ?string
+    public function renderValue(AbstractValue $v): ?string
     {
-        if (!$o instanceof TraceFrameValue) {
+        if (!$v instanceof TraceFrameValue) {
             return null;
         }
 
-        if (!empty($o->trace['file']) && !empty($o->trace['line'])) {
-            $header = '<var>'.$this->renderer->ideLink($o->trace['file'], (int) $o->trace['line']).'</var> ';
+        if (null !== ($file = $v->getFile()) && null !== ($line = $v->getLine())) {
+            $header = '<var>'.$this->renderer->ideLink($file, $line).'</var> ';
         } else {
             $header = '<var>PHP internal call</var> ';
         }
 
-        if ($o->trace['class']) {
-            $header .= $this->renderer->escape($o->trace['class'].$o->trace['type']);
-        }
+        if ($callable = $v->getCallable()) {
+            if ($callable instanceof MethodValue) {
+                $function = $callable->getFullyQualifiedDisplayName();
+            } else {
+                $function = $callable->getDisplayName();
+            }
 
-        if (\is_string($o->trace['function'])) {
-            $function = $this->renderer->escape($o->trace['function'].'()');
-        } else {
-            $function = $this->renderer->escape(
-                $o->trace['function']->getName().'('.$o->trace['function']->getParams().')'
-            );
+            $function = $this->renderer->escape($function);
 
-            if (null !== ($url = $o->trace['function']->getPhpDocUrl())) {
+            if (null !== ($url = $callable->getPhpDocUrl())) {
                 $function = '<a href="'.$url.'" target=_blank>'.$function.'</a>';
             }
-        }
 
-        $header .= '<dfn>'.$function.'</dfn>';
+            $header .= $function;
+        }
 
-        $children = $this->renderer->renderChildren($o);
-        $header = $this->renderer->renderHeaderWrapper($o, (bool) \strlen($children), $header);
+        $children = $this->renderer->renderChildren($v);
+        $header = $this->renderer->renderHeaderWrapper($v->getContext(), (bool) \strlen($children), $header);
 
         return '<dl>'.$header.$children.'</dl>';
     }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/ValuePluginInterface.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/ValuePluginInterface.php
index 112a7f7d03cf..f34cd68c3443 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/ValuePluginInterface.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/ValuePluginInterface.php
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
 
 interface ValuePluginInterface extends PluginInterface
 {
-    public function renderValue(Value $o): ?string;
+    public function renderValue(AbstractValue $v): ?string;
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/RichRenderer.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/RichRenderer.php
index b3d86ea1dd5f..a494938d5d68 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/RichRenderer.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/RichRenderer.php
@@ -27,57 +27,61 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Renderer;
 
-use Kint\Kint;
-use Kint\Renderer\Rich\PluginInterface;
 use Kint\Renderer\Rich\TabPluginInterface;
 use Kint\Renderer\Rich\ValuePluginInterface;
 use Kint\Utils;
-use Kint\Zval\BlobValue;
-use Kint\Zval\InstanceValue;
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ClassDeclaredContext;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
+use Kint\Value\Context\PropertyContext;
+use Kint\Value\InstanceValue;
+use Kint\Value\Representation;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ContainerRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\RepresentationInterface;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\StringRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ValueRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\StringValue;
 
 /**
- * @psalm-import-type Encoding from BlobValue
- * @psalm-import-type PluginMap from AbstractRenderer
+ * @psalm-import-type Encoding from StringValue
  */
 class RichRenderer extends AbstractRenderer
 {
+    use AssetRendererTrait;
+
     /**
      * RichRenderer value plugins should implement ValuePluginInterface.
      *
-     * @psalm-var PluginMap
+     * @psalm-var class-string<ValuePluginInterface>[]
      */
-    public static $value_plugins = [
-        'array_limit' => Rich\ArrayLimitPlugin::class,
-        'blacklist' => Rich\BlacklistPlugin::class,
+    public static array $value_plugins = [
+        'array_limit' => Rich\LockPlugin::class,
+        'blacklist' => Rich\LockPlugin::class,
         'callable' => Rich\CallablePlugin::class,
         'color' => Rich\ColorPlugin::class,
-        'depth_limit' => Rich\DepthLimitPlugin::class,
-        'recursion' => Rich\RecursionPlugin::class,
-        'simplexml_element' => Rich\SimpleXMLElementPlugin::class,
+        'depth_limit' => Rich\LockPlugin::class,
+        'recursion' => Rich\LockPlugin::class,
         'trace_frame' => Rich\TraceFramePlugin::class,
     ];
 
     /**
      * RichRenderer tab plugins should implement TabPluginInterface.
      *
-     * @psalm-var PluginMap
+     * @psalm-var array<string, class-string<TabPluginInterface>>
      */
-    public static $tab_plugins = [
+    public static array $tab_plugins = [
         'binary' => Rich\BinaryPlugin::class,
+        'callable' => Rich\CallableDefinitionPlugin::class,
         'color' => Rich\ColorPlugin::class,
-        'method_definition' => Rich\MethodDefinitionPlugin::class,
         'microtime' => Rich\MicrotimePlugin::class,
+        'profiling' => Rich\ProfilePlugin::class,
         'source' => Rich\SourcePlugin::class,
         'table' => Rich\TablePlugin::class,
-        'timestamp' => Rich\TimestampPlugin::class,
     ];
 
-    public static $pre_render_sources = [
+    public static array $pre_render_sources = [
         'script' => [
             [self::class, 'renderJs'],
-            [Rich\MicrotimePlugin::class, 'renderJs'],
         ],
         'style' => [
             [self::class, 'renderCss'],
@@ -85,6 +89,18 @@ class RichRenderer extends AbstractRenderer
         'raw' => [],
     ];
 
+    /**
+     * The maximum length of a string before it is truncated.
+     *
+     * Falsey to disable
+     */
+    public static int $strlen_max = 80;
+
+    /**
+     * Timestamp to print in footer in date() format.
+     */
+    public static ?string $timestamp = null;
+
     /**
      * Whether or not to render access paths.
      *
@@ -95,88 +111,49 @@ class RichRenderer extends AbstractRenderer
      * If this is an unacceptably large amount and your browser is groaning
      * under the weight of the access paths - your first order of buisiness
      * should be to get a new browser. Failing that, use this to turn them off.
-     *
-     * @var bool
      */
-    public static $access_paths = true;
-
-    /**
-     * The maximum length of a string before it is truncated.
-     *
-     * Falsey to disable
-     *
-     * @var int
-     */
-    public static $strlen_max = 80;
-
-    /**
-     * Path to the CSS file to load by default.
-     *
-     * @var string
-     */
-    public static $theme = 'original.css';
+    public static bool $access_paths = true;
 
     /**
      * Assume types and sizes don't need to be escaped.
      *
      * Turn this off if you use anything but ascii in your class names,
      * but it'll cause a slowdown of around 10%
-     *
-     * @var bool
      */
-    public static $escape_types = false;
+    public static bool $escape_types = false;
 
     /**
      * Move all dumps to a folder at the bottom of the body.
-     *
-     * @var bool
      */
-    public static $folder = false;
+    public static bool $folder = false;
 
-    /**
-     * Sort mode for object properties.
-     *
-     * @var int
-     */
-    public static $sort = self::SORT_NONE;
+    public static bool $needs_pre_render = true;
+    public static bool $always_pre_render = false;
 
-    /**
-     * Timestamp to print in footer in date() format.
-     *
-     * @var ?string
-     */
-    public static $timestamp = null;
-
-    public static $needs_pre_render = true;
-    public static $needs_folder_render = true;
-
-    public static $always_pre_render = false;
-
-    public static $js_nonce = null;
-    public static $css_nonce = null;
-
-    protected $plugin_objs = [];
-    protected $expand = false;
-    protected $force_pre_render = false;
-    protected $use_folder = false;
+    protected array $plugin_objs = [];
+    protected bool $expand = false;
+    protected bool $force_pre_render = false;
+    protected bool $use_folder = false;
 
     public function __construct()
     {
-        $this->setUseFolder(self::$folder);
-        $this->setForcePreRender(self::$always_pre_render);
+        parent::__construct();
+        self::$theme ??= 'original.css';
+        $this->use_folder = self::$folder;
+        $this->force_pre_render = self::$always_pre_render;
     }
 
     public function setCallInfo(array $info): void
     {
         parent::setCallInfo($info);
 
-        if (\in_array('!', $this->call_info['modifiers'], true)) {
-            $this->setExpand(true);
-            $this->setUseFolder(false);
+        if (\in_array('!', $info['modifiers'], true)) {
+            $this->expand = true;
+            $this->use_folder = false;
         }
 
-        if (\in_array('@', $this->call_info['modifiers'], true)) {
-            $this->setForcePreRender(true);
+        if (\in_array('@', $info['modifiers'], true)) {
+            $this->force_pre_render = true;
         }
     }
 
@@ -185,82 +162,56 @@ public function setStatics(array $statics): void
         parent::setStatics($statics);
 
         if (!empty($statics['expanded'])) {
-            $this->setExpand(true);
+            $this->expand = true;
         }
 
         if (!empty($statics['return'])) {
-            $this->setForcePreRender(true);
+            $this->force_pre_render = true;
         }
     }
 
-    public function setExpand(bool $expand): void
-    {
-        $this->expand = $expand;
-    }
-
-    public function getExpand(): bool
-    {
-        return $this->expand;
-    }
-
-    public function setForcePreRender(bool $force_pre_render): void
-    {
-        $this->force_pre_render = $force_pre_render;
-    }
-
-    public function getForcePreRender(): bool
-    {
-        return $this->force_pre_render;
-    }
-
-    public function setUseFolder(bool $use_folder): void
-    {
-        $this->use_folder = $use_folder;
-    }
-
-    public function getUseFolder(): bool
-    {
-        return $this->use_folder;
-    }
-
     public function shouldPreRender(): bool
     {
-        return $this->getForcePreRender() || self::$needs_pre_render;
+        return $this->force_pre_render || self::$needs_pre_render;
     }
 
-    public function shouldFolderRender(): bool
+    public function render(AbstractValue $v): string
     {
-        return $this->getUseFolder() && ($this->getForcePreRender() || self::$needs_folder_render);
-    }
+        $render_spl_ids_stash = $this->render_spl_ids;
 
-    public function render(Value $o): string
-    {
-        if (($plugin = $this->getPlugin(self::$value_plugins, $o->hints)) && $plugin instanceof ValuePluginInterface) {
-            $output = $plugin->renderValue($o);
+        if ($this->render_spl_ids && $v->flags & AbstractValue::FLAG_GENERATED) {
+            $this->render_spl_ids = false;
+        }
+
+        if ($plugin = $this->getValuePlugin($v)) {
+            $output = $plugin->renderValue($v);
             if (null !== $output && \strlen($output)) {
+                if (!$this->render_spl_ids && $render_spl_ids_stash) {
+                    $this->render_spl_ids = true;
+                }
+
                 return $output;
             }
         }
 
-        $children = $this->renderChildren($o);
-        $header = $this->renderHeaderWrapper($o, (bool) \strlen($children), $this->renderHeader($o));
+        $children = $this->renderChildren($v);
+        $header = $this->renderHeaderWrapper($v->getContext(), (bool) \strlen($children), $this->renderHeader($v));
 
-        return '<dl>'.$header.$children.'</dl>';
-    }
+        if (!$this->render_spl_ids && $render_spl_ids_stash) {
+            $this->render_spl_ids = true;
+        }
 
-    public function renderNothing(): string
-    {
-        return '<dl><dt><var>No argument</var></dt></dl>';
+        return '<dl>'.$header.$children.'</dl>';
     }
 
-    public function renderHeaderWrapper(Value $o, bool $has_children, string $contents): string
+    public function renderHeaderWrapper(ContextInterface $c, bool $has_children, string $contents): string
     {
         $out = '<dt';
 
         if ($has_children) {
             $out .= ' class="kint-parent';
 
-            if ($this->getExpand()) {
+            if ($this->expand) {
                 $out .= ' kint-show';
             }
 
@@ -269,15 +220,16 @@ public function renderHeaderWrapper(Value $o, bool $has_children, string $conten
 
         $out .= '>';
 
-        if (self::$access_paths && $o->depth > 0 && ($ap = $o->getAccessPath())) {
-            $out .= '<span class="kint-access-path-trigger" title="Show access path">&rlarr;</span>';
+        if (self::$access_paths && $c->getDepth() > 0 && null !== ($ap = $c->getAccessPath())) {
+            $out .= '<span class="kint-access-path-trigger" title="Show access path"></span>';
         }
 
         if ($has_children) {
-            $out .= '<span class="kint-popup-trigger" title="Open in new window">&boxbox;</span>';
-
-            if (0 === $o->depth) {
-                $out .= '<span class="kint-search-trigger" title="Show search box">&telrec;</span>';
+            if (0 === $c->getDepth()) {
+                if (!$this->use_folder) {
+                    $out .= '<span class="kint-folder-trigger" title="Move to folder"></span>';
+                }
+                $out .= '<span class="kint-search-trigger" title="Show search box"></span>';
                 $out .= '<input type="text" class="kint-search" value="">';
             }
 
@@ -293,49 +245,52 @@ public function renderHeaderWrapper(Value $o, bool $has_children, string $conten
         return $out.'</dt>';
     }
 
-    public function renderHeader(Value $o): string
+    public function renderHeader(AbstractValue $v): string
     {
+        $c = $v->getContext();
+
         $output = '';
 
-        if (null !== ($s = $o->getModifiers())) {
-            $output .= '<var>'.$s.'</var> ';
+        if ($c instanceof ClassDeclaredContext) {
+            $output .= '<var>'.$c->getModifiers().'</var> ';
         }
 
-        if (null !== ($s = $o->getName())) {
-            $output .= '<dfn>'.$this->escape($s).'</dfn> ';
+        $output .= '<dfn>'.$this->escape($v->getDisplayName()).'</dfn> ';
 
-            if ($s = $o->getOperator()) {
-                $output .= $this->escape($s, 'ASCII').' ';
-            }
+        if ($c instanceof PropertyContext && null !== ($s = $c->getHooks())) {
+            $output .= '<var>'.$this->escape($s).'</var> ';
         }
 
-        if (null !== ($s = $o->getType())) {
-            if (self::$escape_types) {
-                $s = $this->escape($s);
-            }
+        if (null !== ($s = $c->getOperator())) {
+            $output .= $this->escape($s, 'ASCII').' ';
+        }
 
-            if ($o->reference) {
-                $s = '&amp;'.$s;
-            }
+        $s = $v->getDisplayType();
+        if (self::$escape_types) {
+            $s = $this->escape($s);
+        }
 
-            $output .= '<var>'.$s.'</var>';
+        if ($c->isRef()) {
+            $s = '&amp;'.$s;
+        }
 
-            if ($o instanceof InstanceValue && isset($o->spl_object_id)) {
-                $output .= '#'.((int) $o->spl_object_id);
-            }
+        $output .= '<var>'.$s.'</var>';
 
-            $output .= ' ';
+        if ($v instanceof InstanceValue && $this->shouldRenderObjectIds()) {
+            $output .= '#'.$v->getSplObjectId();
         }
 
-        if (null !== ($s = $o->getSize())) {
+        $output .= ' ';
+
+        if (null !== ($s = $v->getDisplaySize())) {
             if (self::$escape_types) {
                 $s = $this->escape($s);
             }
             $output .= '('.$s.') ';
         }
 
-        if (null !== ($s = $o->getValueShort())) {
-            $s = \preg_replace('/\\s+/', ' ', $s);
+        if (null !== ($s = $v->getDisplayValue())) {
+            $s = (string) \preg_replace('/\\s+/', ' ', $s);
 
             if (self::$strlen_max) {
                 $s = Utils::truncateString($s, self::$strlen_max);
@@ -347,13 +302,13 @@ public function renderHeader(Value $o): string
         return \trim($output);
     }
 
-    public function renderChildren(Value $o): string
+    public function renderChildren(AbstractValue $v): string
     {
         $contents = [];
         $tabs = [];
 
-        foreach ($o->getRepresentations() as $rep) {
-            $result = $this->renderTab($o, $rep);
+        foreach ($v->getRepresentations() as $rep) {
+            $result = $this->renderTab($v, $rep);
             if (\strlen($result)) {
                 $contents[] = $result;
                 $tabs[] = $rep;
@@ -367,7 +322,7 @@ public function renderChildren(Value $o): string
         $output = '<dd>';
 
         if (1 === \count($tabs) && $tabs[0]->labelIsImplicit()) {
-            $output .= \reset($contents);
+            $output .= (string) \reset($contents);
         } else {
             $output .= '<ul class="kint-tabs">';
 
@@ -435,22 +390,14 @@ public function preRender(): string
             }
 
             // Don't pre-render on every dump
-            if (!$this->getForcePreRender()) {
+            if (!$this->force_pre_render) {
                 self::$needs_pre_render = false;
             }
         }
 
-        if ($this->shouldFolderRender()) {
-            $output .= $this->renderFolder();
-
-            if (!$this->getForcePreRender()) {
-                self::$needs_folder_render = false;
-            }
-        }
-
         $output .= '<div class="kint-rich';
 
-        if ($this->getUseFolder()) {
+        if ($this->use_folder) {
             $output .= ' kint-file';
         }
 
@@ -465,18 +412,27 @@ public function postRender(): string
             return '</div>';
         }
 
-        $output = '<footer>';
-        $output .= '<span class="kint-popup-trigger" title="Open in new window">&boxbox;</span> ';
+        $output = '<footer';
+
+        if ($this->expand) {
+            $output .= ' class="kint-show"';
+        }
 
-        if (!empty($this->call_info['trace']) && \count($this->call_info['trace']) > 1) {
+        $output .= '>';
+
+        if (!$this->use_folder) {
+            $output .= '<span class="kint-folder-trigger" title="Move to folder">&mapstodown;</span>';
+        }
+
+        if (!empty($this->trace) && \count($this->trace) > 1) {
             $output .= '<nav></nav>';
         }
 
         $output .= $this->calledFrom();
 
-        if (!empty($this->call_info['trace']) && \count($this->call_info['trace']) > 1) {
+        if (!empty($this->trace) && \count($this->trace) > 1) {
             $output .= '<ol>';
-            foreach ($this->call_info['trace'] as $index => $step) {
+            foreach ($this->trace as $index => $step) {
                 if (!$index) {
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -505,7 +461,7 @@ public function postRender(): string
     public function escape(string $string, $encoding = false): string
     {
         if (false === $encoding) {
-            $encoding = BlobValue::detectEncoding($string);
+            $encoding = Utils::detectEncoding($string);
         }
 
         $original_encoding = $encoding;
@@ -526,48 +482,42 @@ public function escape(string $string, $encoding = false): string
 
     public function ideLink(string $file, int $line): string
     {
-        $path = $this->escape(Kint::shortenPath($file)).':'.$line;
-        $ideLink = Kint::getIdeLink($file, $line);
+        $path = $this->escape(Utils::shortenPath($file)).':'.$line;
+        $ideLink = self::getFileLink($file, $line);
 
-        if (!$ideLink) {
+        if (null === $ideLink) {
             return $path;
         }
 
-        $class = '';
-
-        if (\preg_match('/https?:\\/\\//i', $ideLink)) {
-            $class = 'class="kint-ide-link" ';
-        }
-
-        return '<a '.$class.'href="'.$this->escape($ideLink).'">'.$path.'</a>';
+        return '<a href="'.$this->escape($ideLink).'">'.$path.'</a>';
     }
 
     protected function calledFrom(): string
     {
         $output = '';
 
-        if (isset($this->call_info['callee']['file'])) {
+        if (isset($this->callee['file'])) {
             $output .= ' '.$this->ideLink(
-                $this->call_info['callee']['file'],
-                $this->call_info['callee']['line']
+                $this->callee['file'],
+                $this->callee['line']
             );
         }
 
         if (
-            isset($this->call_info['callee']['function']) &&
+            isset($this->callee['function']) &&
             (
-                !empty($this->call_info['callee']['class']) ||
+                !empty($this->callee['class']) ||
                 !\in_array(
-                    $this->call_info['callee']['function'],
+                    $this->callee['function'],
                     ['include', 'include_once', 'require', 'require_once'],
                     true
                 )
             )
         ) {
             $output .= ' [';
-            $output .= $this->call_info['callee']['class'] ?? '';
-            $output .= $this->call_info['callee']['type'] ?? '';
-            $output .= $this->call_info['callee']['function'].'()]';
+            $output .= $this->callee['class'] ?? '';
+            $output .= $this->callee['type'] ?? '';
+            $output .= $this->callee['function'].'()]';
         }
 
         if ('' !== $output) {
@@ -581,97 +531,93 @@ protected function calledFrom(): string
         return $output;
     }
 
-    protected function renderTab(Value $o, Representation $rep): string
+    protected function renderTab(AbstractValue $v, RepresentationInterface $rep): string
     {
-        if (($plugin = $this->getPlugin(self::$tab_plugins, $rep->hints)) && $plugin instanceof TabPluginInterface) {
-            $output = $plugin->renderTab($rep);
-            if (null !== $output && \strlen($output)) {
+        if ($plugin = $this->getTabPlugin($rep)) {
+            $output = $plugin->renderTab($rep, $v);
+            if (null !== $output) {
                 return $output;
             }
         }
 
-        if (\is_array($rep->contents)) {
+        if ($rep instanceof ValueRepresentation) {
+            return $this->render($rep->getValue());
+        }
+
+        if ($rep instanceof ContainerRepresentation) {
             $output = '';
 
-            if ($o instanceof InstanceValue && 'properties' === $rep->getName()) {
-                foreach (self::sortProperties($rep->contents, self::$sort) as $obj) {
-                    $output .= $this->render($obj);
-                }
-            } else {
-                foreach ($rep->contents as $obj) {
-                    $output .= $this->render($obj);
-                }
+            foreach ($rep->getContents() as $obj) {
+                $output .= $this->render($obj);
             }
 
             return $output;
         }
 
-        if (\is_string($rep->contents)) {
-            $show_contents = false;
-
-            // If it is the value representation of a string and its whitespace
-            // was truncated in the header, always display the full string
-            if ('string' !== $o->type || $o->value !== $rep) {
-                $show_contents = true;
-            } else {
-                if (\preg_match('/(:?[\\r\\n\\t\\f\\v]| {2})/', $rep->contents)) {
+        if ($rep instanceof StringRepresentation) {
+            // If we're dealing with the content representation
+            if ($v instanceof StringValue && $rep->getValue() === $v->getValue()) {
+                // Only show the contents if:
+                if (\preg_match('/(:?[\\r\\n\\t\\f\\v]| {2})/', $rep->getValue())) {
+                    // We have unrepresentable whitespace (Without whitespace preservation)
                     $show_contents = true;
-                } elseif (self::$strlen_max && null !== ($vs = $o->getValueShort()) && BlobValue::strlen($vs) > self::$strlen_max) {
+                } elseif (self::$strlen_max && Utils::strlen($v->getDisplayValue()) > self::$strlen_max) {
+                    // We had to truncate getDisplayValue
                     $show_contents = true;
-                }
-
-                if (empty($o->encoding)) {
+                } else {
                     $show_contents = false;
                 }
+            } else {
+                $show_contents = true;
             }
 
             if ($show_contents) {
-                return '<pre>'.$this->escape($rep->contents)."\n</pre>";
+                return '<pre>'.$this->escape($rep->getValue())."\n</pre>";
             }
         }
 
-        if ($rep->contents instanceof Value) {
-            return $this->render($rep->contents);
-        }
-
         return '';
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @psalm-param PluginMap $plugins
-     * @psalm-param string[] $hints
-     */
-    protected function getPlugin(array $plugins, array $hints): ?PluginInterface
+    protected function getValuePlugin(AbstractValue $v): ?ValuePluginInterface
     {
-        if ($plugins = $this->matchPlugins($plugins, $hints)) {
-            $plugin = \end($plugins);
+        $hint = $v->getHint();
 
-            if (!isset($this->plugin_objs[$plugin]) && \is_subclass_of($plugin, PluginInterface::class)) {
-                $this->plugin_objs[$plugin] = new $plugin($this);
-            }
+        if (null === $hint || !isset(self::$value_plugins[$hint])) {
+            return null;
+        }
 
-            return $this->plugin_objs[$plugin];
+        $plugin = self::$value_plugins[$hint];
+
+        if (!\is_a($plugin, ValuePluginInterface::class, true)) {
+            return null;
         }
 
-        return null;
-    }
+        if (!isset($this->plugin_objs[$plugin])) {
+            $this->plugin_objs[$plugin] = new $plugin($this);
+        }
 
-    protected static function renderJs(): string
-    {
-        return \file_get_contents(KINT_DIR.'/resources/compiled/shared.js').\file_get_contents(KINT_DIR.'/resources/compiled/rich.js');
+        return $this->plugin_objs[$plugin];
     }
 
-    protected static function renderCss(): string
+    protected function getTabPlugin(RepresentationInterface $r): ?TabPluginInterface
     {
-        if (\file_exists(KINT_DIR.'/resources/compiled/'.self::$theme)) {
-            return \file_get_contents(KINT_DIR.'/resources/compiled/'.self::$theme);
+        $hint = $r->getHint();
+
+        if (null === $hint || !isset(self::$tab_plugins[$hint])) {
+            return null;
         }
 
-        return \file_get_contents(self::$theme);
-    }
+        $plugin = self::$tab_plugins[$hint];
 
-    protected static function renderFolder(): string
-    {
-        return '<div class="kint-rich kint-folder"><dl><dt class="kint-parent"><nav></nav>Kint</dt><dd class="kint-foldout"></dd></dl></div>';
+        if (!\is_a($plugin, TabPluginInterface::class, true)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (!isset($this->plugin_objs[$plugin])) {
+            $this->plugin_objs[$plugin] = new $plugin($this);
+        }
+
+        return $this->plugin_objs[$plugin];
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/AbstractPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/AbstractPlugin.php
index 16feccaab6c5..32de047482e8 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/AbstractPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/AbstractPlugin.php
@@ -28,29 +28,26 @@
 namespace Kint\Renderer\Text;
 
 use Kint\Renderer\TextRenderer;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
 
-/**
- * @psalm-consistent-constructor
- */
 abstract class AbstractPlugin implements PluginInterface
 {
-    protected $renderer;
+    protected TextRenderer $renderer;
 
     public function __construct(TextRenderer $r)
     {
         $this->renderer = $r;
     }
 
-    public function renderLockedHeader(Value $o, string $content = null): string
+    public function renderLockedHeader(AbstractValue $v, ?string $content = null): string
     {
         $out = '';
 
-        if (0 == $o->depth) {
-            $out .= $this->renderer->colorTitle($this->renderer->renderTitle($o)).PHP_EOL;
+        if (0 === $v->getContext()->getDepth()) {
+            $out .= $this->renderer->colorTitle($this->renderer->renderTitle($v)).PHP_EOL;
         }
 
-        $out .= $this->renderer->renderHeader($o);
+        $out .= $this->renderer->renderHeader($v);
 
         if (null !== $content) {
             $out .= ' '.$this->renderer->colorValue($content);
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/LockPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/LockPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c9d4d6b4830c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/LockPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Text;
+
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+
+class LockPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    public function render(AbstractValue $v): ?string
+    {
+        switch ($v->getHint()) {
+            case 'blacklist':
+                return $this->renderLockedHeader($v, 'BLACKLISTED');
+            case 'recursion':
+                return $this->renderLockedHeader($v, 'RECURSION');
+            case 'depth_limit':
+                return $this->renderLockedHeader($v, 'DEPTH LIMIT');
+            case 'array_limit':
+                return $this->renderLockedHeader($v, 'ARRAY LIMIT');
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/MicrotimePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/MicrotimePlugin.php
index 13bba75bab75..bbd8d3e9406d 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/MicrotimePlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/MicrotimePlugin.php
@@ -28,15 +28,14 @@
 namespace Kint\Renderer\Text;
 
 use Kint\Renderer\PlainRenderer;
-use Kint\Renderer\Rich\MicrotimePlugin as RichPlugin;
 use Kint\Renderer\TextRenderer;
 use Kint\Utils;
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\MicrotimeRepresentation;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\MicrotimeRepresentation;
 
 class MicrotimePlugin extends AbstractPlugin
 {
-    protected $useJs = false;
+    protected bool $useJs = false;
 
     public function __construct(TextRenderer $r)
     {
@@ -47,36 +46,38 @@ public function __construct(TextRenderer $r)
         }
     }
 
-    public function render(Value $o): ?string
+    public function render(AbstractValue $v): ?string
     {
-        $r = $o->getRepresentation('microtime');
+        $r = $v->getRepresentation('microtime');
 
         if (!$r instanceof MicrotimeRepresentation || !($dt = $r->getDateTime())) {
             return null;
         }
 
+        $c = $v->getContext();
+
         $out = '';
 
-        if (0 == $o->depth) {
-            $out .= $this->renderer->colorTitle($this->renderer->renderTitle($o)).PHP_EOL;
+        if (0 === $c->getDepth()) {
+            $out .= $this->renderer->colorTitle($this->renderer->renderTitle($v)).PHP_EOL;
         }
 
-        $out .= $this->renderer->renderHeader($o);
-        $out .= $this->renderer->renderChildren($o).PHP_EOL;
+        $out .= $this->renderer->renderHeader($v);
+        $out .= $this->renderer->renderChildren($v).PHP_EOL;
 
-        $indent = \str_repeat(' ', ($o->depth + 1) * $this->renderer->indent_width);
+        $indent = \str_repeat(' ', ($c->getDepth() + 1) * $this->renderer->indent_width);
 
         if ($this->useJs) {
-            $out .= '<span data-kint-microtime-group="'.$r->group.'">';
+            $out .= '<span data-kint-microtime-group="'.$r->getGroup().'">';
         }
 
         $out .= $indent.$this->renderer->colorType('TIME:').' ';
         $out .= $this->renderer->colorValue($dt->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u')).PHP_EOL;
 
-        if (null !== $r->lap) {
+        if (null !== ($lap = $r->getLapTime())) {
             $out .= $indent.$this->renderer->colorType('SINCE LAST CALL:').' ';
 
-            $lap = \round($r->lap, 4);
+            $lap = \round($lap, 4);
 
             if ($this->useJs) {
                 $lap = '<span class="kint-microtime-lap">'.$lap.'</span>';
@@ -84,14 +85,14 @@ public function render(Value $o): ?string
 
             $out .= $this->renderer->colorValue($lap.'s').'.'.PHP_EOL;
         }
-        if (null !== $r->total) {
+        if (null !== ($total = $r->getTotalTime())) {
             $out .= $indent.$this->renderer->colorType('SINCE START:').' ';
-            $out .= $this->renderer->colorValue(\round($r->total, 4).'s').'.'.PHP_EOL;
+            $out .= $this->renderer->colorValue(\round($total, 4).'s').'.'.PHP_EOL;
         }
-        if (null !== $r->avg) {
+        if (null !== ($avg = $r->getAverageTime())) {
             $out .= $indent.$this->renderer->colorType('AVERAGE DURATION:').' ';
 
-            $avg = \round($r->avg, 4);
+            $avg = \round($avg, 4);
 
             if ($this->useJs) {
                 $avg = '<span class="kint-microtime-avg">'.$avg.'</span>';
@@ -100,17 +101,17 @@ public function render(Value $o): ?string
             $out .= $this->renderer->colorValue($avg.'s').'.'.PHP_EOL;
         }
 
-        $bytes = Utils::getHumanReadableBytes($r->mem);
-        $mem = $r->mem.' bytes ('.\round($bytes['value'], 3).' '.$bytes['unit'].')';
-        $bytes = Utils::getHumanReadableBytes($r->mem_real);
+        $bytes = Utils::getHumanReadableBytes($r->getMemoryUsage());
+        $mem = $r->getMemoryUsage().' bytes ('.\round($bytes['value'], 3).' '.$bytes['unit'].')';
+        $bytes = Utils::getHumanReadableBytes($r->getMemoryUsageReal());
         $mem .= ' (real '.\round($bytes['value'], 3).' '.$bytes['unit'].')';
 
         $out .= $indent.$this->renderer->colorType('MEMORY USAGE:').' ';
         $out .= $this->renderer->colorValue($mem).'.'.PHP_EOL;
 
-        $bytes = Utils::getHumanReadableBytes($r->mem_peak);
-        $mem = $r->mem_peak.' bytes ('.\round($bytes['value'], 3).' '.$bytes['unit'].')';
-        $bytes = Utils::getHumanReadableBytes($r->mem_peak_real);
+        $bytes = Utils::getHumanReadableBytes($r->getMemoryPeakUsage());
+        $mem = $r->getMemoryPeakUsage().' bytes ('.\round($bytes['value'], 3).' '.$bytes['unit'].')';
+        $bytes = Utils::getHumanReadableBytes($r->getMemoryPeakUsageReal());
         $mem .= ' (real '.\round($bytes['value'], 3).' '.$bytes['unit'].')';
 
         $out .= $indent.$this->renderer->colorType('PEAK MEMORY USAGE:').' ';
@@ -122,9 +123,4 @@ public function render(Value $o): ?string
 
         return $out;
     }
-
-    public static function renderJs(): string
-    {
-        return RichPlugin::renderJs();
-    }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/PluginInterface.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/PluginInterface.php
index 65a4f5805772..b3f51f158a64 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/PluginInterface.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/PluginInterface.php
@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@
 namespace Kint\Renderer\Text;
 
 use Kint\Renderer\TextRenderer;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
 
 interface PluginInterface
 {
     public function __construct(TextRenderer $r);
 
-    public function render(Value $o): ?string;
+    public function render(AbstractValue $v): ?string;
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/SplFileInfoPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/SplFileInfoPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b603c97ad7ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/SplFileInfoPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Text;
+
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\SplFileInfoRepresentation;
+
+class SplFileInfoPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    public function render(AbstractValue $v): ?string
+    {
+        $r = $v->getRepresentation('splfileinfo');
+
+        if (!$r instanceof SplFileInfoRepresentation) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $out = '';
+
+        $c = $v->getContext();
+
+        if (0 === $c->getDepth()) {
+            $out .= $this->renderer->colorTitle($this->renderer->renderTitle($v)).PHP_EOL;
+        }
+
+        $out .= $this->renderer->renderHeader($v);
+        if (null !== $v->getDisplayValue()) {
+            $out .= ' =>';
+        }
+        $out .= ' '.$this->renderer->colorValue($this->renderer->escape($r->getValue())).PHP_EOL;
+
+        return $out;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/TracePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/TracePlugin.php
index 113dc9821e0d..6f2de0f5643f 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/TracePlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/TracePlugin.php
@@ -27,59 +27,63 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Renderer\Text;
 
-use Kint\Zval\MethodValue;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\MethodValue;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\SourceRepresentation;
+use Kint\Value\TraceFrameValue;
+use Kint\Value\TraceValue;
 
 class TracePlugin extends AbstractPlugin
 {
-    public function render(Value $o): string
+    public function render(AbstractValue $v): ?string
     {
+        if (!$v instanceof TraceValue) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $c = $v->getContext();
+
         $out = '';
 
-        if (0 == $o->depth) {
-            $out .= $this->renderer->colorTitle($this->renderer->renderTitle($o)).PHP_EOL;
+        if (0 === $c->getDepth()) {
+            $out .= $this->renderer->colorTitle($this->renderer->renderTitle($v)).PHP_EOL;
         }
 
-        $out .= $this->renderer->renderHeader($o).':'.PHP_EOL;
+        $out .= $this->renderer->renderHeader($v).':'.PHP_EOL;
 
-        $indent = \str_repeat(' ', ($o->depth + 1) * $this->renderer->indent_width);
+        $indent = \str_repeat(' ', ($c->getDepth() + 1) * $this->renderer->indent_width);
 
         $i = 1;
-        foreach ($o->value->contents as $frame) {
+        foreach ($v->getContents() as $frame) {
+            if (!$frame instanceof TraceFrameValue) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
             $framedesc = $indent.\str_pad($i.': ', 4, ' ');
 
-            if ($frame->trace['file']) {
-                $framedesc .= $this->renderer->ideLink($frame->trace['file'], $frame->trace['line']).PHP_EOL;
+            if (null !== ($file = $frame->getFile()) && null !== ($line = $frame->getLine())) {
+                $framedesc .= $this->renderer->ideLink($file, $line).PHP_EOL;
             } else {
                 $framedesc .= 'PHP internal call'.PHP_EOL;
             }
 
-            $framedesc .= $indent.'    ';
+            if ($callable = $frame->getCallable()) {
+                $framedesc .= $indent.'    ';
 
-            if ($frame->trace['class']) {
-                $framedesc .= $this->renderer->escape($frame->trace['class']);
-
-                if ($frame->trace['object']) {
-                    $framedesc .= $this->renderer->escape('->');
-                } else {
-                    $framedesc .= '::';
+                if ($callable instanceof MethodValue) {
+                    $framedesc .= $this->renderer->escape($callable->getContext()->owner_class.$callable->getContext()->getOperator());
                 }
-            }
 
-            if (\is_string($frame->trace['function'])) {
-                $framedesc .= $this->renderer->escape($frame->trace['function']).'(...)';
-            } elseif ($frame->trace['function'] instanceof MethodValue) {
-                if (null !== ($s = $frame->trace['function']->getName())) {
-                    $framedesc .= $this->renderer->escape($s);
-                    $framedesc .= '('.$this->renderer->escape($frame->trace['function']->getParams()).')';
-                }
+                $framedesc .= $this->renderer->escape($callable->getDisplayName());
             }
 
             $out .= $this->renderer->colorType($framedesc).PHP_EOL.PHP_EOL;
 
-            if ($source = $frame->getRepresentation('source')) {
-                $line_wanted = $source->line;
-                $source = $source->source;
+            $source = $frame->getRepresentation('source');
+
+            if ($source instanceof SourceRepresentation) {
+                $line_wanted = $source->getLine();
+                $source = $source->getSourceLines();
 
                 // Trim empty lines from the start and end of the source
                 foreach ($source as $linenum => $line) {
@@ -99,7 +103,7 @@ public function render(Value $o): string
                 }
 
                 foreach ($source as $lineno => $line) {
-                    if ($lineno == $line_wanted) {
+                    if ($lineno === $line_wanted) {
                         $out .= $indent.$this->renderer->colorValue($this->renderer->escape($line)).PHP_EOL;
                     } else {
                         $out .= $indent.$this->renderer->escape($line).PHP_EOL;
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/TextRenderer.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/TextRenderer.php
index 2538e4da06af..ba9aba02c664 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/TextRenderer.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/TextRenderer.php
@@ -27,31 +27,35 @@
 
 namespace Kint\Renderer;
 
-use Kint\Kint;
 use Kint\Parser;
+use Kint\Parser\PluginInterface as ParserPluginInterface;
 use Kint\Renderer\Text\PluginInterface;
 use Kint\Utils;
-use Kint\Zval\InstanceValue;
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+use Kint\Value\ArrayValue;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ArrayContext;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ClassDeclaredContext;
+use Kint\Value\Context\PropertyContext;
+use Kint\Value\InstanceValue;
+use Kint\Value\StringValue;
 
 /**
- * @psalm-import-type Encoding from \Kint\Zval\BlobValue
- * @psalm-import-type PluginMap from AbstractRenderer
+ * @psalm-import-type Encoding from StringValue
  */
 class TextRenderer extends AbstractRenderer
 {
     /**
      * TextRenderer plugins should implement PluginInterface.
      *
-     * @psalm-var PluginMap
+     * @psalm-var class-string<PluginInterface>[]
      */
-    public static $plugins = [
-        'array_limit' => Text\ArrayLimitPlugin::class,
-        'blacklist' => Text\BlacklistPlugin::class,
-        'depth_limit' => Text\DepthLimitPlugin::class,
-        'enum' => Text\EnumPlugin::class,
+    public static array $plugins = [
+        'array_limit' => Text\LockPlugin::class,
+        'blacklist' => Text\LockPlugin::class,
+        'depth_limit' => Text\LockPlugin::class,
+        'splfileinfo' => Text\SplFileInfoPlugin::class,
         'microtime' => Text\MicrotimePlugin::class,
-        'recursion' => Text\RecursionPlugin::class,
+        'recursion' => Text\LockPlugin::class,
         'trace' => Text\TracePlugin::class,
     ];
 
@@ -59,14 +63,21 @@ class TextRenderer extends AbstractRenderer
      * Parser plugins must be instanceof one of these or
      * it will be removed for performance reasons.
      *
-     * @psalm-var class-string[]
+     * @psalm-var class-string<ParserPluginInterface>[]
      */
-    public static $parser_plugin_whitelist = [
+    public static array $parser_plugin_whitelist = [
         Parser\ArrayLimitPlugin::class,
         Parser\ArrayObjectPlugin::class,
         Parser\BlacklistPlugin::class,
+        Parser\ClosurePlugin::class,
+        Parser\DateTimePlugin::class,
+        Parser\DomPlugin::class,
         Parser\EnumPlugin::class,
+        Parser\IteratorPlugin::class,
         Parser\MicrotimePlugin::class,
+        Parser\MysqliPlugin::class,
+        Parser\SimpleXMLElementPlugin::class,
+        Parser\SplFileInfoPlugin::class,
         Parser\StreamPlugin::class,
         Parser\TracePlugin::class,
     ];
@@ -75,87 +86,80 @@ class TextRenderer extends AbstractRenderer
      * The maximum length of a string before it is truncated.
      *
      * Falsey to disable
-     *
-     * @var int
-     */
-    public static $strlen_max = 0;
-
-    /**
-     * The default width of the terminal for headers.
-     *
-     * @var int
      */
-    public static $default_width = 80;
+    public static int $strlen_max = 0;
 
     /**
-     * Indentation width.
-     *
-     * @var int
+     * Timestamp to print in footer in date() format.
      */
-    public static $default_indent = 4;
+    public static ?string $timestamp = null;
 
     /**
-     * Decorate the header and footer.
-     *
-     * @var bool
+     * The default width of the terminal for headers.
      */
-    public static $decorations = true;
+    public static int $default_width = 80;
 
     /**
-     * Sort mode for object properties.
-     *
-     * @var int
+     * Indentation width.
      */
-    public static $sort = self::SORT_NONE;
+    public static int $default_indent = 4;
 
     /**
-     * Timestamp to print in footer in date() format.
-     *
-     * @var ?string
+     * Decorate the header and footer.
      */
-    public static $timestamp = null;
+    public static bool $decorations = true;
 
-    public $header_width = 80;
-    public $indent_width = 4;
+    public int $header_width = 80;
+    public int $indent_width = 4;
 
-    protected $plugin_objs = [];
+    protected array $plugin_objs = [];
 
     public function __construct()
     {
+        parent::__construct();
         $this->header_width = self::$default_width;
         $this->indent_width = self::$default_indent;
     }
 
-    public function render(Value $o): string
+    public function render(AbstractValue $v): string
     {
-        if ($plugin = $this->getPlugin(self::$plugins, $o->hints)) {
-            $output = $plugin->render($o);
+        $render_spl_ids_stash = $this->render_spl_ids;
+
+        if ($this->render_spl_ids && ($v->flags & AbstractValue::FLAG_GENERATED)) {
+            $this->render_spl_ids = false;
+        }
+
+        if ($plugin = $this->getPlugin($v)) {
+            $output = $plugin->render($v);
             if (null !== $output && \strlen($output)) {
+                if (!$this->render_spl_ids && $render_spl_ids_stash) {
+                    $this->render_spl_ids = true;
+                }
+
                 return $output;
             }
         }
 
         $out = '';
 
-        if (0 == $o->depth) {
-            $out .= $this->colorTitle($this->renderTitle($o)).PHP_EOL;
+        $c = $v->getContext();
+
+        if (0 === $c->getDepth()) {
+            $out .= $this->colorTitle($this->renderTitle($v)).PHP_EOL;
         }
 
-        $out .= $this->renderHeader($o);
-        $out .= $this->renderChildren($o).PHP_EOL;
+        $out .= $header = $this->renderHeader($v);
+        $out .= $this->renderChildren($v);
 
-        return $out;
-    }
+        if (\strlen($header)) {
+            $out .= PHP_EOL;
+        }
 
-    public function renderNothing(): string
-    {
-        if (self::$decorations) {
-            return $this->colorTitle(
-                $this->boxText('No argument', $this->header_width)
-            ).PHP_EOL;
+        if (!$this->render_spl_ids && $render_spl_ids_stash) {
+            $this->render_spl_ids = true;
         }
 
-        return $this->colorTitle('No argument').PHP_EOL;
+        return $out;
     }
 
     public function boxText(string $text, int $width): string
@@ -174,96 +178,99 @@ public function boxText(string $text, int $width): string
         return $out;
     }
 
-    public function renderTitle(Value $o): string
+    public function renderTitle(AbstractValue $v): string
     {
-        $name = (string) $o->getName();
-
         if (self::$decorations) {
-            return $this->boxText($name, $this->header_width);
+            return $this->boxText($v->getDisplayName(), $this->header_width);
         }
 
-        return Utils::truncateString($name, $this->header_width);
+        return Utils::truncateString($v->getDisplayName(), $this->header_width);
     }
 
-    public function renderHeader(Value $o): string
+    public function renderHeader(AbstractValue $v): string
     {
         $output = [];
 
-        if ($o->depth) {
-            if (null !== ($s = $o->getModifiers())) {
-                $output[] = $s;
+        $c = $v->getContext();
+
+        if ($c->getDepth() > 0) {
+            if ($c instanceof ClassDeclaredContext) {
+                $output[] = $this->colorType($c->getModifiers());
             }
 
-            if (null !== $o->name) {
-                $output[] = $this->escape(\var_export($o->name, true));
+            if ($c instanceof ArrayContext) {
+                $output[] = $this->escape(\var_export($c->getName(), true));
+            } else {
+                $output[] = $this->escape((string) $c->getName());
+            }
 
-                if (null !== ($s = $o->getOperator())) {
-                    $output[] = $this->escape($s);
-                }
+            if ($c instanceof PropertyContext && null !== ($s = $c->getHooks())) {
+                $output[] = $this->colorType($this->escape($s));
             }
-        }
 
-        if (null !== ($s = $o->getType())) {
-            if ($o->reference) {
-                $s = '&'.$s;
+            if (null !== ($s = $c->getOperator())) {
+                $output[] = $this->escape($s);
             }
+        }
 
-            $s = $this->colorType($this->escape($s));
+        $s = $v->getDisplayType();
+        if ($c->isRef()) {
+            $s = '&'.$s;
+        }
 
-            if ($o instanceof InstanceValue && isset($o->spl_object_id)) {
-                $s .= '#'.((int) $o->spl_object_id);
-            }
+        $s = $this->colorType($this->escape($s));
 
-            $output[] = $s;
+        if ($v instanceof InstanceValue && $this->shouldRenderObjectIds()) {
+            $s .= '#'.$v->getSplObjectId();
         }
 
-        if (null !== ($s = $o->getSize())) {
+        $output[] = $s;
+
+        if (null !== ($s = $v->getDisplaySize())) {
             $output[] = '('.$this->escape($s).')';
         }
 
-        if (null !== ($s = $o->getValueShort())) {
+        if (null !== ($s = $v->getDisplayValue())) {
             if (self::$strlen_max) {
                 $s = Utils::truncateString($s, self::$strlen_max);
             }
             $output[] = $this->colorValue($this->escape($s));
         }
 
-        return \str_repeat(' ', $o->depth * $this->indent_width).\implode(' ', $output);
+        return \str_repeat(' ', $c->getDepth() * $this->indent_width).\implode(' ', $output);
     }
 
-    public function renderChildren(Value $o): string
+    public function renderChildren(AbstractValue $v): string
     {
-        if ('array' === $o->type) {
+        $children = $v->getDisplayChildren();
+
+        if (!$children) {
+            if ($v instanceof ArrayValue) {
+                return ' []';
+            }
+
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        if ($v instanceof ArrayValue) {
             $output = ' [';
-        } elseif ('object' === $o->type) {
+        } elseif ($v instanceof InstanceValue) {
             $output = ' (';
         } else {
-            return '';
+            $output = '';
         }
 
-        $children = '';
-
-        if ($o->value && \is_array($o->value->contents)) {
-            if ($o instanceof InstanceValue && 'properties' === $o->value->getName()) {
-                foreach (self::sortProperties($o->value->contents, self::$sort) as $obj) {
-                    $children .= $this->render($obj);
-                }
-            } else {
-                foreach ($o->value->contents as $child) {
-                    $children .= $this->render($child);
-                }
-            }
+        $output .= PHP_EOL;
+        foreach ($children as $child) {
+            $output .= $this->render($child);
         }
 
-        if ($children) {
-            $output .= PHP_EOL.$children;
-            $output .= \str_repeat(' ', $o->depth * $this->indent_width);
-        }
+        $indent = \str_repeat(' ', $v->getContext()->getDepth() * $this->indent_width);
 
-        if ('array' === $o->type) {
-            $output .= ']';
-        } else {
-            $output .= ')';
+        if ($v instanceof ArrayValue) {
+            $output .= $indent.']';
+        } elseif ($v instanceof InstanceValue) {
+            $output .= $indent.')';
         }
 
         return $output;
@@ -321,7 +328,7 @@ public function filterParserPlugins(array $plugins): array
 
     public function ideLink(string $file, int $line): string
     {
-        return $this->escape(Kint::shortenPath($file)).':'.$line;
+        return $this->escape(Utils::shortenPath($file)).':'.$line;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -336,28 +343,28 @@ protected function calledFrom(): string
     {
         $output = '';
 
-        if (isset($this->call_info['callee']['file'])) {
+        if (isset($this->callee['file'])) {
             $output .= 'Called from '.$this->ideLink(
-                $this->call_info['callee']['file'],
-                $this->call_info['callee']['line']
+                $this->callee['file'],
+                $this->callee['line']
             );
         }
 
         if (
-            isset($this->call_info['callee']['function']) &&
+            isset($this->callee['function']) &&
             (
-                !empty($this->call_info['callee']['class']) ||
+                !empty($this->callee['class']) ||
                 !\in_array(
-                    $this->call_info['callee']['function'],
+                    $this->callee['function'],
                     ['include', 'include_once', 'require', 'require_once'],
                     true
                 )
             )
         ) {
             $output .= ' [';
-            $output .= $this->call_info['callee']['class'] ?? '';
-            $output .= $this->call_info['callee']['type'] ?? '';
-            $output .= $this->call_info['callee']['function'].'()]';
+            $output .= $this->callee['class'] ?? '';
+            $output .= $this->callee['type'] ?? '';
+            $output .= $this->callee['function'].'()]';
         }
 
         if (null !== self::$timestamp) {
@@ -370,22 +377,24 @@ protected function calledFrom(): string
         return $output;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @psalm-param PluginMap $plugins
-     * @psalm-param string[] $hints
-     */
-    protected function getPlugin(array $plugins, array $hints): ?PluginInterface
+    protected function getPlugin(AbstractValue $v): ?PluginInterface
     {
-        if ($plugins = $this->matchPlugins($plugins, $hints)) {
-            $plugin = \end($plugins);
+        $hint = $v->getHint();
 
-            if (!isset($this->plugin_objs[$plugin]) && \is_subclass_of($plugin, PluginInterface::class)) {
-                $this->plugin_objs[$plugin] = new $plugin($this);
-            }
+        if (null === $hint || !isset(self::$plugins[$hint])) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $plugin = self::$plugins[$hint];
+
+        if (!\is_a($plugin, PluginInterface::class, true)) {
+            return null;
+        }
 
-            return $this->plugin_objs[$plugin];
+        if (!isset($this->plugin_objs[$plugin])) {
+            $this->plugin_objs[$plugin] = new $plugin($this);
         }
 
-        return null;
+        return $this->plugin_objs[$plugin];
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Utils.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Utils.php
index 545709586dc4..f39d2c1dc3da 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Utils.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Utils.php
@@ -27,7 +27,8 @@
 
 namespace Kint;
 
-use Kint\Zval\BlobValue;
+use Kint\Value\StringValue;
+use Kint\Value\TraceFrameValue;
 use ReflectionNamedType;
 use ReflectionType;
 use UnexpectedValueException;
@@ -35,12 +36,98 @@
 /**
  * A collection of utility methods. Should all be static methods with no dependencies.
  *
- * @psalm-import-type Encoding from BlobValue
+ * @psalm-import-type Encoding from StringValue
+ * @psalm-import-type TraceFrame from TraceFrameValue
  */
 final class Utils
 {
+    public const BT_STRUCTURE = [
+        'function' => 'string',
+        'line' => 'integer',
+        'file' => 'string',
+        'class' => 'string',
+        'object' => 'object',
+        'type' => 'string',
+        'args' => 'array',
+    ];
+
+    public const BYTE_UNITS = ['B', 'KB', 'MB', 'GB', 'TB'];
+
+    /**
+     * @var array Character encodings to detect
+     *
+     * @see https://secure.php.net/function.mb-detect-order
+     *
+     * In practice, mb_detect_encoding can only successfully determine the
+     * difference between the following common charsets at once without
+     * breaking things for one of the other charsets:
+     * - ASCII
+     * - UTF-8
+     * - SJIS
+     * - EUC-JP
+     *
+     * The order of the charsets is significant. If you put UTF-8 before ASCII
+     * it will never match ASCII, because UTF-8 is a superset of ASCII.
+     * Similarly, SJIS and EUC-JP frequently match UTF-8 strings, so you should
+     * check UTF-8 first. SJIS and EUC-JP seem to work either way, but SJIS is
+     * more common so it should probably be first.
+     *
+     * While you're free to experiment with other charsets, remember to keep
+     * this behavior in mind when setting up your char_encodings array.
+     *
+     * This depends on the mbstring extension
+     */
+    public static array $char_encodings = [
+        'ASCII',
+        'UTF-8',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * @var array Legacy character encodings to detect
+     *
+     * @see https://secure.php.net/function.iconv
+     *
+     * Assuming the other encoding checks fail, this will perform a
+     * simple iconv conversion to check for invalid bytes. If any are
+     * found it will not match.
+     *
+     * This can be useful for ambiguous single byte encodings like
+     * windows-125x and iso-8859-x which have practically undetectable
+     * differences because they use every single byte available.
+     *
+     * This is *NOT* reliable and should not be trusted implicitly. Since it
+     * works by triggering and suppressing conversion warnings, your error
+     * handler may complain.
+     *
+     * As with char_encodings, the order of the charsets is significant.
+     *
+     * This depends on the iconv extension
+     */
+    public static array $legacy_encodings = [];
+
+    /**
+     * @var array Path aliases that will be displayed instead of the full path.
+     *
+     * Keys are paths, values are replacement strings
+     *
+     * Example for laravel:
+     *
+     * Utils::$path_aliases = [
+     *     base_path() => '<BASE>',
+     *     app_path() => '<APP>',
+     *     base_path().'/vendor' => '<VENDOR>',
+     * ];
+     *
+     * Defaults to [$_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] => '<ROOT>']
+     *
+     * @psalm-var array<non-empty-string, string>
+     */
+    public static array $path_aliases = [];
+
     /**
      * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     *
+     * @psalm-suppress UnusedConstructor
      */
     private function __construct()
     {
@@ -52,11 +139,13 @@ private function __construct()
      * @param int $value Amount of bytes
      *
      * @return array Human readable value and unit
+     *
+     * @psalm-return array{value: float, unit: 'B'|'KB'|'MB'|'GB'|'TB'}
+     *
+     * @psalm-pure
      */
     public static function getHumanReadableBytes(int $value): array
     {
-        static $unit = ['B', 'KB', 'MB', 'GB', 'TB'];
-
         $negative = $value < 0;
         $value = \abs($value);
 
@@ -83,104 +172,31 @@ public static function getHumanReadableBytes(int $value): array
 
         return [
             'value' => \round($value, 1),
-            'unit' => $unit[$i],
+            'unit' => self::BYTE_UNITS[$i],
         ];
     }
 
+    /** @psalm-pure */
     public static function isSequential(array $array): bool
     {
         return \array_keys($array) === \range(0, \count($array) - 1);
     }
 
+    /** @psalm-pure */
     public static function isAssoc(array $array): bool
     {
         return (bool) \count(\array_filter(\array_keys($array), 'is_string'));
     }
 
-    public static function composerGetExtras(string $key = 'kint'): array
-    {
-        if (0 === \strpos(KINT_DIR, 'phar://')) {
-            // Only run inside phar file, so skip for code coverage
-            return []; // @codeCoverageIgnore
-        }
-
-        $extras = [];
-
-        $folder = KINT_DIR.'/vendor';
-
-        for ($i = 0; $i < 4; ++$i) {
-            $installed = $folder.'/composer/installed.json';
-
-            if (\file_exists($installed) && \is_readable($installed)) {
-                $packages = \json_decode(\file_get_contents($installed), true);
-
-                if (!\is_array($packages)) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                // Composer 2.0 Compatibility: packages are now wrapped into a "packages" top level key instead of the whole file being the package array
-                // @see https://getcomposer.org/upgrade/UPGRADE-2.0.md
-                foreach ($packages['packages'] ?? $packages as $package) {
-                    if (isset($package['extra'][$key]) && \is_array($package['extra'][$key])) {
-                        $extras = \array_replace($extras, $package['extra'][$key]);
-                    }
-                }
-
-                $folder = \dirname($folder);
-
-                if (\file_exists($folder.'/composer.json') && \is_readable($folder.'/composer.json')) {
-                    $composer = \json_decode(\file_get_contents($folder.'/composer.json'), true);
-
-                    if (isset($composer['extra'][$key]) && \is_array($composer['extra'][$key])) {
-                        $extras = \array_replace($extras, $composer['extra'][$key]);
-                    }
-                }
-
-                break;
-            }
-
-            $folder = \dirname($folder);
-        }
-
-        return $extras;
-    }
-
     /**
-     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     * @psalm-assert-if-true list<TraceFrame> $trace
      */
-    public static function composerSkipFlags(): void
-    {
-        if (\defined('KINT_SKIP_FACADE') && \defined('KINT_SKIP_HELPERS')) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        $extras = self::composerGetExtras();
-
-        if (!empty($extras['disable-facade']) && !\defined('KINT_SKIP_FACADE')) {
-            \define('KINT_SKIP_FACADE', true);
-        }
-
-        if (!empty($extras['disable-helpers']) && !\defined('KINT_SKIP_HELPERS')) {
-            \define('KINT_SKIP_HELPERS', true);
-        }
-    }
-
     public static function isTrace(array $trace): bool
     {
         if (!self::isSequential($trace)) {
             return false;
         }
 
-        static $bt_structure = [
-            'function' => 'string',
-            'line' => 'integer',
-            'file' => 'string',
-            'class' => 'string',
-            'object' => 'object',
-            'type' => 'string',
-            'args' => 'array',
-        ];
-
         $file_found = false;
 
         foreach ($trace as $frame) {
@@ -188,12 +204,16 @@ public static function isTrace(array $trace): bool
                 return false;
             }
 
+            if (isset($frame['class']) && !\class_exists($frame['class'], false)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
             foreach ($frame as $key => $val) {
-                if (!isset($bt_structure[$key])) {
+                if (!isset(self::BT_STRUCTURE[$key])) {
                     return false;
                 }
 
-                if (\gettype($val) !== $bt_structure[$key]) {
+                if (\gettype($val) !== self::BT_STRUCTURE[$key]) {
                     return false;
                 }
 
@@ -206,6 +226,11 @@ public static function isTrace(array $trace): bool
         return $file_found;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @psalm-param TraceFrame $frame
+     *
+     * @psalm-pure
+     */
     public static function traceFrameIsListed(array $frame, array $matches): bool
     {
         if (isset($frame['class'])) {
@@ -217,19 +242,15 @@ public static function traceFrameIsListed(array $frame, array $matches): bool
         return \in_array($called, $matches, true);
     }
 
-    public static function normalizeAliases(array &$aliases): void
+    /** @psalm-pure */
+    public static function normalizeAliases(array $aliases): array
     {
-        static $name_regex = '[a-zA-Z_\\x7f-\\xff][a-zA-Z0-9_\\x7f-\\xff]*';
-
-        foreach ($aliases as $index => &$alias) {
+        foreach ($aliases as $index => $alias) {
             if (\is_array($alias) && 2 === \count($alias)) {
                 $alias = \array_values(\array_filter($alias, 'is_string'));
 
-                if (2 === \count($alias) &&
-                    \preg_match('/^'.$name_regex.'$/', $alias[1]) &&
-                    \preg_match('/^\\\\?('.$name_regex.'\\\\)*'.$name_regex.'$/', $alias[0])
-                ) {
-                    $alias = [
+                if (2 === \count($alias) && self::isValidPhpName($alias[1]) && self::isValidPhpNamespace($alias[0])) {
+                    $aliases[$index] = [
                         \strtolower(\ltrim($alias[0], '\\')),
                         \strtolower($alias[1]),
                     ];
@@ -238,9 +259,9 @@ public static function normalizeAliases(array &$aliases): void
                     continue;
                 }
             } elseif (\is_string($alias)) {
-                if (\preg_match('/^\\\\?('.$name_regex.'\\\\)*'.$name_regex.'$/', $alias)) {
+                if (self::isValidPhpNamespace($alias)) {
                     $alias = \explode('\\', \strtolower($alias));
-                    $alias = \end($alias);
+                    $aliases[$index] = \end($alias);
                 } else {
                     unset($aliases[$index]);
                     continue;
@@ -250,28 +271,52 @@ public static function normalizeAliases(array &$aliases): void
             }
         }
 
-        $aliases = \array_values($aliases);
+        return \array_values($aliases);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @psalm-param Encoding $encoding
-     */
-    public static function truncateString(string $input, int $length = PHP_INT_MAX, string $end = '...', $encoding = false): string
+    /** @psalm-pure */
+    public static function isValidPhpName(string $name): bool
     {
-        $endlength = BlobValue::strlen($end);
+        return (bool) \preg_match('/^[a-zA-Z_\\x80-\\xff][a-zA-Z0-9_\\x80-\\xff]*$/', $name);
+    }
 
-        if ($endlength >= $length) {
-            $endlength = 0;
-            $end = '';
+    /** @psalm-pure */
+    public static function isValidPhpNamespace(string $ns): bool
+    {
+        $parts = \explode('\\', $ns);
+        if ('' === \reset($parts)) {
+            \array_shift($parts);
         }
 
-        if (BlobValue::strlen($input, $encoding) > $length) {
-            return BlobValue::substr($input, 0, $length - $endlength, $encoding).$end;
+        if (!\count($parts)) {
+            return false;
         }
 
-        return $input;
+        foreach ($parts as $part) {
+            if (!self::isValidPhpName($part)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * trigger_error before PHP 8.1 truncates the error message at nul
+     * so we have to sanitize variable strings before using them.
+     *
+     * @psalm-pure
+     */
+    public static function errorSanitizeString(string $input): string
+    {
+        if (KINT_PHP82 || '' === $input) {
+            return $input;
+        }
+
+        return (string) \strtok($input, "\0"); // @codeCoverageIgnore
     }
 
+    /** @psalm-pure */
     public static function getTypeString(ReflectionType $type): string
     {
         // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
@@ -293,4 +338,230 @@ public static function getTypeString(ReflectionType $type): string
 
         return (string) $type;
     }
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-param Encoding $encoding
+     */
+    public static function truncateString(string $input, int $length = PHP_INT_MAX, string $end = '...', $encoding = false): string
+    {
+        $endlength = self::strlen($end);
+
+        if ($endlength >= $length) {
+            $endlength = 0;
+            $end = '';
+        }
+
+        if (self::strlen($input, $encoding) > $length) {
+            return self::substr($input, 0, $length - $endlength, $encoding).$end;
+        }
+
+        return $input;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-return Encoding
+     */
+    public static function detectEncoding(string $string)
+    {
+        if (\function_exists('mb_detect_encoding')) {
+            $ret = \mb_detect_encoding($string, self::$char_encodings, true);
+            if (false !== $ret) {
+                return $ret;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Pretty much every character encoding uses first 32 bytes as control
+        // characters. If it's not a multi-byte format it's safe to say matching
+        // any control character besides tab, nl, and cr means it's binary.
+        if (\preg_match('/[\\x00-\\x08\\x0B\\x0C\\x0E-\\x1F]/', $string)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (\function_exists('iconv')) {
+            foreach (self::$legacy_encodings as $encoding) {
+                // Iconv detection works by triggering
+                // "Detected an illegal character in input string" notices
+                // This notice does not become a TypeError with strict_types
+                // so we don't have to wrap this in a try catch
+                if (@\iconv($encoding, $encoding, $string) === $string) {
+                    return $encoding;
+                }
+            }
+        } elseif (!\function_exists('mb_detect_encoding')) { // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            // If a user has neither mb_detect_encoding, nor iconv, nor the
+            // polyfills, there's not much we can do about it...
+            // Pretend it's ASCII and pray the browser renders it properly.
+            return 'ASCII'; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-param Encoding $encoding
+     */
+    public static function strlen(string $string, $encoding = false): int
+    {
+        if (\function_exists('mb_strlen')) {
+            if (false === $encoding) {
+                $encoding = self::detectEncoding($string);
+            }
+
+            if (false !== $encoding && 'ASCII' !== $encoding) {
+                return \mb_strlen($string, $encoding);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return \strlen($string);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-param Encoding $encoding
+     */
+    public static function substr(string $string, int $start, ?int $length = null, $encoding = false): string
+    {
+        if (\function_exists('mb_substr')) {
+            if (false === $encoding) {
+                $encoding = self::detectEncoding($string);
+            }
+
+            if (false !== $encoding && 'ASCII' !== $encoding) {
+                return \mb_substr($string, $start, $length, $encoding);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Special case for substr/mb_substr discrepancy
+        if ('' === $string) {
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        return (string) \substr($string, $start, $length ?? PHP_INT_MAX);
+    }
+
+    public static function shortenPath(string $file): string
+    {
+        $split = \explode('/', \str_replace('\\', '/', $file));
+
+        $longest_match = 0;
+        $match = '';
+
+        foreach (self::$path_aliases as $path => $alias) {
+            $path = \explode('/', \str_replace('\\', '/', $path));
+
+            if (\count($path) < 2) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (\array_slice($split, 0, \count($path)) === $path && \count($path) > $longest_match) {
+                $longest_match = \count($path);
+                $match = $alias;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($longest_match) {
+            $suffix = \implode('/', \array_slice($split, $longest_match));
+
+            if (\preg_match('%^/*$%', $suffix)) {
+                return $match;
+            }
+
+            return $match.'/'.$suffix;
+        }
+
+        // fallback to find common path with Kint dir
+        $kint = \explode('/', \str_replace('\\', '/', KINT_DIR));
+        $had_real_path_part = false;
+
+        foreach ($split as $i => $part) {
+            if (!isset($kint[$i]) || $kint[$i] !== $part) {
+                if (!$had_real_path_part) {
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                $suffix = \implode('/', \array_slice($split, $i));
+
+                if (\preg_match('%^/*$%', $suffix)) {
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                $prefix = $i > 1 ? '.../' : '/';
+
+                return $prefix.$suffix;
+            }
+
+            if ($i > 0 && \strlen($kint[$i])) {
+                $had_real_path_part = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $file;
+    }
+
+    public static function composerGetExtras(string $key = 'kint'): array
+    {
+        if (0 === \strpos(KINT_DIR, 'phar://')) {
+            // Only run inside phar file, so skip for code coverage
+            return []; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        $extras = [];
+
+        $folder = KINT_DIR.'/vendor';
+
+        for ($i = 0; $i < 4; ++$i) {
+            $installed = $folder.'/composer/installed.json';
+
+            if (\file_exists($installed) && \is_readable($installed)) {
+                $packages = \json_decode((string) \file_get_contents($installed), true);
+
+                if (!\is_array($packages)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // Composer 2.0 Compatibility: packages are now wrapped into a "packages" top level key instead of the whole file being the package array
+                // @see https://getcomposer.org/upgrade/UPGRADE-2.0.md
+                foreach ($packages['packages'] ?? $packages as $package) {
+                    if (\is_array($package['extra'][$key] ?? null)) {
+                        $extras = \array_replace($extras, $package['extra'][$key]);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                $folder = \dirname($folder);
+
+                if (\file_exists($folder.'/composer.json') && \is_readable($folder.'/composer.json')) {
+                    $composer = \json_decode((string) \file_get_contents($folder.'/composer.json'), true);
+
+                    if (\is_array($composer['extra'][$key] ?? null)) {
+                        $extras = \array_replace($extras, $composer['extra'][$key]);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                break;
+            }
+
+            $folder = \dirname($folder);
+        }
+
+        return $extras;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    public static function composerSkipFlags(): void
+    {
+        if (\defined('KINT_SKIP_FACADE') && \defined('KINT_SKIP_HELPERS')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $extras = self::composerGetExtras();
+
+        if (!empty($extras['disable-facade']) && !\defined('KINT_SKIP_FACADE')) {
+            \define('KINT_SKIP_FACADE', true);
+        }
+
+        if (!empty($extras['disable-helpers']) && !\defined('KINT_SKIP_HELPERS')) {
+            \define('KINT_SKIP_HELPERS', true);
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/AbstractValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/AbstractValue.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3436fa857b39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/AbstractValue.php
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Value;
+
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\RepresentationInterface;
+use OutOfRangeException;
+
+/**
+ * @psalm-import-type ValueName from ContextInterface
+ *
+ * @psalm-type ValueFlags int-mask-of<AbstractValue::FLAG_*>
+ */
+abstract class AbstractValue
+{
+    public const FLAG_NONE = 0;
+    public const FLAG_GENERATED = 1 << 0;
+    public const FLAG_BLACKLIST = 1 << 1;
+    public const FLAG_RECURSION = 1 << 2;
+    public const FLAG_DEPTH_LIMIT = 1 << 3;
+    public const FLAG_ARRAY_LIMIT = 1 << 4;
+
+    /** @psalm-var ValueFlags */
+    public int $flags = self::FLAG_NONE;
+
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected ContextInterface $context;
+    /** @psalm-readonly string */
+    protected string $type;
+
+    /** @psalm-var RepresentationInterface[] */
+    protected array $representations = [];
+
+    public function __construct(ContextInterface $context, string $type)
+    {
+        $this->context = $context;
+        $this->type = $type;
+    }
+
+    public function __clone()
+    {
+        $this->context = clone $this->context;
+    }
+
+    public function getContext(): ContextInterface
+    {
+        return $this->context;
+    }
+
+    public function getHint(): ?string
+    {
+        if (self::FLAG_NONE === $this->flags) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        if ($this->flags & self::FLAG_BLACKLIST) {
+            return 'blacklist';
+        }
+        if ($this->flags & self::FLAG_RECURSION) {
+            return 'recursion';
+        }
+        if ($this->flags & self::FLAG_DEPTH_LIMIT) {
+            return 'depth_limit';
+        }
+        if ($this->flags & self::FLAG_ARRAY_LIMIT) {
+            return 'array_limit';
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public function getType(): string
+    {
+        return $this->type;
+    }
+
+    public function addRepresentation(RepresentationInterface $rep, ?int $pos = null): void
+    {
+        if (isset($this->representations[$rep->getName()])) {
+            throw new OutOfRangeException('Representation already exists');
+        }
+
+        if (null === $pos) {
+            $this->representations[$rep->getName()] = $rep;
+        } else {
+            $this->representations = \array_merge(
+                \array_slice($this->representations, 0, $pos),
+                [$rep->getName() => $rep],
+                \array_slice($this->representations, $pos)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function replaceRepresentation(RepresentationInterface $rep, ?int $pos = null): void
+    {
+        if (null === $pos) {
+            $this->representations[$rep->getName()] = $rep;
+        } else {
+            $this->removeRepresentation($rep);
+            $this->addRepresentation($rep, $pos);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param RepresentationInterface|string $rep
+     */
+    public function removeRepresentation($rep): void
+    {
+        if ($rep instanceof RepresentationInterface) {
+            unset($this->representations[$rep->getName()]);
+        } else { // String
+            unset($this->representations[$rep]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function getRepresentation(string $name): ?RepresentationInterface
+    {
+        return $this->representations[$name] ?? null;
+    }
+
+    /** @psalm-return RepresentationInterface[] */
+    public function getRepresentations(): array
+    {
+        return $this->representations;
+    }
+
+    /** @psalm-param RepresentationInterface[] $reps */
+    public function appendRepresentations(array $reps): void
+    {
+        foreach ($reps as $rep) {
+            $this->addRepresentation($rep);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** @psalm-api */
+    public function clearRepresentations(): void
+    {
+        $this->representations = [];
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplayType(): string
+    {
+        return $this->type;
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplayName(): string
+    {
+        return (string) $this->context->getName();
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplaySize(): ?string
+    {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplayValue(): ?string
+    {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /** @psalm-return AbstractValue[] */
+    public function getDisplayChildren(): array
+    {
+        return [];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/ArrayValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/ArrayValue.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1404949c2b24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/ArrayValue.php
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Value;
+
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
+
+class ArrayValue extends AbstractValue
+{
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected int $size;
+    /**
+     * @psalm-readonly
+     *
+     * @psalm-var AbstractValue[]
+     */
+    protected array $contents;
+
+    /** @psalm-param AbstractValue[] $contents */
+    public function __construct(ContextInterface $context, int $size, array $contents)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($context, 'array');
+        $this->size = $size;
+        $this->contents = $contents;
+    }
+
+    public function getSize(): int
+    {
+        return $this->size;
+    }
+
+    /** @psalm-return AbstractValue[] */
+    public function getContents()
+    {
+        return $this->contents;
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplaySize(): string
+    {
+        return (string) $this->size;
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplayChildren(): array
+    {
+        return $this->contents;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/RecursionPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/ClosedResourceValue.php
similarity index 79%
rename from system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/RecursionPlugin.php
rename to system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/ClosedResourceValue.php
index d6c821e3c47b..375087c8e11d 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/RecursionPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/ClosedResourceValue.php
@@ -25,14 +25,19 @@
  * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
+namespace Kint\Value;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
 
-class RecursionPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements ValuePluginInterface
+class ClosedResourceValue extends AbstractValue
 {
-    public function renderValue(Value $o): string
+    public function __construct(ContextInterface $context)
     {
-        return '<dl>'.$this->renderLockedHeader($o, '<var>Recursion</var>').'</dl>';
+        parent::__construct($context, 'resource (closed)');
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplayType(): string
+    {
+        return 'closed resource';
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/ClosureValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/ClosureValue.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7bad29abb859
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/ClosureValue.php
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Value;
+
+use Closure;
+use Kint\Utils;
+use Kint\Value\Context\BaseContext;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
+use ReflectionFunction;
+
+class ClosureValue extends InstanceValue
+{
+    use ParameterHoldingTrait;
+
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected ?string $filename;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected ?int $startline;
+
+    public function __construct(ContextInterface $context, Closure $cl)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($context, \get_class($cl), \spl_object_hash($cl), \spl_object_id($cl));
+
+        /**
+         * @psalm-suppress UnnecessaryVarAnnotation
+         *
+         * @psalm-var ContextInterface $this->context
+         * Psalm bug #11113
+         */
+        $closure = new ReflectionFunction($cl);
+
+        if ($closure->isUserDefined()) {
+            $this->filename = $closure->getFileName();
+            $this->startline = $closure->getStartLine();
+        } else {
+            $this->filename = null;
+            $this->startline = null;
+        }
+
+        $parameters = [];
+        foreach ($closure->getParameters() as $param) {
+            $parameters[] = new ParameterBag($param);
+        }
+        $this->parameters = $parameters;
+
+        if (!$this->context instanceof BaseContext) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (0 !== $this->context->getDepth()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $ap = $this->context->getAccessPath();
+
+        if (null === $ap) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (\preg_match('/^\\((function|fn)\\s*\\(/i', $ap, $match)) {
+            $this->context->name = \strtolower($match[1]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** @psalm-api */
+    public function getFileName(): ?string
+    {
+        return $this->filename;
+    }
+
+    /** @psalm-api */
+    public function getStartLine(): ?int
+    {
+        return $this->startline;
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplaySize(): ?string
+    {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplayName(): string
+    {
+        return $this->context->getName().'('.$this->getParams().')';
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplayValue(): ?string
+    {
+        if (null !== $this->filename && null !== $this->startline) {
+            return Utils::shortenPath($this->filename).':'.$this->startline;
+        }
+
+        return parent::getDisplayValue();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/EnumPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/ColorValue.php
similarity index 87%
rename from system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/EnumPlugin.php
rename to system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/ColorValue.php
index 93d7b2935806..7738ec5d3113 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/EnumPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/ColorValue.php
@@ -25,14 +25,12 @@
  * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-namespace Kint\Renderer\Text;
+namespace Kint\Value;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
-
-class EnumPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+class ColorValue extends StringValue
 {
-    public function render(Value $o): string
+    public function getHint(): string
     {
-        return $this->renderLockedHeader($o);
+        return parent::getHint() ?? 'color';
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/RecursionPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Context/ArrayContext.php
similarity index 86%
rename from system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/RecursionPlugin.php
rename to system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Context/ArrayContext.php
index 4d9b6c2571b9..23704d5804ab 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/RecursionPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Context/ArrayContext.php
@@ -25,14 +25,12 @@
  * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-namespace Kint\Renderer\Text;
+namespace Kint\Value\Context;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
-
-class RecursionPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+class ArrayContext extends BaseContext
 {
-    public function render(Value $o): string
+    public function getOperator(): ?string
     {
-        return $this->renderLockedHeader($o, 'RECURSION');
+        return '=>';
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/InstanceValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Context/BaseContext.php
similarity index 54%
rename from system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/InstanceValue.php
rename to system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Context/BaseContext.php
index 323733474825..5c1a1b578a6b 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/InstanceValue.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Context/BaseContext.php
@@ -25,50 +25,59 @@
  * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-namespace Kint\Zval;
+namespace Kint\Value\Context;
 
-class InstanceValue extends Value
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+
+/**
+ * @psalm-import-type ValueName from ContextInterface
+ */
+class BaseContext implements ContextInterface
 {
-    public $type = 'object';
-    public $classname;
-    public $spl_object_hash;
-    public $spl_object_id = null;
-    public $filename;
-    public $startline;
-    public $hints = ['object'];
+    /** @psalm-var ValueName */
+    public $name;
+    public int $depth = 0;
+    public bool $reference = false;
+    public ?string $access_path = null;
 
-    public function getType(): ?string
+    /** @psalm-param mixed $name */
+    public function __construct($name)
     {
-        return $this->classname;
+        if (!\is_string($name) && !\is_int($name)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Context names must be string|int');
+        }
+
+        $this->name = $name;
     }
 
-    public function transplant(Value $old): void
+    public function getName()
     {
-        parent::transplant($old);
+        return $this->name;
+    }
 
-        if ($old instanceof self) {
-            $this->classname = $old->classname;
-            $this->spl_object_hash = $old->spl_object_hash;
-            $this->spl_object_id = $old->spl_object_id;
-            $this->filename = $old->filename;
-            $this->startline = $old->startline;
-        }
+    public function getDepth(): int
+    {
+        return $this->depth;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @psalm-param  class-string $a
-     * @psalm-param  class-string $b
-     */
-    public static function sortByHierarchy(string $a, string $b): int
+    public function getOperator(): ?string
     {
-        if (\is_subclass_of($a, $b)) {
-            return -1;
-        }
+        return null;
+    }
 
-        if (\is_subclass_of($b, $a)) {
-            return 1;
-        }
+    public function isRef(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->reference;
+    }
 
-        return 0;
+    /** @psalm-param ?class-string $scope */
+    public function isAccessible(?string $scope): bool
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public function getAccessPath(): ?string
+    {
+        return $this->access_path;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/ResourceValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Context/ClassConstContext.php
similarity index 74%
rename from system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/ResourceValue.php
rename to system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Context/ClassConstContext.php
index e50266ac477f..27342f2c7c36 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/ResourceValue.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Context/ClassConstContext.php
@@ -25,27 +25,26 @@
  * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-namespace Kint\Zval;
+namespace Kint\Value\Context;
 
-class ResourceValue extends Value
+class ClassConstContext extends ClassDeclaredContext
 {
-    public $resource_type;
+    public bool $final = false;
 
-    public function getType(): string
+    public function getName(): string
     {
-        if ($this->resource_type) {
-            return $this->resource_type.' resource';
-        }
+        return $this->owner_class.'::'.$this->name;
+    }
 
-        return 'resource';
+    public function getOperator(): string
+    {
+        return '::';
     }
 
-    public function transplant(Value $old): void
+    public function getModifiers(): string
     {
-        parent::transplant($old);
+        $final = $this->final ? 'final ' : '';
 
-        if ($old instanceof self) {
-            $this->resource_type = $old->resource_type;
-        }
+        return $final.$this->getAccess().' const';
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Context/ClassDeclaredContext.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Context/ClassDeclaredContext.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9243833aff6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Context/ClassDeclaredContext.php
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Value\Context;
+
+use __PHP_Incomplete_Class;
+
+abstract class ClassDeclaredContext extends ClassOwnedContext
+{
+    public const ACCESS_PUBLIC = 1;
+    public const ACCESS_PROTECTED = 2;
+    public const ACCESS_PRIVATE = 3;
+
+    /** @psalm-var self::ACCESS_* */
+    public int $access;
+
+    /** @psalm-var class-string */
+    public ?string $proto_class = null;
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-param class-string $owner_class
+     * @psalm-param self::ACCESS_* $access
+     */
+    public function __construct(string $name, string $owner_class, int $access)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($name, $owner_class);
+        $this->access = $access;
+    }
+
+    abstract public function getModifiers(): string;
+
+    /** @psalm-param ?class-string $scope */
+    public function isAccessible(?string $scope): bool
+    {
+        if (__PHP_Incomplete_Class::class === $this->owner_class) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (self::ACCESS_PUBLIC === $this->access) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if (null === $scope) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (self::ACCESS_PRIVATE === $this->access) {
+            return $scope === $this->owner_class;
+        }
+
+        if (KINT_PHP8412 && null !== $this->proto_class) {
+            if (\is_a($scope, $this->proto_class, true)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if (\is_a($this->proto_class, $scope, true)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (\is_a($scope, $this->owner_class, true)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if (\is_a($this->owner_class, $scope, true)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    protected function getAccess(): string
+    {
+        switch ($this->access) {
+            case self::ACCESS_PUBLIC:
+                return 'public';
+            case self::ACCESS_PROTECTED:
+                return 'protected';
+            case self::ACCESS_PRIVATE:
+                return 'private';
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/SimpleXMLElementValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Context/ClassOwnedContext.php
similarity index 65%
rename from system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/SimpleXMLElementValue.php
rename to system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Context/ClassOwnedContext.php
index 0f152230ea2b..af3418b38c4b 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/SimpleXMLElementValue.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Context/ClassOwnedContext.php
@@ -25,30 +25,35 @@
  * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-namespace Kint\Zval;
+namespace Kint\Value\Context;
 
-class SimpleXMLElementValue extends InstanceValue
-{
-    public $hints = ['object', 'simplexml_element'];
+use __PHP_Incomplete_Class;
 
-    protected $is_string_value = false;
+class ClassOwnedContext extends BaseContext
+{
+    /** @psalm-var class-string */
+    public string $owner_class;
 
-    public function isStringValue(): bool
+    /** @psalm-param class-string $owner_class */
+    public function __construct(string $name, string $owner_class)
     {
-        return $this->is_string_value;
+        parent::__construct($name);
+        $this->owner_class = $owner_class;
     }
 
-    public function setIsStringValue(bool $is_string_value): void
+    public function getName(): string
     {
-        $this->is_string_value = $is_string_value;
+        return (string) $this->name;
     }
 
-    public function getValueShort(): ?string
+    public function getOperator(): string
     {
-        if ($this->is_string_value && ($rep = $this->value) && 'contents' === $rep->getName() && 'string' === \gettype($rep->contents)) {
-            return '"'.$rep->contents.'"';
-        }
+        return '->';
+    }
 
-        return null;
+    /** @psalm-param ?class-string $scope */
+    public function isAccessible(?string $scope): bool
+    {
+        return __PHP_Incomplete_Class::class !== $this->owner_class;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/StreamValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Context/ContextInterface.php
similarity index 63%
rename from system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/StreamValue.php
rename to system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Context/ContextInterface.php
index 01cd04870a31..315be7f692aa 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/StreamValue.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Context/ContextInterface.php
@@ -25,32 +25,29 @@
  * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-namespace Kint\Zval;
+namespace Kint\Value\Context;
 
-use Kint\Kint;
-
-class StreamValue extends ResourceValue
+/**
+ * Contexts represent the data that has to be found out about a zval _before_
+ * passing it into the next parse depth. This includes the access path, whether
+ * it's a reference or not, and OOP related stuff like visibility.
+ *
+ * @psalm-type ValueName = string|int
+ */
+interface ContextInterface
 {
-    public $stream_meta;
+    /** @psalm-return ValueName */
+    public function getName();
 
-    public function __construct(array $meta = null)
-    {
-        parent::__construct();
-        $this->stream_meta = $meta;
-    }
+    public function getDepth(): int;
 
-    public function getValueShort(): ?string
-    {
-        if (empty($this->stream_meta['uri'])) {
-            return null;
-        }
+    public function isRef(): bool;
 
-        $uri = $this->stream_meta['uri'];
+    /** @psalm-param ?class-string $scope */
+    public function isAccessible(?string $scope): bool;
 
-        if (\stream_is_local($uri)) {
-            return Kint::shortenPath($uri);
-        }
+    public function getAccessPath(): ?string;
 
-        return $uri;
-    }
+    /** @psalm-return ?non-empty-string */
+    public function getOperator(): ?string;
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/ParameterHoldingTrait.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Context/DoubleAccessMemberContext.php
similarity index 59%
rename from system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/ParameterHoldingTrait.php
rename to system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Context/DoubleAccessMemberContext.php
index c67ecd45c581..39363d78d096 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/ParameterHoldingTrait.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Context/DoubleAccessMemberContext.php
@@ -25,39 +25,35 @@
  * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-namespace Kint\Zval;
+namespace Kint\Value\Context;
 
-trait ParameterHoldingTrait
+abstract class DoubleAccessMemberContext extends ClassDeclaredContext
 {
-    /** @var ParameterValue[] */
-    public $parameters = [];
+    /** @psalm-var ?self::ACCESS_* */
+    public ?int $access_set = null;
 
-    private $paramcache;
-
-    public function getParams(): string
+    protected function getAccess(): string
     {
-        if (null !== $this->paramcache) {
-            return $this->paramcache;
-        }
-
-        $out = [];
-
-        foreach ($this->parameters as $p) {
-            $type = $p->getType();
-            if ($type) {
-                $type .= ' ';
-            }
-
-            $default = $p->getDefault();
-            if ($default) {
-                $default = ' = '.$default;
-            }
-
-            $ref = $p->reference ? '&' : '';
-
-            $out[] = $type.$ref.$p->getName().$default;
+        switch ($this->access) {
+            case self::ACCESS_PUBLIC:
+                if (self::ACCESS_PRIVATE === $this->access_set) {
+                    return 'private(set)';
+                }
+                if (self::ACCESS_PROTECTED === $this->access_set) {
+                    return 'protected(set)';
+                }
+
+                return 'public';
+
+            case self::ACCESS_PROTECTED:
+                if (self::ACCESS_PRIVATE === $this->access_set) {
+                    return 'protected private(set)';
+                }
+
+                return 'protected';
+
+            case self::ACCESS_PRIVATE:
+                return 'private';
         }
-
-        return $this->paramcache = \implode(', ', $out);
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Context/MethodContext.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Context/MethodContext.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a722332e6de5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Context/MethodContext.php
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Value\Context;
+
+use Kint\Value\InstanceValue;
+use ReflectionMethod;
+
+class MethodContext extends ClassDeclaredContext
+{
+    public const MAGIC_NAMES = [
+        '__construct' => true,
+        '__destruct' => true,
+        '__call' => true,
+        '__callstatic' => true,
+        '__get' => true,
+        '__set' => true,
+        '__isset' => true,
+        '__unset' => true,
+        '__sleep' => true,
+        '__wakeup' => true,
+        '__serialize' => true,
+        '__unserialize' => true,
+        '__tostring' => true,
+        '__invoke' => true,
+        '__set_state' => true,
+        '__clone' => true,
+        '__debuginfo' => true,
+    ];
+
+    public bool $final = false;
+    public bool $abstract = false;
+    public bool $static = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether the method was inherited from a parent class or interface.
+     *
+     * It's important to note that we never show static methods as
+     * "inherited" except when abstract via an interface.
+     */
+    public bool $inherited = false;
+
+    public function __construct(ReflectionMethod $method)
+    {
+        parent::__construct(
+            $method->getName(),
+            $method->getDeclaringClass()->name,
+            ClassDeclaredContext::ACCESS_PUBLIC
+        );
+        $this->depth = 1;
+        $this->static = $method->isStatic();
+        $this->abstract = $method->isAbstract();
+        $this->final = $method->isFinal();
+        if ($method->isProtected()) {
+            $this->access = ClassDeclaredContext::ACCESS_PROTECTED;
+        } elseif ($method->isPrivate()) {
+            $this->access = ClassDeclaredContext::ACCESS_PRIVATE;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function getOperator(): string
+    {
+        if ($this->static) {
+            return '::';
+        }
+
+        return '->';
+    }
+
+    public function getModifiers(): string
+    {
+        if ($this->abstract) {
+            $out = 'abstract ';
+        } elseif ($this->final) {
+            $out = 'final ';
+        } else {
+            $out = '';
+        }
+
+        $out .= $this->getAccess();
+
+        if ($this->static) {
+            $out .= ' static';
+        }
+
+        return $out;
+    }
+
+    public function setAccessPathFromParent(?InstanceValue $parent): void
+    {
+        $name = \strtolower($this->getName());
+
+        if ($this->static && !isset(self::MAGIC_NAMES[$name])) {
+            $this->access_path = '\\'.$this->owner_class.'::'.$this->name.'()';
+        } elseif (null === $parent) {
+            $this->access_path = null;
+        } else {
+            $c = $parent->getContext();
+            if ('__construct' === $name) {
+                $this->access_path = 'new \\'.$parent->getClassName().'()';
+            } elseif (null === $c->getAccessPath()) {
+                $this->access_path = null;
+            } elseif ('__invoke' === $name) {
+                $this->access_path = $c->getAccessPath().'()';
+            } elseif ('__clone' === $name) {
+                $this->access_path = 'clone '.$c->getAccessPath();
+            } elseif ('__tostring' === $name) {
+                $this->access_path = '(string) '.$c->getAccessPath();
+            } elseif (isset(self::MAGIC_NAMES[$name])) {
+                $this->access_path = null;
+            } else {
+                $this->access_path = $c->getAccessPath().'->'.$this->name.'()';
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Context/PropertyContext.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Context/PropertyContext.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e63adb2a0f36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Context/PropertyContext.php
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Value\Context;
+
+class PropertyContext extends DoubleAccessMemberContext
+{
+    public const HOOK_NONE = 0;
+    public const HOOK_GET = 1 << 0;
+    public const HOOK_GET_REF = 1 << 1;
+    public const HOOK_SET = 1 << 2;
+    public const HOOK_SET_TYPE = 1 << 3;
+
+    public bool $readonly = false;
+    /** @psalm-var int-mask-of<self::HOOK_*> */
+    public int $hooks = self::HOOK_NONE;
+    public ?string $hook_set_type = null;
+
+    public function getModifiers(): string
+    {
+        $out = $this->getAccess();
+
+        if ($this->readonly) {
+            $out .= ' readonly';
+        }
+
+        return $out;
+    }
+
+    public function getHooks(): ?string
+    {
+        if (self::HOOK_NONE === $this->hooks) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $out = '{ ';
+        if ($this->hooks & self::HOOK_GET) {
+            if ($this->hooks & self::HOOK_GET_REF) {
+                $out .= '&';
+            }
+            $out .= 'get; ';
+        }
+        if ($this->hooks & self::HOOK_SET) {
+            if ($this->hooks & self::HOOK_SET_TYPE && '' !== ($this->hook_set_type ?? '')) {
+                $out .= 'set('.$this->hook_set_type.'); ';
+            } else {
+                $out .= 'set; ';
+            }
+        }
+        $out .= '}';
+
+        return $out;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Context/StaticPropertyContext.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Context/StaticPropertyContext.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..47b83ddb5968
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Context/StaticPropertyContext.php
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Value\Context;
+
+class StaticPropertyContext extends DoubleAccessMemberContext
+{
+    public bool $final = false;
+
+    public function getName(): string
+    {
+        return $this->owner_class.'::$'.$this->name;
+    }
+
+    public function getOperator(): string
+    {
+        return '::';
+    }
+
+    public function getModifiers(): string
+    {
+        $final = $this->final ? 'final ' : '';
+
+        return $final.$this->getAccess().' static';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/DateTimeValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/DateTimeValue.php
similarity index 69%
rename from system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/DateTimeValue.php
rename to system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/DateTimeValue.php
index 2ba53d628473..1892b24e1eba 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/DateTimeValue.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/DateTimeValue.php
@@ -25,30 +25,40 @@
  * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-namespace Kint\Zval;
+namespace Kint\Value;
 
-use DateTime;
+use DateTimeInterface;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
 
 class DateTimeValue extends InstanceValue
 {
-    public $dt;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected DateTimeInterface $dt;
 
-    public $hints = ['object', 'datetime'];
-
-    public function __construct(DateTime $dt)
+    public function __construct(ContextInterface $context, DateTimeInterface $dt)
     {
-        parent::__construct();
+        parent::__construct($context, \get_class($dt), \spl_object_hash($dt), \spl_object_id($dt));
 
         $this->dt = clone $dt;
     }
 
-    public function getValueShort(): string
+    public function getHint(): string
+    {
+        return parent::getHint() ?? 'datetime';
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplayValue(): string
     {
         $stamp = $this->dt->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
         if ((int) ($micro = $this->dt->format('u'))) {
             $stamp .= '.'.$micro;
         }
-        $stamp .= $this->dt->format('P T');
+        $stamp .= $this->dt->format(' P');
+
+        $tzn = $this->dt->getTimezone()->getName();
+        if ('+' !== $tzn[0] && '-' !== $tzn[0]) {
+            $stamp .= $this->dt->format(' T');
+        }
 
         return $stamp;
     }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/DeclaredCallableBag.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/DeclaredCallableBag.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e4c7aa6616ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/DeclaredCallableBag.php
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Value;
+
+use Kint\Utils;
+use ReflectionFunctionAbstract;
+
+/** @psalm-api */
+final class DeclaredCallableBag
+{
+    use ParameterHoldingTrait;
+
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    public bool $internal;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    public ?string $filename;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    public ?int $startline;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    public ?int $endline;
+    /**
+     * @psalm-readonly
+     *
+     * @psalm-var ?non-empty-string
+     */
+    public ?string $docstring;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    public bool $return_reference;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    public ?string $returntype = null;
+
+    public function __construct(ReflectionFunctionAbstract $callable)
+    {
+        $this->internal = $callable->isInternal();
+        $t = $callable->getFileName();
+        $this->filename = false === $t ? null : $t;
+        $t = $callable->getStartLine();
+        $this->startline = false === $t ? null : $t;
+        $t = $callable->getEndLine();
+        $this->endline = false === $t ? null : $t;
+        $t = $callable->getDocComment();
+        $this->docstring = false === $t ? null : $t;
+        $this->return_reference = $callable->returnsReference();
+
+        $rt = $callable->getReturnType();
+        if ($rt) {
+            $this->returntype = Utils::getTypeString($rt);
+        }
+
+        $parameters = [];
+        foreach ($callable->getParameters() as $param) {
+            $parameters[] = new ParameterBag($param);
+        }
+        $this->parameters = $parameters;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/SplObjectStoragePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/DomNodeListValue.php
similarity index 67%
rename from system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/SplObjectStoragePlugin.php
rename to system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/DomNodeListValue.php
index bd671ad62749..7f8f378ab6e1 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/SplObjectStoragePlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/DomNodeListValue.php
@@ -25,32 +25,33 @@
  * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-namespace Kint\Parser;
+namespace Kint\Value;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
-use SplObjectStorage;
+use Dom\NodeList;
+use DOMNodeList;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
 
-class SplObjectStoragePlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+class DomNodeListValue extends InstanceValue
 {
-    public function getTypes(): array
+    protected int $length;
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-param DOMNodeList|NodeList $node
+     */
+    public function __construct(ContextInterface $context, object $node)
     {
-        return ['object'];
+        parent::__construct($context, \get_class($node), \spl_object_hash($node), \spl_object_id($node));
+
+        $this->length = $node->length;
     }
 
-    public function getTriggers(): int
+    public function getLength(): int
     {
-        return Parser::TRIGGER_COMPLETE;
+        return $this->length;
     }
 
-    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    public function getDisplaySize(): string
     {
-        if (!$var instanceof SplObjectStorage || !($r = $o->getRepresentation('iterator'))) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        $r = $o->getRepresentation('iterator');
-        if ($r) {
-            $o->size = !\is_array($r->contents) ? null : \count($r->contents);
-        }
+        return (string) $this->length;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/TimestampPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/DomNodeValue.php
similarity index 74%
rename from system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/TimestampPlugin.php
rename to system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/DomNodeValue.php
index 43abfb60ea98..5f3650f29e60 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/TimestampPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/DomNodeValue.php
@@ -25,20 +25,24 @@
  * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
+namespace Kint\Value;
 
-use DateTime;
-use DateTimeZone;
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+use Dom\Node;
+use DOMNode;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
 
-class TimestampPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements TabPluginInterface
+class DomNodeValue extends InstanceValue
 {
-    public function renderTab(Representation $r): ?string
+    /**
+     * @psalm-param DOMNode|Node $node
+     */
+    public function __construct(ContextInterface $context, object $node)
     {
-        if ($dt = DateTime::createFromFormat('U', (string) $r->contents)) {
-            return '<pre>'.$dt->setTimeZone(new DateTimeZone('UTC'))->format('Y-m-d H:i:s T').'</pre>';
-        }
+        parent::__construct($context, \get_class($node), \spl_object_hash($node), \spl_object_id($node));
+    }
 
+    public function getDisplaySize(): ?string
+    {
         return null;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/EnumValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/EnumValue.php
similarity index 75%
rename from system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/EnumValue.php
rename to system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/EnumValue.php
index e9cfe19ed184..0017e3d49087 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/EnumValue.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/EnumValue.php
@@ -25,50 +25,44 @@
  * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-namespace Kint\Zval;
+namespace Kint\Value;
 
 use BackedEnum;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
 use UnitEnum;
 
 class EnumValue extends InstanceValue
 {
-    public $enumval;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected UnitEnum $enumval;
 
-    public $hints = ['object', 'enum'];
-
-    public function __construct(UnitEnum $enumval)
+    public function __construct(ContextInterface $context, UnitEnum $enumval)
     {
+        parent::__construct($context, \get_class($enumval), \spl_object_hash($enumval), \spl_object_id($enumval));
+
         $this->enumval = $enumval;
     }
 
-    public function getValueShort(): ?string
+    public function getHint(): string
     {
-        if ($this->enumval instanceof BackedEnum) {
-            if (\is_string($this->enumval->value)) {
-                return '"'.$this->enumval->value.'"';
-            }   // Int
-
-            return (string) $this->enumval->value;
-        }
+        return parent::getHint() ?? 'enum';
+    }
 
-        return null;
+    public function getDisplayType(): string
+    {
+        return $this->classname.'::'.$this->enumval->name;
     }
 
-    public function getType(): ?string
+    public function getDisplayValue(): ?string
     {
-        if (isset($this->classname)) {
-            if (isset($this->enumval->name)) {
-                return $this->classname.'::'.$this->enumval->name;
+        if ($this->enumval instanceof BackedEnum) {
+            if (\is_string($this->enumval->value)) {
+                return '"'.$this->enumval->value.'"';
             }
 
-            return $this->classname;
+            return (string) $this->enumval->value;
         }
 
         return null;
     }
-
-    public function getSize(): ?string
-    {
-        return null;
-    }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/FixedWidthValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/FixedWidthValue.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ad1d7e234a78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/FixedWidthValue.php
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Value;
+
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
+
+/**
+ * @psalm-type FixedWidthType = null|boolean|integer|double
+ */
+class FixedWidthValue extends AbstractValue
+{
+    /**
+     * @psalm-readonly
+     *
+     * @psalm-var FixedWidthType
+     */
+    protected $value;
+
+    /** @psalm-param FixedWidthType $value */
+    public function __construct(ContextInterface $context, $value)
+    {
+        $type = \strtolower(\gettype($value));
+
+        if ('null' === $type || 'boolean' === $type || 'integer' === $type || 'double' === $type) {
+            parent::__construct($context, $type);
+            $this->value = $value;
+        } else {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('FixedWidthValue can only contain fixed width types, got '.$type);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-api
+     *
+     * @psalm-return FixedWidthType
+     */
+    public function getValue()
+    {
+        return $this->value;
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplaySize(): ?string
+    {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplayValue(): ?string
+    {
+        if ('boolean' === $this->type) {
+            return ((bool) $this->value) ? 'true' : 'false';
+        }
+
+        if ('integer' === $this->type || 'double' === $this->type) {
+            return (string) $this->value;
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/FunctionValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/FunctionValue.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5e994111b945
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/FunctionValue.php
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Value;
+
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\CallableDefinitionRepresentation;
+
+class FunctionValue extends AbstractValue
+{
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected DeclaredCallableBag $callable_bag;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected ?CallableDefinitionRepresentation $definition_rep;
+
+    public function __construct(ContextInterface $c, DeclaredCallableBag $bag)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($c, 'function');
+
+        $this->callable_bag = $bag;
+
+        if ($this->callable_bag->internal) {
+            $this->definition_rep = null;
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @psalm-var string $this->callable_bag->filename
+         * @psalm-var int $this->callable_bag->startline
+         * Psalm issue #11121
+         */
+        $this->definition_rep = new CallableDefinitionRepresentation(
+            $this->callable_bag->filename,
+            $this->callable_bag->startline,
+            $this->callable_bag->docstring
+        );
+        $this->addRepresentation($this->definition_rep);
+    }
+
+    public function getCallableBag(): DeclaredCallableBag
+    {
+        return $this->callable_bag;
+    }
+
+    /** @psalm-api */
+    public function getDefinitionRepresentation(): ?CallableDefinitionRepresentation
+    {
+        return $this->definition_rep;
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplayName(): string
+    {
+        return $this->context->getName().'('.$this->callable_bag->getParams().')';
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplayValue(): ?string
+    {
+        if ($this->definition_rep instanceof CallableDefinitionRepresentation) {
+            return $this->definition_rep->getDocstringFirstLine();
+        }
+
+        return parent::getDisplayValue();
+    }
+
+    public function getPhpDocUrl(): ?string
+    {
+        if (!$this->callable_bag->internal) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return 'https://www.php.net/function.'.\str_replace('_', '-', \strtolower((string) $this->context->getName()));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/InstanceValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/InstanceValue.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..cd5e37ec2d60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/InstanceValue.php
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Value;
+
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
+
+class InstanceValue extends AbstractValue
+{
+    /**
+     * @psalm-readonly
+     *
+     * @psalm-var class-string
+     */
+    protected string $classname;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected string $spl_object_hash;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected int $spl_object_id;
+
+    /**
+     * The canonical children of this value, for text renderers.
+     *
+     * @psalm-var null|list<AbstractValue>
+     */
+    protected ?array $children = null;
+
+    /** @psalm-param class-string $classname */
+    public function __construct(
+        ContextInterface $context,
+        string $classname,
+        string $spl_object_hash,
+        int $spl_object_id
+    ) {
+        parent::__construct($context, 'object');
+        $this->classname = $classname;
+        $this->spl_object_hash = $spl_object_hash;
+        $this->spl_object_id = $spl_object_id;
+    }
+
+    /** @psalm-return class-string */
+    public function getClassName(): string
+    {
+        return $this->classname;
+    }
+
+    public function getSplObjectHash(): string
+    {
+        return $this->spl_object_hash;
+    }
+
+    public function getSplObjectId(): int
+    {
+        return $this->spl_object_id;
+    }
+
+    /** @psalm-param null|list<AbstractValue> $children */
+    public function setChildren(?array $children): void
+    {
+        $this->children = $children;
+    }
+
+    /** @psalm-return null|list<AbstractValue> */
+    public function getChildren(): ?array
+    {
+        return $this->children;
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplayType(): string
+    {
+        return $this->classname;
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplaySize(): ?string
+    {
+        if (null === $this->children) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return (string) \count($this->children);
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplayChildren(): array
+    {
+        return $this->children ?? [];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/MethodValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/MethodValue.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6f2e94c08c50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/MethodValue.php
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Value;
+
+use Kint\Value\Context\ClassDeclaredContext;
+use Kint\Value\Context\MethodContext;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\CallableDefinitionRepresentation;
+
+class MethodValue extends AbstractValue
+{
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected DeclaredCallableBag $callable_bag;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected ?CallableDefinitionRepresentation $definition_rep;
+
+    public function __construct(MethodContext $c, DeclaredCallableBag $bag)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($c, 'method');
+
+        $this->callable_bag = $bag;
+
+        if ($this->callable_bag->internal) {
+            $this->definition_rep = null;
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @psalm-var string $this->callable_bag->filename
+         * @psalm-var int $this->callable_bag->startline
+         * Psalm issue #11121
+         */
+        $this->definition_rep = new CallableDefinitionRepresentation(
+            $this->callable_bag->filename,
+            $this->callable_bag->startline,
+            $this->callable_bag->docstring
+        );
+        $this->addRepresentation($this->definition_rep);
+    }
+
+    public function getHint(): string
+    {
+        return parent::getHint() ?? 'callable';
+    }
+
+    public function getContext(): MethodContext
+    {
+        /**
+         * @psalm-var MethodContext $this->context
+         * Psalm discuss #11116
+         */
+        return $this->context;
+    }
+
+    public function getCallableBag(): DeclaredCallableBag
+    {
+        return $this->callable_bag;
+    }
+
+    /** @psalm-api */
+    public function getDefinitionRepresentation(): ?CallableDefinitionRepresentation
+    {
+        return $this->definition_rep;
+    }
+
+    public function getFullyQualifiedDisplayName(): string
+    {
+        $c = $this->getContext();
+
+        return $c->owner_class.'::'.$c->getName().'('.$this->callable_bag->getParams().')';
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplayName(): string
+    {
+        $c = $this->getContext();
+
+        if ($c->static || (ClassDeclaredContext::ACCESS_PRIVATE === $c->access && $c->inherited)) {
+            return $this->getFullyQualifiedDisplayName();
+        }
+
+        return $c->getName().'('.$this->callable_bag->getParams().')';
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplayValue(): ?string
+    {
+        if ($this->definition_rep instanceof CallableDefinitionRepresentation) {
+            return $this->definition_rep->getDocstringFirstLine();
+        }
+
+        return parent::getDisplayValue();
+    }
+
+    public function getPhpDocUrl(): ?string
+    {
+        if (!$this->callable_bag->internal) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $c = $this->getContext();
+
+        $class = \str_replace('\\', '-', \strtolower($c->owner_class));
+        $funcname = \str_replace('_', '-', \strtolower($c->getName()));
+
+        if (0 === \strpos($funcname, '--') && 0 !== \strpos($funcname, '-', 2)) {
+            $funcname = (string) \substr($funcname, 2);
+        }
+
+        return 'https://www.php.net/'.$class.'.'.$funcname;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/MicrotimeValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/MicrotimeValue.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..849ff8e3930f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/MicrotimeValue.php
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Value;
+
+class MicrotimeValue extends AbstractValue
+{
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected AbstractValue $wrapped;
+
+    public function __construct(AbstractValue $old)
+    {
+        $this->context = $old->context;
+        $this->type = $old->type;
+        $this->flags = $old->flags;
+        $this->representations = $old->representations;
+        $this->wrapped = $old;
+    }
+
+    public function getHint(): string
+    {
+        return parent::getHint() ?? 'microtime';
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplaySize(): ?string
+    {
+        return $this->wrapped->getDisplaySize();
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplayValue(): ?string
+    {
+        return $this->wrapped->getDisplayValue();
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplayType(): string
+    {
+        return $this->wrapped->getDisplayType();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/ParameterValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/ParameterBag.php
similarity index 64%
rename from system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/ParameterValue.php
rename to system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/ParameterBag.php
index 2e690b751935..d6114c33d6e7 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/ParameterValue.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/ParameterBag.php
@@ -25,29 +25,31 @@
  * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-namespace Kint\Zval;
+namespace Kint\Value;
 
 use Kint\Utils;
 use ReflectionParameter;
 
-class ParameterValue extends Value
+final class ParameterBag
 {
-    public $type_hint;
-    public $default;
-    public $position;
-    public $hints = ['parameter'];
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    public string $name;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    public int $position;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    public bool $ref;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    public ?string $type_hint;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    public ?string $default;
 
     public function __construct(ReflectionParameter $param)
     {
-        parent::__construct();
-
-        if ($type = $param->getType()) {
-            $this->type_hint = Utils::getTypeString($type);
-        }
-
-        $this->reference = $param->isPassedByReference();
         $this->name = $param->getName();
         $this->position = $param->getPosition();
+        $this->ref = $param->isPassedByReference();
+
+        $this->type_hint = ($type = $param->getType()) ? Utils::getTypeString($type) : null;
 
         if ($param->isDefaultValueAvailable()) {
             $default = $param->getDefaultValue();
@@ -61,25 +63,37 @@ public function __construct(ReflectionParameter $param)
                 case 'array':
                     $this->default = \count($default) ? 'array(...)' : 'array()';
                     break;
-                default:
+                case 'double':
+                case 'integer':
+                case 'string':
                     $this->default = \var_export($default, true);
                     break;
+                case 'object':
+                    $this->default = 'object('.\get_class($default).')';
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    $this->default = \gettype($default);
+                    break;
             }
+        } else {
+            $this->default = null;
         }
     }
 
-    public function getType(): ?string
+    public function __toString()
     {
-        return $this->type_hint;
-    }
+        $type = $this->type_hint;
+        if (null !== $type) {
+            $type .= ' ';
+        }
 
-    public function getName(): string
-    {
-        return '$'.$this->name;
-    }
+        $default = $this->default;
+        if (null !== $default) {
+            $default = ' = '.$default;
+        }
 
-    public function getDefault(): ?string
-    {
-        return $this->default;
+        $ref = $this->ref ? '&' : '';
+
+        return $type.$ref.'$'.$this->name.$default;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/ArrayLimitPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/ParameterHoldingTrait.php
similarity index 78%
rename from system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/ArrayLimitPlugin.php
rename to system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/ParameterHoldingTrait.php
index 15220e5d9bda..b9e34120b19b 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/ArrayLimitPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/ParameterHoldingTrait.php
@@ -25,14 +25,25 @@
  * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
+namespace Kint\Value;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
-
-class ArrayLimitPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements ValuePluginInterface
+trait ParameterHoldingTrait
 {
-    public function renderValue(Value $o): string
+    /**
+     * @psalm-readonly
+     *
+     * @psalm-var ParameterBag[]
+     */
+    public array $parameters = [];
+
+    public function getParams(): string
     {
-        return '<dl>'.$this->renderLockedHeader($o, '<var>Array Limit</var>').'</dl>';
+        $out = [];
+
+        foreach ($this->parameters as $p) {
+            $out[] = (string) $p;
+        }
+
+        return \implode(', ', $out);
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/Representation.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/AbstractRepresentation.php
similarity index 70%
rename from system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/Representation.php
rename to system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/AbstractRepresentation.php
index 76d695b8d599..5c80ee5b53c5 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/Representation.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/AbstractRepresentation.php
@@ -25,34 +25,28 @@
  * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-namespace Kint\Zval\Representation;
+namespace Kint\Value\Representation;
 
-class Representation
+abstract class AbstractRepresentation implements RepresentationInterface
 {
-    public $label;
-    public $implicit_label = false;
-    public $hints = [];
-    public $contents = [];
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected string $label;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected string $name;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected bool $implicit_label;
 
-    protected $name;
-
-    public function __construct(string $label, string $name = null)
+    public function __construct(string $label, ?string $name = null, bool $implicit_label = false)
     {
         $this->label = $label;
-
-        if (null === $name) {
-            $name = $label;
-        }
-
-        $this->setName($name);
+        /** @psalm-var string $name */
+        $name = \preg_replace('/[^a-z0-9]+/', '_', \strtolower($name ?? $label));
+        $this->name = $name;
+        $this->implicit_label = $implicit_label;
     }
 
     public function getLabel(): string
     {
-        if (\is_array($this->contents) && \count($this->contents) > 1) {
-            return $this->label.' ('.\count($this->contents).')';
-        }
-
         return $this->label;
     }
 
@@ -61,13 +55,13 @@ public function getName(): string
         return $this->name;
     }
 
-    public function setName(string $name): void
+    public function labelIsImplicit(): bool
     {
-        $this->name = \preg_replace('/[^a-z0-9]+/', '_', \strtolower($name));
+        return $this->implicit_label;
     }
 
-    public function labelIsImplicit(): bool
+    public function getHint(): ?string
     {
-        return $this->implicit_label;
+        return null;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/BinaryRepresentation.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/BinaryRepresentation.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5cd7ca014a2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/BinaryRepresentation.php
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Value\Representation;
+
+class BinaryRepresentation extends AbstractRepresentation
+{
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected string $value;
+
+    public function __construct(string $value, bool $implicit = false)
+    {
+        parent::__construct('Hex dump', 'binary', $implicit);
+        $this->value = $value;
+    }
+
+    public function getHint(): string
+    {
+        return 'binary';
+    }
+
+    public function getValue(): string
+    {
+        return $this->value;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/CallableDefinitionRepresentation.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/CallableDefinitionRepresentation.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a26467e9ce56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/CallableDefinitionRepresentation.php
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Value\Representation;
+
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+
+class CallableDefinitionRepresentation extends AbstractRepresentation
+{
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected string $filename;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected int $line;
+    /**
+     * @psalm-readonly
+     *
+     * @psalm-var ?non-empty-string
+     */
+    protected ?string $docstring;
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-param ?non-empty-string $docstring
+     */
+    public function __construct(string $filename, int $line, ?string $docstring)
+    {
+        if (null !== $docstring && !\preg_match('%^/\\*\\*.+\\*/$%s', $docstring)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Docstring is invalid');
+        }
+
+        parent::__construct('Callable definition', null, true);
+
+        $this->filename = $filename;
+        $this->line = $line;
+        $this->docstring = $docstring;
+    }
+
+    public function getHint(): string
+    {
+        return 'callable';
+    }
+
+    public function getFileName(): string
+    {
+        return $this->filename;
+    }
+
+    public function getLine(): int
+    {
+        return $this->line;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-api
+     *
+     * @psalm-return ?non-empty-string
+     */
+    public function getDocstring(): ?string
+    {
+        return $this->docstring;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the representation's docstring without surrounding comments.
+     *
+     * Note that this will not work flawlessly.
+     *
+     * On comments with whitespace after the stars the lines will begin with
+     * whitespace, since we can't accurately guess how much of an indentation
+     * is required.
+     *
+     * And on lines without stars on the left this may eat bullet points.
+     *
+     * Long story short: If you want the docstring read the contents. If you
+     * absolutely must have it without comments (ie renderValueShort) this will
+     * probably do.
+     */
+    public function getDocstringWithoutComments(): ?string
+    {
+        if (null === ($ds = $this->getDocstring())) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $string = (string) \substr($ds, 3, -2);
+        /** @psalm-var string $string */
+        $string = \preg_replace('/^\\s*\\*\\s*?(\\S|$)/m', '\\1', $string);
+
+        return \trim($string);
+    }
+
+    public function getDocstringFirstLine(): ?string
+    {
+        $ds = $this->getDocstringWithoutComments();
+
+        if (null === $ds) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $ds = \explode("\n", $ds);
+
+        $out = '';
+
+        foreach ($ds as $line) {
+            if (0 === \strlen(\trim($line)) || '@' === $line[0]) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            $out .= $line.' ';
+        }
+
+        if (\strlen($out)) {
+            return \rtrim($out);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public function getDocstringTrimmed(): ?string
+    {
+        if (null === ($ds = $this->getDocstring())) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $docstring = [];
+        foreach (\explode("\n", $ds) as $line) {
+            $line = \trim($line);
+            if (($line[0] ?? null) === '*') {
+                $line = ' '.$line;
+            }
+            $docstring[] = $line;
+        }
+
+        return \implode("\n", $docstring);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/ColorRepresentation.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/ColorRepresentation.php
similarity index 77%
rename from system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/ColorRepresentation.php
rename to system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/ColorRepresentation.php
index 8853603440c3..27315789a4b4 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/ColorRepresentation.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/ColorRepresentation.php
@@ -25,11 +25,12 @@
  * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-namespace Kint\Zval\Representation;
+namespace Kint\Value\Representation;
 
 use InvalidArgumentException;
+use LogicException;
 
-class ColorRepresentation extends Representation
+class ColorRepresentation extends AbstractRepresentation
 {
     public const COLOR_NAME = 1;
     public const COLOR_HEX_3 = 2;
@@ -41,7 +42,8 @@ class ColorRepresentation extends Representation
     public const COLOR_HEX_4 = 8;
     public const COLOR_HEX_8 = 9;
 
-    public static $color_map = [
+    /** @psalm-var array<truthy-string, truthy-string> */
+    public static array $color_map = [
         'aliceblue' => 'f0f8ff',
         'antiquewhite' => 'faebd7',
         'aqua' => '00ffff',
@@ -195,27 +197,42 @@ class ColorRepresentation extends Representation
         'yellowgreen' => '9acd32',
     ];
 
-    public $r = 0;
-    public $g = 0;
-    public $b = 0;
-    public $a = 1.0;
-    public $variant;
-    public $implicit_label = true;
-    public $hints = ['color'];
+    protected int $r;
+    protected int $g;
+    protected int $b;
+    protected float $a;
+    /** @psalm-var self::COLOR_* */
+    protected int $variant;
 
     public function __construct(string $value)
     {
-        parent::__construct('Color');
-
-        $this->contents = $value;
+        parent::__construct('Color', null, true);
         $this->setValues($value);
     }
 
-    public function getColor(int $variant = null): ?string
+    public function getHint(): string
     {
-        if (!$variant) {
-            $variant = $this->variant;
-        }
+        return 'color';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-api
+     *
+     * @psalm-return self::COLOR_*
+     */
+    public function getVariant(): int
+    {
+        return $this->variant;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-param self::COLOR_* $variant
+     *
+     * @psalm-return ?truthy-string
+     */
+    public function getColor(?int $variant = null): ?string
+    {
+        $variant ??= $this->variant;
 
         switch ($variant) {
             case self::COLOR_NAME:
@@ -225,6 +242,7 @@ public function getColor(int $variant = null): ?string
                 return \array_search($hex, self::$color_map, true) ?: \array_search($hex_alpha, self::$color_map, true) ?: null;
             case self::COLOR_HEX_3:
                 if (0 === $this->r % 0x11 && 0 === $this->g % 0x11 && 0 === $this->b % 0x11) {
+                    /** @psalm-var truthy-string */
                     return \sprintf(
                         '#%1X%1X%1X',
                         \round($this->r / 0x11),
@@ -235,28 +253,40 @@ public function getColor(int $variant = null): ?string
 
                 return null;
             case self::COLOR_HEX_6:
+                /** @psalm-var truthy-string */
                 return \sprintf('#%02X%02X%02X', $this->r, $this->g, $this->b);
             case self::COLOR_RGB:
                 if (1.0 === $this->a) {
+                    /** @psalm-var truthy-string */
                     return \sprintf('rgb(%d, %d, %d)', $this->r, $this->g, $this->b);
                 }
 
+                /** @psalm-var truthy-string */
                 return \sprintf('rgb(%d, %d, %d, %s)', $this->r, $this->g, $this->b, \round($this->a, 4));
             case self::COLOR_RGBA:
+                /** @psalm-var truthy-string */
                 return \sprintf('rgba(%d, %d, %d, %s)', $this->r, $this->g, $this->b, \round($this->a, 4));
             case self::COLOR_HSL:
                 $val = self::rgbToHsl($this->r, $this->g, $this->b);
+                $val[1] = \round($val[1] * 100);
+                $val[2] = \round($val[2] * 100);
                 if (1.0 === $this->a) {
+                    /** @psalm-var truthy-string */
                     return \vsprintf('hsl(%d, %d%%, %d%%)', $val);
                 }
 
+                /** @psalm-var truthy-string */
                 return \sprintf('hsl(%d, %d%%, %d%%, %s)', $val[0], $val[1], $val[2], \round($this->a, 4));
             case self::COLOR_HSLA:
                 $val = self::rgbToHsl($this->r, $this->g, $this->b);
+                $val[1] = \round($val[1] * 100);
+                $val[2] = \round($val[2] * 100);
 
+                /** @psalm-var truthy-string */
                 return \sprintf('hsla(%d, %d%%, %d%%, %s)', $val[0], $val[1], $val[2], \round($this->a, 4));
             case self::COLOR_HEX_4:
                 if (0 === $this->r % 0x11 && 0 === $this->g % 0x11 && 0 === $this->b % 0x11 && 0 === ((int) ($this->a * 255)) % 0x11) {
+                    /** @psalm-var truthy-string */
                     return \sprintf(
                         '#%1X%1X%1X%1X',
                         \round($this->r / 0x11),
@@ -269,17 +299,16 @@ public function getColor(int $variant = null): ?string
                 return null;
 
             case self::COLOR_HEX_8:
+                /** @psalm-var truthy-string */
                 return \sprintf('#%02X%02X%02X%02X', $this->r, $this->g, $this->b, \round($this->a * 0xFF));
         }
 
         return null;
     }
 
-    public function hasAlpha(int $variant = null): bool
+    public function hasAlpha(?int $variant = null): bool
     {
-        if (null === $variant) {
-            $variant = $this->variant;
-        }
+        $variant ??= $this->variant;
 
         switch ($variant) {
             case self::COLOR_NAME:
@@ -298,44 +327,31 @@ public function hasAlpha(int $variant = null): bool
 
     protected function setValues(string $value): void
     {
+        $this->a = 1.0;
+
         $value = \strtolower(\trim($value));
         // Find out which variant of color input it is
         if (isset(self::$color_map[$value])) {
-            if (!$this->setValuesFromHex(self::$color_map[$value])) {
-                return;
-            }
-
+            $this->setValuesFromHex(self::$color_map[$value]);
             $variant = self::COLOR_NAME;
         } elseif ('#' === $value[0]) {
-            $variant = $this->setValuesFromHex(\substr($value, 1));
-
-            if (!$variant) {
-                return;
-            }
+            $variant = $this->setValuesFromHex((string) \substr($value, 1));
         } else {
             $variant = $this->setValuesFromFunction($value);
-
-            if (!$variant) {
-                return;
-            }
         }
 
         // If something has gone horribly wrong
         if ($this->r > 0xFF || $this->g > 0xFF || $this->b > 0xFF || $this->a > 1) {
-            $this->variant = null; // @codeCoverageIgnore
-        } else {
-            $this->variant = $variant;
-            $this->r = (int) $this->r;
-            $this->g = (int) $this->g;
-            $this->b = (int) $this->b;
-            $this->a = (float) $this->a;
+            throw new LogicException('Something has gone wrong with color parsing'); // @codeCoverageIgnore
         }
+        $this->variant = $variant;
     }
 
-    protected function setValuesFromHex(string $hex): ?int
+    /** @psalm-return self::COLOR_* */
+    protected function setValuesFromHex(string $hex): int
     {
         if (!\ctype_xdigit($hex)) {
-            return null;
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Hex color codes must be hexadecimal');
         }
 
         switch (\strlen($hex)) {
@@ -352,7 +368,7 @@ protected function setValuesFromHex(string $hex): ?int
                 $variant = self::COLOR_HEX_8;
                 break;
             default:
-                return null;
+                throw new InvalidArgumentException('Hex color codes must have 3, 4, 6, or 8 characters');
         }
 
         switch ($variant) {
@@ -365,7 +381,7 @@ protected function setValuesFromHex(string $hex): ?int
                 $this->b = \hexdec($hex[2]) * 0x11;
                 break;
             case self::COLOR_HEX_8:
-                $this->a = \hexdec(\substr($hex, 6, 2)) / 0xFF;
+                $this->a = \hexdec((string) \substr($hex, 6, 2)) / 0xFF;
                 // no break
             case self::COLOR_HEX_6:
                 $hex = \str_split($hex, 2);
@@ -378,10 +394,14 @@ protected function setValuesFromHex(string $hex): ?int
         return $variant;
     }
 
-    protected function setValuesFromFunction(string $value): ?int
+    /** @psalm-return self::COLOR_* */
+    protected function setValuesFromFunction(string $value): int
     {
+        // We're not even going to attempt to support other color functions or
+        // angle values. If that's ever going to be a thing we'll depend on a
+        // color library and use php scopes for the phar file.
         if (!\preg_match('/^((?:rgb|hsl)a?)\\s*\\(([0-9\\.%,\\s\\/\\-]+)\\)$/i', $value, $match)) {
-            return null;
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Couldn\'t parse color function string');
         }
 
         switch (\strtolower($match[1])) {
@@ -398,25 +418,42 @@ protected function setValuesFromFunction(string $value): ?int
                 $variant = self::COLOR_HSLA;
                 break;
             default:
-                return null; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+                // The regex should preclude this from ever happening
+                throw new InvalidArgumentException('Color functions must be one of rgb/rgba/hsl/hsla'); // @codeCoverageIgnore
         }
 
-        $params = \preg_replace('/[,\\s\\/]+/', ',', \trim($match[2]));
-        $params = \explode(',', $params);
-        $params = \array_map('trim', $params);
+        \preg_match('/^\\s*([^,\\s\\/]+)([,\\s]+)((?1))((?2))((?1))(?:([,\\s\\/]+)((?1)))?\\s*$/', $match[2], $match);
 
-        if (\count($params) < 3 || \count($params) > 4) {
-            return null;
+        if (!$match ||
+            \trim($match[2]) !== \trim($match[4]) ||
+            (isset($match[6]) && (
+                ('' === \trim($match[2]) && '/' !== \trim($match[6])) ||
+                ('' !== \trim($match[2]) && \trim($match[2]) !== \trim($match[6]))
+            ))
+        ) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Couldn\'t parse color function string');
         }
 
+        $params = [
+            $match[1],
+            $match[3],
+            $match[5],
+        ];
+
+        if (isset($match[7])) {
+            $params[] = $match[7];
+        }
+
+        $params = \array_map('trim', $params);
+
         foreach ($params as $i => &$color) {
             if (false !== \strpos($color, '%')) {
                 $color = (float) \str_replace('%', '', $color);
 
-                if (3 === $i) {
-                    $color = $color / 100;
-                } elseif (\in_array($variant, [self::COLOR_RGB, self::COLOR_RGBA], true)) {
+                if (\in_array($variant, [self::COLOR_RGB, self::COLOR_RGBA], true) && 3 !== $i) {
                     $color = \round($color / 100 * 0xFF);
+                } else {
+                    $color = $color / 100;
                 }
             }
 
@@ -427,25 +464,32 @@ protected function setValuesFromFunction(string $value): ?int
             }
         }
 
-        /** @psalm-var non-empty-array<array-key, float> $params Psalm bug workaround */
+        /**
+         * @psalm-var non-empty-array<array-key, float> $params
+         * Psalm bug #746 (wontfix)
+         */
         switch ($variant) {
             case self::COLOR_RGBA:
             case self::COLOR_RGB:
                 if (\min($params) < 0 || \max($params) > 0xFF) {
-                    return null;
+                    throw new InvalidArgumentException('RGB function arguments must be between 0 and 255');
                 }
                 break;
             case self::COLOR_HSLA:
             case self::COLOR_HSL:
-                if (\min($params) < 0 || $params[0] > 360 || \max($params[1], $params[2]) > 100) {
-                    return null;
+                if ($params[0] < 0 || $params[0] > 360) {
+                    // Should be impossible because of the fmod work
+                    throw new InvalidArgumentException('Hue must be between 0 and 360'); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+                }
+                if (\min($params) < 0 || \max($params[1], $params[2]) > 1) {
+                    throw new InvalidArgumentException('Saturation/lightness must be between 0 and 1');
                 }
                 break;
         }
 
         if (4 === \count($params)) {
             if ($params[3] > 1) {
-                return null;
+                throw new InvalidArgumentException('Alpha must be between 0 and 1');
             }
 
             $this->a = $params[3];
@@ -455,7 +499,7 @@ protected function setValuesFromFunction(string $value): ?int
             $params = self::hslToRgb($params[0], $params[1], $params[2]);
         }
 
-        [$this->r, $this->g, $this->b] = $params;
+        [$this->r, $this->g, $this->b] = [(int) $params[0], (int) $params[1], (int) $params[2]];
 
         return $variant;
     }
@@ -475,13 +519,11 @@ public static function hslToRgb(float $h, float $s, float $l): array
             throw new InvalidArgumentException('The parameters for hslToRgb should be no less than 0');
         }
 
-        if ($h > 360 || \max($s, $l) > 100) {
-            throw new InvalidArgumentException('The parameters for hslToRgb should be no more than 360, 100, and 100 respectively');
+        if ($h > 360 || \max($s, $l) > 1) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('The parameters for hslToRgb should be no more than 360, 1, and 1 respectively');
         }
 
         $h /= 360;
-        $s /= 100;
-        $l /= 100;
 
         $m2 = ($l <= 0.5) ? $l * ($s + 1) : $l + $s - $l * $s;
         $m1 = $l * 2 - $m2;
@@ -543,8 +585,8 @@ public static function rgbToHsl(float $red, float $green, float $blue): array
 
         return [
             \fmod($H * 360, 360),
-            $S * 100,
-            $L * 100,
+            $S,
+            $L,
         ];
     }
 
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/ContainerRepresentation.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/ContainerRepresentation.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..344e1d43daec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/ContainerRepresentation.php
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Value\Representation;
+
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+
+class ContainerRepresentation extends AbstractRepresentation
+{
+    /**
+     * @psalm-readonly
+     *
+     * @psalm-var non-empty-array<AbstractValue>
+     */
+    protected array $contents;
+
+    /** @psalm-param non-empty-array<AbstractValue> $contents */
+    public function __construct(string $label, array $contents, ?string $name = null, bool $implicit_label = false)
+    {
+        if ([] === $contents) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("ContainerRepresentation can't take empty list");
+        }
+
+        parent::__construct($label, $name, $implicit_label);
+        $this->contents = $contents;
+    }
+
+    /** @psalm-return non-empty-array<AbstractValue> */
+    public function getContents(): array
+    {
+        return $this->contents;
+    }
+
+    public function getLabel(): string
+    {
+        return parent::getLabel().' ('.\count($this->contents).')';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/MicrotimeRepresentation.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/MicrotimeRepresentation.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6a7d300f17be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/MicrotimeRepresentation.php
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Value\Representation;
+
+use DateTimeImmutable;
+use DateTimeInterface;
+
+class MicrotimeRepresentation extends AbstractRepresentation
+{
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected int $seconds;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected int $microseconds;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected string $group;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected ?float $lap_time;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected ?float $total_time;
+    protected ?float $avg_time = null;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected int $mem;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected int $mem_real;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected int $mem_peak;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected int $mem_peak_real;
+
+    public function __construct(int $seconds, int $microseconds, string $group, ?float $lap_time = null, ?float $total_time = null, int $i = 0)
+    {
+        parent::__construct('Microtime', null, true);
+
+        $this->seconds = $seconds;
+        $this->microseconds = $microseconds;
+
+        $this->group = $group;
+        $this->lap_time = $lap_time;
+        $this->total_time = $total_time;
+
+        if ($i > 0) {
+            $this->avg_time = $total_time / $i;
+        }
+
+        $this->mem = \memory_get_usage();
+        $this->mem_real = \memory_get_usage(true);
+        $this->mem_peak = \memory_get_peak_usage();
+        $this->mem_peak_real = \memory_get_peak_usage(true);
+    }
+
+    public function getHint(): string
+    {
+        return 'microtime';
+    }
+
+    public function getGroup(): string
+    {
+        return $this->group;
+    }
+
+    public function getLapTime(): ?float
+    {
+        return $this->lap_time;
+    }
+
+    public function getTotalTime(): ?float
+    {
+        return $this->total_time;
+    }
+
+    public function getAverageTime(): ?float
+    {
+        return $this->avg_time;
+    }
+
+    public function getMemoryUsage(): int
+    {
+        return $this->mem;
+    }
+
+    public function getMemoryUsageReal(): int
+    {
+        return $this->mem_real;
+    }
+
+    public function getMemoryPeakUsage(): int
+    {
+        return $this->mem_peak;
+    }
+
+    public function getMemoryPeakUsageReal(): int
+    {
+        return $this->mem_peak_real;
+    }
+
+    public function getDateTime(): ?DateTimeInterface
+    {
+        return DateTimeImmutable::createFromFormat('U u', $this->seconds.' '.\str_pad((string) $this->microseconds, 6, '0', STR_PAD_LEFT)) ?: null;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/ProfileRepresentation.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/ProfileRepresentation.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..bd0ca92f5067
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/ProfileRepresentation.php
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Value\Representation;
+
+class ProfileRepresentation extends AbstractRepresentation
+{
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    public int $complexity;
+    public ?int $instance_counts = null;
+    public ?int $instance_complexity = null;
+
+    public function __construct(int $complexity)
+    {
+        parent::__construct('Performance profile', 'profiling', false);
+        $this->complexity = $complexity;
+    }
+
+    public function getHint(): string
+    {
+        return 'profiling';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/RepresentationInterface.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/RepresentationInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1acb98768dea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/RepresentationInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Value\Representation;
+
+interface RepresentationInterface
+{
+    public function getLabel(): string;
+
+    public function getName(): string;
+
+    public function getHint(): ?string;
+
+    public function labelIsImplicit(): bool;
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/SourceRepresentation.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/SourceRepresentation.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9d7377524069
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/SourceRepresentation.php
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Value\Representation;
+
+use RuntimeException;
+
+class SourceRepresentation extends AbstractRepresentation
+{
+    private const DEFAULT_PADDING = 7;
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-readonly
+     *
+     * @psalm-var non-empty-array<string>
+     */
+    protected array $source;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected string $filename;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected int $line;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected bool $showfilename;
+
+    public function __construct(string $filename, int $line, ?int $padding = self::DEFAULT_PADDING, bool $showfilename = false)
+    {
+        parent::__construct('Source');
+
+        $this->filename = $filename;
+        $this->line = $line;
+        $this->showfilename = $showfilename;
+
+        $padding ??= self::DEFAULT_PADDING;
+
+        $start_line = \max($line - $padding, 1);
+        $length = $line + $padding + 1 - $start_line;
+        $this->source = self::readSource($filename, $start_line, $length);
+    }
+
+    public function getHint(): string
+    {
+        return 'source';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-api
+     *
+     * @psalm-return non-empty-string
+     */
+    public function getSourceSlice(): string
+    {
+        return \implode("\n", $this->source);
+    }
+
+    /** @psalm-return non-empty-array<string> */
+    public function getSourceLines(): array
+    {
+        return $this->source;
+    }
+
+    public function getFileName(): string
+    {
+        return $this->filename;
+    }
+
+    public function getLine(): int
+    {
+        return $this->line;
+    }
+
+    public function showFileName(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->showfilename;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets section of source code.
+     *
+     * @psalm-return non-empty-array<string>
+     */
+    private static function readSource(string $filename, int $start_line = 1, ?int $length = null): array
+    {
+        if (!$filename || !\file_exists($filename) || !\is_readable($filename)) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Couldn't read file");
+        }
+
+        /** @psalm-var non-empty-array<string> $source */
+        $source = \preg_split("/\r\n|\n|\r/", (string) \file_get_contents($filename));
+        /** @psalm-var array $source */
+        $source = \array_combine(\range(1, \count($source)), $source);
+        $source = \array_slice($source, $start_line - 1, $length, true);
+
+        if (0 === \count($source)) {
+            throw new RuntimeException('File seemed to be empty');
+        }
+
+        return $source;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/SplFileInfoRepresentation.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/SplFileInfoRepresentation.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..fb2e3b2b9239
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/SplFileInfoRepresentation.php
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Value\Representation;
+
+use Kint\Utils;
+use RuntimeException;
+use SplFileInfo;
+
+class SplFileInfoRepresentation extends StringRepresentation
+{
+    public function __construct(SplFileInfo $fileInfo)
+    {
+        $path = $fileInfo->getPathname();
+
+        $perms = 0;
+        $owner = null;
+        $group = null;
+        $mtime = null;
+        $realpath = null;
+        $linktarget = null;
+        $size = null;
+        $is_file = false;
+        $is_dir = false;
+        $is_link = false;
+        $typename = 'Unknown file';
+
+        try {
+            // SplFileInfo::getRealPath will return cwd when path is ''
+            if ('' !== $path && $fileInfo->getRealPath()) {
+                $perms = $fileInfo->getPerms();
+                $size = $fileInfo->getSize();
+                $owner = $fileInfo->getOwner();
+                $group = $fileInfo->getGroup();
+                $mtime = $fileInfo->getMTime();
+                $realpath = $fileInfo->getRealPath();
+            }
+
+            $is_dir = $fileInfo->isDir();
+            $is_file = $fileInfo->isFile();
+            $is_link = $fileInfo->isLink();
+
+            if ($is_link) {
+                $lt = $fileInfo->getLinkTarget();
+                $linktarget = false === $lt ? null : $lt;
+            }
+        } catch (RuntimeException $e) {
+            if (false === \strpos($e->getMessage(), ' open_basedir ')) {
+                throw $e; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            }
+        }
+
+        $typeflag = '-';
+
+        switch ($perms & 0xF000) {
+            case 0xC000:
+                $typename = 'Socket';
+                $typeflag = 's';
+                break;
+            case 0x6000:
+                $typename = 'Block device';
+                $typeflag = 'b';
+                break;
+            case 0x2000:
+                $typename = 'Character device';
+                $typeflag = 'c';
+                break;
+            case 0x1000:
+                $typename = 'Named pipe';
+                $typeflag = 'p';
+                break;
+            default:
+                if ($is_file) {
+                    if ($is_link) {
+                        $typename = 'File symlink';
+                        $typeflag = 'l';
+                    } else {
+                        $typename = 'File';
+                        $typeflag = '-';
+                    }
+                } elseif ($is_dir) {
+                    if ($is_link) {
+                        $typename = 'Directory symlink';
+                        $typeflag = 'l';
+                    } else {
+                        $typename = 'Directory';
+                        $typeflag = 'd';
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+        }
+
+        $flags = [$typeflag];
+
+        // User
+        $flags[] = (($perms & 0400) ? 'r' : '-');
+        $flags[] = (($perms & 0200) ? 'w' : '-');
+        if ($perms & 0100) {
+            $flags[] = ($perms & 04000) ? 's' : 'x';
+        } else {
+            $flags[] = ($perms & 04000) ? 'S' : '-';
+        }
+
+        // Group
+        $flags[] = (($perms & 0040) ? 'r' : '-');
+        $flags[] = (($perms & 0020) ? 'w' : '-');
+        if ($perms & 0010) {
+            $flags[] = ($perms & 02000) ? 's' : 'x';
+        } else {
+            $flags[] = ($perms & 02000) ? 'S' : '-';
+        }
+
+        // Other
+        $flags[] = (($perms & 0004) ? 'r' : '-');
+        $flags[] = (($perms & 0002) ? 'w' : '-');
+        if ($perms & 0001) {
+            $flags[] = ($perms & 01000) ? 's' : 'x';
+        } else {
+            $flags[] = ($perms & 01000) ? 'S' : '-';
+        }
+
+        $contents = \implode($flags).' '.$owner.' '.$group.' '.$size.' ';
+
+        if (null !== $mtime) {
+            if (\date('Y', $mtime) === \date('Y')) {
+                $contents .= \date('M d H:i', $mtime);
+            } else {
+                $contents .= \date('M d Y', $mtime);
+            }
+        }
+
+        $contents .= ' ';
+
+        if ($is_link && null !== $linktarget) {
+            $contents .= $path.' -> '.$linktarget;
+        } elseif (null !== $realpath && \strlen($realpath) < \strlen($path)) {
+            $contents .= $realpath;
+        } else {
+            $contents .= $path;
+        }
+
+        $label = $typename;
+
+        if (null !== $size && $is_file) {
+            $size = Utils::getHumanReadableBytes($size);
+            $label .= ' ('.$size['value'].$size['unit'].')';
+        }
+
+        parent::__construct($label, $contents, 'splfileinfo');
+    }
+
+    public function getHint(): string
+    {
+        return 'splfileinfo';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/ClosureValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/StringRepresentation.php
similarity index 64%
rename from system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/ClosureValue.php
rename to system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/StringRepresentation.php
index 69e6818427ba..077a286bcd4c 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/ClosureValue.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/StringRepresentation.php
@@ -25,34 +25,33 @@
  * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-namespace Kint\Zval;
+namespace Kint\Value\Representation;
 
-class ClosureValue extends InstanceValue
-{
-    use ParameterHoldingTrait;
-
-    public $hints = ['object', 'callable', 'closure'];
+use InvalidArgumentException;
 
-    public function getAccessPath(): ?string
+class StringRepresentation extends AbstractRepresentation
+{
+    /**
+     * @psalm-readonly
+     *
+     * @psalm-var non-empty-string
+     */
+    protected string $value;
+
+    /** @psalm-assert non-empty-string $value */
+    public function __construct(string $label, string $value, ?string $name = null, bool $implicit = false)
     {
-        if (null !== $this->access_path) {
-            return parent::getAccessPath().'('.$this->getParams().')';
+        if ('' === $value) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("StringRepresentation can't take empty string");
         }
 
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    public function getSize(): ?string
-    {
-        return null;
+        parent::__construct($label, $name, $implicit);
+        $this->value = $value;
     }
 
-    public function transplant(Value $old): void
+    /** @psalm-return non-empty-string */
+    public function getValue(): string
     {
-        parent::transplant($old);
-
-        if (0 === $this->depth && \preg_match('/^\\((function|fn)\\s*\\(/i', $this->access_path, $match)) {
-            $this->name = \strtolower($match[1]);
-        }
+        return $this->value;
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/BlacklistPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/TableRepresentation.php
similarity index 75%
rename from system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/BlacklistPlugin.php
rename to system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/TableRepresentation.php
index 78064a7a01bc..66215d7e8653 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/BlacklistPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/TableRepresentation.php
@@ -25,14 +25,20 @@
  * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
+namespace Kint\Value\Representation;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
 
-class BlacklistPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements ValuePluginInterface
+class TableRepresentation extends ContainerRepresentation
 {
-    public function renderValue(Value $o): string
+    /** @psalm-param non-empty-array<AbstractValue> $contents */
+    public function __construct(array $contents, ?string $name = null)
     {
-        return '<dl>'.$this->renderLockedHeader($o, '<var>Blacklisted</var>').'</dl>';
+        parent::__construct('Table', $contents, $name, false);
+    }
+
+    public function getHint(): string
+    {
+        return 'table';
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/ValueRepresentation.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/ValueRepresentation.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..48f3f089d80e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/Representation/ValueRepresentation.php
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Value\Representation;
+
+use Kint\Value\AbstractValue;
+
+class ValueRepresentation extends AbstractRepresentation
+{
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected AbstractValue $value;
+
+    public function __construct(string $label, AbstractValue $value, ?string $name = null, bool $implicit_label = false)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($label, $name, $implicit_label);
+        $this->value = $value;
+    }
+
+    public function getValue(): AbstractValue
+    {
+        return $this->value;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/ResourceValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/ResourceValue.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0e53d906f007
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/ResourceValue.php
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Value;
+
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
+
+class ResourceValue extends AbstractValue
+{
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected string $resource_type;
+
+    public function __construct(ContextInterface $context, string $resource_type)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($context, 'resource');
+        $this->resource_type = $resource_type;
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplayType(): string
+    {
+        return $this->resource_type.' resource';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/SimpleXMLElementValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/SimpleXMLElementValue.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0ea6eccd4398
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/SimpleXMLElementValue.php
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Value;
+
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
+use SimpleXMLElement;
+
+class SimpleXMLElementValue extends InstanceValue
+{
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected ?string $text_content;
+
+    /** @psalm-param list<SimpleXMLElementValue> $children */
+    public function __construct(
+        ContextInterface $context,
+        SimpleXMLElement $element,
+        array $children,
+        ?string $text_content
+    ) {
+        parent::__construct($context, \get_class($element), \spl_object_hash($element), \spl_object_id($element));
+
+        $this->children = $children;
+        $this->text_content = $text_content;
+    }
+
+    public function getHint(): string
+    {
+        return parent::getHint() ?? 'simplexml_element';
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplaySize(): ?string
+    {
+        if ((bool) $this->children) {
+            return (string) \count($this->children);
+        }
+
+        if (null !== $this->text_content) {
+            return (string) \strlen($this->text_content);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplayValue(): ?string
+    {
+        if ((bool) $this->children) {
+            return parent::getDisplayValue();
+        }
+
+        if (null !== $this->text_content) {
+            return '"'.$this->text_content.'"';
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/SplFileInfoValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/SplFileInfoValue.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..826762c9ab14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/SplFileInfoValue.php
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Value;
+
+use Kint\Utils;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
+use RuntimeException;
+use SplFileInfo;
+
+class SplFileInfoValue extends InstanceValue
+{
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected string $path;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected ?int $filesize = null;
+
+    public function __construct(ContextInterface $context, SplFileInfo $info)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($context, \get_class($info), \spl_object_hash($info), \spl_object_id($info));
+
+        $this->path = $info->getPathname();
+
+        try {
+            // SplFileInfo::getRealPath will return cwd when path is ''
+            if ('' !== $this->path && $info->getRealPath()) {
+                $this->filesize = $info->getSize();
+            }
+        } catch (RuntimeException $e) {
+            if (false === \strpos($e->getMessage(), ' open_basedir ')) {
+                throw $e; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function getHint(): string
+    {
+        return parent::getHint() ?? 'splfileinfo';
+    }
+
+    /** @psalm-api */
+    public function getFileSize(): ?int
+    {
+        return $this->filesize;
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplaySize(): ?string
+    {
+        if (null === $this->filesize) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $size = Utils::getHumanReadableBytes($this->filesize);
+
+        return $size['value'].$size['unit'];
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplayValue(): ?string
+    {
+        $shortpath = Utils::shortenPath($this->path);
+
+        if ($shortpath !== $this->path) {
+            return $shortpath;
+        }
+
+        return parent::getDisplayValue();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/StreamValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/StreamValue.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d01b5242597e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/StreamValue.php
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Value;
+
+use Kint\Utils;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
+use Kint\Value\Representation\ContainerRepresentation;
+
+class StreamValue extends ResourceValue
+{
+    /**
+     * @psalm-readonly
+     *
+     * @psalm-var AbstractValue[]
+     */
+    protected array $stream_meta;
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected ?string $uri;
+
+    /** @psalm-param AbstractValue[] $stream_meta */
+    public function __construct(ContextInterface $context, array $stream_meta, ?string $uri)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($context, 'stream');
+        $this->stream_meta = $stream_meta;
+        $this->uri = $uri;
+
+        if ($stream_meta) {
+            $this->addRepresentation(new ContainerRepresentation('Stream', $stream_meta, null, true));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function getHint(): string
+    {
+        return parent::getHint() ?? 'stream';
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplayValue(): ?string
+    {
+        if (null === $this->uri) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if ('/' === $this->uri[0] && \stream_is_local($this->uri)) {
+            return Utils::shortenPath($this->uri);
+        }
+
+        return $this->uri;
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplayChildren(): array
+    {
+        return $this->stream_meta;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/StringValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/StringValue.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c7ff67e2f58b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/StringValue.php
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Value;
+
+use DomainException;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
+
+/**
+ * @psalm-type Encoding = string|false
+ */
+class StringValue extends AbstractValue
+{
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected string $value;
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-readonly
+     *
+     * @psalm-var Encoding
+     */
+    protected $encoding;
+
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected int $length;
+
+    /** @psalm-param Encoding $encoding */
+    public function __construct(ContextInterface $context, string $value, $encoding = false)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($context, 'string');
+        $this->value = $value;
+        $this->encoding = $encoding;
+        $this->length = \strlen($value);
+    }
+
+    public function getValue(): string
+    {
+        return $this->value;
+    }
+
+    public function getValueUtf8(): string
+    {
+        if (false === $this->encoding) {
+            throw new DomainException('StringValue with no encoding can\'t be converted to UTF-8');
+        }
+
+        if ('ASCII' === $this->encoding || 'UTF-8' === $this->encoding) {
+            return $this->value;
+        }
+
+        /** @psalm-var string $encoded */
+        $encoded = \mb_convert_encoding($this->value, 'UTF-8', $this->encoding);
+
+        return $encoded;
+    }
+
+    /** @psalm-api */
+    public function getLength(): int
+    {
+        return $this->length;
+    }
+
+    /** @psalm-return Encoding */
+    public function getEncoding()
+    {
+        return $this->encoding;
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplayType(): string
+    {
+        if (false === $this->encoding) {
+            return 'binary '.$this->type;
+        }
+
+        if ('ASCII' === $this->encoding) {
+            return $this->type;
+        }
+
+        return $this->encoding.' '.$this->type;
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplaySize(): string
+    {
+        return (string) $this->length;
+    }
+
+    public function getDisplayValue(): string
+    {
+        return '"'.$this->value.'"';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/ThrowableValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/ThrowableValue.php
similarity index 77%
rename from system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/ThrowableValue.php
rename to system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/ThrowableValue.php
index f6fcb51c1935..79999ffe3d44 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/ThrowableValue.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/ThrowableValue.php
@@ -25,28 +25,25 @@
  * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-namespace Kint\Zval;
+namespace Kint\Value;
 
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
 use Throwable;
 
 class ThrowableValue extends InstanceValue
 {
-    public $message;
-    public $hints = ['object', 'throwable'];
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected string $message;
 
-    public function __construct(Throwable $throw)
+    public function __construct(ContextInterface $context, Throwable $throw)
     {
-        parent::__construct();
+        parent::__construct($context, \get_class($throw), \spl_object_hash($throw), \spl_object_id($throw));
 
         $this->message = $throw->getMessage();
     }
 
-    public function getValueShort(): ?string
+    public function getDisplayValue(): string
     {
-        if (\strlen($this->message)) {
-            return '"'.$this->message.'"';
-        }
-
-        return null;
+        return '"'.$this->message.'"';
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/TraceFrameValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/TraceFrameValue.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f7287ca00af2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/TraceFrameValue.php
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Value;
+
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use Kint\Value\Context\BaseContext;
+use Kint\Value\Context\MethodContext;
+use ReflectionFunction;
+use ReflectionMethod;
+
+/**
+ * @psalm-type TraceFrame array{
+ *   function: string,
+ *   line?: int,
+ *   file?: string,
+ *   class?: class-string,
+ *   object?: object,
+ *   type?: string,
+ *   args?: list<mixed>
+ * }
+ */
+class TraceFrameValue extends ArrayValue
+{
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected ?string $file;
+
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected ?int $line;
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-readonly
+     *
+     * @psalm-var null|FunctionValue|MethodValue
+     */
+    protected $callable;
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-readonly
+     *
+     * @psalm-var list<AbstractValue>
+     */
+    protected array $args;
+
+    /** @psalm-readonly */
+    protected ?InstanceValue $object;
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-param TraceFrame $raw_frame
+     */
+    public function __construct(ArrayValue $old, $raw_frame)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($old->getContext(), $old->getSize(), $old->getContents());
+
+        $this->file = $raw_frame['file'] ?? null;
+        $this->line = $raw_frame['line'] ?? null;
+
+        if (isset($raw_frame['class']) && \method_exists($raw_frame['class'], $raw_frame['function'])) {
+            $func = new ReflectionMethod($raw_frame['class'], $raw_frame['function']);
+            $this->callable = new MethodValue(
+                new MethodContext($func),
+                new DeclaredCallableBag($func)
+            );
+        } elseif (!isset($raw_frame['class']) && \function_exists($raw_frame['function'])) {
+            $func = new ReflectionFunction($raw_frame['function']);
+            $this->callable = new FunctionValue(
+                new BaseContext($raw_frame['function']),
+                new DeclaredCallableBag($func)
+            );
+        } else {
+            // Mostly closures, no way to get them
+            $this->callable = null;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($this->contents as $frame_prop) {
+            $c = $frame_prop->getContext();
+
+            if ('object' === $c->getName()) {
+                if (!$frame_prop instanceof InstanceValue) {
+                    throw new InvalidArgumentException('object key of TraceFrameValue must be parsed to InstanceValue');
+                }
+
+                $this->object = $frame_prop;
+            }
+
+            if ('args' === $c->getName()) {
+                if (!$frame_prop instanceof ArrayValue) {
+                    throw new InvalidArgumentException('args key of TraceFrameValue must be parsed to ArrayValue');
+                }
+
+                $args = \array_values($frame_prop->getContents());
+
+                if ($this->callable) {
+                    foreach ($this->callable->getCallableBag()->parameters as $param) {
+                        if (!isset($args[$param->position])) {
+                            break; // Optional args follow
+                        }
+
+                        $arg = $args[$param->position];
+
+                        if ($arg->getContext() instanceof BaseContext) {
+                            $arg = clone $arg;
+                            $c = $arg->getContext();
+
+                            if (!$c instanceof BaseContext) {
+                                throw new InvalidArgumentException('TraceFrameValue expects arg contexts to be instanceof BaseContext');
+                            }
+
+                            $c->name = '$'.$param->name;
+
+                            $args[$param->position] = $arg;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                $this->args = $args;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @psalm-suppress DocblockTypeContradiction
+         * @psalm-suppress RedundantPropertyInitializationCheck
+         * Psalm bug #11124
+         */
+        $this->args ??= [];
+        $this->object ??= null;
+    }
+
+    public function getHint(): string
+    {
+        return parent::getHint() ?? 'trace_frame';
+    }
+
+    public function getFile(): ?string
+    {
+        return $this->file;
+    }
+
+    public function getLine(): ?int
+    {
+        return $this->line;
+    }
+
+    /** @psalm-return null|FunctionValue|MethodValue */
+    public function getCallable()
+    {
+        return $this->callable;
+    }
+
+    /** @psalm-return list<AbstractValue> */
+    public function getArgs(): array
+    {
+        return $this->args;
+    }
+
+    public function getObject(): ?InstanceValue
+    {
+        return $this->object;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/TraceValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/TraceValue.php
similarity index 79%
rename from system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/TraceValue.php
rename to system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/TraceValue.php
index 0136b8915085..3fd84c348ee2 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/TraceValue.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/TraceValue.php
@@ -25,23 +25,26 @@
  * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-namespace Kint\Zval;
+namespace Kint\Value;
 
-class TraceValue extends Value
+class TraceValue extends ArrayValue
 {
-    public $hints = ['trace'];
+    public function getHint(): string
+    {
+        return parent::getHint() ?? 'trace';
+    }
 
-    public function getType(): string
+    public function getDisplayType(): string
     {
         return 'Debug Backtrace';
     }
 
-    public function getSize(): ?string
+    public function getDisplaySize(): string
     {
-        if (!$this->size) {
-            return 'empty';
+        if ($this->size > 0) {
+            return parent::getDisplaySize();
         }
 
-        return parent::getSize();
+        return 'empty';
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/UninitializedValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/UninitializedValue.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..38d2367237f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/UninitializedValue.php
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Value;
+
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
+
+class UninitializedValue extends AbstractValue
+{
+    public function __construct(ContextInterface $context)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($context, 'uninitialized');
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/ArrayLimitPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/UnknownValue.php
similarity index 85%
rename from system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/ArrayLimitPlugin.php
rename to system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/UnknownValue.php
index 6808736d3d60..8dab3f5359c4 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/ArrayLimitPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/UnknownValue.php
@@ -25,14 +25,14 @@
  * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-namespace Kint\Renderer\Text;
+namespace Kint\Value;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
 
-class ArrayLimitPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+class UnknownValue extends AbstractValue
 {
-    public function render(Value $o): string
+    public function __construct(ContextInterface $context)
     {
-        return $this->renderLockedHeader($o, 'ARRAY LIMIT');
+        parent::__construct($context, 'unknown');
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/BlacklistPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/VirtualValue.php
similarity index 85%
rename from system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/BlacklistPlugin.php
rename to system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/VirtualValue.php
index d07891247a72..383705327044 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/BlacklistPlugin.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Value/VirtualValue.php
@@ -25,14 +25,14 @@
  * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-namespace Kint\Renderer\Text;
+namespace Kint\Value;
 
-use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Kint\Value\Context\ContextInterface;
 
-class BlacklistPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+class VirtualValue extends AbstractValue
 {
-    public function render(Value $o): string
+    public function __construct(ContextInterface $context)
     {
-        return $this->renderLockedHeader($o, 'BLACKLISTED');
+        parent::__construct($context, 'virtual');
     }
 }
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/BlobValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/BlobValue.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 66f60fdb9043..000000000000
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/BlobValue.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,201 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-
-declare(strict_types=1);
-
-/*
- * The MIT License (MIT)
- *
- * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
- *
- * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
- * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
- * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
- * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
- * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
- * subject to the following conditions:
- *
- * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
- * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
- * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
- * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
- * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
- * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
- * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
- */
-
-namespace Kint\Zval;
-
-/**
- * @psalm-type Encoding string|false
- */
-class BlobValue extends Value
-{
-    /**
-     * @var array Character encodings to detect
-     *
-     * @see https://secure.php.net/function.mb-detect-order
-     *
-     * In practice, mb_detect_encoding can only successfully determine the
-     * difference between the following common charsets at once without
-     * breaking things for one of the other charsets:
-     * - ASCII
-     * - UTF-8
-     * - SJIS
-     * - EUC-JP
-     *
-     * The order of the charsets is significant. If you put UTF-8 before ASCII
-     * it will never match ASCII, because UTF-8 is a superset of ASCII.
-     * Similarly, SJIS and EUC-JP frequently match UTF-8 strings, so you should
-     * check UTF-8 first. SJIS and EUC-JP seem to work either way, but SJIS is
-     * more common so it should probably be first.
-     *
-     * While you're free to experiment with other charsets, remember to keep
-     * this behavior in mind when setting up your char_encodings array.
-     *
-     * This depends on the mbstring extension
-     */
-    public static $char_encodings = [
-        'ASCII',
-        'UTF-8',
-    ];
-
-    /**
-     * @var array Legacy character encodings to detect
-     *
-     * @see https://secure.php.net/function.iconv
-     *
-     * Assuming the other encoding checks fail, this will perform a
-     * simple iconv conversion to check for invalid bytes. If any are
-     * found it will not match.
-     *
-     * This can be useful for ambiguous single byte encodings like
-     * windows-125x and iso-8859-x which have practically undetectable
-     * differences because they use every single byte available.
-     *
-     * This is *NOT* reliable and should not be trusted implicitly. Since it
-     * works by triggering and suppressing conversion warnings, your error
-     * handler may complain.
-     *
-     * As with char_encodings, the order of the charsets is significant.
-     *
-     * This depends on the iconv extension
-     */
-    public static $legacy_encodings = [];
-
-    public $type = 'string';
-    /** @psalm-var Encoding */
-    public $encoding = false;
-    public $hints = ['string'];
-
-    public function getType(): ?string
-    {
-        if (false === $this->encoding) {
-            return 'binary '.$this->type;
-        }
-
-        if ('ASCII' === $this->encoding) {
-            return $this->type;
-        }
-
-        return $this->encoding.' '.$this->type;
-    }
-
-    public function getValueShort(): ?string
-    {
-        if ($rep = $this->value) {
-            return '"'.$rep->contents.'"';
-        }
-
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    public function transplant(Value $old): void
-    {
-        parent::transplant($old);
-
-        if ($old instanceof self) {
-            $this->encoding = $old->encoding;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @psalm-param Encoding $encoding
-     */
-    public static function strlen(string $string, $encoding = false): int
-    {
-        if (\function_exists('mb_strlen')) {
-            if (false === $encoding) {
-                $encoding = self::detectEncoding($string);
-            }
-
-            if ($encoding && 'ASCII' !== $encoding) {
-                return \mb_strlen($string, $encoding);
-            }
-        }
-
-        return \strlen($string);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @psalm-param Encoding $encoding
-     */
-    public static function substr(string $string, int $start, int $length = null, $encoding = false): string
-    {
-        if (\function_exists('mb_substr')) {
-            if (false === $encoding) {
-                $encoding = self::detectEncoding($string);
-            }
-
-            if ($encoding && 'ASCII' !== $encoding) {
-                return \mb_substr($string, $start, $length, $encoding);
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Special case for substr/mb_substr discrepancy
-        if ('' === $string) {
-            return '';
-        }
-
-        return \substr($string, $start, $length ?? PHP_INT_MAX);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @psalm-return Encoding
-     */
-    public static function detectEncoding(string $string)
-    {
-        if (\function_exists('mb_detect_encoding')) {
-            if ($ret = \mb_detect_encoding($string, self::$char_encodings, true)) {
-                return $ret;
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Pretty much every character encoding uses first 32 bytes as control
-        // characters. If it's not a multi-byte format it's safe to say matching
-        // any control character besides tab, nl, and cr means it's binary.
-        if (\preg_match('/[\\x00-\\x08\\x0B\\x0C\\x0E-\\x1F]/', $string)) {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        if (\function_exists('iconv')) {
-            foreach (self::$legacy_encodings as $encoding) {
-                // Iconv detection works by triggering
-                // "Detected an illegal character in input string" notices
-                // This notice does not become a TypeError with strict_types
-                // so we don't have to wrap this in a try catch
-                if (@\iconv($encoding, $encoding, $string) === $string) {
-                    return $encoding;
-                }
-            }
-        } elseif (!\function_exists('mb_detect_encoding')) { // @codeCoverageIgnore
-            // If a user has neither mb_detect_encoding, nor iconv, nor the
-            // polyfills, there's not much we can do about it...
-            // Pretend it's ASCII and pray the browser renders it properly.
-            return 'ASCII'; // @codeCoverageIgnore
-        }
-
-        return false;
-    }
-}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/MethodValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/MethodValue.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 55c320981d66..000000000000
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/MethodValue.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,228 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-
-declare(strict_types=1);
-
-/*
- * The MIT License (MIT)
- *
- * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
- *
- * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
- * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
- * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
- * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
- * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
- * subject to the following conditions:
- *
- * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
- * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
- * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
- * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
- * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
- * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
- * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
- */
-
-namespace Kint\Zval;
-
-use Kint\Utils;
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\MethodDefinitionRepresentation;
-use ReflectionFunctionAbstract;
-use ReflectionMethod;
-
-class MethodValue extends Value
-{
-    use ParameterHoldingTrait;
-
-    public $type = 'method';
-    public $filename;
-    public $startline;
-    public $endline;
-    public $abstract;
-    public $final;
-    public $internal;
-    public $docstring;
-    public $returntype;
-    public $return_reference = false;
-    public $hints = ['callable', 'method'];
-    public $showparams = true;
-
-    public function __construct(ReflectionFunctionAbstract $method)
-    {
-        parent::__construct();
-
-        $this->name = $method->getName();
-        $this->filename = $method->getFileName();
-        $this->startline = $method->getStartLine();
-        $this->endline = $method->getEndLine();
-        $this->internal = $method->isInternal();
-        $this->docstring = $method->getDocComment() ?: null;
-        $this->return_reference = $method->returnsReference();
-
-        foreach ($method->getParameters() as $param) {
-            $this->parameters[] = new ParameterValue($param);
-        }
-
-        $this->returntype = $method->getReturnType();
-        if ($this->returntype) {
-            $this->returntype = Utils::getTypeString($this->returntype);
-        }
-
-        if ($method instanceof ReflectionMethod) {
-            $this->static = $method->isStatic();
-            $this->operator = $this->static ? Value::OPERATOR_STATIC : Value::OPERATOR_OBJECT;
-            $this->abstract = $method->isAbstract();
-            $this->final = $method->isFinal();
-            $this->owner_class = $method->getDeclaringClass()->name;
-            $this->access = Value::ACCESS_PUBLIC;
-            if ($method->isProtected()) {
-                $this->access = Value::ACCESS_PROTECTED;
-            } elseif ($method->isPrivate()) {
-                $this->access = Value::ACCESS_PRIVATE;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if ($this->internal) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        $docstring = new MethodDefinitionRepresentation(
-            $this->filename,
-            $this->startline,
-            $this->owner_class,
-            $this->docstring
-        );
-
-        $docstring->implicit_label = true;
-        $this->addRepresentation($docstring);
-        $this->value = $docstring;
-    }
-
-    public function setAccessPathFrom(InstanceValue $parent): void
-    {
-        static $magic = [
-            '__call' => true,
-            '__callstatic' => true,
-            '__clone' => true,
-            '__construct' => true,
-            '__debuginfo' => true,
-            '__destruct' => true,
-            '__get' => true,
-            '__invoke' => true,
-            '__isset' => true,
-            '__set' => true,
-            '__set_state' => true,
-            '__sleep' => true,
-            '__tostring' => true,
-            '__unset' => true,
-            '__wakeup' => true,
-        ];
-
-        $name = \strtolower($this->name);
-
-        if ('__construct' === $name) {
-            $this->access_path = 'new \\'.$parent->getType();
-        } elseif ('__invoke' === $name) {
-            $this->access_path = $parent->access_path;
-        } elseif ('__clone' === $name) {
-            $this->access_path = 'clone '.$parent->access_path;
-            $this->showparams = false;
-        } elseif ('__tostring' === $name) {
-            $this->access_path = '(string) '.$parent->access_path;
-            $this->showparams = false;
-        } elseif (isset($magic[$name])) {
-            $this->access_path = null;
-        } elseif ($this->static) {
-            $this->access_path = '\\'.$this->owner_class.'::'.$this->name;
-        } else {
-            $this->access_path = $parent->access_path.'->'.$this->name;
-        }
-    }
-
-    public function getValueShort(): ?string
-    {
-        if (!$this->value || !($this->value instanceof MethodDefinitionRepresentation)) {
-            return parent::getValueShort();
-        }
-
-        $ds = $this->value->getDocstringWithoutComments();
-
-        if (!$ds) {
-            return null;
-        }
-
-        $ds = \explode("\n", $ds);
-
-        $out = '';
-
-        foreach ($ds as $line) {
-            if (0 === \strlen(\trim($line)) || '@' === $line[0]) {
-                break;
-            }
-
-            $out .= $line.' ';
-        }
-
-        if (\strlen($out)) {
-            return \rtrim($out);
-        }
-
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    public function getModifiers(): ?string
-    {
-        $mods = [
-            $this->abstract ? 'abstract' : null,
-            $this->final ? 'final' : null,
-            $this->getAccess(),
-            $this->static ? 'static' : null,
-        ];
-
-        $out = '';
-
-        foreach ($mods as $word) {
-            if (null !== $word) {
-                $out .= $word.' ';
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (\strlen($out)) {
-            return \rtrim($out);
-        }
-
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    public function getAccessPath(): ?string
-    {
-        if (null !== $this->access_path && $this->showparams) {
-            return parent::getAccessPath().'('.$this->getParams().')';
-        }
-
-        return parent::getAccessPath();
-    }
-
-    public function getPhpDocUrl(): ?string
-    {
-        if (!$this->internal) {
-            return null;
-        }
-
-        if ($this->owner_class) {
-            $class = \strtolower($this->owner_class);
-        } else {
-            $class = 'function';
-        }
-
-        $funcname = \str_replace('_', '-', \strtolower($this->name));
-
-        if (0 === \strpos($funcname, '--') && 0 !== \strpos($funcname, '-', 2)) {
-            $funcname = \substr($funcname, 2);
-        }
-
-        return 'https://secure.php.net/'.$class.'.'.$funcname;
-    }
-}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/MethodDefinitionRepresentation.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/MethodDefinitionRepresentation.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 6c1ca38bb4a9..000000000000
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/MethodDefinitionRepresentation.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-
-declare(strict_types=1);
-
-/*
- * The MIT License (MIT)
- *
- * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
- *
- * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
- * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
- * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
- * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
- * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
- * subject to the following conditions:
- *
- * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
- * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
- * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
- * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
- * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
- * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
- * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
- */
-
-namespace Kint\Zval\Representation;
-
-class MethodDefinitionRepresentation extends Representation
-{
-    public $file;
-    public $line;
-    public $class;
-    public $inherited = false;
-    public $hints = ['method_definition'];
-
-    public function __construct(?string $file, ?int $line, ?string $class, ?string $docstring)
-    {
-        parent::__construct('Method definition');
-
-        $this->file = $file;
-        $this->line = $line;
-        $this->class = $class;
-        $this->contents = $docstring;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the representation's docstring without surrounding comments.
-     *
-     * Note that this will not work flawlessly.
-     *
-     * On comments with whitespace after the stars the lines will begin with
-     * whitespace, since we can't accurately guess how much of an indentation
-     * is required.
-     *
-     * And on lines without stars on the left this may eat bullet points.
-     *
-     * Long story short: If you want the docstring read the contents. If you
-     * absolutely must have it without comments (ie renderValueShort) this will
-     * probably do.
-     *
-     * @return ?string Docstring with comments stripped
-     */
-    public function getDocstringWithoutComments()
-    {
-        if (!$this->contents) {
-            return null;
-        }
-
-        $string = \substr($this->contents, 3, -2);
-        $string = \preg_replace('/^\\s*\\*\\s*?(\\S|$)/m', '\\1', $string);
-
-        return \trim($string);
-    }
-}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/MicrotimeRepresentation.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/MicrotimeRepresentation.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 027b0ce21f38..000000000000
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/MicrotimeRepresentation.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-
-declare(strict_types=1);
-
-/*
- * The MIT License (MIT)
- *
- * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
- *
- * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
- * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
- * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
- * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
- * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
- * subject to the following conditions:
- *
- * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
- * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
- * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
- * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
- * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
- * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
- * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
- */
-
-namespace Kint\Zval\Representation;
-
-use DateTime;
-
-class MicrotimeRepresentation extends Representation
-{
-    public $seconds;
-    public $microseconds;
-    public $group;
-    public $lap;
-    public $total;
-    public $avg;
-    public $i = 0;
-    public $mem = 0;
-    public $mem_real = 0;
-    public $mem_peak = 0;
-    public $mem_peak_real = 0;
-    public $hints = ['microtime'];
-
-    public function __construct(int $seconds, int $microseconds, int $group, float $lap = null, float $total = null, int $i = 0)
-    {
-        parent::__construct('Microtime');
-
-        $this->seconds = $seconds;
-        $this->microseconds = $microseconds;
-
-        $this->group = $group;
-        $this->lap = $lap;
-        $this->total = $total;
-        $this->i = $i;
-
-        if ($i) {
-            $this->avg = $total / $i;
-        }
-
-        $this->mem = \memory_get_usage();
-        $this->mem_real = \memory_get_usage(true);
-        $this->mem_peak = \memory_get_peak_usage();
-        $this->mem_peak_real = \memory_get_peak_usage(true);
-    }
-
-    public function getDateTime(): ?DateTime
-    {
-        return DateTime::createFromFormat('U u', $this->seconds.' '.\str_pad((string) $this->microseconds, 6, '0', STR_PAD_LEFT)) ?: null;
-    }
-}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/SourceRepresentation.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/SourceRepresentation.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 2fefc582ccc9..000000000000
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/SourceRepresentation.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-
-declare(strict_types=1);
-
-/*
- * The MIT License (MIT)
- *
- * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
- *
- * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
- * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
- * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
- * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
- * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
- * subject to the following conditions:
- *
- * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
- * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
- * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
- * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
- * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
- * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
- * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
- */
-
-namespace Kint\Zval\Representation;
-
-class SourceRepresentation extends Representation
-{
-    public $hints = ['source'];
-    public $source = [];
-    public $filename;
-    public $line = 0;
-    public $showfilename = false;
-
-    public function __construct(string $filename, int $line, int $padding = 7)
-    {
-        parent::__construct('Source');
-
-        $this->filename = $filename;
-        $this->line = $line;
-
-        $start_line = \max($line - $padding, 1);
-        $length = $line + $padding + 1 - $start_line;
-        $this->source = self::getSource($filename, $start_line, $length);
-        if (null !== $this->source) {
-            $this->contents = \implode("\n", $this->source);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets section of source code.
-     *
-     * @param string   $filename   Full path to file
-     * @param int      $start_line The first line to display (1 based)
-     * @param null|int $length     Amount of lines to show
-     */
-    public static function getSource(string $filename, int $start_line = 1, int $length = null): ?array
-    {
-        if (!$filename || !\file_exists($filename) || !\is_readable($filename)) {
-            return null;
-        }
-
-        $source = \preg_split("/\r\n|\n|\r/", \file_get_contents($filename));
-        $source = \array_combine(\range(1, \count($source)), $source);
-        $source = \array_slice($source, $start_line - 1, $length, true);
-
-        return $source;
-    }
-}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/SplFileInfoRepresentation.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/SplFileInfoRepresentation.php
deleted file mode 100644
index dad9d04cdc9e..000000000000
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/SplFileInfoRepresentation.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,196 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-
-declare(strict_types=1);
-
-/*
- * The MIT License (MIT)
- *
- * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
- *
- * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
- * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
- * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
- * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
- * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
- * subject to the following conditions:
- *
- * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
- * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
- * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
- * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
- * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
- * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
- * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
- */
-
-namespace Kint\Zval\Representation;
-
-use Kint\Utils;
-use RuntimeException;
-use SplFileInfo;
-
-class SplFileInfoRepresentation extends Representation
-{
-    public $perms = null;
-    public $flags;
-    public $path;
-    public $realpath = null;
-    public $linktarget = null;
-    public $size = null;
-    public $is_dir = false;
-    public $is_file = false;
-    public $is_link = false;
-    public $owner = null;
-    public $group = null;
-    public $ctime = null;
-    public $mtime = null;
-    public $typename = 'Unknown file';
-    public $typeflag = '-';
-    public $hints = ['fspath'];
-
-    public function __construct(SplFileInfo $fileInfo)
-    {
-        parent::__construct('SplFileInfo');
-
-        $this->path = $fileInfo->getPathname();
-
-        try {
-            if (\strlen($this->path) && $fileInfo->getRealPath()) {
-                $this->perms = $fileInfo->getPerms();
-                $this->size = $fileInfo->getSize();
-                $this->owner = $fileInfo->getOwner();
-                $this->group = $fileInfo->getGroup();
-                $this->ctime = $fileInfo->getCTime();
-                $this->mtime = $fileInfo->getMTime();
-                $this->realpath = $fileInfo->getRealPath();
-            }
-
-            $this->is_dir = $fileInfo->isDir();
-            $this->is_file = $fileInfo->isFile();
-            $this->is_link = $fileInfo->isLink();
-
-            if ($this->is_link) {
-                $this->linktarget = $fileInfo->getLinkTarget();
-            }
-        } catch (RuntimeException $e) {
-            if (false === \strpos($e->getMessage(), ' open_basedir ')) {
-                throw $e; // @codeCoverageIgnore
-            }
-        }
-
-        switch ($this->perms & 0xF000) {
-            case 0xC000:
-                $this->typename = 'Socket';
-                $this->typeflag = 's';
-                break;
-            case 0x6000:
-                $this->typename = 'Block device';
-                $this->typeflag = 'b';
-                break;
-            case 0x2000:
-                $this->typename = 'Character device';
-                $this->typeflag = 'c';
-                break;
-            case 0x1000:
-                $this->typename = 'Named pipe';
-                $this->typeflag = 'p';
-                break;
-            default:
-                if ($this->is_file) {
-                    if ($this->is_link) {
-                        $this->typename = 'File symlink';
-                        $this->typeflag = 'l';
-                    } else {
-                        $this->typename = 'File';
-                        $this->typeflag = '-';
-                    }
-                } elseif ($this->is_dir) {
-                    if ($this->is_link) {
-                        $this->typename = 'Directory symlink';
-                        $this->typeflag = 'l';
-                    } else {
-                        $this->typename = 'Directory';
-                        $this->typeflag = 'd';
-                    }
-                }
-                break;
-        }
-
-        $this->flags = [$this->typeflag];
-
-        // User
-        $this->flags[] = (($this->perms & 0400) ? 'r' : '-');
-        $this->flags[] = (($this->perms & 0200) ? 'w' : '-');
-        if ($this->perms & 0100) {
-            $this->flags[] = ($this->perms & 04000) ? 's' : 'x';
-        } else {
-            $this->flags[] = ($this->perms & 04000) ? 'S' : '-';
-        }
-
-        // Group
-        $this->flags[] = (($this->perms & 0040) ? 'r' : '-');
-        $this->flags[] = (($this->perms & 0020) ? 'w' : '-');
-        if ($this->perms & 0010) {
-            $this->flags[] = ($this->perms & 02000) ? 's' : 'x';
-        } else {
-            $this->flags[] = ($this->perms & 02000) ? 'S' : '-';
-        }
-
-        // Other
-        $this->flags[] = (($this->perms & 0004) ? 'r' : '-');
-        $this->flags[] = (($this->perms & 0002) ? 'w' : '-');
-        if ($this->perms & 0001) {
-            $this->flags[] = ($this->perms & 01000) ? 's' : 'x';
-        } else {
-            $this->flags[] = ($this->perms & 01000) ? 'S' : '-';
-        }
-
-        $this->contents = \implode($this->flags).' '.$this->owner.' '.$this->group;
-        $this->contents .= ' '.$this->getSize().' '.$this->getMTime().' ';
-
-        if ($this->is_link && $this->linktarget) {
-            $this->contents .= $this->path.' -> '.$this->linktarget;
-        } elseif (null !== $this->realpath && \strlen($this->realpath) < \strlen($this->path)) {
-            $this->contents .= $this->realpath;
-        } else {
-            $this->contents .= $this->path;
-        }
-    }
-
-    public function getLabel(): string
-    {
-        if ($size = $this->getSize()) {
-            return $this->typename.' ('.$size.')';
-        }
-
-        return $this->typename;
-    }
-
-    public function getSize(): ?string
-    {
-        if ($this->size) {
-            $size = Utils::getHumanReadableBytes($this->size);
-
-            return \round($size['value'], 2).$size['unit'];
-        }
-
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    public function getMTime(): ?string
-    {
-        if (null !== $this->mtime) {
-            $year = \date('Y', $this->mtime);
-
-            if ($year !== \date('Y')) {
-                return \date('M d Y', $this->mtime);
-            }
-
-            return \date('M d H:i', $this->mtime);
-        }
-
-        return null;
-    }
-}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/TraceFrameValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/TraceFrameValue.php
deleted file mode 100644
index bee073bb76d8..000000000000
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/TraceFrameValue.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,107 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-
-declare(strict_types=1);
-
-/*
- * The MIT License (MIT)
- *
- * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
- *
- * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
- * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
- * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
- * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
- * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
- * subject to the following conditions:
- *
- * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
- * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
- * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
- * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
- * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
- * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
- * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
- */
-
-namespace Kint\Zval;
-
-use InvalidArgumentException;
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\SourceRepresentation;
-use ReflectionFunction;
-use ReflectionMethod;
-
-class TraceFrameValue extends Value
-{
-    public $trace;
-    public $hints = ['trace_frame'];
-
-    public function __construct(Value $base, array $raw_frame)
-    {
-        parent::__construct();
-
-        $this->transplant($base);
-
-        if (!isset($this->value)) {
-            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Tried to create TraceFrameValue from Value with no value representation');
-        }
-
-        $this->trace = [
-            'function' => $raw_frame['function'],
-            'line' => $raw_frame['line'] ?? null,
-            'file' => $raw_frame['file'] ?? null,
-            'class' => $raw_frame['class'] ?? null,
-            'type' => $raw_frame['type'] ?? null,
-            'object' => null,
-            'args' => null,
-        ];
-
-        if ($this->trace['class'] && \method_exists($this->trace['class'], $this->trace['function'])) {
-            $func = new ReflectionMethod($this->trace['class'], $this->trace['function']);
-            $this->trace['function'] = new MethodValue($func);
-        } elseif (!$this->trace['class'] && \function_exists($this->trace['function'])) {
-            $func = new ReflectionFunction($this->trace['function']);
-            $this->trace['function'] = new MethodValue($func);
-        }
-
-        foreach ($this->value->contents as $frame_prop) {
-            if ('object' === $frame_prop->name) {
-                $this->trace['object'] = $frame_prop;
-                $this->trace['object']->name = null;
-                $this->trace['object']->operator = Value::OPERATOR_NONE;
-            }
-            if ('args' === $frame_prop->name) {
-                $this->trace['args'] = $frame_prop->value->contents;
-
-                if ($this->trace['function'] instanceof MethodValue) {
-                    foreach (\array_values($this->trace['function']->parameters) as $param) {
-                        if (isset($this->trace['args'][$param->position])) {
-                            $this->trace['args'][$param->position]->name = $param->getName();
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        $this->clearRepresentations();
-
-        if (isset($this->trace['file'], $this->trace['line']) && \is_readable($this->trace['file'])) {
-            $this->addRepresentation(new SourceRepresentation($this->trace['file'], $this->trace['line']));
-        }
-
-        if ($this->trace['args']) {
-            $args = new Representation('Arguments');
-            $args->contents = $this->trace['args'];
-            $this->addRepresentation($args);
-        }
-
-        if ($this->trace['object']) {
-            $callee = new Representation('object');
-            $callee->label = 'Callee object ['.$this->trace['object']->classname.']';
-            $callee->contents[] = $this->trace['object'];
-            $this->addRepresentation($callee);
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Value.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Value.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 01a206d48a9c..000000000000
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Value.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,266 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-
-declare(strict_types=1);
-
-/*
- * The MIT License (MIT)
- *
- * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
- *
- * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
- * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
- * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
- * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
- * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
- * subject to the following conditions:
- *
- * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
- * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
- * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
- * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
- * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
- * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
- * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
- */
-
-namespace Kint\Zval;
-
-use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
-
-class Value
-{
-    public const ACCESS_NONE = null;
-    public const ACCESS_PUBLIC = 1;
-    public const ACCESS_PROTECTED = 2;
-    public const ACCESS_PRIVATE = 3;
-
-    public const OPERATOR_NONE = null;
-    public const OPERATOR_ARRAY = 1;
-    public const OPERATOR_OBJECT = 2;
-    public const OPERATOR_STATIC = 3;
-
-    public $name;
-    public $type;
-    public $readonly = false;
-    public $static = false;
-    public $const = false;
-    public $access = self::ACCESS_NONE;
-    public $owner_class = null;
-    public $access_path;
-    public $operator = self::OPERATOR_NONE;
-    public $reference = false;
-    public $depth = 0;
-    public $size;
-    public $hints = [];
-    public $value;
-
-    protected $representations = [];
-
-    public function __construct()
-    {
-    }
-
-    public function addRepresentation(Representation $rep, int $pos = null): bool
-    {
-        if (isset($this->representations[$rep->getName()])) {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        if (null === $pos) {
-            $this->representations[$rep->getName()] = $rep;
-        } else {
-            $this->representations = \array_merge(
-                \array_slice($this->representations, 0, $pos),
-                [$rep->getName() => $rep],
-                \array_slice($this->representations, $pos)
-            );
-        }
-
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    public function replaceRepresentation(Representation $rep, int $pos = null): void
-    {
-        if (null === $pos) {
-            $this->representations[$rep->getName()] = $rep;
-        } else {
-            $this->removeRepresentation($rep);
-            $this->addRepresentation($rep, $pos);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param Representation|string $rep
-     */
-    public function removeRepresentation($rep): void
-    {
-        if ($rep instanceof Representation) {
-            unset($this->representations[$rep->getName()]);
-        } else { // String
-            unset($this->representations[$rep]);
-        }
-    }
-
-    public function getRepresentation(string $name): ?Representation
-    {
-        return $this->representations[$name] ?? null;
-    }
-
-    public function getRepresentations(): array
-    {
-        return $this->representations;
-    }
-
-    public function clearRepresentations(): void
-    {
-        $this->representations = [];
-    }
-
-    public function getType(): ?string
-    {
-        return $this->type;
-    }
-
-    public function getModifiers(): ?string
-    {
-        $out = $this->getAccess();
-
-        if ($this->readonly) {
-            $out .= ' readonly';
-        }
-
-        if ($this->const) {
-            $out .= ' const';
-        }
-
-        if ($this->static) {
-            $out .= ' static';
-        }
-
-        if (null !== $out && \strlen($out)) {
-            return \ltrim($out);
-        }
-
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    public function getAccess(): ?string
-    {
-        switch ($this->access) {
-            case self::ACCESS_PRIVATE:
-                return 'private';
-            case self::ACCESS_PROTECTED:
-                return 'protected';
-            case self::ACCESS_PUBLIC:
-                return 'public';
-        }
-
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    public function getName(): ?string
-    {
-        if (isset($this->name)) {
-            return (string) $this->name;
-        }
-
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    public function getOperator(): ?string
-    {
-        switch ($this->operator) {
-            case self::OPERATOR_ARRAY:
-                return '=>';
-            case self::OPERATOR_OBJECT:
-                return '->';
-            case self::OPERATOR_STATIC:
-                return '::';
-        }
-
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    public function getSize(): ?string
-    {
-        if (isset($this->size)) {
-            return (string) $this->size;
-        }
-
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    public function getValueShort(): ?string
-    {
-        if ($rep = $this->value) {
-            if ('boolean' === $this->type) {
-                return $rep->contents ? 'true' : 'false';
-            }
-
-            if ('integer' === $this->type || 'double' === $this->type) {
-                return (string) $rep->contents;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    public function getAccessPath(): ?string
-    {
-        return $this->access_path;
-    }
-
-    public function transplant(self $old): void
-    {
-        $this->name = $old->name;
-        $this->size = $old->size;
-        $this->access_path = $old->access_path;
-        $this->access = $old->access;
-        $this->readonly = $old->readonly;
-        $this->static = $old->static;
-        $this->const = $old->const;
-        $this->type = $old->type;
-        $this->depth = $old->depth;
-        $this->owner_class = $old->owner_class;
-        $this->operator = $old->operator;
-        $this->reference = $old->reference;
-        $this->value = $old->value;
-        $this->representations += $old->representations;
-        $this->hints = \array_merge($this->hints, $old->hints);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new basic object with a name and access path.
-     */
-    public static function blank(string $name = null, string $access_path = null): self
-    {
-        $o = new self();
-        $o->name = $name;
-        $o->access_path = $access_path;
-
-        return $o;
-    }
-
-    public static function sortByAccess(self $a, self $b): int
-    {
-        static $sorts = [
-            self::ACCESS_PUBLIC => 1,
-            self::ACCESS_PROTECTED => 2,
-            self::ACCESS_PRIVATE => 3,
-            self::ACCESS_NONE => 4,
-        ];
-
-        return $sorts[$a->access] - $sorts[$b->access];
-    }
-
-    public static function sortByName(self $a, self $b): int
-    {
-        if ((string) $a->name === (string) $b->name) {
-            return (int) \is_int($b->name) - (int) \is_int($a->name);
-        }
-
-        return \strnatcasecmp((string) $a->name, (string) $b->name);
-    }
-}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/init.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/init.php
index d682d9a9dc36..9787a159004b 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/init.php
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/init.php
@@ -26,39 +26,41 @@
  */
 
 use Kint\Kint;
+use Kint\Renderer\AbstractRenderer;
 use Kint\Utils;
 
 if (\defined('KINT_DIR')) {
     return;
 }
 
-if (\version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '7.1') < 0) {
-    throw new Exception('Kint 5 requires PHP 7.1 or higher');
+if (\version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '7.4') < 0) {
+    throw new Exception('Kint 6 requires PHP 7.4 or higher');
 }
 
 \define('KINT_DIR', __DIR__);
 \define('KINT_WIN', DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR !== '/');
-\define('KINT_PHP72', \version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '7.2') >= 0);
-\define('KINT_PHP73', \version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '7.3') >= 0);
-\define('KINT_PHP74', \version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '7.4') >= 0);
 \define('KINT_PHP80', \version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '8.0') >= 0);
 \define('KINT_PHP81', \version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '8.1') >= 0);
 \define('KINT_PHP82', \version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '8.2') >= 0);
 \define('KINT_PHP83', \version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '8.3') >= 0);
 \define('KINT_PHP84', \version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '8.4') >= 0);
+\define('KINT_PHP8412', \version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '8.4.12') >= 0);
+\define('KINT_PHP85', \version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '8.5') >= 0);
 
 // Dynamic default settings
-if (false !== \ini_get('xdebug.file_link_format')) {
-    Kint::$file_link_format = \ini_get('xdebug.file_link_format');
+if (\strlen((string) \ini_get('xdebug.file_link_format')) > 0) {
+    /** @psalm-var non-empty-string ini_get('xdebug.file_link_format') */
+    AbstractRenderer::$file_link_format = \ini_get('xdebug.file_link_format');
 }
 if (isset($_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT']) && false === \strpos($_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'], "\0")) {
-    Kint::$app_root_dirs = [
+    Utils::$path_aliases = [
         $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] => '<ROOT>',
     ];
 
     // Suppressed for unreadable document roots (related to open_basedir)
     if (false !== @\realpath($_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'])) {
-        Kint::$app_root_dirs[\realpath($_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'])] = '<ROOT>';
+        /** @psalm-suppress InvalidPropertyAssignmentValue */
+        Utils::$path_aliases[\realpath($_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'])] = '<ROOT>';
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/aante-dark.css b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/aante-dark.css
index 6aa8b702cb23..7095cba4934d 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/aante-dark.css
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/aante-dark.css
@@ -1 +1 @@
-.kint-rich{font-size:13px;overflow-x:auto;white-space:nowrap;background:rgba(0,0,0,.9)}.kint-rich.kint-folder{position:fixed;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;z-index:999999;width:100%;margin:0;display:block}.kint-rich.kint-folder dd.kint-foldout{max-height:calc(100vh - 100px);padding-right:8px;overflow-y:scroll;display:none}.kint-rich.kint-folder dd.kint-foldout.kint-show{display:block}.kint-rich::selection,.kint-rich::-moz-selection,.kint-rich::-webkit-selection{background:#555;color:#e2e1e1}.kint-rich .kint-focused{box-shadow:0 0 3px 2px aqua}.kint-rich,.kint-rich::before,.kint-rich::after,.kint-rich *,.kint-rich *::before,.kint-rich *::after{box-sizing:border-box;border-radius:0;color:#e2e1e1;float:none !important;font-family:Consolas,Menlo,Monaco,Lucida Console,Liberation Mono,DejaVu Sans Mono,Bitstream Vera Sans Mono,Courier New,monospace,serif;line-height:15px;margin:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.kint-rich{margin:8px 0}.kint-rich dt,.kint-rich dl{width:auto}.kint-rich dt,.kint-rich div.access-path{background:#070707;border:1px solid #282828;color:#e2e1e1;display:block;font-weight:bold;list-style:none outside none;overflow:auto;padding:4px}.kint-rich dt:hover,.kint-rich div.access-path:hover{border-color:#555}.kint-rich>dl dl{padding:0 0 0 12px}.kint-rich dt.kint-parent>nav,.kint-rich>footer>nav{background:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAzMCAxNTAiPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik02IDdoMThsLTkgMTV6bTAgMzBoMThsLTkgMTV6bTAgNDVoMThsLTktMTV6bTAgMzBoMThsLTktMTV6bTAgMTJsMTggMThtLTE4IDBsMTgtMTgiIGZpbGw9IiNBQUEiLz48cGF0aCBkPSJNNiAxMjZsMTggMThtLTE4IDBsMTgtMTgiIHN0cm9rZS13aWR0aD0iMiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjQUFBIi8+PC9zdmc+") no-repeat scroll 0 0/15px 75px rgba(0,0,0,0);cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;height:15px;width:15px;margin-right:3px;vertical-align:middle}.kint-rich dt.kint-parent:hover>nav,.kint-rich>footer>nav:hover{background-position:0 25%}.kint-rich dt.kint-parent.kint-show>nav,.kint-rich>footer.kint-show>nav{background-position:0 50%}.kint-rich dt.kint-parent.kint-show:hover>nav,.kint-rich>footer.kint-show>nav:hover{background-position:0 75%}.kint-rich dt.kint-parent.kint-locked>nav{background-position:0 100%}.kint-rich dt.kint-parent+dd{display:none;border-left:1px dashed #282828}.kint-rich dt.kint-parent.kint-show+dd{display:block}.kint-rich var,.kint-rich var a{color:#f90;font-style:normal}.kint-rich dt:hover var,.kint-rich dt:hover var a{color:aqua}.kint-rich dfn{font-style:normal;font-family:monospace;color:#e2e1e1}.kint-rich pre{color:#e2e1e1;margin:0 0 0 12px;padding:5px;overflow-y:hidden;border-top:0;border:1px solid #282828;background:#070707;display:block;word-break:normal}.kint-rich .kint-popup-trigger,.kint-rich .kint-access-path-trigger,.kint-rich .kint-search-trigger{background:rgba(226,225,225,.8);border-radius:3px;height:16px;font-size:16px;margin-left:5px;font-weight:bold;width:16px;text-align:center;float:right 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diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/aante-light.css b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/aante-light.css
index 16194736e83c..621594dda91e 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/aante-light.css
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/aante-light.css
@@ -1 +1 @@
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diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/main.js b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/main.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c88e6b90b91d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/main.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/microtime.js b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/microtime.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 88d4ba927c9f..000000000000
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/microtime.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
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diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/original.css b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/original.css
index 331b2c38fb65..765e5633785a 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/original.css
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/original.css
@@ -1 +1 @@
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diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/plain.css b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/plain.css
index 85a4e739408c..0dd9b2d0acb3 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/plain.css
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/plain.css
@@ -1 +1 @@
-.kint-plain{background:rgba(255,255,255,.9);white-space:pre;display:block;font-family:monospace;color:#222}.kint-plain i{color:#d00;font-style:normal}.kint-plain u{color:#030;text-decoration:none;font-weight:bold}.kint-plain .kint-microtime-lap{font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 0 #fff,0 1px #fff,-1px 0 #fff,0 -1px #fff}
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diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/plain.js b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/plain.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 9791fc9f5cbe..000000000000
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/plain.js
+++ /dev/null
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diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/rich.js b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/rich.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 39db8fb92021..000000000000
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/rich.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
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diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/shared.js b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/shared.js
deleted file mode 100644
index fdaaaa6e0256..000000000000
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/shared.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
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index 2cc125edca72..87b7206eb282 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/solarized-dark.css
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/solarized-dark.css
@@ -1 +1 @@
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diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/solarized.css b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/solarized.css
index 8c1a67f08969..1c469b508a1c 100644
--- a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/solarized.css
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/solarized.css
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#859900 inset;border-radius:7px}.kint-rich>dl>dt,.kint-rich ul.kint-tabs{box-shadow:4px 0 2px -3px var(--variable-type-color) inset}.kint-rich ul.kint-tabs li.kint-active-tab{padding-top:7px;height:34px}
diff --git a/system/Throttle/Throttler.php b/system/Throttle/Throttler.php
index c023b5e4d052..fba7665de4a8 100644
--- a/system/Throttle/Throttler.php
+++ b/system/Throttle/Throttler.php
@@ -90,8 +90,6 @@ public function getTokenTime(): int
      * @param int    $capacity The number of requests the "bucket" can hold
      * @param int    $seconds  The time it takes the "bucket" to completely refill
      * @param int    $cost     The number of tokens this action uses.
-     *
-     * @internal param int $maxRequests
      */
     public function check(string $key, int $capacity, int $seconds, int $cost = 1): bool
     {
diff --git a/system/Traits/ConditionalTrait.php b/system/Traits/ConditionalTrait.php
index c927a6815a8d..6835de6c3a4f 100644
--- a/system/Traits/ConditionalTrait.php
+++ b/system/Traits/ConditionalTrait.php
@@ -20,18 +20,18 @@ trait ConditionalTrait
      *
      * @template TWhen of mixed
      *
-     * @phpstan-param TWhen                                            $condition
-     * @phpstan-param callable(self, TWhen): mixed                     $callback
-     * @phpstan-param (callable(self): mixed)|null                     $defaultCallback
-     * @param         array|bool|float|int|object|resource|string|null $condition
+     * @param TWhen                        $condition
+     * @param callable(self, TWhen): mixed $callback
+     * @param (callable(self): mixed)|null $defaultCallback
+     * @param mixed                        $condition
      *
      * @return $this
      */
     public function when($condition, callable $callback, ?callable $defaultCallback = null): self
     {
-        if ($condition) {
+        if ((bool) $condition) {
             $callback($this, $condition);
-        } elseif ($defaultCallback) {
+        } elseif ($defaultCallback !== null) {
             $defaultCallback($this);
         }
 
@@ -43,18 +43,18 @@ public function when($condition, callable $callback, ?callable $defaultCallback
      *
      * @template TWhenNot of mixed
      *
-     * @phpstan-param TWhenNot                                         $condition
-     * @phpstan-param callable(self, TWhenNot): mixed                  $callback
-     * @phpstan-param (callable(self): mixed)|null                     $defaultCallback
-     * @param         array|bool|float|int|object|resource|string|null $condition
+     * @param TWhenNot                        $condition
+     * @param callable(self, TWhenNot): mixed $callback
+     * @param (callable(self): mixed)|null    $defaultCallback
+     * @param mixed                           $condition
      *
      * @return $this
      */
     public function whenNot($condition, callable $callback, ?callable $defaultCallback = null): self
     {
-        if (! $condition) {
+        if (! (bool) $condition) {
             $callback($this, $condition);
-        } elseif ($defaultCallback) {
+        } elseif ($defaultCallback !== null) {
             $defaultCallback($this);
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Traits/PropertiesTrait.php b/system/Traits/PropertiesTrait.php
index ed2da42efc26..30b3f86690c0 100644
--- a/system/Traits/PropertiesTrait.php
+++ b/system/Traits/PropertiesTrait.php
@@ -71,7 +71,6 @@ final public function getNonPublicProperties(): array
                 continue;
             }
 
-            $property->setAccessible(true);
             $properties[] = $property;
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Typography/Typography.php b/system/Typography/Typography.php
index c8ca5131171c..1dfca68c5164 100644
--- a/system/Typography/Typography.php
+++ b/system/Typography/Typography.php
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ public function autoTypography(string $str, bool $reduceLinebreaks = false): str
 
         // HTML comment tags don't conform to patterns of normal tags, so pull them out separately, only if needed
         $htmlComments = [];
-        if (str_contains($str, '<!--') && preg_match_all('#(<!\-\-.*?\-\->)#s', $str, $matches)) {
+        if (str_contains($str, '<!--') && preg_match_all('#(<!\-\-.*?\-\->)#s', $str, $matches) >= 1) {
             for ($i = 0, $total = count($matches[0]); $i < $total; $i++) {
                 $htmlComments[] = $matches[0][$i];
                 $str            = str_replace($matches[0][$i], '{@HC' . $i . '}', $str);
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ public function autoTypography(string $str, bool $reduceLinebreaks = false): str
         }
 
         // No opening block level tag? Add it if needed.
-        if (! preg_match('/^\s*<(?:' . $this->blockElements . ')/i', $str)) {
+        if (preg_match('/^\s*<(?:' . $this->blockElements . ')/i', $str) !== 1) {
             $str = preg_replace('/^(.*?)<(' . $this->blockElements . ')/i', '<p>$1</p><$2', $str);
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Validation/DotArrayFilter.php b/system/Validation/DotArrayFilter.php
index c7a401e1589a..62da95cb61c7 100644
--- a/system/Validation/DotArrayFilter.php
+++ b/system/Validation/DotArrayFilter.php
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ public static function run(array $indexes, array $array): array
 
         foreach ($indexes as $index) {
             $segments = preg_split('/(?<!\\\\)\./', $index, -1, PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY);
-            $segments = array_map(static fn ($key) => str_replace('\.', '.', $key), $segments);
+            $segments = array_map(static fn ($key): string => str_replace('\.', '.', $key), $segments);
 
             $filteredArray = self::filter($segments, $array);
 
diff --git a/system/Validation/FileRules.php b/system/Validation/FileRules.php
index 78d0ce521809..b65b4da63085 100644
--- a/system/Validation/FileRules.php
+++ b/system/Validation/FileRules.php
@@ -13,251 +13,13 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Validation;
 
-use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CLIRequest;
-use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
-use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
-use Config\Mimes;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
+use CodeIgniter\Validation\StrictRules\FileRules as StrictFileRules;
 
 /**
  * File validation rules
  *
  * @see \CodeIgniter\Validation\FileRulesTest
  */
-class FileRules
+class FileRules extends StrictFileRules
 {
-    /**
-     * Request instance. So we can get access to the files.
-     *
-     * @var IncomingRequest
-     */
-    protected $request;
-
-    /**
-     * Constructor.
-     */
-    public function __construct(?RequestInterface $request = null)
-    {
-        if (! $request instanceof RequestInterface) {
-            $request = service('request');
-        }
-
-        assert($request instanceof IncomingRequest || $request instanceof CLIRequest);
-
-        $this->request = $request;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Verifies that $name is the name of a valid uploaded file.
-     */
-    public function uploaded(?string $blank, string $name): bool
-    {
-        if (! ($files = $this->request->getFileMultiple($name))) {
-            $files = [$this->request->getFile($name)];
-        }
-
-        foreach ($files as $file) {
-            if ($file === null) {
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            if (ENVIRONMENT === 'testing') {
-                if ($file->getError() !== 0) {
-                    return false;
-                }
-            } else {
-                // Note: cannot unit test this; no way to over-ride ENVIRONMENT?
-                // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
-                if (! $file->isValid()) {
-                    return false;
-                }
-                // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
-            }
-        }
-
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Verifies if the file's size in Kilobytes is no larger than the parameter.
-     */
-    public function max_size(?string $blank, string $params): bool
-    {
-        // Grab the file name off the top of the $params
-        // after we split it.
-        $paramArray = explode(',', $params);
-        if (count($paramArray) !== 2) {
-            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Invalid max_size parameter: "' . $params . '"');
-        }
-        $name = array_shift($paramArray);
-
-        if (! ($files = $this->request->getFileMultiple($name))) {
-            $files = [$this->request->getFile($name)];
-        }
-
-        foreach ($files as $file) {
-            if ($file === null) {
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            if ($file->getError() === UPLOAD_ERR_NO_FILE) {
-                return true;
-            }
-
-            if ($file->getError() === UPLOAD_ERR_INI_SIZE) {
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            if ($file->getSize() / 1024 > $paramArray[0]) {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Uses the mime config file to determine if a file is considered an "image",
-     * which for our purposes basically means that it's a raster image or svg.
-     */
-    public function is_image(?string $blank, string $params): bool
-    {
-        // Grab the file name off the top of the $params
-        // after we split it.
-        $params = explode(',', $params);
-        $name   = array_shift($params);
-
-        if (! ($files = $this->request->getFileMultiple($name))) {
-            $files = [$this->request->getFile($name)];
-        }
-
-        foreach ($files as $file) {
-            if ($file === null) {
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            if ($file->getError() === UPLOAD_ERR_NO_FILE) {
-                return true;
-            }
-
-            // We know that our mimes list always has the first mime
-            // start with `image` even when then are multiple accepted types.
-            $type = Mimes::guessTypeFromExtension($file->getExtension()) ?? '';
-
-            if (mb_strpos($type, 'image') !== 0) {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Checks to see if an uploaded file's mime type matches one in the parameter.
-     */
-    public function mime_in(?string $blank, string $params): bool
-    {
-        // Grab the file name off the top of the $params
-        // after we split it.
-        $params = explode(',', $params);
-        $name   = array_shift($params);
-
-        if (! ($files = $this->request->getFileMultiple($name))) {
-            $files = [$this->request->getFile($name)];
-        }
-
-        foreach ($files as $file) {
-            if ($file === null) {
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            if ($file->getError() === UPLOAD_ERR_NO_FILE) {
-                return true;
-            }
-
-            if (! in_array($file->getMimeType(), $params, true)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Checks to see if an uploaded file's extension matches one in the parameter.
-     */
-    public function ext_in(?string $blank, string $params): bool
-    {
-        // Grab the file name off the top of the $params
-        // after we split it.
-        $params = explode(',', $params);
-        $name   = array_shift($params);
-
-        if (! ($files = $this->request->getFileMultiple($name))) {
-            $files = [$this->request->getFile($name)];
-        }
-
-        foreach ($files as $file) {
-            if ($file === null) {
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            if ($file->getError() === UPLOAD_ERR_NO_FILE) {
-                return true;
-            }
-
-            if (! in_array($file->guessExtension(), $params, true)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Checks an uploaded file to verify that the dimensions are within
-     * a specified allowable dimension.
-     */
-    public function max_dims(?string $blank, string $params): bool
-    {
-        // Grab the file name off the top of the $params
-        // after we split it.
-        $params = explode(',', $params);
-        $name   = array_shift($params);
-
-        if (! ($files = $this->request->getFileMultiple($name))) {
-            $files = [$this->request->getFile($name)];
-        }
-
-        foreach ($files as $file) {
-            if ($file === null) {
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            if ($file->getError() === UPLOAD_ERR_NO_FILE) {
-                return true;
-            }
-
-            // Get Parameter sizes
-            $allowedWidth  = $params[0] ?? 0;
-            $allowedHeight = $params[1] ?? 0;
-
-            // Get uploaded image size
-            $info = getimagesize($file->getTempName());
-
-            if ($info === false) {
-                // Cannot get the image size.
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            $fileWidth  = $info[0];
-            $fileHeight = $info[1];
-
-            if ($fileWidth > $allowedWidth || $fileHeight > $allowedHeight) {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return true;
-    }
 }
diff --git a/system/Validation/FormatRules.php b/system/Validation/FormatRules.php
index 7fe16d9d2772..e28ef97706f3 100644
--- a/system/Validation/FormatRules.php
+++ b/system/Validation/FormatRules.php
@@ -284,7 +284,13 @@ public function valid_base64($str = null): bool
             $str = (string) $str;
         }
 
-        return base64_encode(base64_decode($str, true)) === $str;
+        $decoded = base64_decode($str, true);
+
+        if ($decoded === false) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return base64_encode($decoded) === $str;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -416,7 +422,7 @@ public function valid_url($str = null): bool
      */
     public function valid_url_strict($str = null, ?string $validSchemes = null): bool
     {
-        if ($str === null || $str === '' || $str === '0') {
+        if (in_array($str, [null, '', '0'], true)) {
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -428,7 +434,7 @@ public function valid_url_strict($str = null, ?string $validSchemes = null): boo
         $scheme       = strtolower((string) parse_url($str, PHP_URL_SCHEME));
         $validSchemes = explode(
             ',',
-            strtolower($validSchemes ?? 'http,https')
+            strtolower($validSchemes ?? 'http,https'),
         );
 
         return in_array($scheme, $validSchemes, true)
diff --git a/system/Validation/Rules.php b/system/Validation/Rules.php
index 04e8a0546e77..e3e256b099b4 100644
--- a/system/Validation/Rules.php
+++ b/system/Validation/Rules.php
@@ -13,9 +13,10 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Validation;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseBuilder;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use CodeIgniter\Helpers\Array\ArrayHelper;
 use Config\Database;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 
 /**
  * Validation Rules.
@@ -110,6 +111,7 @@ public function greater_than_equal_to($str, string $min): bool
      * accept only one filter).
      *
      * Example:
+     *    is_not_unique[dbGroup.table.field,where_field,where_value]
      *    is_not_unique[table.field,where_field,where_value]
      *    is_not_unique[menu.id,active,1]
      *
@@ -117,35 +119,17 @@ public function greater_than_equal_to($str, string $min): bool
      */
     public function is_not_unique($str, string $field, array $data): bool
     {
-        if (! is_string($str) && $str !== null) {
-            $str = (string) $str;
-        }
-
-        // Grab any data for exclusion of a single row.
-        [$field, $whereField, $whereValue] = array_pad(
-            explode(',', $field),
-            3,
-            null
-        );
-
-        // Break the table and field apart
-        sscanf($field, '%[^.].%[^.]', $table, $field);
-
-        $row = Database::connect($data['DBGroup'] ?? null)
-            ->table($table)
-            ->select('1')
-            ->where($field, $str)
-            ->limit(1);
+        [$builder, $whereField, $whereValue] = $this->prepareUniqueQuery($str, $field, $data);
 
         if (
             $whereField !== null && $whereField !== ''
             && $whereValue !== null && $whereValue !== ''
-            && ! preg_match('/^\{(\w+)\}$/', $whereValue)
+            && preg_match('/^\{(\w+)\}$/', $whereValue) !== 1
         ) {
-            $row = $row->where($whereField, $whereValue);
+            $builder = $builder->where($whereField, $whereValue);
         }
 
-        return $row->get()->getRow() !== null;
+        return $builder->get()->getRow() !== null;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -170,6 +154,7 @@ public function in_list($value, string $list): bool
      * record updates.
      *
      * Example:
+     *    is_unique[dbGroup.table.field,ignore_field,ignore_value]
      *    is_unique[table.field,ignore_field,ignore_value]
      *    is_unique[users.email,id,5]
      *
@@ -177,33 +162,58 @@ public function in_list($value, string $list): bool
      */
     public function is_unique($str, string $field, array $data): bool
     {
-        if (! is_string($str) && $str !== null) {
-            $str = (string) $str;
+        [$builder, $ignoreField, $ignoreValue] = $this->prepareUniqueQuery($str, $field, $data);
+
+        if (
+            $ignoreField !== null && $ignoreField !== ''
+            && $ignoreValue !== null && $ignoreValue !== ''
+            && preg_match('/^\{(\w+)\}$/', $ignoreValue) !== 1
+        ) {
+            $builder = $builder->where("{$ignoreField} !=", $ignoreValue);
         }
 
-        [$field, $ignoreField, $ignoreValue] = array_pad(
-            explode(',', $field),
-            3,
-            null
-        );
+        return $builder->get()->getRow() === null;
+    }
 
-        sscanf($field, '%[^.].%[^.]', $table, $field);
+    /**
+     * Prepares the database query for uniqueness checks.
+     *
+     * @param mixed                $value The value to check.
+     * @param string               $field The field parameters.
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $data  Additional data.
+     *
+     * @return array{0: BaseBuilder, 1: string|null, 2: string|null}
+     */
+    private function prepareUniqueQuery($value, string $field, array $data): array
+    {
+        if (! is_string($value) && $value !== null) {
+            $value = (string) $value;
+        }
+
+        // Split the field parameters and pad the array to ensure three elements.
+        [$field, $extraField, $extraValue] = array_pad(explode(',', $field), 3, null);
+
+        // Parse the field string to extract dbGroup, table, and field.
+        $parts    = explode('.', $field, 3);
+        $numParts = count($parts);
 
-        $row = Database::connect($data['DBGroup'] ?? null)
+        if ($numParts === 3) {
+            [$dbGroup, $table, $field] = $parts;
+        } elseif ($numParts === 2) {
+            [$table, $field] = $parts;
+        } else {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('The field must be in the format "table.field" or "dbGroup.table.field".');
+        }
+
+        // Connect to the database.
+        $dbGroup ??= $data['DBGroup'] ?? null;
+        $builder = Database::connect($dbGroup)
             ->table($table)
             ->select('1')
-            ->where($field, $str)
+            ->where($field, $value)
             ->limit(1);
 
-        if (
-            $ignoreField !== null && $ignoreField !== ''
-            && $ignoreValue !== null && $ignoreValue !== ''
-            && ! preg_match('/^\{(\w+)\}$/', $ignoreValue)
-        ) {
-            $row = $row->where("{$ignoreField} !=", $ignoreValue);
-        }
-
-        return $row->get()->getRow() === null;
+        return [$builder, $extraField, $extraValue];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -359,10 +369,8 @@ public function required_with($str = null, ?string $fields = null, array $data =
 
         foreach (explode(',', $fields) as $field) {
             if (
-                (array_key_exists($field, $data)
-                    && ! empty($data[$field]))  // @phpstan-ignore-line Use empty()
-                || (str_contains($field, '.')
-                    && ! empty(dot_array_search($field, $data)))  // @phpstan-ignore-line Use empty()
+                (array_key_exists($field, $data) && ! empty($data[$field]))
+                || (str_contains($field, '.') && ! empty(dot_array_search($field, $data)))
             ) {
                 $requiredFields[] = $field;
             }
@@ -388,7 +396,7 @@ public function required_without(
         ?string $otherFields = null,
         array $data = [],
         ?string $error = null,
-        ?string $field = null
+        ?string $field = null,
     ): bool {
         if ($otherFields === null || $data === []) {
             throw new InvalidArgumentException('You must supply the parameters: otherFields, data.');
@@ -409,7 +417,7 @@ public function required_without(
             if (
                 (! str_contains($otherField, '.'))
                 && (! array_key_exists($otherField, $data)
-                    || empty($data[$otherField])) // @phpstan-ignore-line Use empty()
+                    || empty($data[$otherField]))
             ) {
                 return false;
             }
@@ -424,7 +432,7 @@ public function required_without(
                 $fieldKey        = $fieldSplitArray[1];
 
                 if (is_array($fieldData)) {
-                    return ! empty(dot_array_search($otherField, $data)[$fieldKey]);  // @phpstan-ignore-line Use empty()
+                    return ! empty(dot_array_search($otherField, $data)[$fieldKey]);
                 }
                 $nowField      = str_replace('*', $fieldKey, $otherField);
                 $nowFieldVaule = dot_array_search($nowField, $data);
@@ -449,7 +457,7 @@ public function field_exists(
         ?string $param = null,
         array $data = [],
         ?string $error = null,
-        ?string $field = null
+        ?string $field = null,
     ): bool {
         if (str_contains($field, '.')) {
             return ArrayHelper::dotKeyExists($field, $data);
diff --git a/system/Validation/StrictRules/FileRules.php b/system/Validation/StrictRules/FileRules.php
index e86b84e99bfe..9176716ef561 100644
--- a/system/Validation/StrictRules/FileRules.php
+++ b/system/Validation/StrictRules/FileRules.php
@@ -13,13 +13,305 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Validation\StrictRules;
 
-use CodeIgniter\Validation\FileRules as NonStrictFileRules;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CLIRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use Config\Mimes;
 
 /**
  * File validation rules
  *
  * @see \CodeIgniter\Validation\StrictRules\FileRulesTest
  */
-class FileRules extends NonStrictFileRules
+class FileRules
 {
+    /**
+     * Request instance. So we can get access to the files.
+     *
+     * @var IncomingRequest
+     */
+    protected $request;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     */
+    public function __construct(?RequestInterface $request = null)
+    {
+        if (! $request instanceof RequestInterface) {
+            $request = service('request');
+        }
+
+        assert($request instanceof IncomingRequest || $request instanceof CLIRequest);
+
+        $this->request = $request;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies that $name is the name of a valid uploaded file.
+     */
+    public function uploaded(?string $blank, string $name): bool
+    {
+        $files = $this->request->getFileMultiple($name);
+        if ($files === null) {
+            $files = [$this->request->getFile($name)];
+        }
+
+        foreach ($files as $file) {
+            if ($file === null) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (ENVIRONMENT === 'testing') {
+                if ($file->getError() !== 0) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            } else {
+                // Note: cannot unit test this; no way to over-ride ENVIRONMENT?
+                // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+                if (! $file->isValid()) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies if the file's size in Kilobytes is no larger than the parameter.
+     */
+    public function max_size(?string $blank, string $params): bool
+    {
+        // Grab the file name off the top of the $params
+        // after we split it.
+        $paramArray = explode(',', $params);
+        if (count($paramArray) !== 2) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Invalid max_size parameter: "' . $params . '"');
+        }
+        $name = array_shift($paramArray);
+
+        $files = $this->request->getFileMultiple($name);
+        if ($files === null) {
+            $files = [$this->request->getFile($name)];
+        }
+
+        foreach ($files as $file) {
+            if ($file === null) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if ($file->getError() === UPLOAD_ERR_NO_FILE) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if ($file->getError() === UPLOAD_ERR_INI_SIZE) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if ($file->getSize() / 1024 > $paramArray[0]) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Uses the mime config file to determine if a file is considered an "image",
+     * which for our purposes basically means that it's a raster image or svg.
+     */
+    public function is_image(?string $blank, string $params): bool
+    {
+        // Grab the file name off the top of the $params
+        // after we split it.
+        $params = explode(',', $params);
+        $name   = array_shift($params);
+
+        $files = $this->request->getFileMultiple($name);
+        if ($files === null) {
+            $files = [$this->request->getFile($name)];
+        }
+
+        foreach ($files as $file) {
+            if ($file === null) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if ($file->getError() === UPLOAD_ERR_NO_FILE) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            // We know that our mimes list always has the first mime
+            // start with `image` even when then are multiple accepted types.
+            $type = Mimes::guessTypeFromExtension($file->getExtension()) ?? '';
+
+            if (mb_strpos($type, 'image') !== 0) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks to see if an uploaded file's mime type matches one in the parameter.
+     */
+    public function mime_in(?string $blank, string $params): bool
+    {
+        // Grab the file name off the top of the $params
+        // after we split it.
+        $params = explode(',', $params);
+        $name   = array_shift($params);
+
+        $files = $this->request->getFileMultiple($name);
+        if ($files === null) {
+            $files = [$this->request->getFile($name)];
+        }
+
+        foreach ($files as $file) {
+            if ($file === null) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if ($file->getError() === UPLOAD_ERR_NO_FILE) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if (! in_array($file->getMimeType(), $params, true)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks to see if an uploaded file's extension matches one in the parameter.
+     */
+    public function ext_in(?string $blank, string $params): bool
+    {
+        // Grab the file name off the top of the $params
+        // after we split it.
+        $params = explode(',', $params);
+        $name   = array_shift($params);
+
+        $files = $this->request->getFileMultiple($name);
+        if ($files === null) {
+            $files = [$this->request->getFile($name)];
+        }
+
+        foreach ($files as $file) {
+            if ($file === null) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if ($file->getError() === UPLOAD_ERR_NO_FILE) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if (! in_array($file->guessExtension(), $params, true)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks an uploaded file to verify that the dimensions are within
+     * a specified allowable dimension.
+     */
+    public function max_dims(?string $blank, string $params): bool
+    {
+        // Grab the file name off the top of the $params
+        // after we split it.
+        $params = explode(',', $params);
+        $name   = array_shift($params);
+
+        $files = $this->request->getFileMultiple($name);
+        if ($files === null) {
+            $files = [$this->request->getFile($name)];
+        }
+
+        foreach ($files as $file) {
+            if ($file === null) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if ($file->getError() === UPLOAD_ERR_NO_FILE) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            // Get Parameter sizes
+            $allowedWidth  = $params[0] ?? 0;
+            $allowedHeight = $params[1] ?? 0;
+
+            // Get uploaded image size
+            $info = getimagesize($file->getTempName());
+
+            if ($info === false) {
+                // Cannot get the image size.
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            $fileWidth  = $info[0];
+            $fileHeight = $info[1];
+
+            if ($fileWidth > $allowedWidth || $fileHeight > $allowedHeight) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks an uploaded file to verify that the dimensions are greater than
+     * a specified dimension.
+     */
+    public function min_dims(?string $blank, string $params): bool
+    {
+        // Grab the file name off the top of the $params
+        // after we split it.
+        $params = explode(',', $params);
+        $name   = array_shift($params);
+
+        $files = $this->request->getFileMultiple($name);
+        if ($files === null) {
+            $files = [$this->request->getFile($name)];
+        }
+
+        foreach ($files as $file) {
+            if ($file === null) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if ($file->getError() === UPLOAD_ERR_NO_FILE) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            // Get Parameter sizes
+            $minimumWidth  = $params[0] ?? 0;
+            $minimumHeight = $params[1] ?? 0;
+
+            // Get uploaded image size
+            $info = getimagesize($file->getTempName());
+
+            if ($info === false) {
+                // Cannot get the image size.
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            $fileWidth  = $info[0];
+            $fileHeight = $info[1];
+
+            if ($fileWidth < $minimumWidth || $fileHeight < $minimumHeight) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/system/Validation/StrictRules/Rules.php b/system/Validation/StrictRules/Rules.php
index ec02a4e0a0ac..0a03e6461dba 100644
--- a/system/Validation/StrictRules/Rules.php
+++ b/system/Validation/StrictRules/Rules.php
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\Helpers\Array\ArrayHelper;
 use CodeIgniter\Validation\Rules as NonStrictRules;
-use Config\Database;
 
 /**
  * Validation Rules.
@@ -42,7 +41,7 @@ public function differs(
         string $otherField,
         array $data,
         ?string $error = null,
-        ?string $field = null
+        ?string $field = null,
     ): bool {
         if (str_contains($otherField, '.')) {
             return $str !== dot_array_search($otherField, $data);
@@ -134,6 +133,7 @@ public function greater_than_equal_to($str, string $min): bool
      * accept only one filter).
      *
      * Example:
+     *    is_not_unique[dbGroup.table.field,where_field,where_value]
      *    is_not_unique[table.field,where_field,where_value]
      *    is_not_unique[menu.id,active,1]
      *
@@ -145,31 +145,7 @@ public function is_not_unique($str, string $field, array $data): bool
             return false;
         }
 
-        // Grab any data for exclusion of a single row.
-        [$field, $whereField, $whereValue] = array_pad(
-            explode(',', $field),
-            3,
-            null
-        );
-
-        // Break the table and field apart
-        sscanf($field, '%[^.].%[^.]', $table, $field);
-
-        $row = Database::connect($data['DBGroup'] ?? null)
-            ->table($table)
-            ->select('1')
-            ->where($field, $str)
-            ->limit(1);
-
-        if (
-            $whereField !== null && $whereField !== ''
-            && $whereValue !== null && $whereValue !== ''
-            && ! preg_match('/^\{(\w+)\}$/', $whereValue)
-        ) {
-            $row = $row->where($whereField, $whereValue);
-        }
-
-        return $row->get()->getRow() !== null;
+        return $this->nonStrictRules->is_not_unique($str, $field, $data);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -196,6 +172,7 @@ public function in_list($value, string $list): bool
      * record updates.
      *
      * Example:
+     *    is_unique[dbGroup.table.field,ignore_field,ignore_value]
      *    is_unique[table.field,ignore_field,ignore_value]
      *    is_unique[users.email,id,5]
      *
@@ -207,29 +184,7 @@ public function is_unique($str, string $field, array $data): bool
             return false;
         }
 
-        [$field, $ignoreField, $ignoreValue] = array_pad(
-            explode(',', $field),
-            3,
-            null
-        );
-
-        sscanf($field, '%[^.].%[^.]', $table, $field);
-
-        $row = Database::connect($data['DBGroup'] ?? null)
-            ->table($table)
-            ->select('1')
-            ->where($field, $str)
-            ->limit(1);
-
-        if (
-            $ignoreField !== null && $ignoreField !== ''
-            && $ignoreValue !== null && $ignoreValue !== ''
-            && ! preg_match('/^\{(\w+)\}$/', $ignoreValue)
-        ) {
-            $row = $row->where("{$ignoreField} !=", $ignoreValue);
-        }
-
-        return $row->get()->getRow() === null;
+        return $this->nonStrictRules->is_unique($str, $field, $data);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -279,7 +234,7 @@ public function matches(
         string $otherField,
         array $data,
         ?string $error = null,
-        ?string $field = null
+        ?string $field = null,
     ): bool {
         if (str_contains($otherField, '.')) {
             return $str === dot_array_search($otherField, $data);
@@ -410,7 +365,7 @@ public function required_without(
         ?string $otherFields = null,
         array $data = [],
         ?string $error = null,
-        ?string $field = null
+        ?string $field = null,
     ): bool {
         return $this->nonStrictRules->required_without($str, $otherFields, $data, $error, $field);
     }
@@ -428,7 +383,7 @@ public function field_exists(
         ?string $param = null,
         array $data = [],
         ?string $error = null,
-        ?string $field = null
+        ?string $field = null,
     ): bool {
         if (str_contains($field, '.')) {
             return ArrayHelper::dotKeyExists($field, $data);
diff --git a/system/Validation/Validation.php b/system/Validation/Validation.php
index cd81352eb8c2..37cf552499d9 100644
--- a/system/Validation/Validation.php
+++ b/system/Validation/Validation.php
@@ -15,16 +15,14 @@
 
 use Closure;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnection;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\LogicException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Method;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\Validation\Exceptions\ValidationException;
 use CodeIgniter\View\RendererInterface;
-use Config\Validation as ValidationConfig;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
-use LogicException;
-use TypeError;
 
 /**
  * Validator
@@ -97,7 +95,7 @@ class Validation implements ValidationInterface
     /**
      * Our configuration.
      *
-     * @var ValidationConfig
+     * @var object{ruleSets: list<class-string>}
      */
     protected $config;
 
@@ -111,7 +109,7 @@ class Validation implements ValidationInterface
     /**
      * Validation constructor.
      *
-     * @param ValidationConfig $config
+     * @param object{ruleSets: list<class-string>} $config
      */
     public function __construct($config, RendererInterface $view)
     {
@@ -176,12 +174,12 @@ public function run(?array $data = null, ?string $group = null, $dbGroup = null)
 
                 $values = array_filter(
                     $flattenedArray,
-                    static fn ($key) => preg_match(self::getRegex($field), $key),
-                    ARRAY_FILTER_USE_KEY
+                    static fn ($key): bool => preg_match(self::getRegex($field), $key) === 1,
+                    ARRAY_FILTER_USE_KEY,
                 );
 
                 // if keys not found
-                $values = $values ?: [$field => null];
+                $values = $values !== [] ? $values : [$field => null];
             } else {
                 $values = dot_array_search($field, $data);
             }
@@ -208,7 +206,7 @@ public function run(?array $data = null, ?string $group = null, $dbGroup = null)
             // Store data that was actually validated.
             $this->validated = DotArrayFilter::run(
                 array_keys($this->rules),
-                $this->data
+                $this->data,
             );
 
             return true;
@@ -226,7 +224,7 @@ private static function getRegex(string $field): string
             . str_replace(
                 ['\.\*', '\*\.'],
                 ['\.[^.]+', '[^.]+\.'],
-                preg_quote($field, '/')
+                preg_quote($field, '/'),
             )
             . '\z/';
     }
@@ -248,11 +246,11 @@ public function check($value, $rules, array $errors = [], $dbGroup = null): bool
             'check',
             null,
             $rules,
-            $errors
+            $errors,
         )->run(
             ['check' => $value],
             null,
-            $dbGroup
+            $dbGroup,
         );
     }
 
@@ -281,7 +279,7 @@ protected function processRules(
         $value,
         $rules = null,       // @TODO remove `= null`
         ?array $data = null, // @TODO remove `= null`
-        ?string $originalField = null
+        ?string $originalField = null,
     ): bool {
         if ($data === null) {
             throw new InvalidArgumentException('You must supply the parameter: data.');
@@ -368,7 +366,7 @@ protected function processRules(
                     $label,
                     $param,
                     (string) $value,
-                    $originalField
+                    $originalField,
                 );
 
                 return false;
@@ -413,7 +411,7 @@ private function processIfExist(string $field, array $rules, array $data)
             }
 
             // Otherwise remove the if_exist rule and continue the process
-            $rules = array_filter($rules, static fn ($rule) => $rule instanceof Closure || $rule !== 'if_exist');
+            $rules = array_filter($rules, static fn ($rule): bool => $rule instanceof Closure || $rule !== 'if_exist');
         }
 
         return $rules;
@@ -460,14 +458,14 @@ private function processPermitEmpty($value, array $rules, array $data)
                 }
             }
 
-            $rules = array_filter($rules, static fn ($rule) => $rule instanceof Closure || $rule !== 'permit_empty');
+            $rules = array_filter($rules, static fn ($rule): bool => $rule instanceof Closure || $rule !== 'permit_empty');
         }
 
         return $rules;
     }
 
     /**
-     * @param Closure|string $rule
+     * @param Closure(bool|float|int|list<mixed>|object|string|null, bool|float|int|list<mixed>|object|string|null, string|null, string|null): (bool|string) $rule
      */
     private function isClosure($rule): bool
     {
@@ -544,12 +542,12 @@ public function withRequest(RequestInterface $request): ValidationInterface
      *
      * @return $this
      *
-     * @throws TypeError
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
      */
     public function setRule(string $field, ?string $label, $rules, array $errors = [])
     {
         if (! is_array($rules) && ! is_string($rules)) {
-            throw new TypeError('$rules must be of type string|array');
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('$rules must be of type string|array');
         }
 
         $ruleSet = [
@@ -805,7 +803,7 @@ protected function fillPlaceholders(array $rules, array $data): array
                             throw new LogicException(
                                 'No validation rules for the placeholder: "' . $field
                                 . '". You must set the validation rules for the field.'
-                                . ' See <https://codeigniter4.github.io/userguide/libraries/validation.html#validation-placeholders>.'
+                                . ' See <https://codeigniter4.github.io/userguide/libraries/validation.html#validation-placeholders>.',
                             );
                         }
 
@@ -813,7 +811,7 @@ protected function fillPlaceholders(array $rules, array $data): array
                         foreach ($placeholderRules as $placeholderRule) {
                             if ($this->retrievePlaceholders($placeholderRule, $data) !== []) {
                                 throw new LogicException(
-                                    'The placeholder field cannot use placeholder: ' . $field
+                                    'The placeholder field cannot use placeholder: ' . $field,
                                 );
                             }
                         }
@@ -867,11 +865,11 @@ public function getError(?string $field = null): string
 
         $errors = array_filter(
             $this->getErrors(),
-            static fn ($key) => preg_match(self::getRegex($field), $key),
-            ARRAY_FILTER_USE_KEY
+            static fn ($key): bool => preg_match(self::getRegex($field), $key) === 1,
+            ARRAY_FILTER_USE_KEY,
         );
 
-        return $errors === [] ? '' : implode("\n", $errors);
+        return implode("\n", $errors);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -914,13 +912,13 @@ protected function getErrorMessage(
         ?string $label = null,
         ?string $param = null,
         ?string $value = null,
-        ?string $originalField = null
+        ?string $originalField = null,
     ): string {
         $param ??= '';
 
         $args = [
             'field' => ($label === null || $label === '') ? $field : lang($label),
-            'param' => (! isset($this->rules[$param]['label'])) ? $param : lang($this->rules[$param]['label']),
+            'param' => isset($this->rules[$param]['label']) ? lang($this->rules[$param]['label']) : $param,
             'value' => $value ?? '',
         ];
 
diff --git a/system/View/Cell.php b/system/View/Cell.php
index f2801e4194ec..3a3e9595e3f5 100644
--- a/system/View/Cell.php
+++ b/system/View/Cell.php
@@ -87,7 +87,9 @@ public function render(string $library, $params = null, int $ttl = 0, ?string $c
         // Is the output cached?
         $cacheName ??= str_replace(['\\', '/'], '', $class) . $method . md5(serialize($params));
 
-        if ($output = $this->cache->get($cacheName)) {
+        $output = $this->cache->get($cacheName);
+
+        if (is_string($output) && $output !== '') {
             return $output;
         }
 
@@ -116,15 +118,14 @@ public function render(string $library, $params = null, int $ttl = 0, ?string $c
      * If a string, it should be in the format "key1=value key2=value".
      * It will be split and returned as an array.
      *
-     * @param         array<string, string>|string|null       $params
-     * @phpstan-param array<string, string>|string|float|null $params
+     * @param array<string, string>|float|string|null $params
      *
      * @return array<string, string>
      */
     public function prepareParams($params)
     {
         if (
-            ($params === null || $params === '' || $params === [])
+            in_array($params, [null, '', []], true)
             || (! is_string($params) && ! is_array($params))
         ) {
             return [];
@@ -153,10 +154,6 @@ public function prepareParams($params)
             unset($newParams);
         }
 
-        if ($params === []) {
-            return [];
-        }
-
         return $params;
     }
 
diff --git a/system/View/Cells/Cell.php b/system/View/Cells/Cell.php
index ddf7ef4ccf63..581499028e4b 100644
--- a/system/View/Cells/Cell.php
+++ b/system/View/Cells/Cell.php
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\View\Cells;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\LogicException;
 use CodeIgniter\Traits\PropertiesTrait;
-use LogicException;
 use ReflectionClass;
 use Stringable;
 
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ final protected function view(?string $view, array $data = []): string
             $viewName  = decamelize(class_basename(static::class));
             $directory = dirname((new ReflectionClass($this))->getFileName()) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
 
-            $possibleView1 = $directory . substr($viewName, 0, strrpos($viewName, '_cell')) . '.php';
+            $possibleView1 = $directory . substr($viewName, 0, (int) strrpos($viewName, '_cell')) . '.php';
             $possibleView2 = $directory . $viewName . '.php';
         }
 
@@ -97,13 +97,13 @@ final protected function view(?string $view, array $data = []): string
 
         $candidateViews = array_filter(
             [$view, $possibleView1 ?? '', $possibleView2 ?? ''],
-            static fn (string $path): bool => $path !== '' && is_file($path)
+            static fn (string $path): bool => $path !== '' && is_file($path),
         );
 
         if ($candidateViews === []) {
             throw new LogicException(sprintf(
                 'Cannot locate the view file for the "%s" cell.',
-                static::class
+                static::class,
             ));
         }
 
diff --git a/system/View/Filters.php b/system/View/Filters.php
index dde9ec6d663d..c74e385cdb96 100644
--- a/system/View/Filters.php
+++ b/system/View/Filters.php
@@ -71,16 +71,14 @@ public static function date_modify($value, string $adjustment)
      */
     public static function default($value, string $default): string
     {
-        return empty($value) // @phpstan-ignore-line
-            ? $default
-            : $value;
+        return empty($value) ? $default : $value;
     }
 
     /**
      * Escapes the given value with our `esc()` helper function.
      *
-     * @param         string                               $value
-     * @phpstan-param 'html'|'js'|'css'|'url'|'attr'|'raw' $context
+     * @param string                               $value
+     * @param 'attr'|'css'|'html'|'js'|'raw'|'url' $context
      */
     public static function esc($value, string $context = 'html'): string
     {
diff --git a/system/View/Parser.php b/system/View/Parser.php
index 8a26cf825d3f..85d0ff8468db 100644
--- a/system/View/Parser.php
+++ b/system/View/Parser.php
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ public function __construct(
         ?string $viewPath = null,
         $loader = null,
         ?bool $debug = null,
-        ?LoggerInterface $logger = null
+        ?LoggerInterface $logger = null,
     ) {
         // Ensure user plugins override core plugins.
         $this->plugins = $config->plugins;
@@ -117,10 +117,14 @@ public function render(string $view, ?array $options = null, ?bool $saveData = n
         $cacheName = $options['cache_name'] ?? str_replace('.php', '', $view);
 
         // Was it cached?
-        if (isset($options['cache']) && ($output = cache($cacheName))) {
-            $this->logPerformance($start, microtime(true), $view);
+        if (isset($options['cache'])) {
+            $output = cache($cacheName);
+
+            if (is_string($output) && $output !== '') {
+                $this->logPerformance($start, microtime(true), $view);
 
-            return $output;
+                return $output;
+            }
         }
 
         $file = $this->viewPath . $view;
@@ -198,10 +202,9 @@ public function renderString(string $template, ?array $options = null, ?bool $sa
      * so that the variable is correctly handled within the
      * parsing itself, and contexts (including raw) are respected.
      *
-     * @param         array<string, mixed>                      $data
-     * @param         non-empty-string|null                     $context The context to escape it for.
-     *                                                                   If 'raw', no escaping will happen.
-     * @phpstan-param null|'html'|'js'|'css'|'url'|'attr'|'raw' $context
+     * @param array<string, mixed>                      $data
+     * @param 'attr'|'css'|'html'|'js'|'raw'|'url'|null $context The context to escape it for.
+     *                                                           If 'raw', no escaping will happen.
      */
     public function setData(array $data = [], ?string $context = null): RendererInterface
     {
@@ -329,7 +332,7 @@ protected function parsePair(string $variable, array $data, string $template): a
             $this->leftDelimiter . '\s*/' . preg_quote($variable, '#') . '\s*' . $this->rightDelimiter . '#us',
             $template,
             $matches,
-            PREG_SET_ORDER
+            PREG_SET_ORDER,
         );
 
         /*
@@ -419,7 +422,7 @@ protected function extractNoparse(string $template): string
          * $matches[][0] is the raw match
          * $matches[][1] is the contents
          */
-        if (preg_match_all($pattern, $template, $matches, PREG_SET_ORDER)) {
+        if (preg_match_all($pattern, $template, $matches, PREG_SET_ORDER) >= 1) {
             foreach ($matches as $match) {
                 // Create a hash of the contents to insert in its place.
                 $hash                       = md5($match[1]);
@@ -484,12 +487,12 @@ protected function parseConditionals(string $template): string
         $template = preg_replace(
             '/' . $leftDelimiter . '\s*else\s*' . $rightDelimiter . '/ums',
             '<?php else: ?>',
-            $template
+            $template,
         );
         $template = preg_replace(
             '/' . $leftDelimiter . '\s*endif\s*' . $rightDelimiter . '/ums',
             '<?php endif; ?>',
-            $template
+            $template,
         );
 
         // Parse the PHP itself, or insert an error so they can debug
@@ -613,7 +616,7 @@ public function shouldAddEscaping(string $key)
             $escape = false;
         }
         // If no `esc` filter is found, then we'll need to add one.
-        elseif (! preg_match('/\s+esc/u', $key)) {
+        elseif (preg_match('/\s+esc/u', $key) !== 1) {
             $escape = 'html';
         }
 
@@ -691,7 +694,7 @@ protected function parsePlugins(string $template)
              *   $matches[1] = all parameters string in opening tag
              *   $matches[2] = content between the tags to send to the plugin.
              */
-            if (! preg_match_all($pattern, $template, $matches, PREG_SET_ORDER)) {
+            if (preg_match_all($pattern, $template, $matches, PREG_SET_ORDER) < 1) {
                 continue;
             }
 
diff --git a/system/View/RendererInterface.php b/system/View/RendererInterface.php
index 5fdf8794f12d..d42dcee88442 100644
--- a/system/View/RendererInterface.php
+++ b/system/View/RendererInterface.php
@@ -46,10 +46,9 @@ public function renderString(string $view, ?array $options = null, bool $saveDat
     /**
      * Sets several pieces of view data at once.
      *
-     * @param         array<string, mixed>                      $data
-     * @param         non-empty-string|null                     $context The context to escape it for.
-     *                                                                   If 'raw', no escaping will happen.
-     * @phpstan-param null|'html'|'js'|'css'|'url'|'attr'|'raw' $context
+     * @param array<string, mixed>                      $data
+     * @param 'attr'|'css'|'html'|'js'|'raw'|'url'|null $context The context to escape it for.
+     *                                                           If 'raw', no escaping will happen.
      *
      * @return RendererInterface
      */
@@ -58,10 +57,9 @@ public function setData(array $data = [], ?string $context = null);
     /**
      * Sets a single piece of view data.
      *
-     * @param         mixed                                     $value
-     * @param         non-empty-string|null                     $context The context to escape it for.
-     *                                                                   If 'raw', no escaping will happen.
-     * @phpstan-param null|'html'|'js'|'css'|'url'|'attr'|'raw' $context
+     * @param mixed                                     $value
+     * @param 'attr'|'css'|'html'|'js'|'raw'|'url'|null $context The context to escape it for.
+     *                                                           If 'raw', no escaping will happen.
      *
      * @return RendererInterface
      */
diff --git a/system/View/Table.php b/system/View/Table.php
index 60ccc509f9ae..df4b870b8ba9 100644
--- a/system/View/Table.php
+++ b/system/View/Table.php
@@ -108,8 +108,7 @@ public function __construct($config = [])
     /**
      * Set the template
      *
-     * @param         array<string, string>        $template
-     * @phpstan-param array<string, string>|string $template
+     * @param array<string, string>|string $template
      *
      * @return bool
      */
@@ -228,13 +227,13 @@ public function addRow()
             $missingKeys = array_diff_key($keyIndex, $tmpRow);
 
             // Remove all keys which don't exist in $keyIndex
-            $tmpRow = array_filter($tmpRow, static fn ($k) => array_key_exists($k, $keyIndex), ARRAY_FILTER_USE_KEY);
+            $tmpRow = array_filter($tmpRow, static fn ($k): bool => array_key_exists($k, $keyIndex), ARRAY_FILTER_USE_KEY);
 
             // add missing keys to row, but use $this->emptyCells
-            $tmpRow = array_merge($tmpRow, array_map(fn ($v) => ['data' => $this->emptyCells], $missingKeys));
+            $tmpRow = array_merge($tmpRow, array_map(fn ($v): array => ['data' => $this->emptyCells], $missingKeys));
 
             // order keys by $keyIndex values
-            uksort($tmpRow, static fn ($k1, $k2) => $keyIndex[$k1] <=> $keyIndex[$k2]);
+            uksort($tmpRow, static fn ($k1, $k2): int => $keyIndex[$k1] <=> $keyIndex[$k2]);
         }
         $this->rows[] = $tmpRow;
 
@@ -333,7 +332,7 @@ public function generate($tableData = null)
         $out = $this->template['table_open'] . $this->newline;
 
         // Add any caption here
-        if ($this->caption) {
+        if (isset($this->caption) && $this->caption !== '') {
             $out .= '<caption>' . $this->caption . '</caption>' . $this->newline;
         }
 
diff --git a/system/View/View.php b/system/View/View.php
index 7b6bfea0bba5..184f2528c32c 100644
--- a/system/View/View.php
+++ b/system/View/View.php
@@ -15,12 +15,12 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\Autoloader\FileLocatorInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar\Collectors\Views;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use CodeIgniter\Filters\DebugToolbar;
 use CodeIgniter\View\Exceptions\ViewException;
 use Config\Toolbar;
 use Config\View as ViewConfig;
 use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
-use RuntimeException;
 
 /**
  * Class View
@@ -124,16 +124,6 @@ class View implements RendererInterface
      */
     protected $sections = [];
 
-    /**
-     * The name of the current section being rendered,
-     * if any.
-     *
-     * @var string|null
-     *
-     * @deprecated
-     */
-    protected $currentSection;
-
     /**
      * The name of the current section being rendered,
      * if any.
@@ -147,7 +137,7 @@ public function __construct(
         ?string $viewPath = null,
         ?FileLocatorInterface $loader = null,
         ?bool $debug = null,
-        ?LoggerInterface $logger = null
+        ?LoggerInterface $logger = null,
     ) {
         $this->config   = $config;
         $this->viewPath = rtrim($viewPath, '\\/ ') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
@@ -196,11 +186,13 @@ public function render(string $view, ?array $options = null, ?bool $saveData = n
 
             $this->renderVars['cacheName'] = $cacheName;
 
-            if ($output = cache($this->renderVars['cacheName'])) {
+            $output = cache($this->renderVars['cacheName']);
+
+            if (is_string($output) && $output !== '') {
                 $this->logPerformance(
                     $this->renderVars['start'],
                     microtime(true),
-                    $this->renderVars['view']
+                    $this->renderVars['view'],
                 );
 
                 return $output;
@@ -213,7 +205,7 @@ public function render(string $view, ?array $options = null, ?bool $saveData = n
             $this->renderVars['file'] = $this->loader->locateFile(
                 $this->renderVars['view'],
                 'Views',
-                ($fileExt === '') ? 'php' : $fileExt
+                ($fileExt === '') ? 'php' : $fileExt,
             );
         }
 
@@ -257,7 +249,7 @@ public function render(string $view, ?array $options = null, ?bool $saveData = n
         $this->logPerformance(
             $this->renderVars['start'],
             microtime(true),
-            $this->renderVars['view']
+            $this->renderVars['view'],
         );
 
         // Check if DebugToolbar is enabled.
@@ -292,7 +284,7 @@ public function render(string $view, ?array $options = null, ?bool $saveData = n
             cache()->save(
                 $this->renderVars['cacheName'],
                 $output,
-                (int) $this->renderVars['options']['cache']
+                (int) $this->renderVars['options']['cache'],
             );
         }
 
@@ -339,15 +331,14 @@ public function renderString(string $view, ?array $options = null, ?bool $saveDa
      */
     public function excerpt(string $string, int $length = 20): string
     {
-        return (strlen($string) > $length) ? substr($string, 0, $length - 3) . '...' : $string;
+        return (mb_strlen($string) > $length) ? mb_substr($string, 0, $length - 3) . '...' : $string;
     }
 
     /**
      * Sets several pieces of view data at once.
      *
-     * @param         non-empty-string|null                     $context The context to escape it for.
-     *                                                                   If 'raw', no escaping will happen.
-     * @phpstan-param null|'html'|'js'|'css'|'url'|'attr'|'raw' $context
+     * @param 'attr'|'css'|'html'|'js'|'raw'|'url'|null $context The context to escape it for.
+     *                                                           If 'raw', no escaping will happen.
      */
     public function setData(array $data = [], ?string $context = null): RendererInterface
     {
@@ -364,10 +355,9 @@ public function setData(array $data = [], ?string $context = null): RendererInte
     /**
      * Sets a single piece of view data.
      *
-     * @param         mixed                                     $value
-     * @param         non-empty-string|null                     $context The context to escape it for.
-     *                                                                   If 'raw', no escaping will happen.
-     * @phpstan-param null|'html'|'js'|'css'|'url'|'attr'|'raw' $context
+     * @param mixed                                     $value
+     * @param 'attr'|'css'|'html'|'js'|'raw'|'url'|null $context The context to escape it for.
+     *                                                           If 'raw', no escaping will happen.
      */
     public function setVar(string $name, $value = null, ?string $context = null): RendererInterface
     {
@@ -420,8 +410,6 @@ public function extend(string $layout)
      */
     public function section(string $name)
     {
-        // Saved to prevent BC.
-        $this->currentSection = $name;
         $this->sectionStack[] = $name;
 
         ob_start();
@@ -457,23 +445,23 @@ public function endSection()
      *
      * @param bool $saveData If true, saves data for subsequent calls,
      *                       if false, cleans the data after displaying.
-     *
-     * @return void
      */
-    public function renderSection(string $sectionName, bool $saveData = false)
+    public function renderSection(string $sectionName, bool $saveData = false): string
     {
         if (! isset($this->sections[$sectionName])) {
-            echo '';
-
-            return;
+            return '';
         }
 
+        $output = '';
+
         foreach ($this->sections[$sectionName] as $key => $contents) {
-            echo $contents;
+            $output .= $contents;
             if ($saveData === false) {
                 unset($this->sections[$sectionName][$key]);
             }
         }
+
+        return $output;
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/system/rewrite.php b/system/rewrite.php
index aba4560446fc..4f9b79ade95c 100644
--- a/system/rewrite.php
+++ b/system/rewrite.php
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 
 // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
 $uri = urldecode(
-    parse_url('https://codeigniter.com' . $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'], PHP_URL_PATH) ?? ''
+    parse_url('https://codeigniter.com' . $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'], PHP_URL_PATH) ?? '',
 );
 
 // All request handle by index.php file.
diff --git a/system/util_bootstrap.php b/system/util_bootstrap.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5423954deb59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/util_bootstrap.php
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+use CodeIgniter\Boot;
+use Config\Paths;
+
+error_reporting(E_ALL);
+ini_set('display_errors', '1');
+ini_set('display_startup_errors', '1');
+
+/*
+ * ---------------------------------------------------------------
+ * DEFINE ENVIRONMENT
+ * ---------------------------------------------------------------
+ *
+ * As this bootstrap file is primarily used by internal scripts
+ * across the framework and other CodeIgniter projects, we need
+ * to make sure it recognizes that we're in development.
+ */
+
+$_SERVER['CI_ENVIRONMENT'] = 'development';
+define('ENVIRONMENT', 'development');
+defined('CI_DEBUG') || define('CI_DEBUG', true);
+
+/*
+ * ---------------------------------------------------------------
+ * SET UP OUR PATH CONSTANTS
+ * ---------------------------------------------------------------
+ *
+ * The path constants provide convenient access to the folders
+ * throughout the application. We have to set them up here
+ * so they are available in the config files that are loaded.
+ */
+
+defined('HOMEPATH') || define('HOMEPATH', realpath(rtrim(getcwd(), '\\/ ')) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+
+$source = match (true) {
+    is_dir(HOMEPATH . 'app/')                   => HOMEPATH,
+    is_dir('vendor/codeigniter4/framework/')    => 'vendor/codeigniter4/framework/',
+    is_dir('vendor/codeigniter4/codeigniter4/') => 'vendor/codeigniter4/codeigniter4/',
+    default                                     => throw new RuntimeException('Unable to determine the source directory.'),
+};
+
+defined('CONFIGPATH') || define('CONFIGPATH', realpath($source . 'app/Config') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+defined('PUBLICPATH') || define('PUBLICPATH', realpath($source . 'public') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+unset($source);
+
+require CONFIGPATH . 'Paths.php';
+$paths = new Paths();
+
+defined('CIPATH') || define('CIPATH', realpath($paths->systemDirectory . '/../') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+defined('FCPATH') || define('FCPATH', PUBLICPATH);
+
+if (is_dir($paths->testsDirectory . '/_support/') && ! defined('SUPPORTPATH')) {
+    define('SUPPORTPATH', realpath($paths->testsDirectory . '/_support/') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+}
+
+if (is_dir(HOMEPATH . 'vendor/')) {
+    define('VENDORPATH', realpath(HOMEPATH . 'vendor/') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+    define('COMPOSER_PATH', (string) realpath(HOMEPATH . 'vendor/autoload.php'));
+}
+
+/*
+ *---------------------------------------------------------------
+ * BOOTSTRAP THE APPLICATION
+ *---------------------------------------------------------------
+ *
+ * This process sets up the path constants, loads and registers
+ * our autoloader, along with Composer's, loads our constants
+ * and fires up an environment-specific bootstrapping.
+ */
+
+require $paths->systemDirectory . '/Boot.php';
+Boot::bootConsole($paths);
diff --git a/tests/README.md b/tests/README.md
index c0c58040917b..3848a83540dd 100644
--- a/tests/README.md
+++ b/tests/README.md
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ Individual tests can be run by including the relative path to the test file.
 You can run the tests without running the live database and the live cache tests.
 
 ```console
-./phpunit --exclude-group DatabaseLive,CacheLive
+./phpunit --exclude-group DatabaseLive --exclude-group CacheLive
 ```
 
 ## Generating Code Coverage
diff --git a/tests/_support/Autoloader/FatalLocator.php b/tests/_support/Autoloader/FatalLocator.php
index 578bd02ad9ae..438c41480f01 100644
--- a/tests/_support/Autoloader/FatalLocator.php
+++ b/tests/_support/Autoloader/FatalLocator.php
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 namespace Tests\Support\Autoloader;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Autoloader\FileLocator;
-use RuntimeException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 
 /**
  * Class FatalLocator
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class FatalLocator extends FileLocator
      *
      * @return false|string The path to the file, or false if not found.
      */
-    public function locateFile(string $file, ?string $folder = null, string $ext = 'php')
+    public function locateFile(string $file, ?string $folder = null, string $ext = 'php'): false|string
     {
         $folder ??= 'null';
 
diff --git a/tests/_support/Commands/AppInfo.php b/tests/_support/Commands/AppInfo.php
index ae609514ad54..767523071466 100644
--- a/tests/_support/Commands/AppInfo.php
+++ b/tests/_support/Commands/AppInfo.php
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
 use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
 use CodeIgniter\CodeIgniter;
-use RuntimeException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 
 class AppInfo extends BaseCommand
 {
diff --git a/tests/_support/Commands/Foobar.php b/tests/_support/Commands/Foobar.php
index 1479c68ffa22..7ca79a9db7a5 100644
--- a/tests/_support/Commands/Foobar.php
+++ b/tests/_support/Commands/Foobar.php
@@ -1,11 +1,20 @@
 <?php
 
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
 use Config\App;
 use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
 
 return [
-   'foo' => 'The command will use this as foo.',
-   'bar' => 'The command will use this as bar.',
-   'baz' => 'The baz is here.',
-   'bas' => CLI::color('bas', 'green') . (new App())->baseURL,
+    'foo' => 'The command will use this as foo.',
+    'bar' => 'The command will use this as bar.',
+    'baz' => 'The baz is here.',
+    'bas' => CLI::color('bas', 'green') . (new App())->baseURL,
 ];
diff --git a/tests/_support/Config/Registrar.php b/tests/_support/Config/Registrar.php
index b92c5e24bb16..8759dcb5a1a2 100644
--- a/tests/_support/Config/Registrar.php
+++ b/tests/_support/Config/Registrar.php
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ class Registrar
             'failover'    => [],
             'port'        => 3306,
             'foreignKeys' => true,
+            'synchronous' => 0,
         ],
         'SQLSRV' => [
             'DSN'      => '',
@@ -134,9 +135,9 @@ public static function Database(): array
 
         // Under GitHub Actions, we can set an ENV var named 'DB'
         // so that we can test against multiple databases.
-        if (($group = getenv('DB')) && isset(self::$dbConfig[$group])) {
-            $config['tests'] = self::$dbConfig[$group];
-        }
+        $group = env('DB', 'SQLite3');
+
+        $config['tests'] = self::$dbConfig[$group] ?? [];
 
         return $config;
     }
diff --git a/tests/_support/Config/Routes.php b/tests/_support/Config/Routes.php
index 9b3ead4fd65f..c6286056e017 100644
--- a/tests/_support/Config/Routes.php
+++ b/tests/_support/Config/Routes.php
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 
 // This is a simple file to include for testing the RouteCollection class.
 $routes->add('testing', 'TestController::index', ['as' => 'testing-index']);
-$routes->get('closure', static fn () => 'closure test');
+$routes->get('closure', static fn (): string => 'closure test');
 $routes->get('/', 'Blog::index', ['hostname' => 'blog.example.com']);
 $routes->get('/', 'Sub::index', ['subdomain' => 'sub']);
 $routes->get('/all', 'AllDomain::index', ['subdomain' => '*']);
diff --git a/tests/_support/Config/Services.php b/tests/_support/Config/Services.php
index 809fd9bad173..3cb7c53388c3 100644
--- a/tests/_support/Config/Services.php
+++ b/tests/_support/Config/Services.php
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@
 
 namespace Tests\Support\Config;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\SiteURIFactory;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\URI;
 use Config\App;
 use Config\Services as BaseServices;
-use RuntimeException;
 
 /**
  * Services Class
@@ -31,10 +31,8 @@ class Services extends BaseServices
      * The URI class provides a way to model and manipulate URIs.
      *
      * @param string|null $uri The URI string
-     *
-     * @return URI
      */
-    public static function uri(?string $uri = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    public static function uri(?string $uri = null, bool $getShared = true): URI
     {
         // Intercept our test case
         if ($uri === 'testCanReplaceFrameworkServices') {
diff --git a/tests/_support/Controllers/Popcorn.php b/tests/_support/Controllers/Popcorn.php
index 2223a3c3108a..f736f0dcc50f 100644
--- a/tests/_support/Controllers/Popcorn.php
+++ b/tests/_support/Controllers/Popcorn.php
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\API\ResponseTrait;
 use CodeIgniter\Controller;
-use RuntimeException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 
 /**
  * This is a testing only controller, intended to blow up in multiple
diff --git a/tests/_support/Database/Migrations/20160428212500_Create_test_tables.php b/tests/_support/Database/Migrations/20160428212500_Create_test_tables.php
index cf567ace96cf..6af55fa7c9c9 100644
--- a/tests/_support/Database/Migrations/20160428212500_Create_test_tables.php
+++ b/tests/_support/Database/Migrations/20160428212500_Create_test_tables.php
@@ -47,6 +47,15 @@ public function up(): void
             'value' => ['type' => 'VARCHAR', 'constraint' => 400, 'null' => true],
         ])->addKey('id', true)->createTable('misc', true);
 
+        // Team members Table (composite key)
+        $this->forge->addField([
+            'team_id'    => ['type' => 'INTEGER', 'constraint' => 3],
+            'person_id'  => ['type' => 'INTEGER', 'constraint' => 3],
+            'role'       => ['type' => 'VARCHAR', 'constraint' => 40],
+            'status'     => ['type' => 'VARCHAR', 'constraint' => 40],
+            'created_at' => ['type' => 'DATETIME', 'null' => true],
+        ])->addUniqueKey(['team_id', 'person_id'])->createTable('team_members', true);
+
         // Database Type test table
         // missing types:
         //   TINYINT,MEDIUMINT,BIT,YEAR,BINARY,VARBINARY,TINYTEXT,LONGTEXT,
@@ -100,7 +109,6 @@ public function up(): void
                 $dataTypeFields['type_set'],
                 $dataTypeFields['type_mediumtext'],
                 $dataTypeFields['type_double'],
-                $dataTypeFields['type_blob']
             );
         }
 
diff --git a/tests/_support/Database/Seeds/CITestSeeder.php b/tests/_support/Database/Seeds/CITestSeeder.php
index 45b70a7fdd19..09dba65f155b 100644
--- a/tests/_support/Database/Seeds/CITestSeeder.php
+++ b/tests/_support/Database/Seeds/CITestSeeder.php
@@ -107,6 +107,20 @@ public function run(): void
                     'value' => 'ടൈപ്പ്',
                 ],
             ],
+            'team_members' => [
+                [
+                    'team_id'   => 1,
+                    'person_id' => 22,
+                    'role'      => 'member',
+                    'status'    => 'active',
+                ],
+                [
+                    'team_id'   => 1,
+                    'person_id' => 33,
+                    'role'      => 'mentor',
+                    'status'    => 'active',
+                ],
+            ],
             'type_test' => [
                 [
                     'type_varchar'    => 'test',
@@ -151,7 +165,7 @@ public function run(): void
                 $data['type_test'][0]['type_real'],
                 $data['type_test'][0]['type_double'],
                 $data['type_test'][0]['type_decimal'],
-                $data['type_test'][0]['type_blob']
+                $data['type_test'][0]['type_blob'],
             );
         }
 
@@ -166,7 +180,7 @@ public function run(): void
                 $data['type_test'][0]['type_set'],
                 $data['type_test'][0]['type_mediumtext'],
                 $data['type_test'][0]['type_double'],
-                $data['type_test'][0]['type_blob']
+                $data['type_test'][0]['type_blob'],
             );
         }
 
diff --git a/tests/_support/Entity/Cast/CastPassParameters.php b/tests/_support/Entity/Cast/CastPassParameters.php
index 2cbfce0f324b..3f304e3622a0 100644
--- a/tests/_support/Entity/Cast/CastPassParameters.php
+++ b/tests/_support/Entity/Cast/CastPassParameters.php
@@ -22,10 +22,8 @@ class CastPassParameters extends BaseCast
      *
      * @param mixed $value  Data
      * @param array $params Additional param
-     *
-     * @return mixed
      */
-    public static function set($value, array $params = [])
+    public static function set($value, array $params = []): string
     {
         return $value . ':' . json_encode($params);
     }
diff --git a/tests/_support/Entity/CustomUser.php b/tests/_support/Entity/CustomUser.php
index 0ba0c73e451b..67d381ca6fde 100644
--- a/tests/_support/Entity/CustomUser.php
+++ b/tests/_support/Entity/CustomUser.php
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
  * @property string    $name
  * @property Time|null $updated_at
  */
-class CustomUser
+final class CustomUser
 {
     private function __construct(
         private readonly int $id,
@@ -38,9 +38,12 @@ private function __construct(
     ) {
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, int|list<string>|string|Time|null> $data
+     */
     public static function reconstruct(array $data): static
     {
-        return new static(
+        return new self(
             $data['id'],
             $data['name'],
             $data['email'],
diff --git a/tests/_support/Filters/Customfilter.php b/tests/_support/Filters/Customfilter.php
index ac8bce0f0271..7cfb89f60d48 100644
--- a/tests/_support/Filters/Customfilter.php
+++ b/tests/_support/Filters/Customfilter.php
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
         return $request;
     }
 
-    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null): void
+    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
     {
+        return null;
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/_support/Filters/RedirectFilter.php b/tests/_support/Filters/RedirectFilter.php
index 8ab62eb665ca..b2e9289d6b6b 100644
--- a/tests/_support/Filters/RedirectFilter.php
+++ b/tests/_support/Filters/RedirectFilter.php
@@ -24,7 +24,8 @@ public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
         return redirect()->to('login');
     }
 
-    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null): void
+    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
     {
+        return null;
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/_support/Language/SecondMockLanguage.php b/tests/_support/Language/SecondMockLanguage.php
index 2f667312e499..cf7da6ff1599 100644
--- a/tests/_support/Language/SecondMockLanguage.php
+++ b/tests/_support/Language/SecondMockLanguage.php
@@ -15,20 +15,27 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\Language\Language;
 
+/**
+ * @phpstan-import-type LoadedStrings from Language
+ */
 class SecondMockLanguage extends Language
 {
     /**
      * Expose the protected *load* method
+     *
+     * @return ($return is true ? LoadedStrings : null)
      */
-    public function loadem(string $file, string $locale = 'en', bool $return = false)
+    public function loadem(string $file, string $locale = 'en', bool $return = false): ?array
     {
         return $this->load($file, $locale, $return);
     }
 
     /**
      * Expose the loaded language files
+     *
+     * @return list<non-empty-string>
      */
-    public function loaded(string $locale = 'en')
+    public function loaded(string $locale = 'en'): array
     {
         return $this->loadedFiles[$locale];
     }
diff --git a/tests/_support/Log/Handlers/TestHandler.php b/tests/_support/Log/Handlers/TestHandler.php
index b87b5aff743b..025943ffe588 100644
--- a/tests/_support/Log/Handlers/TestHandler.php
+++ b/tests/_support/Log/Handlers/TestHandler.php
@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ class TestHandler extends FileHandler
 
     /**
      * Where would the log be written?
+     *
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $config
      */
     public function __construct(array $config)
     {
diff --git a/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php b/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php
index 4057c05d2f6f..00a11ac132fc 100644
--- a/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php
+++ b/tests/_support/Models/EventModel.php
@@ -129,6 +129,9 @@ protected function afterDeleteMethod(array $data)
         return $data;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $data
+     */
     protected function beforeFindMethod(array $data)
     {
         $this->tokens[]  = 'beforeFind';
diff --git a/tests/_support/Models/UserModel.php b/tests/_support/Models/UserModel.php
index f940b5874ba5..8e3a1b34e13f 100644
--- a/tests/_support/Models/UserModel.php
+++ b/tests/_support/Models/UserModel.php
@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
 
+/**
+ * @method int affectedRows()
+ */
 class UserModel extends Model
 {
     protected $table         = 'user';
diff --git a/tests/_support/Test/TestForReflectionHelper.php b/tests/_support/Test/TestForReflectionHelper.php
index c056777e30ec..b277509aebdf 100644
--- a/tests/_support/Test/TestForReflectionHelper.php
+++ b/tests/_support/Test/TestForReflectionHelper.php
@@ -28,12 +28,12 @@ public static function getStaticPrivate()
         return self::$static_private;
     }
 
-    private function privateMethod($param1, $param2)
+    private function privateMethod($param1, $param2) // @phpstan-ignore method.unused
     {
         return 'private ' . $param1 . $param2;
     }
 
-    private static function privateStaticMethod($param1, $param2)
+    private static function privateStaticMethod($param1, $param2) // @phpstan-ignore method.unused
     {
         return 'private_static ' . $param1 . $param2;
     }
diff --git a/tests/_support/Validation/TestRules.php b/tests/_support/Validation/TestRules.php
index 41f765fe14a7..cb6cde9d4584 100644
--- a/tests/_support/Validation/TestRules.php
+++ b/tests/_support/Validation/TestRules.php
@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@
 
 class TestRules
 {
+    /**
+     * @param-out string $error
+     */
     public function customError(string $str, ?string &$error = null)
     {
         $error = 'My lovely error';
diff --git a/tests/_support/_AfterAutoloadModule/Config/Services.php b/tests/_support/_AfterAutoloadModule/Config/Services.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..34dc48476628
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/_support/_AfterAutoloadModule/Config/Services.php
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace AfterAutoloadModule\Config;
+
+use AfterAutoloadModule\Test;
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseService;
+
+/**
+ * Services for testing BaseService::resetServicesCache().
+ *
+ * This class should not be discovered by the autoloader until the test adds
+ * this namespace to the autoloader.
+ */
+class Services extends BaseService
+{
+    /**
+     * Return a shared instance of the Test class for testing
+     */
+    public static function test(bool $getShared = true): Test
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('test');
+        }
+
+        return new Test();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/_support/_AfterAutoloadModule/Test.php b/tests/_support/_AfterAutoloadModule/Test.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3664f1c7c85d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/_support/_AfterAutoloadModule/Test.php
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace AfterAutoloadModule;
+
+/**
+ * A simple class for testing BaseService::resetServicesCache().
+ *
+ * This class should not be discovered by the autoloader until the test adds
+ * this namespace to the autoloader.
+ */
+class Test
+{
+}
diff --git a/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php b/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php
index 25cccfbfca2a..0443d90dc391 100644
--- a/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/API/ResponseTraitTest.php
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Format\FormatterInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\Format\JSONFormatter;
 use CodeIgniter\Format\XMLFormatter;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\SiteURI;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\UserAgent;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
@@ -24,6 +26,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Test\Mock\MockResponse;
 use Config\App;
 use Config\Cookie;
+use Config\Services;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 use stdClass;
 
@@ -82,6 +85,12 @@ private function createCookieConfig(): Cookie
         return $cookie;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, string> $userHeaders
+     *
+     * @phpstan-assert RequestInterface  $this->request
+     * @phpstan-assert ResponseInterface $this->response
+     */
     private function createRequestAndResponse(string $routePath = '', array $userHeaders = []): void
     {
         $config = $this->createAppConfig();
@@ -92,38 +101,33 @@ private function createRequestAndResponse(string $routePath = '', array $userHea
                 $config,
                 new SiteURI($config, $routePath),
                 null,
-                new UserAgent()
+                new UserAgent(),
             );
             $this->response = new MockResponse($config);
         }
 
-        // Insert headers into request.
-        $headers = [
-            'Accept' => 'text/html',
-        ];
-        $headers = array_merge($headers, $userHeaders);
+        $headers = array_merge(['Accept' => 'text/html'], $userHeaders);
 
         foreach ($headers as $key => $value) {
             $this->request->setHeader($key, $value);
         }
     }
 
-    protected function makeController(string $routePath = '', array $userHeaders = [])
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, string> $userHeaders
+     */
+    protected function makeController(string $routePath = '', array $userHeaders = []): object
     {
         $this->createRequestAndResponse($routePath, $userHeaders);
 
-        // Create the controller class finally.
         return new class ($this->request, $this->response, $this->formatter) {
             use ResponseTrait;
 
-            protected $request;
-            protected $response;
-            protected $formatter;
-
-            public function __construct($request, $response, $formatter)
-            {
-                $this->request   = $request;
-                $this->response  = $response;
+            public function __construct(
+                protected RequestInterface $request,
+                protected ResponseInterface $response,
+                ?FormatterInterface $formatter,
+            ) {
                 $this->formatter = $formatter;
             }
 
@@ -139,7 +143,7 @@ public function testNoFormatterJSON(): void
         $this->formatter = null;
         $controller      = $this->makeController(
             '',
-            ['Accept' => 'application/json']
+            ['Accept' => 'application/json'],
         );
 
         $this->invoke($controller, 'respondCreated', [['id' => 3], 'A Custom Reason']);
@@ -160,7 +164,7 @@ public function testNoFormatter(): void
         $this->formatter = null;
         $controller      = $this->makeController(
             '',
-            ['Accept' => 'application/json']
+            ['Accept' => 'application/json'],
         );
 
         $this->invoke($controller, 'respondCreated', ['A Custom Reason']);
@@ -177,15 +181,13 @@ public function testNoFormatterWithStringAsHtmlTrue(): void
         $controller = new class ($this->request, $this->response, $this->formatter) {
             use ResponseTrait;
 
-            protected $request;
-            protected $response;
-            protected $formatter;
             protected bool $stringAsHtml = true;
 
-            public function __construct($request, $response, $formatter)
-            {
-                $this->request   = $request;
-                $this->response  = $response;
+            public function __construct(
+                protected RequestInterface $request,
+                protected ResponseInterface $response,
+                ?FormatterInterface $formatter,
+            ) {
                 $this->formatter = $formatter;
             }
         };
@@ -195,7 +197,7 @@ public function __construct($request, $response, $formatter)
         $this->assertSame('A Custom Reason', $this->response->getBody());
         $this->assertStringStartsWith(
             'text/html',
-            $this->response->getHeaderLine('Content-Type')
+            $this->response->getHeaderLine('Content-Type'),
         );
     }
 
@@ -287,7 +289,7 @@ public function testRespondSetsCorrectBodyAndStatus(): void
         $this->assertSame('"something"', $this->response->getBody());
         $this->assertStringStartsWith(
             'application/json',
-            $this->response->getHeaderLine('Content-Type')
+            $this->response->getHeaderLine('Content-Type'),
         );
         $this->assertSame('Created', $this->response->getReasonPhrase());
     }
@@ -299,15 +301,13 @@ public function testRespondSetsCorrectBodyAndStatusWithStringAsHtmlTrue(): void
         $controller = new class ($this->request, $this->response, $this->formatter) {
             use ResponseTrait;
 
-            protected $request;
-            protected $response;
-            protected $formatter;
             protected bool $stringAsHtml = true;
 
-            public function __construct($request, $response, $formatter)
-            {
-                $this->request   = $request;
-                $this->response  = $response;
+            public function __construct(
+                protected RequestInterface $request,
+                protected ResponseInterface $response,
+                ?FormatterInterface $formatter,
+            ) {
                 $this->formatter = $formatter;
             }
         };
@@ -447,24 +447,6 @@ public function testNotFound(): void
         $this->assertSame($this->formatter->format($expected), $this->response->getBody());
     }
 
-    public function testValidationError(): void
-    {
-        $controller = $this->makeController();
-
-        $this->invoke($controller, 'failValidationError', ['Nope', 'FAT CHANCE', 'A Custom Reason']);
-
-        $expected = [
-            'status'   => 400,
-            'error'    => 'FAT CHANCE',
-            'messages' => [
-                'error' => 'Nope',
-            ],
-        ];
-        $this->assertSame('A Custom Reason', $this->response->getReasonPhrase());
-        $this->assertSame(400, $this->response->getStatusCode());
-        $this->assertSame($this->formatter->format($expected), $this->response->getBody());
-    }
-
     public function testValidationErrors(): void
     {
         $controller = $this->makeController();
@@ -472,7 +454,7 @@ public function testValidationErrors(): void
         $this->invoke(
             $controller,
             'failValidationErrors',
-            [['foo' => 'Nope', 'bar' => 'No way'], 'FAT CHANCE', 'A Custom Reason']
+            [['foo' => 'Nope', 'bar' => 'No way'], 'FAT CHANCE', 'A Custom Reason'],
         );
 
         $expected = [
@@ -576,24 +558,24 @@ public function testValidContentTypes(): void
 
     private function tryValidContentType(string $mimeType, string $contentType): void
     {
-        $original                = $_SERVER;
-        $_SERVER['CONTENT_TYPE'] = $mimeType;
+        $originalContentType = Services::superglobals()->server('CONTENT_TYPE') ?? '';
+        Services::superglobals()->setServer('CONTENT_TYPE', $mimeType);
 
         $this->makeController('', ['Accept' => $mimeType]);
         $this->assertSame(
             $mimeType,
             $this->request->getHeaderLine('Accept'),
-            'Request header...'
+            'Request header...',
         );
 
         $this->response->setContentType($contentType);
         $this->assertSame(
             $contentType,
             $this->response->getHeaderLine('Content-Type'),
-            'Response header pre-response...'
+            'Response header pre-response...',
         );
 
-        $_SERVER = $original;
+        Services::superglobals()->setServer('CONTENT_TYPE', $originalContentType);
     }
 
     public function testValidResponses(): void
@@ -639,15 +621,11 @@ public function testFormatByRequestNegotiateIfFormatIsNotJsonOrXML(): void
         $controller = new class ($request, $response) {
             use ResponseTrait;
 
-            protected $request;
-            protected $response;
-
-            public function __construct($request, $response)
-            {
-                $this->request  = $request;
-                $this->response = $response;
-
-                $this->format = 'txt';
+            public function __construct(
+                protected RequestInterface $request,
+                protected ResponseInterface $response,
+            ) {
+                $this->format = 'txt'; // @phpstan-ignore assign.propertyType (needed for testing)
             }
         };
 
@@ -655,7 +633,7 @@ public function __construct($request, $response)
 
         $this->assertStringStartsWith(
             config('Format')->supportedResponseFormats[0],
-            $response->getHeaderLine('Content-Type')
+            $response->getHeaderLine('Content-Type'),
         );
     }
 
@@ -669,7 +647,7 @@ public function testResponseFormat(): void
 
         $this->assertStringStartsWith(
             'application/json',
-            $this->response->getHeaderLine('Content-Type')
+            $this->response->getHeaderLine('Content-Type'),
         );
         $this->assertSame($this->formatter->format($data), $this->response->getJSON());
 
@@ -678,7 +656,7 @@ public function testResponseFormat(): void
 
         $this->assertStringStartsWith(
             'application/xml',
-            $this->response->getHeaderLine('Content-Type')
+            $this->response->getHeaderLine('Content-Type'),
         );
     }
 
@@ -695,9 +673,12 @@ public function testXMLResponseFormat(): void
         $this->assertSame($xmlFormatter->format($data), $this->response->getXML());
     }
 
-    private function invoke(object $controller, string $method, array $args = [])
+    /**
+     * @param list<mixed> $args
+     */
+    private function invoke(object $controller, string $method, array $args = []): object
     {
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($controller, $method);
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($controller, $method);
 
         return $method(...$args);
     }
diff --git a/tests/system/AutoReview/ComposerJsonTest.php b/tests/system/AutoReview/ComposerJsonTest.php
index 995ef99f4f2b..ab6b98b3bd64 100644
--- a/tests/system/AutoReview/ComposerJsonTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/AutoReview/ComposerJsonTest.php
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\AutoReview;
 
-use InvalidArgumentException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use JsonException;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\CoversNothing;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ public function testFrameworkRequireDevIsTheSameWithDevRequireDev(): void
                 $dependency,
                 $expectedVersion,
                 $fwRequireDev[$dependency],
-                clean_path(dirname(__DIR__, 3) . '/admin/framework/composer.json')
+                clean_path(dirname(__DIR__, 3) . '/admin/framework/composer.json'),
             ));
         }
     }
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ public function testFrameworkConfigIsTheSameWithDevSuggest(): void
         $this->checkConfig(
             $this->devComposer['config'],
             $this->frameworkComposer['config'],
-            'framework'
+            'framework',
         );
     }
 
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ public function testStarterConfigIsTheSameWithDevSuggest(): void
         $this->checkConfig(
             $this->devComposer['config'],
             $this->starterComposer['config'],
-            'starter'
+            'starter',
         );
     }
 
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ private function checkSection(string $section, string $component): void
         $this->assertSame(
             $this->devComposer[$section],
             $sectionContent,
-            sprintf('The %s\'s "%s" section is not updated with the main composer.json', strtolower($component), $section)
+            sprintf('The %s\'s "%s" section is not updated with the main composer.json', strtolower($component), $section),
         );
     }
 
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ private function checkConfig(array $fromMain, array $fromComponent, string $comp
             $this->assertSame($expectedValue, $actualValue, sprintf(
                 '%s\'s value for config property "%s" is not same with the main composer.json\'s config.',
                 ucfirst($component),
-                $key
+                $key,
             ));
         }
     }
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ private function getComposerJson(string $path): array
             $this->fail(sprintf(
                 'The composer.json at "%s" is not readable or does not exist. Error was "%s".',
                 clean_path($path),
-                $e->getMessage()
+                $e->getMessage(),
             ));
         }
     }
diff --git a/tests/system/AutoReview/FrameworkCodeTest.php b/tests/system/AutoReview/FrameworkCodeTest.php
index b8b155bbbf28..137839b024e5 100644
--- a/tests/system/AutoReview/FrameworkCodeTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/AutoReview/FrameworkCodeTest.php
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ public function testEachTestClassHasCorrectGroupAttributeName(string $class): vo
 
                 return $groupAttribute->name();
             }, $attributes),
-            self::$recognizedGroupAttributeNames
+            self::$recognizedGroupAttributeNames,
         );
         $this->assertEmpty($unrecognizedGroups, sprintf(
             "[%s] Unexpected #[Group] attribute%s:\n%s\nExpected group names to be in \"%s\".",
@@ -74,9 +74,9 @@ public function testEachTestClassHasCorrectGroupAttributeName(string $class): vo
             count($unrecognizedGroups) > 1 ? 's' : '',
             implode("\n", array_map(
                 static fn (string $group): string => sprintf('  * #[Group(\'%s\')]', $group),
-                $unrecognizedGroups
+                $unrecognizedGroups,
             )),
-            implode(', ', self::$recognizedGroupAttributeNames)
+            implode(', ', self::$recognizedGroupAttributeNames),
         ));
     }
 
@@ -100,9 +100,9 @@ private static function getTestClasses(): array
         $iterator = new RecursiveIteratorIterator(
             new RecursiveDirectoryIterator(
                 $directory,
-                FilesystemIterator::SKIP_DOTS
+                FilesystemIterator::SKIP_DOTS,
             ),
-            RecursiveIteratorIterator::CHILD_FIRST
+            RecursiveIteratorIterator::CHILD_FIRST,
         );
 
         $testClasses = array_map(
@@ -111,32 +111,32 @@ static function (SplFileInfo $file) use ($directory): string {
                     $file->getPathname(),
                     '',
                     0,
-                    strlen($directory)
+                    strlen($directory),
                 );
                 $relativePath = substr_replace(
                     $relativePath,
                     '',
-                    strlen($relativePath) - strlen(DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $file->getBasename())
+                    strlen($relativePath) - strlen(DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $file->getBasename()),
                 );
 
                 return sprintf(
                     'CodeIgniter\\%s%s%s',
                     strtr($relativePath, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, '\\'),
                     $relativePath === '' ? '' : '\\',
-                    $file->getBasename('.' . $file->getExtension())
+                    $file->getBasename('.' . $file->getExtension()),
                 );
             },
             array_filter(
                 iterator_to_array($iterator, false),
                 static fn (SplFileInfo $file): bool => $file->isFile()
                     && ! str_contains($file->getPathname(), DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'fixtures' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR)
-                    && ! str_contains($file->getPathname(), DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'Views' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR)
-            )
+                    && ! str_contains($file->getPathname(), DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'Views' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR),
+            ),
         );
 
         $testClasses = array_filter(
             $testClasses,
-            static fn (string $class) => is_subclass_of($class, TestCase::class)
+            static fn (string $class): bool => is_subclass_of($class, TestCase::class),
         );
 
         sort($testClasses);
diff --git a/tests/system/Autoloader/AutoloaderTest.php b/tests/system/Autoloader/AutoloaderTest.php
index 19d482890b75..cd73356958fe 100644
--- a/tests/system/Autoloader/AutoloaderTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Autoloader/AutoloaderTest.php
@@ -16,16 +16,16 @@
 use App\Controllers\Home;
 use Closure;
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ConfigException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\ReflectionHelper;
 use Config\Autoload;
 use Config\Modules;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\PreserveGlobalState;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\RunInSeparateProcess;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\WithoutErrorHandler;
-use RuntimeException;
 use UnnamespacedClass;
 
 /**
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ protected function setUp(): void
         $this->loader = new Autoloader();
         $this->loader->initialize($config, $modules)->register();
 
-        $this->classLoader = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->loader, 'loadInNamespace');
+        $this->classLoader = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->loader, 'loadInNamespace');
     }
 
     protected function tearDown(): void
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ public function testInitializeTwice(): void
 
     public function testServiceAutoLoaderFromShareInstances(): void
     {
-        $classLoader = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker(service('autoloader'), 'loadInNamespace');
+        $classLoader = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker(service('autoloader'), 'loadInNamespace');
 
         // look for Home controller, as that should be in base repo
         $actual   = $classLoader(Home::class);
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ public function testServiceAutoLoader(): void
         $autoloader->initialize(new Autoload(), new Modules());
         $autoloader->register();
 
-        $classLoader = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($autoloader, 'loadInNamespace');
+        $classLoader = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($autoloader, 'loadInNamespace');
 
         // look for Home controller, as that should be in base repo
         $actual   = $classLoader(Home::class);
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ public function testAddNamespaceStringToArray(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             __FILE__,
-            ($this->classLoader)('App\Controllers\AutoloaderTest')
+            ($this->classLoader)('App\Controllers\AutoloaderTest'),
         );
     }
 
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ public function testSanitizationContailsSpecialChars(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(InvalidArgumentException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(
-            'The file path contains special characters "${}!#" that are not allowed: "${../path}!#/to/some/file.php_"'
+            'The file path contains special characters "${}!#" that are not allowed: "${../path}!#/to/some/file.php_"',
         );
 
         $test = '${../path}!#/to/some/file.php_';
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ public function testSanitizationFilenameEdges(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(InvalidArgumentException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(
-            'The characters ".-_" are not allowed in filename edges: "/path/to/some/file.php_"'
+            'The characters ".-_" are not allowed in filename edges: "/path/to/some/file.php_"',
         );
 
         $test = '/path/to/some/file.php_';
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ public function testAutoloaderLoadsNonClassFiles(): void
 
         $this->assertTrue(function_exists('autoload_foo'));
         $this->assertSame('I am autoloaded by Autoloader through $files!', autoload_foo());
-        $this->assertTrue(defined('AUTOLOAD_CONSTANT'));
+        $this->assertTrue(defined('AUTOLOAD_CONSTANT')); // @phpstan-ignore method.alreadyNarrowedType
         $this->assertSame('foo', AUTOLOAD_CONSTANT);
 
         $loader->unregister();
diff --git a/tests/system/Autoloader/FileLocatorTest.php b/tests/system/Autoloader/FileLocatorTest.php
index 90580864fc47..fc7925724add 100644
--- a/tests/system/Autoloader/FileLocatorTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Autoloader/FileLocatorTest.php
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ public function testSearchPrioritizeSystemOverApp(): void
                 SYSTEMPATH . 'Language/en/Validation.php',
                 APPPATH . 'Language/en/Validation.php',
             ],
-            $foundFiles
+            $foundFiles,
         );
     }
 
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ public function testListFilesDoesNotContainDirectories(): void
         $directory = str_replace(
             '/',
             DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR,
-            APPPATH . 'Config/Boot'
+            APPPATH . 'Config/Boot',
         );
         $this->assertNotContains($directory, $files);
     }
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ public function testGetClassNameFromClassFile(): void
     {
         $this->assertSame(
             self::class,
-            $this->locator->getClassname(__FILE__)
+            $this->locator->getClassname(__FILE__),
         );
     }
 
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ public function testGetClassNameFromNonClassFile(): void
     {
         $this->assertSame(
             '',
-            $this->locator->getClassname(SYSTEMPATH . 'bootstrap.php')
+            $this->locator->getClassname(SYSTEMPATH . 'bootstrap.php'),
         );
     }
 
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ public function testGetClassNameFromDirectory(): void
     {
         $this->assertSame(
             '',
-            $this->locator->getClassname(SYSTEMPATH)
+            $this->locator->getClassname(SYSTEMPATH),
         );
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/CLI/CLITest.php b/tests/system/CLI/CLITest.php
index 0a4e36316dbe..b29ef7bfc12f 100644
--- a/tests/system/CLI/CLITest.php
+++ b/tests/system/CLI/CLITest.php
@@ -13,13 +13,13 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\CLI;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\PhpStreamWrapper;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\StreamFilterTrait;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 use ReflectionProperty;
-use RuntimeException;
 
 /**
  * @internal
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ public function testColor(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             "\033[1;37m\033[42m\033[4mtest\033[0m",
-            CLI::color('test', 'white', 'green', 'underline')
+            CLI::color('test', 'white', 'green', 'underline'),
         );
     }
 
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ public function testColorEmtpyString(): void
     {
         $this->assertSame(
             '',
-            CLI::color('', 'white', 'green', 'underline')
+            CLI::color('', 'white', 'green', 'underline'),
         );
     }
 
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ public function testWriteForegroundWithColorTwice(): void
     {
         CLI::write(
             CLI::color('green', 'green') . ' red ' . CLI::color('green', 'green'),
-            'red'
+            'red',
         );
 
         $expected = "\033[0;32mgreen\033[0m\033[0;31m red \033[0m\033[0;32mgreen\033[0m" . PHP_EOL;
@@ -440,15 +440,15 @@ public function testWrap(): void
         $this->assertSame('', CLI::wrap(''));
         $this->assertSame(
             '1234' . PHP_EOL . ' 5678' . PHP_EOL . ' 90' . PHP_EOL . ' abc' . PHP_EOL . ' de' . PHP_EOL . ' fghij' . PHP_EOL . ' 0987654321',
-            CLI::wrap('1234 5678 90' . PHP_EOL . 'abc de fghij' . PHP_EOL . '0987654321', 5, 1)
+            CLI::wrap('1234 5678 90' . PHP_EOL . 'abc de fghij' . PHP_EOL . '0987654321', 5, 1),
         );
         $this->assertSame(
             '1234 5678 90' . PHP_EOL . '  abc de fghij' . PHP_EOL . '  0987654321',
-            CLI::wrap('1234 5678 90' . PHP_EOL . 'abc de fghij' . PHP_EOL . '0987654321', 999, 2)
+            CLI::wrap('1234 5678 90' . PHP_EOL . 'abc de fghij' . PHP_EOL . '0987654321', 999, 2),
         );
         $this->assertSame(
             '1234 5678 90' . PHP_EOL . 'abc de fghij' . PHP_EOL . '0987654321',
-            CLI::wrap('1234 5678 90' . PHP_EOL . 'abc de fghij' . PHP_EOL . '0987654321')
+            CLI::wrap('1234 5678 90' . PHP_EOL . 'abc de fghij' . PHP_EOL . '0987654321'),
         );
     }
 
@@ -539,6 +539,7 @@ public function testParseCommandMultipleOptions(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(['parm' => 'pvalue', 'p2' => null, 'p3' => 'value 3'], CLI::getOptions());
         $this->assertSame('pvalue', CLI::getOption('parm'));
+        $this->assertTrue(CLI::getOption('p2'));
         $this->assertSame('-parm pvalue -p2 -p3 "value 3" ', CLI::getOptionString());
         $this->assertSame('-parm pvalue -p2 -p3 "value 3"', CLI::getOptionString(false, true));
         $this->assertSame('--parm pvalue --p2 --p3 "value 3" ', CLI::getOptionString(true));
@@ -549,13 +550,11 @@ public function testParseCommandMultipleOptions(): void
     public function testWindow(): void
     {
         $height = new ReflectionProperty(CLI::class, 'height');
-        $height->setAccessible(true);
         $height->setValue(null, null);
 
         $this->assertIsInt(CLI::getHeight());
 
         $width = new ReflectionProperty(CLI::class, 'width');
-        $width->setAccessible(true);
         $width->setValue(null, null);
 
         $this->assertIsInt(CLI::getWidth());
diff --git a/tests/system/CLI/ConsoleTest.php b/tests/system/CLI/ConsoleTest.php
index c6773a07894f..4d66a48447b4 100644
--- a/tests/system/CLI/ConsoleTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/CLI/ConsoleTest.php
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ public function testHeader(): void
             0,
             strpos(
                 $this->getStreamFilterBuffer(),
-                sprintf('CodeIgniter v%s Command Line Tool', CodeIgniter::CI_VERSION)
-            )
+                sprintf('CodeIgniter v%s Command Line Tool', CodeIgniter::CI_VERSION),
+            ),
         );
     }
 
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ public function testHelpCommandUsingHelpOption(): void
         $this->assertStringContainsString('env [<environment>]', $this->getStreamFilterBuffer());
         $this->assertStringContainsString(
             'Retrieves the current environment, or set a new one.',
-            $this->getStreamFilterBuffer()
+            $this->getStreamFilterBuffer(),
         );
     }
 
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ public function testHelpArgumentAndHelpOptionCombined(): void
     }
 
     /**
-     * @param array $command
+     * @param string ...$command
      */
     protected function initCLI(...$command): void
     {
diff --git a/tests/system/Cache/AbstractFactoriesCacheHandlerTestCase.php b/tests/system/Cache/AbstractFactoriesCacheHandlerTestCase.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7a75239c5b03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/system/Cache/AbstractFactoriesCacheHandlerTestCase.php
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Cache;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Cache\FactoriesCache\FileVarExportHandler;
+use CodeIgniter\Config\Factories;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
+use Config\App;
+
+/**
+ * @internal
+ */
+abstract class AbstractFactoriesCacheHandlerTestCase extends CIUnitTestCase
+{
+    protected FactoriesCache $cache;
+    protected CacheInterface|FileVarExportHandler $handler;
+
+    abstract protected function createFactoriesCache(): void;
+
+    public function testInstantiate(): void
+    {
+        $this->createFactoriesCache();
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(FactoriesCache::class, $this->cache);
+    }
+
+    public function testSave(): void
+    {
+        Factories::reset();
+        Factories::config('App');
+
+        $this->createFactoriesCache();
+
+        $this->cache->save('config');
+
+        $cachedData = $this->handler->get('FactoriesCache_config');
+
+        $this->assertIsArray($cachedData);
+        $this->assertArrayHasKey('aliases', $cachedData);
+        $this->assertArrayHasKey('instances', $cachedData);
+        $this->assertArrayHasKey('App', $cachedData['aliases']);
+    }
+
+    public function testLoad(): void
+    {
+        Factories::reset();
+
+        /** @var App $appConfig */
+        $appConfig = Factories::config('App');
+
+        $appConfig->baseURL = 'http://test.example.jp/this-is-test/';
+
+        $this->createFactoriesCache();
+        $this->cache->save('config');
+
+        Factories::reset();
+        $this->cache->load('config');
+
+        /** @var App $appConfig */
+        $appConfig = Factories::config('App');
+        $this->assertSame('http://test.example.jp/this-is-test/', $appConfig->baseURL);
+    }
+
+    public function testDelete(): void
+    {
+        $this->createFactoriesCache();
+
+        $this->cache->delete('config');
+
+        $this->assertFalse($this->cache->load('config'));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/system/Cache/CacheFactoryTest.php b/tests/system/Cache/CacheFactoryTest.php
index 0947f31d5045..c51dce6830c3 100644
--- a/tests/system/Cache/CacheFactoryTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Cache/CacheFactoryTest.php
@@ -26,33 +26,25 @@
 final class CacheFactoryTest extends CIUnitTestCase
 {
     private static string $directory = 'CacheFactory';
-    private CacheFactory $cacheFactory;
     private Cache $config;
 
     protected function setUp(): void
     {
         parent::setUp();
 
-        $this->cacheFactory = new CacheFactory();
-
         // Initialize path
         $this->config = new Cache();
-        $this->config->storePath .= self::$directory;
+        $this->config->file['storePath'] .= self::$directory;
     }
 
     protected function tearDown(): void
     {
-        if (is_dir($this->config->storePath)) {
-            chmod($this->config->storePath, 0777);
-            rmdir($this->config->storePath);
+        if (is_dir($this->config->file['storePath'])) {
+            chmod($this->config->file['storePath'], 0777);
+            rmdir($this->config->file['storePath']);
         }
     }
 
-    public function testNew(): void
-    {
-        $this->assertInstanceOf(CacheFactory::class, $this->cacheFactory);
-    }
-
     public function testGetHandlerExceptionCacheInvalidHandlers(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(CacheException::class);
@@ -60,7 +52,7 @@ public function testGetHandlerExceptionCacheInvalidHandlers(): void
 
         $this->config->validHandlers = [];
 
-        $this->cacheFactory->getHandler($this->config);
+        CacheFactory::getHandler($this->config);
     }
 
     public function testGetHandlerExceptionCacheHandlerNotFound(): void
@@ -70,40 +62,40 @@ public function testGetHandlerExceptionCacheHandlerNotFound(): void
 
         unset($this->config->validHandlers[$this->config->handler]);
 
-        $this->cacheFactory->getHandler($this->config);
+        CacheFactory::getHandler($this->config);
     }
 
     public function testGetDummyHandler(): void
     {
-        if (! is_dir($this->config->storePath)) {
-            mkdir($this->config->storePath, 0555, true);
+        if (! is_dir($this->config->file['storePath'])) {
+            mkdir($this->config->file['storePath'], 0555, true);
         }
 
         $this->config->handler = 'dummy';
 
-        $this->assertInstanceOf(DummyHandler::class, $this->cacheFactory->getHandler($this->config));
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(DummyHandler::class, CacheFactory::getHandler($this->config));
 
         // Initialize path
         $this->config = new Cache();
-        $this->config->storePath .= self::$directory;
+        $this->config->file['storePath'] .= self::$directory;
     }
 
     public function testHandlesBadHandler(): void
     {
-        if (! is_dir($this->config->storePath)) {
-            mkdir($this->config->storePath, 0555, true);
+        if (! is_dir($this->config->file['storePath'])) {
+            mkdir($this->config->file['storePath'], 0555, true);
         }
 
         $this->config->handler = 'dummy';
 
-        if (stripos('win', php_uname()) === 0) {
-            $this->assertTrue(true); // can't test properly if we are on Windows
+        if (is_windows()) {
+            $this->markTestSkipped('Cannot test this properly on Windows.');
         } else {
-            $this->assertInstanceOf(DummyHandler::class, $this->cacheFactory->getHandler($this->config, 'wincache', 'wincache'));
+            $this->assertInstanceOf(DummyHandler::class, CacheFactory::getHandler($this->config, 'wincache', 'wincache'));
         }
 
         // Initialize path
         $this->config = new Cache();
-        $this->config->storePath .= self::$directory;
+        $this->config->file['storePath'] .= self::$directory;
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Cache/CacheMockTest.php b/tests/system/Cache/CacheMockTest.php
index c867bebc4249..9fe4538c2760 100644
--- a/tests/system/Cache/CacheMockTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Cache/CacheMockTest.php
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ public function testMockReturnsMockCacheClass(): void
 
     public function testMockCaching(): void
     {
+        /** @var MockCache $mock */
         $mock = mock(CacheFactory::class);
 
         // Ensure it stores the value normally
diff --git a/tests/system/Cache/FactoriesCacheFileHandlerTest.php b/tests/system/Cache/FactoriesCacheFileHandlerTest.php
index 892eb7260638..660c476cc799 100644
--- a/tests/system/Cache/FactoriesCacheFileHandlerTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Cache/FactoriesCacheFileHandlerTest.php
@@ -13,23 +13,18 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Cache;
 
-use Config\Cache as CacheConfig;
+use Config\Cache;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 
 /**
  * @internal
  */
 #[Group('Others')]
-final class FactoriesCacheFileHandlerTest extends FactoriesCacheFileVarExportHandlerTest
+final class FactoriesCacheFileHandlerTest extends AbstractFactoriesCacheHandlerTestCase
 {
-    /**
-     * @var @var FileVarExportHandler|CacheInterface
-     */
-    protected $handler;
-
     protected function createFactoriesCache(): void
     {
-        $this->handler = CacheFactory::getHandler(new CacheConfig(), 'file');
+        $this->handler = CacheFactory::getHandler(new Cache(), 'file');
         $this->cache   = new FactoriesCache($this->handler);
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Cache/FactoriesCacheFileVarExportHandlerTest.php b/tests/system/Cache/FactoriesCacheFileVarExportHandlerTest.php
index 8bf5c79d9209..c71c756f5cdd 100644
--- a/tests/system/Cache/FactoriesCacheFileVarExportHandlerTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Cache/FactoriesCacheFileVarExportHandlerTest.php
@@ -14,78 +14,17 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Cache;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Cache\FactoriesCache\FileVarExportHandler;
-use CodeIgniter\Config\Factories;
-use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
-use Config\App;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 
 /**
  * @internal
- * @no-final
  */
 #[Group('Others')]
-class FactoriesCacheFileVarExportHandlerTest extends CIUnitTestCase
+final class FactoriesCacheFileVarExportHandlerTest extends AbstractFactoriesCacheHandlerTestCase
 {
-    protected FactoriesCache $cache;
-
-    /**
-     * @var CacheInterface|FileVarExportHandler
-     */
-    protected $handler;
-
     protected function createFactoriesCache(): void
     {
         $this->handler = new FileVarExportHandler();
         $this->cache   = new FactoriesCache($this->handler);
     }
-
-    public function testInstantiate(): void
-    {
-        $this->createFactoriesCache();
-
-        $this->assertInstanceOf(FactoriesCache::class, $this->cache);
-    }
-
-    public function testSave(): void
-    {
-        Factories::reset();
-        Factories::config('App');
-
-        $this->createFactoriesCache();
-
-        $this->cache->save('config');
-
-        $cachedData = $this->handler->get('FactoriesCache_config');
-
-        $this->assertArrayHasKey('aliases', $cachedData);
-        $this->assertArrayHasKey('instances', $cachedData);
-        $this->assertArrayHasKey('App', $cachedData['aliases']);
-    }
-
-    public function testLoad(): void
-    {
-        Factories::reset();
-        /** @var App $appConfig */
-        $appConfig          = Factories::config('App');
-        $appConfig->baseURL = 'http://test.example.jp/this-is-test/';
-
-        $this->createFactoriesCache();
-        $this->cache->save('config');
-
-        Factories::reset();
-
-        $this->cache->load('config');
-
-        $appConfig = Factories::config('App');
-        $this->assertSame('http://test.example.jp/this-is-test/', $appConfig->baseURL);
-    }
-
-    public function testDelete(): void
-    {
-        $this->createFactoriesCache();
-
-        $this->cache->delete('config');
-
-        $this->assertFalse($this->cache->load('config'));
-    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/BaseHandlerTest.php b/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/BaseHandlerTest.php
index 06d3c4a98f8e..4cba697e5e00 100644
--- a/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/BaseHandlerTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/BaseHandlerTest.php
@@ -25,11 +25,8 @@
 #[Group('Others')]
 final class BaseHandlerTest extends CIUnitTestCase
 {
-    /**
-     * @param mixed $input
-     */
     #[DataProvider('provideValidateKeyInvalidType')]
-    public function testValidateKeyInvalidType($input): void
+    public function testValidateKeyInvalidType(mixed $input): void
     {
         $this->expectException('InvalidArgumentException');
         $this->expectExceptionMessage('Cache key must be a string');
@@ -37,14 +34,17 @@ public function testValidateKeyInvalidType($input): void
         BaseHandler::validateKey($input);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return iterable<string, array{0: mixed}>
+     */
     public static function provideValidateKeyInvalidType(): iterable
     {
-        return [
-            [true],
-            [false],
-            [null],
-            [42],
-            [new stdClass()],
+        yield from [
+            'true'   => [true],
+            'false'  => [false],
+            'null'   => [null],
+            'int'    => [42],
+            'object' => [new stdClass()],
         ];
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/DummyHandlerTest.php b/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/DummyHandlerTest.php
index 1b6fa3aa773a..ab3b3ccd643d 100644
--- a/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/DummyHandlerTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/DummyHandlerTest.php
@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Cache\CacheFactory;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
+use Config\Cache;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 
 /**
@@ -26,8 +28,7 @@ final class DummyHandlerTest extends CIUnitTestCase
 
     protected function setUp(): void
     {
-        $this->handler = new DummyHandler();
-        $this->handler->initialize();
+        $this->handler = CacheFactory::getHandler(new Cache(), 'dummy');
     }
 
     public function testNew(): void
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ public function testGet(): void
 
     public function testRemember(): void
     {
-        $dummyHandler = $this->handler->remember('key', 2, static fn () => 'value');
+        $dummyHandler = $this->handler->remember('key', 2, static fn (): string => 'value');
 
         $this->assertNull($dummyHandler);
     }
diff --git a/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/FileHandlerTest.php b/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/FileHandlerTest.php
index 9a7213374dd2..0819a5a9df06 100644
--- a/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/FileHandlerTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/FileHandlerTest.php
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Cache\CacheFactory;
 use CodeIgniter\Cache\Exceptions\CacheException;
 use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
 use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
@@ -30,7 +31,10 @@ final class FileHandlerTest extends AbstractHandlerTestCase
     private static string $directory = 'FileHandler';
     private Cache $config;
 
-    private static function getKeyArray()
+    /**
+     * @return list<string>
+     */
+    private static function getKeyArray(): array
     {
         return [
             self::$key1,
@@ -55,8 +59,7 @@ protected function setUp(): void
             mkdir($this->config->file['storePath'], 0777, true);
         }
 
-        $this->handler = new FileHandler($this->config);
-        $this->handler->initialize();
+        $this->handler = CacheFactory::getHandler($this->config, 'file');
     }
 
     protected function tearDown(): void
@@ -95,19 +98,16 @@ public function testNewWithNonWritablePath(): void
         $this->expectException(CacheException::class);
 
         chmod($this->config->file['storePath'], 0444);
-        new FileHandler($this->config);
+        CacheFactory::getHandler($this->config, 'file');
     }
 
     public function testSetDefaultPath(): void
     {
         // Initialize path
-        $config                    = new Cache();
-        $config->file['storePath'] = null;
+        $config = new Cache();
+        unset($config->file['storePath']);
 
-        $this->handler = new FileHandler($config);
-        $this->handler->initialize();
-
-        $this->assertInstanceOf(FileHandler::class, $this->handler);
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(FileHandler::class, CacheFactory::getHandler($config, 'file'));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ public function testGet(): void
      */
     public function testRemember(): void
     {
-        $this->handler->remember(self::$key1, 2, static fn () => 'value');
+        $this->handler->remember(self::$key1, 2, static fn (): string => 'value');
 
         $this->assertSame('value', $this->handler->get(self::$key1));
         $this->assertNull($this->handler->get(self::$dummy));
@@ -242,9 +242,8 @@ public function testIncrement(): void
     public function testIncrementWithDefaultPrefix(): void
     {
         $this->config->prefix = 'test_';
-        $this->handler        = new FileHandler($this->config);
-        $this->handler->initialize();
 
+        $this->handler = CacheFactory::getHandler($this->config, 'file');
         $this->handler->save(self::$key1, 1);
         $this->handler->save(self::$key2, 'value');
 
@@ -317,9 +316,7 @@ public function testSaveMode(int $int, string $string): void
         $config               = new Cache();
         $config->file['mode'] = $int;
 
-        $this->handler = new FileHandler($config);
-        $this->handler->initialize();
-
+        $this->handler = CacheFactory::getHandler($config, 'file');
         $this->handler->save(self::$key1, 'value');
 
         $file = $config->file['storePath'] . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . self::$key1;
@@ -328,34 +325,32 @@ public function testSaveMode(int $int, string $string): void
         $this->assertSame($string, $mode);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return iterable<int, array{int, numeric-string}>
+     */
     public static function provideSaveMode(): iterable
     {
         return [
-            [
-                0640,
-                '640',
-            ],
-            [
-                0600,
-                '600',
-            ],
-            [
-                0660,
-                '660',
-            ],
-            [
-                0777,
-                '777',
-            ],
+            [0640, '640'],
+            [0600, '600'],
+            [0660, '660'],
+            [0777, '777'],
         ];
     }
 
     public function testFileHandler(): void
     {
-        $fileHandler = new BaseTestFileHandler();
+        $cache = new Cache();
 
-        $actual = $fileHandler->getFileInfoTest();
+        $cache->validHandlers['file'] = BaseTestFileHandler::class;
 
+        /** @var BaseTestFileHandler $fileHandler */
+        $fileHandler = CacheFactory::getHandler($cache, 'file');
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(BaseTestFileHandler::class, $fileHandler);
+
+        $actual = $fileHandler->getFileInfoTest();
+        $this->assertIsArray($actual);
+        $this->assertArrayHasKey('name', $actual);
         $this->assertArrayHasKey('server_path', $actual);
         $this->assertArrayHasKey('size', $actual);
         $this->assertArrayHasKey('date', $actual);
@@ -369,8 +364,35 @@ public function testGetMetaDataMiss(): void
     {
         $this->assertFalse($this->handler->getMetaData(self::$dummy));
     }
+
+    #[RequiresOperatingSystem('Linux|Darwin')]
+    public function testGetUnreadableFile(): void
+    {
+        $this->handler->save(self::$key1, 'value');
+
+        $filePath = $this->config->file['storePath'] . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $this->config->prefix . self::$key1;
+
+        // Make the file unreadable
+        chmod($filePath, 0000);
+
+        $this->assertNull($this->handler->get(self::$key1));
+    }
+
+    public function testGetItemWithCorruptedData(): void
+    {
+        $filePath = $this->config->file['storePath'] . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $this->config->prefix . self::$key1;
+
+        file_put_contents($filePath, 'corrupted_serialized_data_that_cannot_be_unserialized');
+
+        $this->assertFileExists($filePath);
+
+        $this->assertNull($this->handler->get(self::$key1));
+    }
 }
 
+/**
+ * @internal
+ */
 final class BaseTestFileHandler extends FileHandler
 {
     private static string $directory = 'FileHandler';
@@ -382,14 +404,28 @@ public function __construct()
         $this->config->file['storePath'] .= self::$directory;
 
         parent::__construct($this->config);
+
+        helper('filesystem');
     }
 
-    public function getFileInfoTest()
+    /**
+     * @return array{
+     *  name: string,
+     *  server_path: string,
+     *  size: int,
+     *  date: int,
+     *  readable: bool,
+     *  writable: bool,
+     *  executable: bool,
+     *  fileperms: int,
+     * }|null
+     */
+    public function getFileInfoTest(): ?array
     {
         $tmpHandle = tmpfile();
         stream_get_meta_data($tmpHandle);
 
-        return $this->getFileInfo(stream_get_meta_data($tmpHandle)['uri'], [
+        return get_file_info(stream_get_meta_data($tmpHandle)['uri'], [
             'name',
             'server_path',
             'size',
diff --git a/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/MemcachedHandlerTest.php b/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/MemcachedHandlerTest.php
index 45a44b64feff..f4114d4742e7 100644
--- a/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/MemcachedHandlerTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/MemcachedHandlerTest.php
@@ -13,10 +13,11 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Cache\CacheFactory;
 use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\BadMethodCallException;
 use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
 use Config\Cache;
-use Exception;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 
 /**
@@ -25,7 +26,10 @@
 #[Group('CacheLive')]
 final class MemcachedHandlerTest extends AbstractHandlerTestCase
 {
-    private static function getKeyArray()
+    /**
+     * @return list<string>
+     */
+    private static function getKeyArray(): array
     {
         return [
             self::$key1,
@@ -42,11 +46,7 @@ protected function setUp(): void
             $this->markTestSkipped('Memcached extension not loaded.');
         }
 
-        $config = new Cache();
-
-        $this->handler = new MemcachedHandler($config);
-
-        $this->handler->initialize();
+        $this->handler = CacheFactory::getHandler(new Cache(), 'memcached');
     }
 
     protected function tearDown(): void
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ public function testGet(): void
      */
     public function testRemember(): void
     {
-        $this->handler->remember(self::$key1, 2, static fn () => 'value');
+        $this->handler->remember(self::$key1, 2, static fn (): string => 'value');
 
         $this->assertSame('value', $this->handler->get(self::$key1));
         $this->assertNull($this->handler->get(self::$dummy));
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ public function testDelete(): void
     public function testDeleteMatching(): void
     {
         // Not implemented for Memcached, should throw an exception
-        $this->expectException(Exception::class);
+        $this->expectException(BadMethodCallException::class);
 
         $this->handler->deleteMatching('key*');
     }
@@ -136,9 +136,8 @@ public function testIncrement(): void
 
         $config                   = new Cache();
         $config->memcached['raw'] = true;
-        $memcachedHandler         = new MemcachedHandler($config);
-        $memcachedHandler->initialize();
 
+        $memcachedHandler = CacheFactory::getHandler($config, 'memcached');
         $memcachedHandler->save(self::$key1, 1);
         $memcachedHandler->save(self::$key2, 'value');
 
@@ -155,9 +154,8 @@ public function testDecrement(): void
 
         $config                   = new Cache();
         $config->memcached['raw'] = true;
-        $memcachedHandler         = new MemcachedHandler($config);
-        $memcachedHandler->initialize();
 
+        $memcachedHandler = CacheFactory::getHandler($config, 'memcached');
         $memcachedHandler->save(self::$key1, 10);
         $memcachedHandler->save(self::$key2, 'value');
 
diff --git a/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/PredisHandlerTest.php b/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/PredisHandlerTest.php
index 6d88d6e3f609..96857fc6a9f2 100644
--- a/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/PredisHandlerTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/PredisHandlerTest.php
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Cache\CacheFactory;
 use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
 use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
 use Config\Cache;
@@ -26,7 +27,10 @@ final class PredisHandlerTest extends AbstractHandlerTestCase
 {
     private Cache $config;
 
-    private static function getKeyArray()
+    /**
+     * @return list<string>
+     */
+    private static function getKeyArray(): array
     {
         return [
             self::$key1,
@@ -39,11 +43,8 @@ protected function setUp(): void
     {
         parent::setUp();
 
-        $this->config = new Cache();
-
-        $this->handler = new PredisHandler($this->config);
-
-        $this->handler->initialize();
+        $this->config  = new Cache();
+        $this->handler = CacheFactory::getHandler($this->config, 'predis');
     }
 
     protected function tearDown(): void
@@ -60,9 +61,7 @@ public function testNew(): void
 
     public function testDestruct(): void
     {
-        $this->handler = new PredisHandler($this->config);
-        $this->handler->initialize();
-
+        $this->handler = CacheFactory::getHandler($this->config, 'predis');
         $this->assertInstanceOf(PredisHandler::class, $this->handler);
     }
 
@@ -91,7 +90,7 @@ public function testGet(): void
      */
     public function testRemember(): void
     {
-        $this->handler->remember(self::$key1, 2, static fn () => 'value');
+        $this->handler->remember(self::$key1, 2, static fn (): string => 'value');
 
         $this->assertSame('value', $this->handler->get(self::$key1));
         $this->assertNull($this->handler->get(self::$dummy));
@@ -161,6 +160,11 @@ public function testDeleteMatchingSuffix(): void
         $this->assertSame('90', $this->handler->getCacheInfo()['Keyspace']['db0']['keys']);
     }
 
+    public function testDeleteMatchingNothing(): void
+    {
+        $this->assertSame(0, $this->handler->deleteMatching('user_1_info*'));
+    }
+
     public function testClean(): void
     {
         $this->handler->save(self::$key1, 1);
diff --git a/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/RedisHandlerTest.php b/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/RedisHandlerTest.php
index 8aa2339b06f8..47c92aaff372 100644
--- a/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/RedisHandlerTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Cache/Handlers/RedisHandlerTest.php
@@ -28,7 +28,10 @@ final class RedisHandlerTest extends AbstractHandlerTestCase
 {
     private Cache $config;
 
-    private static function getKeyArray()
+    /**
+     * @return list<string>
+     */
+    private static function getKeyArray(): array
     {
         return [
             self::$key1,
@@ -45,11 +48,8 @@ protected function setUp(): void
             $this->markTestSkipped('redis extension not loaded.');
         }
 
-        $this->config = new Cache();
-
-        $this->handler = new RedisHandler($this->config);
-
-        $this->handler->initialize();
+        $this->config  = new Cache();
+        $this->handler = CacheFactory::getHandler($this->config, 'redis');
     }
 
     protected function tearDown(): void
@@ -66,9 +66,7 @@ public function testNew(): void
 
     public function testDestruct(): void
     {
-        $this->handler = new RedisHandler($this->config);
-        $this->handler->initialize();
-
+        $this->handler = CacheFactory::getHandler($this->config, 'redis');
         $this->assertInstanceOf(RedisHandler::class, $this->handler);
     }
 
@@ -97,7 +95,7 @@ public function testGet(): void
      */
     public function testRemember(): void
     {
-        $this->handler->remember(self::$key1, 2, static fn () => 'value');
+        $this->handler->remember(self::$key1, 2, static fn (): string => 'value');
 
         $this->assertSame('value', $this->handler->get(self::$key1));
         $this->assertNull($this->handler->get(self::$dummy));
@@ -186,6 +184,11 @@ public static function provideDeleteMatching(): iterable
         yield 'cache-prefix' => ['key_1*', 13, 'foo_'];
     }
 
+    public function testDeleteMatchingNothing(): void
+    {
+        $this->assertSame(0, $this->handler->deleteMatching('user_1_info*'));
+    }
+
     public function testIncrementAndDecrement(): void
     {
         $this->handler->save('counter', 100);
diff --git a/tests/system/Cache/ResponseCacheTest.php b/tests/system/Cache/ResponseCacheTest.php
index b0b73855231a..b3f0ec832905 100644
--- a/tests/system/Cache/ResponseCacheTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Cache/ResponseCacheTest.php
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Cache;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CLIRequest;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Response;
@@ -20,10 +21,10 @@
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\SiteURI;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\UserAgent;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
-use Config\App as AppConfig;
-use Config\Cache as CacheConfig;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\Mock\MockCache;
+use Config\App;
+use Config\Cache;
 use ErrorException;
-use Exception;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\BackupGlobals;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 
@@ -34,187 +35,149 @@
 #[Group('Others')]
 final class ResponseCacheTest extends CIUnitTestCase
 {
-    private AppConfig $appConfig;
-
-    protected function setUp(): void
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, string> $query
+     */
+    private function createIncomingRequest(string $uri = '', array $query = [], App $app = new App()): IncomingRequest
     {
-        parent::setUp();
-
-        $this->appConfig = new AppConfig();
-    }
+        $superglobals = service('superglobals');
+        $superglobals->setServer('REQUEST_URI', sprintf('/%s%s', $uri, $query !== [] ? '?' . http_build_query($query) : ''));
+        $superglobals->setServer('SCRIPT_NAME', '/index.php');
 
-    private function createIncomingRequest(
-        string $uri = '',
-        array $query = [],
-        ?AppConfig $appConfig = null
-    ): IncomingRequest {
-        $_POST = $_GET = $_SERVER = $_REQUEST = $_ENV = $_COOKIE = $_SESSION = [];
+        $siteUri = new SiteURI($app, $uri);
 
-        $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] = '/' . $uri . ($query !== [] ? '?' . http_build_query($query) : '');
-        $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'] = '/index.php';
-
-        $appConfig ??= $this->appConfig;
-
-        $siteUri = new SiteURI($appConfig, $uri);
         if ($query !== []) {
-            $_GET = $_REQUEST = $query;
             $siteUri->setQueryArray($query);
         }
 
-        return new IncomingRequest(
-            $appConfig,
-            $siteUri,
-            null,
-            new UserAgent()
-        );
+        return new IncomingRequest($app, $siteUri, null, new UserAgent());
     }
 
     /**
      * @param list<string> $params
      */
-    private function createCLIRequest(array $params = [], ?AppConfig $appConfig = null): CLIRequest
+    private function createCLIRequest(array $params = [], App $app = new App()): CLIRequest
     {
-        $_POST = $_GET = $_SERVER = $_REQUEST = $_ENV = $_COOKIE = $_SESSION = [];
+        $_SERVER['argv'] = ['public/index.php', ...$params];
 
-        $_SERVER['argv']        = ['public/index.php', ...$params];
-        $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'] = 'public/index.php';
+        $superglobals = service('superglobals');
+        $superglobals->setServer('SCRIPT_NAME', 'public/index.php');
 
-        $appConfig ??= $this->appConfig;
-
-        return new CLIRequest($appConfig);
+        return new CLIRequest($app);
     }
 
-    private function createResponseCache(?CacheConfig $cacheConfig = null): ResponseCache
+    private function createResponseCache(Cache $cache = new Cache()): ResponseCache
     {
-        $cache = mock(CacheFactory::class);
-
-        $cacheConfig ??= new CacheConfig();
+        /** @var MockCache $mockCache */
+        $mockCache = mock(CacheFactory::class);
 
-        return (new ResponseCache($cacheConfig, $cache))->setTtl(300);
+        return (new ResponseCache($cache, $mockCache))->setTtl(300);
     }
 
     public function testCachePageIncomingRequest(): void
     {
         $pageCache = $this->createResponseCache();
 
-        $request = $this->createIncomingRequest('foo/bar');
-
-        $response = new Response($this->appConfig);
+        $response = new Response(new App());
         $response->setHeader('ETag', 'abcd1234');
         $response->setBody('The response body.');
 
-        $return = $pageCache->make($request, $response);
-
-        $this->assertTrue($return);
+        $this->assertTrue($pageCache->make(
+            $this->createIncomingRequest('foo/bar'),
+            $response,
+        ));
 
         // Check cache with a request with the same URI path.
-        $request        = $this->createIncomingRequest('foo/bar');
-        $cachedResponse = $pageCache->get($request, new Response($this->appConfig));
-
+        $cachedResponse = $pageCache->get($this->createIncomingRequest('foo/bar'), new Response(new App()));
         $this->assertInstanceOf(ResponseInterface::class, $cachedResponse);
         $this->assertSame('The response body.', $cachedResponse->getBody());
         $this->assertSame('abcd1234', $cachedResponse->getHeaderLine('ETag'));
 
         // Check cache with a request with the same URI path and different query string.
-        $request        = $this->createIncomingRequest('foo/bar', ['foo' => 'bar', 'bar' => 'baz']);
-        $cachedResponse = $pageCache->get($request, new Response($this->appConfig));
-
+        $cachedResponse = $pageCache->get(
+            $this->createIncomingRequest('foo/bar', ['foo' => 'bar', 'bar' => 'baz']),
+            new Response(new App()),
+        );
         $this->assertInstanceOf(ResponseInterface::class, $cachedResponse);
         $this->assertSame('The response body.', $cachedResponse->getBody());
         $this->assertSame('abcd1234', $cachedResponse->getHeaderLine('ETag'));
 
         // Check cache with another request with the different URI path.
-        $request = $this->createIncomingRequest('another');
-
-        $cachedResponse = $pageCache->get($request, new Response($this->appConfig));
-
-        $this->assertNull($cachedResponse);
+        $cachedResponse = $pageCache->get($this->createIncomingRequest('another'), new Response(new App()));
+        $this->assertNotInstanceOf(ResponseInterface::class, $cachedResponse);
     }
 
     public function testCachePageIncomingRequestWithCacheQueryString(): void
     {
-        $cacheConfig                   = new CacheConfig();
-        $cacheConfig->cacheQueryString = true;
-        $pageCache                     = $this->createResponseCache($cacheConfig);
+        $cache = new Cache();
+
+        $cache->cacheQueryString = true;
+
+        $pageCache = $this->createResponseCache($cache);
 
         $request = $this->createIncomingRequest('foo/bar', ['foo' => 'bar', 'bar' => 'baz']);
 
-        $response = new Response($this->appConfig);
+        $response = new Response(new App());
         $response->setHeader('ETag', 'abcd1234');
         $response->setBody('The response body.');
 
-        $return = $pageCache->make($request, $response);
-
-        $this->assertTrue($return);
+        $this->assertTrue($pageCache->make($request, $response));
 
         // Check cache with a request with the same URI path and same query string.
-        $this->createIncomingRequest('foo/bar', ['foo' => 'bar', 'bar' => 'baz']);
-        $cachedResponse = $pageCache->get($request, new Response($this->appConfig));
-
+        $cachedResponse = $pageCache->get(
+            $this->createIncomingRequest('foo/bar', ['foo' => 'bar', 'bar' => 'baz']),
+            new Response(new App()),
+        );
         $this->assertInstanceOf(ResponseInterface::class, $cachedResponse);
         $this->assertSame('The response body.', $cachedResponse->getBody());
         $this->assertSame('abcd1234', $cachedResponse->getHeaderLine('ETag'));
 
         // Check cache with a request with the same URI path and different query string.
-        $request        = $this->createIncomingRequest('foo/bar', ['xfoo' => 'bar', 'bar' => 'baz']);
-        $cachedResponse = $pageCache->get($request, new Response($this->appConfig));
-
-        $this->assertNull($cachedResponse);
+        $cachedResponse = $pageCache->get(
+            $this->createIncomingRequest('foo/bar', ['xfoo' => 'bar', 'bar' => 'baz']),
+            new Response(new App()),
+        );
+        $this->assertNotInstanceOf(ResponseInterface::class, $cachedResponse);
 
         // Check cache with another request with the different URI path.
-        $request = $this->createIncomingRequest('another');
-
-        $cachedResponse = $pageCache->get($request, new Response($this->appConfig));
-
-        $this->assertNull($cachedResponse);
+        $cachedResponse = $pageCache->get($this->createIncomingRequest('another'), new Response(new App()));
+        $this->assertNotInstanceOf(ResponseInterface::class, $cachedResponse);
     }
 
     public function testCachePageIncomingRequestWithHttpMethods(): void
     {
         $pageCache = $this->createResponseCache();
 
-        $request = $this->createIncomingRequest('foo/bar');
-
-        $response = new Response($this->appConfig);
+        $response = new Response(new App());
         $response->setBody('The response body.');
 
-        $return = $pageCache->make($request, $response);
-
-        $this->assertTrue($return);
+        $this->assertTrue($pageCache->make($this->createIncomingRequest('foo/bar'), $response));
 
         // Check cache with a request with the same URI path and different HTTP method
-        $request        = $this->createIncomingRequest('foo/bar')->withMethod('POST');
-        $cachedResponse = $pageCache->get($request, new Response($this->appConfig));
-
-        $this->assertNull($cachedResponse);
+        $cachedResponse = $pageCache->get(
+            $this->createIncomingRequest('foo/bar')->withMethod('POST'),
+            new Response(new App()),
+        );
+        $this->assertNotInstanceOf(ResponseInterface::class, $cachedResponse);
     }
 
     public function testCachePageCLIRequest(): void
     {
         $pageCache = $this->createResponseCache();
 
-        $request = $this->createCLIRequest(['foo', 'bar']);
-
-        $response = new Response($this->appConfig);
+        $response = new Response(new App());
         $response->setBody('The response body.');
 
-        $return = $pageCache->make($request, $response);
-
-        $this->assertTrue($return);
+        $this->assertTrue($pageCache->make($this->createCLIRequest(['foo', 'bar']), $response));
 
         // Check cache with a request with the same params.
-        $request        = $this->createCLIRequest(['foo', 'bar']);
-        $cachedResponse = $pageCache->get($request, new Response($this->appConfig));
-
+        $cachedResponse = $pageCache->get($this->createCLIRequest(['foo', 'bar']), new Response(new App()));
         $this->assertInstanceOf(ResponseInterface::class, $cachedResponse);
         $this->assertSame('The response body.', $cachedResponse->getBody());
 
         // Check cache with another request with the different params.
-        $request = $this->createCLIRequest(['baz']);
-
-        $cachedResponse = $pageCache->get($request, new Response($this->appConfig));
-
-        $this->assertNull($cachedResponse);
+        $cachedResponse = $pageCache->get($this->createCLIRequest(['baz']), new Response(new App()));
+        $this->assertNotInstanceOf(ResponseInterface::class, $cachedResponse);
     }
 
     public function testUnserializeError(): void
@@ -222,13 +185,13 @@ public function testUnserializeError(): void
         $this->expectException(ErrorException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage('unserialize(): Error at offset 0 of 12 bytes');
 
-        $cache       = mock(CacheFactory::class);
-        $cacheConfig = new CacheConfig();
-        $pageCache   = new ResponseCache($cacheConfig, $cache);
+        /** @var MockCache $mockCache */
+        $mockCache = mock(CacheFactory::class);
+        $pageCache = new ResponseCache(new Cache(), $mockCache);
 
         $request = $this->createIncomingRequest('foo/bar');
 
-        $response = new Response($this->appConfig);
+        $response = new Response(new App());
         $response->setHeader('ETag', 'abcd1234');
         $response->setBody('The response body.');
 
@@ -237,24 +200,24 @@ public function testUnserializeError(): void
         $cacheKey = $pageCache->generateCacheKey($request);
 
         // Save invalid data.
-        $cache->save($cacheKey, 'Invalid data');
+        $mockCache->save($cacheKey, 'Invalid data');
 
         // Check cache with a request with the same URI path.
-        $pageCache->get($request, new Response($this->appConfig));
+        $pageCache->get($request, new Response(new App()));
     }
 
     public function testInvalidCacheError(): void
     {
-        $this->expectException(Exception::class);
+        $this->expectException(RuntimeException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage('Error unserializing page cache');
 
-        $cache       = mock(CacheFactory::class);
-        $cacheConfig = new CacheConfig();
-        $pageCache   = new ResponseCache($cacheConfig, $cache);
+        /** @var MockCache $mockCache */
+        $mockCache = mock(CacheFactory::class);
+        $pageCache = new ResponseCache(new Cache(), $mockCache);
 
         $request = $this->createIncomingRequest('foo/bar');
 
-        $response = new Response($this->appConfig);
+        $response = new Response(new App());
         $response->setHeader('ETag', 'abcd1234');
         $response->setBody('The response body.');
 
@@ -263,9 +226,9 @@ public function testInvalidCacheError(): void
         $cacheKey = $pageCache->generateCacheKey($request);
 
         // Save invalid data.
-        $cache->save($cacheKey, serialize(['a' => '1']));
+        $mockCache->save($cacheKey, serialize(['a' => '1']));
 
         // Check cache with a request with the same URI path.
-        $pageCache->get($request, new Response($this->appConfig));
+        $pageCache->get($request, new Response(new App()));
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php b/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php
index 735aed389552..a4216391b7ee 100644
--- a/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php
@@ -16,11 +16,10 @@
 use App\Controllers\Home;
 use CodeIgniter\Config\Services;
 use CodeIgniter\Debug\Timer;
-use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ConfigException;
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\PageNotFoundException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Method;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Response;
-use CodeIgniter\Router\Exceptions\RedirectException;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\Router\RouteCollection;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\Filters\CITestStreamFilter;
@@ -78,7 +77,7 @@ public function testRunEmptyDefaultRoute(): void
         $this->codeigniter->run();
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('Welcome to CodeIgniter', $output);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('Welcome to CodeIgniter', (string) $output);
     }
 
     public function testOutputBufferingControl(): void
@@ -97,8 +96,9 @@ public function testRunEmptyDefaultRouteReturnResponse(): void
         $_SERVER['argc'] = 1;
 
         $response = $this->codeigniter->run(null, true);
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(ResponseInterface::class, $response);
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('Welcome to CodeIgniter', $response->getBody());
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('Welcome to CodeIgniter', (string) $response->getBody());
     }
 
     public function testRunClosureRoute(): void
@@ -121,9 +121,12 @@ public function testRunClosureRoute(): void
         $this->codeigniter->run();
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('You want to see "about" page.', $output);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('You want to see "about" page.', (string) $output);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @psalm-suppress UndefinedClass
+     */
     public function testRun404Override(): void
     {
         $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'GET';
@@ -141,7 +144,7 @@ public function testRun404Override(): void
         $this->codeigniter->run($routes);
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString("Can't find a route for 'GET: pages/about'.", $output);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString("Can't find a route for 'GET: pages/about'.", (string) $output);
         $this->assertSame(404, response()->getStatusCode());
     }
 
@@ -158,8 +161,9 @@ public function testRun404OverrideControllerReturnsResponse(): void
         Services::injectMock('router', $router);
 
         $response = $this->codeigniter->run($routes, true);
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(ResponseInterface::class, $response);
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('Oops', $response->getBody());
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('Oops', (string) $response->getBody());
         $this->assertSame(567, $response->getStatusCode());
     }
 
@@ -176,8 +180,9 @@ public function testRun404OverrideReturnResponse(): void
         Services::injectMock('router', $router);
 
         $response = $this->codeigniter->run($routes, true);
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(ResponseInterface::class, $response);
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('Oops', $response->getBody());
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('Oops', (string) $response->getBody());
     }
 
     public function testRun404OverrideByClosure(): void
@@ -198,7 +203,7 @@ public function testRun404OverrideByClosure(): void
         $this->codeigniter->run($routes);
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('404 Override by Closure.', $output);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('404 Override by Closure.', (string) $output);
         $this->assertSame(404, response()->getStatusCode());
     }
 
@@ -214,7 +219,7 @@ public function testControllersCanReturnString(): void
         $routes = service('routes');
         $routes->add(
             'pages/(:segment)',
-            static fn ($segment) => 'You want to see "' . esc($segment) . '" page.'
+            static fn ($segment): string => 'You want to see "' . esc($segment) . '" page.',
         );
         $router = service('router', $routes, service('incomingrequest'));
         Services::injectMock('router', $router);
@@ -223,7 +228,7 @@ public function testControllersCanReturnString(): void
         $this->codeigniter->run();
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('You want to see "about" page.', $output);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('You want to see "about" page.', (string) $output);
     }
 
     public function testControllersCanReturnResponseObject(): void
@@ -249,7 +254,7 @@ public function testControllersCanReturnResponseObject(): void
         $this->codeigniter->run();
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString("You want to see 'about' page.", $output);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString("You want to see 'about' page.", (string) $output);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -293,7 +298,7 @@ public function testRunExecuteFilterByClassName(): void
         $routes->add(
             'pages/about',
             static fn () => service('incomingrequest')->getBody(),
-            ['filter' => Customfilter::class]
+            ['filter' => Customfilter::class],
         );
 
         $router = service('router', $routes, service('incomingrequest'));
@@ -303,16 +308,13 @@ public function testRunExecuteFilterByClassName(): void
         $this->codeigniter->run();
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('http://hellowworld.com', $output);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('http://hellowworld.com', (string) $output);
 
         $this->resetServices();
     }
 
     public function testRegisterSameFilterTwiceWithDifferentArgument(): void
     {
-        $this->expectException(ConfigException::class);
-        $this->expectExceptionMessage('"test-customfilter" already has arguments: null');
-
         $_SERVER['argv'] = ['index.php', 'pages/about'];
         $_SERVER['argc'] = 2;
 
@@ -324,7 +326,7 @@ public function testRegisterSameFilterTwiceWithDifferentArgument(): void
             'pages/about',
             static fn () => service('incomingrequest')->getBody(),
             // Set filter with no argument.
-            ['filter' => 'test-customfilter']
+            ['filter' => 'test-customfilter'],
         );
 
         $router = service('router', $routes, service('incomingrequest'));
@@ -340,7 +342,11 @@ public function testRegisterSameFilterTwiceWithDifferentArgument(): void
         ];
         service('filters', $filterConfig);
 
+        ob_start();
         $this->codeigniter->run();
+        $output = ob_get_clean();
+
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('http://hellowworld.comhttp://hellowworld.com', (string) $output);
 
         $this->resetServices();
     }
@@ -358,7 +364,7 @@ public function testDisableControllerFilters(): void
         $routes->add(
             'pages/about',
             static fn () => service('incomingrequest')->getBody(),
-            ['filter' => Customfilter::class]
+            ['filter' => Customfilter::class],
         );
         $router = service('router', $routes, service('incomingrequest'));
         Services::injectMock('router', $router);
@@ -368,7 +374,7 @@ public function testDisableControllerFilters(): void
         $this->codeigniter->run();
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('', $output);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('', (string) $output);
 
         $this->resetServices();
     }
@@ -396,7 +402,7 @@ public function testRoutesIsEmpty(): void
         $this->codeigniter->run();
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('Welcome to CodeIgniter', $output);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('Welcome to CodeIgniter', (string) $output);
     }
 
     public function testTransfersCorrectHTTPVersion(): void
@@ -441,7 +447,7 @@ public function testIgnoringErrorSuppressedByAt(): void
         $this->codeigniter->run();
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('Welcome to CodeIgniter', $output);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('Welcome to CodeIgniter', (string) $output);
     }
 
     public function testRunForceSecure(): void
@@ -458,13 +464,14 @@ public function testRunForceSecure(): void
         $codeigniter = new MockCodeIgniter($config);
         $codeigniter->setContext('web');
 
-        $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($codeigniter, 'getRequestObject')();
-        $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($codeigniter, 'getResponseObject')();
+        self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($codeigniter, 'getRequestObject')();
+        self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($codeigniter, 'getResponseObject')();
 
         $response = $this->getPrivateProperty($codeigniter, 'response');
         $this->assertNull($response->header('Location'));
 
         $response = $codeigniter->run(null, true);
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(ResponseInterface::class, $response);
 
         $this->assertSame('https://example.com/index.php/', $response->header('Location')->getValue());
     }
@@ -597,29 +604,6 @@ public function testRunRedirectionWithPOSTAndHTTPCode301(): void
         $this->assertSame(301, $response->getStatusCode());
     }
 
-    /**
-     * test for deprecated \CodeIgniter\Router\Exceptions\RedirectException for backward compatibility
-     */
-    public function testRedirectExceptionDeprecated(): void
-    {
-        $_SERVER['argv'] = ['index.php', '/'];
-        $_SERVER['argc'] = 2;
-
-        // Inject mock router.
-        $routes = service('routes');
-        $routes->get('/', static function (): never {
-            throw new RedirectException('redirect-exception', 503);
-        });
-
-        $router = service('router', $routes, service('incomingrequest'));
-        Services::injectMock('router', $router);
-
-        $response = $this->codeigniter->run($routes, true);
-
-        $this->assertSame(503, $response->getStatusCode());
-        $this->assertSame('http://example.com/redirect-exception', $response->getHeaderLine('Location'));
-    }
-
     public function testStoresPreviousURL(): void
     {
         $_SERVER['argv'] = ['index.php', '/'];
@@ -700,7 +684,7 @@ public function testRunDefaultRoute(): void
         $this->codeigniter->run();
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('Welcome to CodeIgniter', $output);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('Welcome to CodeIgniter', (string) $output);
     }
 
     public function testRunCLIRoute(): void
@@ -720,7 +704,7 @@ public function testRunCLIRoute(): void
         $this->codeigniter->run();
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('Method Not Allowed', $output);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('Method Not Allowed', (string) $output);
     }
 
     public function testSpoofRequestMethodCanUsePUT(): void
@@ -811,7 +795,7 @@ public function testPageCacheSendSecureHeaders(): void
         $this->codeigniter->run();
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('This is a test page', $output);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('This is a test page', (string) $output);
         $response = service('response');
         $headers  = $response->headers();
         $this->assertArrayHasKey('X-Frame-Options', $headers);
@@ -821,7 +805,7 @@ public function testPageCacheSendSecureHeaders(): void
         $this->codeigniter->run();
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('This is a test page', $output);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('This is a test page', (string) $output);
         $response = service('response');
         $headers  = $response->headers();
         $this->assertArrayHasKey('X-Frame-Options', $headers);
@@ -843,7 +827,7 @@ public function testPageCacheSendSecureHeaders(): void
     public function testPageCacheWithCacheQueryString(
         $cacheQueryStringValue,
         int $expectedPagesInCache,
-        array $testingUrls
+        array $testingUrls,
     ): void {
         // Suppress command() output
         CITestStreamFilter::registration();
@@ -970,7 +954,7 @@ public function testStartControllerPermitsInvoke(): void
     {
         $this->setPrivateProperty($this->codeigniter, 'benchmark', new Timer());
         $this->setPrivateProperty($this->codeigniter, 'controller', '\\' . Home::class);
-        $startController = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->codeigniter, 'startController');
+        $startController = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->codeigniter, 'startController');
 
         $this->setPrivateProperty($this->codeigniter, 'method', '__invoke');
         $startController();
diff --git a/tests/system/Commands/BaseCommandTest.php b/tests/system/Commands/BaseCommandTest.php
index cffb7963af44..47ca2a6f6a1b 100644
--- a/tests/system/Commands/BaseCommandTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Commands/BaseCommandTest.php
@@ -36,14 +36,14 @@ public function testMagicIssetTrue(): void
     {
         $command = new AppInfo($this->logger, service('commands'));
 
-        $this->assertTrue(isset($command->group));
+        $this->assertSame($command->group !== null, isset($command->group)); // @phpstan-ignore isset.property
     }
 
     public function testMagicIssetFalse(): void
     {
         $command = new AppInfo($this->logger, service('commands'));
 
-        $this->assertFalse(isset($command->foobar));
+        $this->assertFalse(isset($command->foobar)); // @phpstan-ignore property.notFound
     }
 
     public function testMagicGet(): void
@@ -57,6 +57,6 @@ public function testMagicGetMissing(): void
     {
         $command = new AppInfo($this->logger, service('commands'));
 
-        $this->assertNull($command->foobar);
+        $this->assertNull($command->foobar); // @phpstan-ignore property.notFound
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Commands/CommandTest.php b/tests/system/Commands/CommandTest.php
index 84fa6ecac993..1c6e81033e63 100644
--- a/tests/system/Commands/CommandTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Commands/CommandTest.php
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Test\StreamFilterTrait;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
+use Tests\Support\Commands\AppInfo;
 use Tests\Support\Commands\ParamsReveal;
 
 /**
@@ -74,9 +75,12 @@ public function testShowError(): void
     {
         command('app:info');
         $commands = $this->commands->getCommands();
-        $command  = new $commands['app:info']['class']($this->logger, $this->commands);
+
+        /** @var AppInfo */
+        $command = new $commands['app:info']['class']($this->logger, $this->commands);
 
         $command->helpme();
+
         $this->assertStringContainsString('Displays basic usage information.', $this->getBuffer());
     }
 
@@ -84,9 +88,12 @@ public function testCommandCall(): void
     {
         command('app:info');
         $commands = $this->commands->getCommands();
-        $command  = new $commands['app:info']['class']($this->logger, $this->commands);
+
+        /** @var AppInfo */
+        $command = new $commands['app:info']['class']($this->logger, $this->commands);
 
         $command->bomb();
+
         $this->assertStringContainsString('Invalid "background" color:', $this->getBuffer());
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/system/Commands/CreateDatabaseTest.php b/tests/system/Commands/CreateDatabaseTest.php
index 6bf93f4a2eb3..a7e0fe11638f 100644
--- a/tests/system/Commands/CreateDatabaseTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Commands/CreateDatabaseTest.php
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Commands;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnection;
-use CodeIgniter\Database\Database as DatabaseFactory;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\OCI8\Connection as OCI8Connection;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\SQLite3\Connection as SQLite3Connection;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
@@ -51,20 +50,17 @@ protected function tearDown(): void
     private function dropDatabase(): void
     {
         if ($this->connection instanceof SQLite3Connection) {
-            $file = WRITEPATH . 'foobar.db';
+            $file = WRITEPATH . 'database.db';
+
             if (is_file($file)) {
                 unlink($file);
             }
-        } else {
-            $util = (new DatabaseFactory())->loadUtils($this->connection);
-
-            if ($util->databaseExists('foobar')) {
-                Database::forge()->dropDatabase('foobar');
-            }
+        } elseif (Database::utils('tests')->databaseExists('database')) {
+            Database::forge()->dropDatabase('database');
         }
     }
 
-    protected function getBuffer()
+    protected function getBuffer(): string
     {
         return $this->getStreamFilterBuffer();
     }
@@ -75,7 +71,7 @@ public function testCreateDatabase(): void
             $this->markTestSkipped('Needs to run on non-OCI8 drivers.');
         }
 
-        command('db:create foobar');
+        command('db:create database');
         $this->assertStringContainsString('successfully created.', $this->getBuffer());
     }
 
@@ -85,10 +81,10 @@ public function testSqliteDatabaseDuplicated(): void
             $this->markTestSkipped('Needs to run on SQLite3.');
         }
 
-        command('db:create foobar');
+        command('db:create database');
         $this->resetStreamFilterBuffer();
 
-        command('db:create foobar --ext db');
+        command('db:create database --ext db');
         $this->assertStringContainsString('already exists.', $this->getBuffer());
     }
 
@@ -98,10 +94,10 @@ public function testOtherDriverDuplicatedDatabase(): void
             $this->markTestSkipped('Needs to run on non-SQLite3 and non-OCI8 drivers.');
         }
 
-        command('db:create foobar');
+        command('db:create database');
         $this->resetStreamFilterBuffer();
 
-        command('db:create foobar');
+        command('db:create database');
         $this->assertStringContainsString('Unable to create the specified database.', $this->getBuffer());
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Commands/Database/MigrateStatusTest.php b/tests/system/Commands/Database/MigrateStatusTest.php
index 5e54b380fdee..c9d9b20cc489 100644
--- a/tests/system/Commands/Database/MigrateStatusTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Commands/Database/MigrateStatusTest.php
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\DatabaseTestTrait;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\StreamFilterTrait;
 use Config\Database;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
@@ -26,17 +27,18 @@
 final class MigrateStatusTest extends CIUnitTestCase
 {
     use StreamFilterTrait;
+    use DatabaseTestTrait;
 
     private string $migrationFileFrom = SUPPORTPATH . 'MigrationTestMigrations/Database/Migrations/2018-01-24-102301_Some_migration.php';
     private string $migrationFileTo   = APPPATH . 'Database/Migrations/2018-01-24-102301_Some_migration.php';
 
     protected function setUp(): void
     {
-        $forge = Database::forge();
-        $forge->dropTable('foo', true);
-
         parent::setUp();
 
+        Database::connect()->table('migrations')->emptyTable();
+        Database::forge()->dropTable('foo', true);
+
         if (! is_file($this->migrationFileFrom)) {
             $this->fail(clean_path($this->migrationFileFrom) . ' is not found.');
         }
@@ -51,7 +53,7 @@ protected function setUp(): void
         $contents = str_replace(
             'namespace Tests\Support\MigrationTestMigrations\Database\Migrations;',
             'namespace App\Database\Migrations;',
-            $contents
+            $contents,
         );
         file_put_contents($this->migrationFileTo, $contents);
 
@@ -63,8 +65,7 @@ protected function tearDown(): void
     {
         parent::tearDown();
 
-        $db = db_connect();
-        $db->table('migrations')->emptyTable();
+        Database::connect()->table('migrations')->emptyTable();
 
         if (is_file($this->migrationFileTo)) {
             @unlink($this->migrationFileTo);
diff --git a/tests/system/Commands/Database/ShowTableInfoTest.php b/tests/system/Commands/Database/ShowTableInfoTest.php
index a707f519a858..a2749c812d8b 100644
--- a/tests/system/Commands/Database/ShowTableInfoTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Commands/Database/ShowTableInfoTest.php
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ public function testDbTableMetadata(): void
         $expected = <<<'EOL'
             | Field Name | Type | Max Length | Nullable | Default | Primary Key |
             EOL;
-        $this->assertStringContainsString($expected, $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString($expected, (string) $result);
     }
 
     public function testDbTableDesc(): void
diff --git a/tests/system/Commands/EnvironmentCommandTest.php b/tests/system/Commands/EnvironmentCommandTest.php
index 177becf34f9f..b62ade32c827 100644
--- a/tests/system/Commands/EnvironmentCommandTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Commands/EnvironmentCommandTest.php
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ public function testProvidingTestingAsEnvGivesErrorMessage(): void
         command('env testing');
         $this->assertStringContainsString(
             'The "testing" environment is reserved for PHPUnit testing.',
-            $this->getStreamFilterBuffer()
+            $this->getStreamFilterBuffer(),
         );
     }
 
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ public function testDefaultShippedEnvIsMissing(): void
         $this->assertStringContainsString('Both default shipped', $this->getStreamFilterBuffer());
         $this->assertStringContainsString(
             'It is impossible to write the new environment type.',
-            $this->getStreamFilterBuffer()
+            $this->getStreamFilterBuffer(),
         );
     }
 
@@ -94,6 +94,6 @@ public function testSettingNewEnvIsSuccess(): void
         command('env development');
 
         $this->assertStringContainsString('Environment is successfully changed to', $this->getStreamFilterBuffer());
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('CI_ENVIRONMENT = development', file_get_contents($this->envPath));
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('CI_ENVIRONMENT = development', (string) file_get_contents($this->envPath));
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Commands/FilterCheckTest.php b/tests/system/Commands/FilterCheckTest.php
index 0c26dd9bf349..c6644e02e94e 100644
--- a/tests/system/Commands/FilterCheckTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Commands/FilterCheckTest.php
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ protected function tearDown(): void
         parent::tearDown();
     }
 
-    protected function getBuffer()
+    protected function getBuffer(): string
     {
         return $this->getStreamFilterBuffer();
     }
@@ -48,7 +48,14 @@ public function testFilterCheckDefinedRoute(): void
 
         $this->assertStringContainsString(
             '| GET    | /     | forcehttps pagecache | pagecache performance toolbar |',
-            preg_replace('/\033\[.+?m/u', '', $this->getBuffer())
+            (string) preg_replace('/\033\[.+?m/u', '', $this->getBuffer()),
+        );
+        $this->assertStringContainsString(
+            'Before Filter Classes:
+CodeIgniter\Filters\ForceHTTPS → CodeIgniter\Filters\PageCache
+After Filter Classes:
+CodeIgniter\Filters\PageCache → CodeIgniter\Filters\PerformanceMetrics → CodeIgniter\Filters\DebugToolbar',
+            (string) preg_replace('/\033\[.+?m/u', '', $this->getBuffer()),
         );
     }
 
@@ -61,8 +68,8 @@ public function testFilterCheckInvalidRoute(): void
             str_replace(
                 ["\033[0m", "\033[1;31m", "\033[0;30m", "\033[47m"],
                 '',
-                $this->getBuffer()
-            )
+                $this->getBuffer(),
+            ),
         );
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Commands/GenerateKeyTest.php b/tests/system/Commands/GenerateKeyTest.php
index 40df8d1477c3..6dd7a7330c36 100644
--- a/tests/system/Commands/GenerateKeyTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Commands/GenerateKeyTest.php
@@ -92,18 +92,18 @@ public function testGenerateKeyCreatesNewKey(): void
     {
         command('key:generate');
         $this->assertStringContainsString('successfully set.', $this->getBuffer());
-        $this->assertStringContainsString(env('encryption.key'), file_get_contents($this->envPath));
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('hex2bin:', file_get_contents($this->envPath));
+        $this->assertStringContainsString(env('encryption.key'), (string) file_get_contents($this->envPath));
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('hex2bin:', (string) file_get_contents($this->envPath));
 
         command('key:generate --prefix base64 --force');
         $this->assertStringContainsString('successfully set.', $this->getBuffer());
-        $this->assertStringContainsString(env('encryption.key'), file_get_contents($this->envPath));
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('base64:', file_get_contents($this->envPath));
+        $this->assertStringContainsString(env('encryption.key'), (string) file_get_contents($this->envPath));
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('base64:', (string) file_get_contents($this->envPath));
 
         command('key:generate --prefix hex2bin --force');
         $this->assertStringContainsString('successfully set.', $this->getBuffer());
-        $this->assertStringContainsString(env('encryption.key'), file_get_contents($this->envPath));
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('hex2bin:', file_get_contents($this->envPath));
+        $this->assertStringContainsString(env('encryption.key'), (string) file_get_contents($this->envPath));
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('hex2bin:', (string) file_get_contents($this->envPath));
     }
 
     public function testDefaultShippedEnvIsMissing(): void
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ public function testKeyGenerateWhenNewHexKeyIsSubsequentlyCommentedOut(): void
             'encryption.key = ' . $key,
             '# encryption.key = ' . $key,
             file_get_contents($this->envPath),
-            $count
+            $count,
         ));
         $this->assertSame(1, $count, 'Failed commenting out the previously set application key.');
 
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ public function testKeyGenerateWhenNewBase64KeyIsSubsequentlyCommentedOut(): voi
             'encryption.key = ' . $key,
             '# encryption.key = ' . $key,
             file_get_contents($this->envPath),
-            $count
+            $count,
         ));
         $this->assertSame(1, $count, 'Failed commenting out the previously set application key.');
 
diff --git a/tests/system/Commands/HelpCommandTest.php b/tests/system/Commands/HelpCommandTest.php
index 7ce07d8129fb..519f5ab33f65 100644
--- a/tests/system/Commands/HelpCommandTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Commands/HelpCommandTest.php
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ final class HelpCommandTest extends CIUnitTestCase
 {
     use StreamFilterTrait;
 
-    protected function getBuffer()
+    protected function getBuffer(): string
     {
         return $this->getStreamFilterBuffer();
     }
diff --git a/tests/system/Commands/InfoCacheTest.php b/tests/system/Commands/InfoCacheTest.php
index 1c3ad93db5f0..e8cc409356f5 100644
--- a/tests/system/Commands/InfoCacheTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Commands/InfoCacheTest.php
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ protected function tearDown(): void
         config('Cache')->handler = 'file';
     }
 
-    protected function getBuffer()
+    protected function getBuffer(): string
     {
         return $this->getStreamFilterBuffer();
     }
diff --git a/tests/system/Commands/MigrationIntegrationTest.php b/tests/system/Commands/MigrationIntegrationTest.php
index 14b66ccb920a..12869f9092c6 100644
--- a/tests/system/Commands/MigrationIntegrationTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Commands/MigrationIntegrationTest.php
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ public function testMigrationWithRollbackHasSameNameFormat(): void
         command('migrate -n App');
         $this->assertStringContainsString(
             '(App) 20160428212500_App\Database\Migrations\Migration_Create_test_tables',
-            $this->getStreamFilterBuffer()
+            $this->getStreamFilterBuffer(),
         );
 
         $this->resetStreamFilterBuffer();
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ public function testMigrationWithRollbackHasSameNameFormat(): void
         command('migrate:rollback -n App');
         $this->assertStringContainsString(
             '(App) 20160428212500_App\Database\Migrations\Migration_Create_test_tables',
-            $this->getStreamFilterBuffer()
+            $this->getStreamFilterBuffer(),
         );
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Commands/RoutesTest.php b/tests/system/Commands/RoutesTest.php
index 7859156ccf93..a28c0cc02e1a 100644
--- a/tests/system/Commands/RoutesTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Commands/RoutesTest.php
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Router\RouteCollection;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\StreamFilterTrait;
+use Config\Feature;
 use Config\Services;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ protected function tearDown(): void
         parent::tearDown();
     }
 
-    protected function getBuffer()
+    protected function getBuffer(): string
     {
         return str_replace(PHP_EOL, "\n", $this->getStreamFilterBuffer());
     }
@@ -85,7 +86,7 @@ public function testRoutesCommand(): void
             EOL;
         $this->assertStringContainsString(
             $expected,
-            preg_replace('/\033\[.+?m/u', '', $this->getBuffer())
+            (string) preg_replace('/\033\[.+?m/u', '', $this->getBuffer()),
         );
     }
 
@@ -213,6 +214,8 @@ public function testRoutesCommandRouteLegacy(): void
         $routes = $this->getCleanRoutes();
         $routes->loadRoutes();
 
+        $featureConfig                     = config(Feature::class);
+        $featureConfig->autoRoutesImproved = false;
         $routes->setAutoRoute(true);
 
         command('routes');
diff --git a/tests/system/Commands/TestGeneratorTest.php b/tests/system/Commands/TestGeneratorTest.php
index b449afd76f05..b67c136a4009 100644
--- a/tests/system/Commands/TestGeneratorTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Commands/TestGeneratorTest.php
@@ -13,8 +13,11 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Commands;
 
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\Mock\MockInputOutput;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\StreamFilterTrait;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 
 /**
@@ -25,22 +28,92 @@ final class TestGeneratorTest extends CIUnitTestCase
 {
     use StreamFilterTrait;
 
+    protected function setUp(): void
+    {
+        parent::setUp();
+
+        $this->resetStreamFilterBuffer();
+
+        putenv('NO_COLOR=1');
+        CLI::init();
+    }
+
     protected function tearDown(): void
     {
-        $result = str_replace(["\033[0;32m", "\033[0m", "\n"], '', $this->getStreamFilterBuffer());
-        $file   = str_replace('ROOTPATH' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, ROOTPATH, trim(substr($result, 14)));
-        $dir    = dirname($file);
+        parent::tearDown();
+
+        $this->clearTestFiles();
+        $this->resetStreamFilterBuffer();
+
+        putenv('NO_COLOR');
+        CLI::init();
+    }
+
+    private function clearTestFiles(): void
+    {
+        preg_match('/File created: (.*)/', $this->getStreamFilterBuffer(), $result);
+
+        $file = str_replace('ROOTPATH' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, ROOTPATH, $result[1] ?? '');
         if (is_file($file)) {
             unlink($file);
         }
-        if (is_dir($dir)) {
+
+        $dir = dirname($file) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+        if (is_dir($dir) && ! in_array($dir, ['/', TESTPATH, TESTPATH . 'system/', TESTPATH . '_support/'], true)) {
             rmdir($dir);
         }
     }
 
-    public function testGenerateTest(): void
+    #[DataProvider('provideGenerateTestFiles')]
+    public function testGenerateTestFiles(string $name, string $expectedClass): void
     {
-        command('make:test Foo/Bar');
-        $this->assertFileExists(ROOTPATH . 'tests/Foo/Bar.php');
+        command(sprintf('make:test %s', $name));
+
+        $expectedTestFile = str_replace('/', DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, sprintf('%stests/%s.php', ROOTPATH, $expectedClass));
+        $expectedMessage  = sprintf('File created: %s', str_replace(ROOTPATH, 'ROOTPATH' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, $expectedTestFile));
+        $this->assertStringContainsString($expectedMessage, $this->getStreamFilterBuffer());
+        $this->assertFileExists($expectedTestFile);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return iterable<string, array{0: string, 1: string}>
+     */
+    public static function provideGenerateTestFiles(): iterable
+    {
+        yield 'simple class name' => ['Foo', 'FooTest'];
+
+        yield 'namespaced class name' => ['Foo/Bar', 'Foo/BarTest'];
+
+        yield 'class with suffix' => ['Foo/BarTest', 'Foo/BarTest'];
+
+        // the 4 slashes are needed to escape here and in the command
+        yield 'namespace style class name' => ['Foo\\\\Bar', 'Foo/BarTest'];
+    }
+
+    public function testGenerateTestWithEmptyClassName(): void
+    {
+        $expectedFile = ROOTPATH . 'tests/FooTest.php';
+
+        try {
+            $io = new MockInputOutput();
+            CLI::setInputOutput($io);
+
+            // Simulate running `make:test` with no input followed by entering `Foo`
+            $io->setInputs(['', 'Foo']);
+            command('make:test');
+
+            $expectedOutput = 'Test class name : ' . PHP_EOL;
+            $expectedOutput .= 'The "Test class name" field is required.' . PHP_EOL;
+            $expectedOutput .= 'Test class name : Foo' . PHP_EOL . PHP_EOL;
+            $expectedOutput .= 'File created: ROOTPATH/tests/FooTest.php' . PHP_EOL . PHP_EOL;
+            $this->assertSame($expectedOutput, $io->getOutput());
+            $this->assertFileExists($expectedFile);
+        } finally {
+            if (is_file($expectedFile)) {
+                unlink($expectedFile);
+            }
+
+            CLI::resetInputOutput();
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Commands/Translation/LocalizationSyncTest.php b/tests/system/Commands/Translation/LocalizationSyncTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f6dc00764eac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/system/Commands/Translation/LocalizationSyncTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Translation;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\LogicException;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\ReflectionHelper;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\StreamFilterTrait;
+use Config\App;
+use Locale;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
+
+/**
+ * @internal
+ */
+#[Group('Others')]
+final class LocalizationSyncTest extends CIUnitTestCase
+{
+    use StreamFilterTrait;
+    use ReflectionHelper;
+
+    private static string $locale;
+    private static string $languageTestPath;
+
+    /**
+     * @var array<string, array<string,mixed>|string|null>
+     */
+    private array $expectedKeys = [
+        'title'  => 'Sync.title',
+        'status' => [
+            'error'    => 'Sync.status.error',
+            'done'     => 'Sync.status.done',
+            'critical' => 'Sync.status.critical',
+        ],
+        'description' => 'Sync.description',
+        'empty_array' => [],
+        'more'        => [
+            'nested' => [
+                'key' => 'Sync.more.nested.key',
+            ],
+        ],
+    ];
+
+    protected function setUp(): void
+    {
+        parent::setUp();
+
+        config(App::class)->supportedLocales = ['en', 'ru', 'de'];
+
+        self::$locale           = Locale::getDefault();
+        self::$languageTestPath = SUPPORTPATH . 'Language/';
+        $this->makeLanguageFiles();
+    }
+
+    protected function tearDown(): void
+    {
+        parent::tearDown();
+
+        $this->clearGeneratedFiles();
+    }
+
+    public function testSyncDefaultLocale(): void
+    {
+        command('lang:sync --target de');
+
+        $langFile = self::$languageTestPath . 'de/Sync.php';
+
+        $this->assertFileExists($langFile);
+
+        $langKeys = include $langFile;
+
+        $this->assertIsArray($langKeys);
+        $this->assertSame($this->expectedKeys, $langKeys);
+    }
+
+    public function testSyncWithLocaleOption(): void
+    {
+        command('lang:sync --locale ru --target de');
+
+        $langFile = self::$languageTestPath . 'de/Sync.php';
+
+        $this->assertFileExists($langFile);
+
+        $langKeys = include $langFile;
+
+        $this->assertIsArray($langKeys);
+        $this->assertSame($this->expectedKeys, $langKeys);
+    }
+
+    public function testSyncWithExistTranslation(): void
+    {
+        // Save old values and add new keys from "en/Sync.php"
+        // Add value from the old file "de/Sync.php" to new
+        // Right sort as in "en/Sync.php"
+        $expectedLangKeys = [
+            'title'  => 'Default title (old)',
+            'status' => [
+                'error'    => 'Error! (old)',
+                'done'     => 'Sync.status.done',
+                'critical' => 'Critical! (old)',
+            ],
+            'description' => 'Sync.description',
+            'empty_array' => [],
+            'more'        => [
+                'nested' => [
+                    'key' => 'More nested key... (old)',
+                ],
+            ],
+        ];
+
+        $lang = <<<'TEXT_WRAP'
+            <?php
+
+            return [
+                'status' => [
+                    'critical' => 'Critical! (old)',
+                    'error'    => 'Error! (old)',
+                ],
+                'skip'        => 'skip this value',
+                'title'  => 'Default title (old)',
+                'more'        => [
+                    'nested' => [
+                        'key' => 'More nested key... (old)',
+                    ],
+                ],
+                'empty_array' => [],
+            ];
+            TEXT_WRAP;
+
+        $langFile = self::$languageTestPath . 'de/Sync.php';
+
+        mkdir(self::$languageTestPath . 'de', 0755);
+        file_put_contents($langFile, $lang);
+
+        command('lang:sync --target de');
+
+        $this->assertFileExists($langFile);
+
+        $langKeys = include $langFile;
+
+        $this->assertIsArray($langKeys);
+        $this->assertSame($expectedLangKeys, $langKeys);
+    }
+
+    public function testSyncWithIncorrectLocaleOption(): void
+    {
+        command('lang:sync --locale test_locale_incorrect --target de');
+
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('is not supported', $this->getStreamFilterBuffer());
+    }
+
+    public function testSyncWithNullableOriginalLangValue(): void
+    {
+        $langWithNullValue = <<<'TEXT_WRAP'
+            <?php
+
+            return [
+                'nullable' => null,
+            ];
+            TEXT_WRAP;
+
+        file_put_contents(self::$languageTestPath . self::$locale . '/SyncInvalid.php', $langWithNullValue);
+        ob_get_flush();
+
+        $this->expectException(LogicException::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessageMatches('/Only "array" or "string" is allowed/');
+
+        command('lang:sync --target de');
+    }
+
+    public function testSyncWithIntegerOriginalLangValue(): void
+    {
+        $this->resetStreamFilterBuffer();
+
+        $langWithIntegerValue = <<<'TEXT_WRAP'
+            <?php
+
+            return [
+                'integer' => 1000,
+            ];
+            TEXT_WRAP;
+
+        file_put_contents(self::$languageTestPath . self::$locale . '/SyncInvalid.php', $langWithIntegerValue);
+        ob_get_flush();
+
+        $this->expectException(LogicException::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessageMatches('/Only "array" or "string" is allowed/');
+
+        command('lang:sync --target de');
+    }
+
+    public function testSyncWithIncorrectTargetOption(): void
+    {
+        command('lang:sync --locale en --target test_locale_incorrect');
+
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('is not supported', $this->getStreamFilterBuffer());
+    }
+
+    public function testProcessWithInvalidOption(): void
+    {
+        $langPath = SUPPORTPATH . 'Language';
+        $command  = new LocalizationSync(service('logger'), service('commands'));
+        $this->setPrivateProperty($command, 'languagePath', $langPath);
+        $runner = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($command, 'process');
+
+        $status = $runner('de', 'jp');
+
+        $this->assertSame(EXIT_ERROR, $status);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('Error: The "ROOTPATH/tests/_support/Language/de" directory was not found.', $this->getStreamFilterBuffer());
+
+        chmod($langPath, 0544);
+        $status = $runner('en', 'jp');
+        chmod($langPath, 0775);
+
+        $this->assertSame(EXIT_ERROR, $status);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('Error: The target directory "ROOTPATH/tests/_support/Language/jp" cannot be accessed.', $this->getStreamFilterBuffer());
+    }
+
+    private function makeLanguageFiles(): void
+    {
+        $lang = <<<'TEXT_WRAP'
+            <?php
+
+            return [
+                'title'  => 'Default title',
+                'status' => [
+                    'error'    => 'Error!',
+                    'done'     => 'Done!',
+                    'critical' => 'Critical!',
+                ],
+                'description' => '',
+                'empty_array' => [],
+                'more'        => [
+                    'nested' => [
+                        'key' => 'More nested key...',
+                    ],
+                ],
+            ];
+            TEXT_WRAP;
+
+        file_put_contents(self::$languageTestPath . self::$locale . '/Sync.php', $lang);
+        file_put_contents(self::$languageTestPath . 'ru/Sync.php', $lang);
+    }
+
+    private function clearGeneratedFiles(): void
+    {
+        $files = [
+            self::$languageTestPath . self::$locale . '/Sync.php',
+            self::$languageTestPath . self::$locale . '/SyncInvalid.php',
+            self::$languageTestPath . 'ru/Sync.php',
+        ];
+
+        foreach ($files as $file) {
+            if (is_file($file)) {
+                unlink($file);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (is_dir(self::$languageTestPath . 'de')) {
+            delete_files(self::$languageTestPath . 'de');
+            rmdir(self::$languageTestPath . 'de');
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/ConfigCheckTest.php b/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/ConfigCheckTest.php
index c69cfa948635..22d0e3d1f1d3 100644
--- a/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/ConfigCheckTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/ConfigCheckTest.php
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ public function testCommandConfigCheckWithNoArgumentPassed(): void
                          config:check 'CodeIgniter\Shield\Config\Auth'
 
                 EOF,
-            str_replace("\n\n", "\n", $this->getStreamFilterBuffer())
+            str_replace("\n\n", "\n", $this->getStreamFilterBuffer()),
         );
     }
 
@@ -83,37 +83,41 @@ public function testCommandConfigCheckNonexistentClass(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             "No such Config class: Nonexistent\n",
-            $this->getStreamFilterBuffer()
+            $this->getStreamFilterBuffer(),
         );
     }
 
     public function testConfigCheckWithKintEnabledUsesKintD(): void
     {
-        /** @var Closure(object): string $command */
-        $command = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker(
+        /**
+         * @var Closure(mixed...): string
+         */
+        $command = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker(
             new ConfigCheck(service('logger'), service('commands')),
-            'getKintD'
+            'getKintD',
         );
 
         command('config:check App');
 
         $this->assertSame(
             $command(config('App')) . "\n",
-            preg_replace('/\s+Config Caching: \S+/', '', $this->getStreamFilterBuffer())
+            preg_replace('/\s+Config Caching: \S+/', '', $this->getStreamFilterBuffer()),
         );
     }
 
     public function testConfigCheckWithKintDisabledUsesVarDump(): void
     {
-        /** @var Closure(object): string $command */
-        $command = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker(
+        /**
+         * @var Closure(mixed...): string
+         */
+        $command = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker(
             new ConfigCheck(service('logger'), service('commands')),
-            'getVarDump'
+            'getVarDump',
         );
         $clean = static fn (string $input): string => trim(preg_replace(
             '/(\033\[[0-9;]+m)|(\035\[[0-9;]+m)/u',
             '',
-            $input
+            $input,
         ));
 
         try {
@@ -122,7 +126,7 @@ public function testConfigCheckWithKintDisabledUsesVarDump(): void
 
             $this->assertSame(
                 $clean($command(config('App'))),
-                $clean(preg_replace('/\s+Config Caching: \S+/', '', $this->getStreamFilterBuffer()))
+                $clean(preg_replace('/\s+Config Caching: \S+/', '', $this->getStreamFilterBuffer())),
             );
         } finally {
             Kint::$enabled_mode = true;
diff --git a/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/NamespacesTest.php b/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/NamespacesTest.php
index ffdfa0ddcf8d..e519ca19d9bc 100644
--- a/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/NamespacesTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/NamespacesTest.php
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\ReflectionHelper;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\StreamFilterTrait;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@
 final class NamespacesTest extends CIUnitTestCase
 {
     use StreamFilterTrait;
+    use ReflectionHelper;
 
     protected function setUp(): void
     {
@@ -40,7 +42,7 @@ protected function tearDown(): void
     /**
      * @see https://regex101.com/r/l3lHfR/1
      */
-    protected function getBuffer()
+    protected function getBuffer(): string
     {
         return preg_replace_callback('/(\|\s*[^|]+\s*\|\s*)(.*?)(\s*\|\s*[^|]+\s*\|)/', static function (array $matches): string {
             $matches[2] = str_replace(DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, '/', $matches[2]);
@@ -73,15 +75,25 @@ public function testNamespacesCommandAllNamespaces(): void
 
         $this->assertStringContainsString(
             '|CodeIgniter|ROOTPATH/system|Yes|',
-            str_replace(' ', '', $this->getBuffer())
+            str_replace(' ', '', $this->getBuffer()),
         );
         $this->assertStringContainsString(
             '|App|ROOTPATH/app|Yes|',
-            str_replace(' ', '', $this->getBuffer())
+            str_replace(' ', '', $this->getBuffer()),
         );
         $this->assertStringContainsString(
             '|Config|APPPATH/Config|Yes|',
-            str_replace(' ', '', $this->getBuffer())
+            str_replace(' ', '', $this->getBuffer()),
         );
     }
+
+    public function testTruncateNamespaces(): void
+    {
+        $commandObject  = new Namespaces(service('logger'), service('commands'));
+        $truncateRunner = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($commandObject, 'truncate');
+
+        $this->assertSame('App\Controllers\...', $truncateRunner('App\Controllers\Admin', 19));
+        // multibyte namespace
+        $this->assertSame('App\Контроллеры\...', $truncateRunner('App\Контроллеры\Админ', 19));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/PhpIniCheckTest.php b/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/PhpIniCheckTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..63afb42ff872
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/PhpIniCheckTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\StreamFilterTrait;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
+
+/**
+ * @internal
+ */
+#[Group('Others')]
+final class PhpIniCheckTest extends CIUnitTestCase
+{
+    use StreamFilterTrait;
+
+    protected function setUp(): void
+    {
+        $this->resetServices();
+        parent::setUp();
+    }
+
+    protected function tearDown(): void
+    {
+        $this->resetServices();
+        parent::tearDown();
+    }
+
+    protected function getBuffer(): string
+    {
+        return $this->getStreamFilterBuffer();
+    }
+
+    public function testCommandCheckNoArg(): void
+    {
+        command('phpini:check');
+
+        $result = $this->getBuffer();
+
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('Directive', $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('Global', $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('Current', $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('Recommended', $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('Remark', $result);
+    }
+
+    public function testCommandCheckOpcache(): void
+    {
+        command('phpini:check opcache');
+
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('opcache.save_comments', $this->getBuffer());
+    }
+
+    public function testCommandCheckNoExistsArg(): void
+    {
+        command('phpini:check noexists');
+
+        $this->assertStringContainsString(
+            'You must specify a correct argument.',
+            $this->getBuffer(),
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/ControllerMethodReaderTest.php b/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/ControllerMethodReaderTest.php
index 936b2b8fe184..1619dd668b31 100644
--- a/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/ControllerMethodReaderTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/ControllerMethodReaderTest.php
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 final class ControllerMethodReaderTest extends CIUnitTestCase
 {
     private function createControllerMethodReader(
-        string $namespace = 'Tests\Support\Controllers'
+        string $namespace = 'Tests\Support\Controllers',
     ): ControllerMethodReader {
         $methods = [
             'get',
@@ -74,12 +74,13 @@ public function testRead(): void
 
     public function testReadTranslateURIDashes(): void
     {
-        $config                     = config(Routing::class);
-        $config->translateURIDashes = true;
+        $config                          = config(Routing::class);
+        $config->translateURIDashes      = true;
+        $config->translateUriToCamelCase = false;
         Factories::injectMock('config', Routing::class, $config);
 
         $reader = $this->createControllerMethodReader(
-            'CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\AutoRouterImproved\Controllers'
+            'CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\AutoRouterImproved\Controllers',
         );
 
         $routes = $reader->read(Dash_controller::class);
@@ -116,7 +117,7 @@ public function testReadTranslateUriToCamelCase(): void
         Factories::injectMock('config', Routing::class, $config);
 
         $reader = $this->createControllerMethodReader(
-            'CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\AutoRouterImproved\Controllers'
+            'CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\AutoRouterImproved\Controllers',
         );
 
         $routes = $reader->read(BlogController::class);
@@ -147,7 +148,7 @@ public function testReadTranslateUriToCamelCase(): void
     public function testReadDefaultController(): void
     {
         $reader = $this->createControllerMethodReader(
-            'CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\AutoRouterImproved\Controllers'
+            'CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\AutoRouterImproved\Controllers',
         );
 
         $routes = $reader->read(Home::class);
diff --git a/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterFinderTest.php b/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterFinderTest.php
index 7bba11d9c968..8d6db5c20620 100644
--- a/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterFinderTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterFinderTest.php
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Response;
 use CodeIgniter\Router\RouteCollection;
+use CodeIgniter\Router\RouteCollectionInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\Router\Router;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\ConfigFromArrayTrait;
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ protected function setUp(): void
         $this->moduleConfig->enabled = false;
     }
 
-    private function createRouteCollection(array $routes = []): RouteCollection
+    private function createRouteCollection(array $routes = []): RouteCollectionInterface
     {
         $collection = new RouteCollection(service('locator'), $this->moduleConfig, new Routing());
 
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ private function createRouteCollection(array $routes = []): RouteCollection
         return $collection->map($routes);
     }
 
-    private function createRouter(RouteCollection $collection): Router
+    private function createRouter(RouteCollectionInterface $collection): Router
     {
         return new Router($collection, $this->request);
     }
@@ -101,6 +102,9 @@ private function createFilters(array $config = []): Filters
 
     public function testFindGlobalsFilters(): void
     {
+        /**
+         * @var RouteCollection $collection
+         */
         $collection = $this->createRouteCollection();
         $router     = $this->createRouter($collection);
         $filters    = $this->createFilters();
@@ -118,6 +122,9 @@ public function testFindGlobalsFilters(): void
 
     public function testFindGlobalsFiltersWithRedirectRoute(): void
     {
+        /**
+         * @var RouteCollection $collection
+         */
         $collection = $this->createRouteCollection();
         $collection->addRedirect('users/about', 'profile');
 
@@ -137,6 +144,9 @@ public function testFindGlobalsFiltersWithRedirectRoute(): void
 
     public function testFindGlobalsAndRouteFilters(): void
     {
+        /**
+         * @var RouteCollection $collection
+         */
         $collection = $this->createRouteCollection();
         $collection->get('admin', ' AdminController::index', ['filter' => 'honeypot']);
         $router  = $this->createRouter($collection);
@@ -153,8 +163,47 @@ public function testFindGlobalsAndRouteFilters(): void
         $this->assertSame($expected, $filters);
     }
 
+    public function testFindGlobalsAndRouteFiltersWithArguments(): void
+    {
+        $collection = $this->createRouteCollection();
+        $collection->get('admin', ' AdminController::index', ['filter' => 'honeypot:arg1,arg2']);
+        $router  = $this->createRouter($collection);
+        $filters = $this->createFilters();
+
+        $finder = new FilterFinder($router, $filters);
+
+        $filters = $finder->find('admin');
+
+        $expected = [
+            'before' => ['csrf', 'honeypot:arg1,arg2'],
+            'after'  => ['honeypot:arg1,arg2', 'toolbar'],
+        ];
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $filters);
+    }
+
+    public function testFindClassesGlobalsAndRouteFiltersWithArguments(): void
+    {
+        $collection = $this->createRouteCollection();
+        $collection->get('admin', ' AdminController::index', ['filter' => 'honeypot:arg1,arg2']);
+        $router  = $this->createRouter($collection);
+        $filters = $this->createFilters();
+
+        $finder = new FilterFinder($router, $filters);
+
+        $filters = $finder->findClasses('admin');
+
+        $expected = [
+            'before' => [CSRF::class, Honeypot::class . ':arg1,arg2'],
+            'after'  => [Honeypot::class . ':arg1,arg2', DebugToolbar::class],
+        ];
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $filters);
+    }
+
     public function testFindGlobalsAndRouteClassnameFilters(): void
     {
+        /**
+         * @var RouteCollection $collection
+         */
         $collection = $this->createRouteCollection();
         $collection->get('admin', ' AdminController::index', ['filter' => InvalidChars::class]);
         $router  = $this->createRouter($collection);
@@ -173,6 +222,9 @@ public function testFindGlobalsAndRouteClassnameFilters(): void
 
     public function testFindGlobalsAndRouteMultipleFilters(): void
     {
+        /**
+         * @var RouteCollection $collection
+         */
         $collection = $this->createRouteCollection();
         $collection->get('admin', ' AdminController::index', ['filter' => ['honeypot', InvalidChars::class]]);
         $router  = $this->createRouter($collection);
@@ -191,6 +243,9 @@ public function testFindGlobalsAndRouteMultipleFilters(): void
 
     public function testFilterOrder(): void
     {
+        /**
+         * @var RouteCollection $collection
+         */
         $collection = $this->createRouteCollection([]);
         $collection->get('/', ' Home::index', ['filter' => ['route1', 'route2']]);
         $router  = $this->createRouter($collection);
@@ -256,6 +311,9 @@ public function testFilterOrderWithOldFilterOrder(): void
         $feature                 = config(Feature::class);
         $feature->oldFilterOrder = true;
 
+        /**
+         * @var RouteCollection $collection
+         */
         $collection = $this->createRouteCollection([]);
         $collection->get('/', ' Home::index', ['filter' => ['route1', 'route2']]);
         $router  = $this->createRouter($collection);
diff --git a/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/SampleURIGeneratorTest.php b/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/SampleURIGeneratorTest.php
index 6b5c10e45ea0..1d67afae1ce4 100644
--- a/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/SampleURIGeneratorTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/SampleURIGeneratorTest.php
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ public function testGetFromPlaceholderCustomPlaceholder(): void
         $routes = service('routes');
         $routes->addPlaceholder(
             'uuid',
-            '[0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12}'
+            '[0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12}',
         );
 
         $generator = new SampleURIGenerator();
diff --git a/tests/system/CommonFunctionsTest.php b/tests/system/CommonFunctionsTest.php
index d708b193f56b..bc09ef6e9f57 100644
--- a/tests/system/CommonFunctionsTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/CommonFunctionsTest.php
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseService;
 use CodeIgniter\Config\Factories;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CLIRequest;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\RedirectException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
@@ -47,7 +48,6 @@
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\PreserveGlobalState;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\RunInSeparateProcess;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\WithoutErrorHandler;
-use RuntimeException;
 use stdClass;
 use Tests\Support\Models\JobModel;
 
@@ -243,13 +243,13 @@ public function testEscapeWithDifferentEncodings(): void
     public function testEscapeBadContext(): void
     {
         $this->expectException('InvalidArgumentException');
-        esc(['width' => '800', 'height' => '600'], 'bogus');
+        esc(['width' => '800', 'height' => '600'], 'bogus'); // @phpstan-ignore argument.type
     }
 
     public function testEscapeBadContextZero(): void
     {
         $this->expectException('InvalidArgumentException');
-        esc('<script>', '0');
+        esc('<script>', '0'); // @phpstan-ignore argument.type
     }
 
     public function testEscapeArray(): void
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ public function testRouteToInCliWithLocaleInRoute(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             '/en/path/string/to/13',
-            route_to('path-to', 'string', 13, 'en')
+            route_to('path-to', 'string', 13, 'en'),
         );
     }
 
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ public function testRouteToWithUnsupportedLocale(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             '/en/path/string/to/13',
-            route_to('path-to', 'string', 13, 'invalid')
+            route_to('path-to', 'string', 13, 'invalid'),
         );
     }
 
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ public function testCSRFMeta(): void
 
     public function testModelNotExists(): void
     {
-        $this->assertNull(model(UnexsistenceClass::class));
+        $this->assertNull(model(UnexsistenceClass::class)); // @phpstan-ignore class.notFound
     }
 
     public function testModelExistsBasename(): void
@@ -612,7 +612,7 @@ public function testTrace(): void
         trace();
         $content = ob_get_clean();
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('Debug Backtrace', $content);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('Debug Backtrace', (string) $content);
     }
 
     public function testViewNotSaveData(): void
@@ -642,7 +642,7 @@ public function testForceHttpsNullRequestAndResponse(): void
             $this->assertInstanceOf(RedirectException::class, $e);
             $this->assertSame(
                 'https://example.com/index.php/',
-                $e->getResponse()->header('Location')->getValue()
+                $e->getResponse()->header('Location')->getValue(),
             );
             $this->assertFalse($e->getResponse()->hasCookie('force'));
             $this->assertSame('header', $e->getResponse()->getHeaderLine('Force'));
@@ -668,7 +668,7 @@ public function testForceHttpsWithBaseUrlSubFolder(): void
             $this->assertInstanceOf(RedirectException::class, $e);
             $this->assertSame(
                 'https://example.jp/codeIgniter/index.php/en/home?foo=bar',
-                $e->getResponse()->header('Location')->getValue()
+                $e->getResponse()->header('Location')->getValue(),
             );
         }
     }
@@ -801,7 +801,7 @@ public function testIsWindowsUsingMock(): void
         $this->assertFalse(is_windows());
         $this->assertNotTrue(is_windows());
 
-        is_windows(null);
+        is_windows();
         $this->assertSame(str_contains(php_uname(), 'Windows'), is_windows());
         $this->assertSame(defined('PHP_WINDOWS_VERSION_MAJOR'), is_windows());
     }
diff --git a/tests/system/CommonHelperTest.php b/tests/system/CommonHelperTest.php
index db304ecfdb70..71d5bdb8c14e 100644
--- a/tests/system/CommonHelperTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/CommonHelperTest.php
@@ -13,13 +13,15 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Autoloader\Autoloader;
 use CodeIgniter\Autoloader\FileLocator;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
+use CodeIgniter\Files\Exceptions\FileNotFoundException;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use Config\Services;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\CoversFunction;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\MockObject\MockObject;
-use RuntimeException;
 use Tests\Support\Autoloader\FatalLocator;
 
 /**
@@ -127,7 +129,7 @@ public function testHelperLoadsAppHelperFirst(): void
         foreach ($this->dummyHelpers as $helper) {
             $this->assertFileDoesNotExist($helper, sprintf(
                 'The dummy helper file "%s" should not be existing before it is tested.',
-                $helper
+                $helper,
             ));
         }
 
@@ -140,12 +142,41 @@ public function testHelperLoadsAppHelperFirst(): void
 
         // this chunk is not needed really; just added so that IDEs will be happy
         if (! function_exists('foo_bar_baz')) {
-            function foo_bar_baz(): string
+            function foo_bar_baz(): string // @phpstan-ignore function.inner
             {
                 return __FILE__;
             }
         }
 
-        $this->assertSame($this->dummyHelpers[0], foo_bar_baz());
+        $this->assertSame($this->dummyHelpers[0], foo_bar_baz()); // @phpstan-ignore function.notFound
+    }
+
+    public function testNamespacedHelperNotFound(): void
+    {
+        $this->expectException(FileNotFoundException::class);
+
+        $locator = $this->getMockLocator();
+        Services::injectMock('locator', $locator);
+
+        helper('foo\barbaz');
+    }
+
+    public function testNamespacedHelperFound(): void
+    {
+        $autoloader = new Autoloader();
+        $autoloader->addNamespace('Tests\Support\Helpers', TESTPATH . '_support/Helpers');
+        $locator = new FileLocator($autoloader);
+
+        Services::injectMock('locator', $locator);
+
+        $found = true;
+
+        try {
+            helper('Tests\Support\Helpers\baguette');
+        } catch (FileNotFoundException) {
+            $found = false;
+        }
+
+        $this->assertTrue($found);
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/CommonSingleServiceTest.php b/tests/system/CommonSingleServiceTest.php
index 6a07695dfbe1..014ac12a27fc 100644
--- a/tests/system/CommonSingleServiceTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/CommonSingleServiceTest.php
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@ public function testSingleServiceWithNoParamsSupplied(string $service): void
     {
         Services::injectMock('security', new MockSecurity(new SecurityConfig()));
 
-        $service1 = single_service($service);
-        $service2 = single_service($service);
+        $service1 = single_service($service); // @phpstan-ignore codeigniter.unknownServiceMethod
+        $service2 = single_service($service); // @phpstan-ignore codeigniter.unknownServiceMethod
 
-        assert($service1 !== null);
+        $this->assertNotNull($service1);
 
         $this->assertInstanceOf($service1::class, $service2);
         $this->assertNotSame($service1, $service2);
@@ -62,10 +62,10 @@ public function testSingleServiceWithAtLeastOneParamSupplied(string $service): v
 
         $params[] = $method->getNumberOfParameters() === 1 ? true : $method->getParameters()[0]->getDefaultValue();
 
-        $service1 = single_service($service, ...$params);
-        $service2 = single_service($service, ...$params);
+        $service1 = single_service($service, ...$params); // @phpstan-ignore codeigniter.unknownServiceMethod
+        $service2 = single_service($service, ...$params); // @phpstan-ignore codeigniter.unknownServiceMethod
 
-        assert($service1 !== null);
+        $this->assertNotNull($service1);
 
         $this->assertInstanceOf($service1::class, $service2);
         $this->assertNotSame($service1, $service2);
@@ -75,29 +75,9 @@ public function testSingleServiceWithAtLeastOneParamSupplied(string $service): v
         }
     }
 
-    public function testSingleServiceWithAllParamsSupplied(): void
-    {
-        $cache1 = single_service('cache', null, true);
-        $cache2 = single_service('cache', null, true);
-
-        assert($cache1 !== null);
-        assert($cache2 !== null);
-
-        // Assert that even passing true as last param this will
-        // not create a shared instance.
-        $this->assertInstanceOf($cache1::class, $cache2);
-        $this->assertNotSame($cache1, $cache2);
-    }
-
-    public function testSingleServiceWithGibberishGiven(): void
-    {
-        $this->assertNull(single_service('foo'));
-        $this->assertNull(single_service('bar'));
-        $this->assertNull(single_service('baz'));
-        $this->assertNull(single_service('caches'));
-        $this->assertNull(single_service('timers'));
-    }
-
+    /**
+     * @return iterable<string, array{string}>
+     */
     public static function provideServiceNames(): iterable
     {
         static $services = [];
@@ -110,6 +90,7 @@ public static function provideServiceNames(): iterable
             'serviceExists',
             'reset',
             'resetSingle',
+            'resetServicesCache',
             'injectMock',
             'encrypter', // Encrypter needs a starter key
             'session', // Headers already sent
@@ -133,4 +114,27 @@ public static function provideServiceNames(): iterable
 
         yield from $services;
     }
+
+    public function testSingleServiceWithAllParamsSupplied(): void
+    {
+        $cache1 = single_service('cache', null, true);
+        $cache2 = single_service('cache', null, true);
+
+        $this->assertNotNull($cache1);
+        $this->assertNotNull($cache2);
+
+        // Assert that even passing true as last param this will
+        // not create a shared instance.
+        $this->assertInstanceOf($cache1::class, $cache2);
+        $this->assertNotSame($cache1, $cache2);
+    }
+
+    public function testSingleServiceWithGibberishGiven(): void
+    {
+        $this->assertNull(single_service('foo')); // @phpstan-ignore codeigniter.unknownServiceMethod
+        $this->assertNull(single_service('bar')); // @phpstan-ignore codeigniter.unknownServiceMethod
+        $this->assertNull(single_service('baz')); // @phpstan-ignore codeigniter.unknownServiceMethod
+        $this->assertNull(single_service('caches')); // @phpstan-ignore codeigniter.unknownServiceMethod
+        $this->assertNull(single_service('timers')); // @phpstan-ignore codeigniter.unknownServiceMethod
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Config/BaseConfigTest.php b/tests/system/Config/BaseConfigTest.php
index 9f5afc600fae..9158db34140f 100644
--- a/tests/system/Config/BaseConfigTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Config/BaseConfigTest.php
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Config;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Autoloader\FileLocator;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use Config\Modules;
 use Encryption;
@@ -23,7 +24,6 @@
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\WithoutErrorHandler;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\MockObject\MockObject;
 use RegistrarConfig;
-use RuntimeException;
 use SimpleConfig;
 use Tests\Support\Config\BadRegistrar;
 use Tests\Support\Config\TestRegistrar;
@@ -197,6 +197,9 @@ public function testSetsDefaultValues(): void
     #[RunInSeparateProcess]
     public function testSetsDefaultValuesEncryptionUsingHex2Bin(): void
     {
+        putenv('encryption.key');
+        unset($_ENV['encryption.key'], $_SERVER['encryption.key']); // @phpstan-ignore codeigniter.superglobalAccess
+
         $dotenv = new DotEnv($this->fixturesFolder, 'encryption.env');
         $dotenv->load();
         $config = new Encryption();
@@ -210,6 +213,9 @@ public function testSetsDefaultValuesEncryptionUsingHex2Bin(): void
     #[RunInSeparateProcess]
     public function testSetDefaultValuesEncryptionUsingBase64(): void
     {
+        putenv('encryption.key');
+        unset($_ENV['encryption.key'], $_SERVER['encryption.key']); // @phpstan-ignore codeigniter.superglobalAccess
+
         $dotenv = new DotEnv($this->fixturesFolder, 'base64encryption.env');
         $dotenv->load();
         $config = new Encryption('base64');
@@ -257,7 +263,7 @@ public function testRegistrars(): void
         $config              = new RegistrarConfig();
         $config::$registrars = [TestRegistrar::class];
         $this->setPrivateProperty($config, 'didDiscovery', true);
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($config, 'registerProperties');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($config, 'registerProperties');
         $method();
 
         // no change to unmodified property
@@ -274,7 +280,7 @@ public function testBadRegistrar(): void
         $this->setPrivateProperty($config, 'didDiscovery', true);
 
         $this->expectException(RuntimeException::class);
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($config, 'registerProperties');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($config, 'registerProperties');
         $method();
 
         $this->assertSame('bar', $config->foo);
diff --git a/tests/system/Config/DotEnvTest.php b/tests/system/Config/DotEnvTest.php
index 6fd287be6ad5..4507c8a3e8bf 100644
--- a/tests/system/Config/DotEnvTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Config/DotEnvTest.php
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\PreserveGlobalState;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\RunInSeparateProcess;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\WithoutErrorHandler;
-use TypeError;
 
 /**
  * @internal
@@ -90,6 +89,9 @@ public static function provideLoadsVars(): iterable
     #[RunInSeparateProcess]
     public function testLoadsHex2Bin(): void
     {
+        putenv('encryption.key');
+        unset($_ENV['encryption.key'], $_SERVER['encryption.key']); // @phpstan-ignore codeigniter.superglobalAccess
+
         $dotenv = new DotEnv($this->fixturesFolder, 'encryption.env');
         $dotenv->load();
 
@@ -102,6 +104,9 @@ public function testLoadsHex2Bin(): void
     #[RunInSeparateProcess]
     public function testLoadsBase64(): void
     {
+        putenv('encryption.key');
+        unset($_ENV['encryption.key'], $_SERVER['encryption.key']); // @phpstan-ignore codeigniter.superglobalAccess
+
         $dotenv = new DotEnv($this->fixturesFolder, 'base64encryption.env');
         $dotenv->load();
 
@@ -109,13 +114,6 @@ public function testLoadsBase64(): void
         $this->assertSame('OpenSSL', getenv('encryption.driver'));
     }
 
-    public function testLoadsNoneStringFiles(): void
-    {
-        $this->expectException(TypeError::class);
-
-        new DotEnv($this->fixturesFolder, 2);
-    }
-
     public function testCommentedLoadsVars(): void
     {
         $dotenv = new DotEnv($this->fixturesFolder, 'commented.env');
diff --git a/tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest.php b/tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest.php
index 11a5e77a433e..a3a4303dd3a0 100644
--- a/tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest.php
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Config;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use Config\App;
 use Config\Database;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Depends;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 use ReflectionClass;
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ protected function setUp(): void
         Factories::reset();
     }
 
-    protected function getFactoriesStaticProperty(...$params)
+    protected function getFactoriesStaticProperty(...$params): mixed
     {
         // First parameter is the actual property
         $name = array_shift($params);
@@ -338,18 +338,18 @@ public function testDefineSameAliasTwiceWithDifferentClasses(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(InvalidArgumentException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(
-            'Already defined in Factories: models CodeIgniter\Shield\Models\UserModel -> Tests\Support\Models\UserModel'
+            'Already defined in Factories: models CodeIgniter\Shield\Models\UserModel -> Tests\Support\Models\UserModel',
         );
 
         Factories::define(
             'models',
             'CodeIgniter\Shield\Models\UserModel',
-            UserModel::class
+            UserModel::class,
         );
         Factories::define(
             'models',
             'CodeIgniter\Shield\Models\UserModel',
-            EntityModel::class
+            EntityModel::class,
         );
     }
 
@@ -358,12 +358,12 @@ public function testDefineSameAliasAndSameClassTwice(): void
         Factories::define(
             'models',
             'CodeIgniter\Shield\Models\UserModel',
-            UserModel::class
+            UserModel::class,
         );
         Factories::define(
             'models',
             'CodeIgniter\Shield\Models\UserModel',
-            UserModel::class
+            UserModel::class,
         );
 
         $model = model('CodeIgniter\Shield\Models\UserModel');
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ public function testDefineNonExistentClass(): void
         Factories::define(
             'models',
             'CodeIgniter\Shield\Models\UserModel',
-            'App\Models\UserModel'
+            'App\Models\UserModel',
         );
     }
 
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ public function testDefineAfterLoading(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(InvalidArgumentException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(
-            'Already defined in Factories: models Tests\Support\Models\UserModel -> Tests\Support\Models\UserModel'
+            'Already defined in Factories: models Tests\Support\Models\UserModel -> Tests\Support\Models\UserModel',
         );
 
         model(UserModel::class);
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ public function testDefineAfterLoading(): void
         Factories::define(
             'models',
             UserModel::class,
-            'App\Models\UserModel'
+            'App\Models\UserModel',
         );
     }
 
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ public function testDefineAndLoad(): void
         Factories::define(
             'models',
             UserModel::class,
-            EntityModel::class
+            EntityModel::class,
         );
 
         $model = model(UserModel::class);
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ public function testDefineAndGet(): void
         Factories::define(
             'models',
             UserModel::class,
-            EntityModel::class
+            EntityModel::class,
         );
 
         $model = Factories::get('models', UserModel::class);
@@ -425,7 +425,14 @@ public function testDefineAndGet(): void
         $this->assertInstanceOf(EntityModel::class, $model);
     }
 
-    public function testGetComponentInstances()
+    /**
+     * @return array{
+     *   options: array<string, bool|string|null>,
+     *   aliases: array<string, class-string>,
+     *   instances: array<class-string, object>,
+     * }
+     */
+    public function testGetComponentInstances(): array
     {
         Factories::config('App');
         Factories::config(Database::class);
@@ -439,8 +446,21 @@ public function testGetComponentInstances()
         return $data;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @param array{
+     *   options: array<string, bool|string|null>,
+     *   aliases: array<string, class-string>,
+     *   instances: array<class-string, object>,
+     * } $data
+     *
+     * @return array{
+     *   options: array<string, bool|string|null>,
+     *   aliases: array<string, class-string>,
+     *   instances: array<class-string, object>,
+     * }
+     */
     #[Depends('testGetComponentInstances')]
-    public function testSetComponentInstances(array $data)
+    public function testSetComponentInstances(array $data): array
     {
         $before = Factories::getComponentInstances('config');
         $this->assertSame(['options' => [], 'aliases' => [], 'instances' => []], $before);
@@ -456,6 +476,13 @@ public function testSetComponentInstances(array $data)
         return $data;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @param array{
+     *   options: array<string, bool|string|null>,
+     *   aliases: array<string, class-string>,
+     *   instances: array<class-string, object>,
+     * } $data
+     */
     #[Depends('testSetComponentInstances')]
     public function testIsUpdated(array $data): void
     {
diff --git a/tests/system/Config/MimesTest.php b/tests/system/Config/MimesTest.php
index bcf5923f5b9d..0b22a45e5735 100644
--- a/tests/system/Config/MimesTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Config/MimesTest.php
@@ -24,6 +24,12 @@
 #[Group('Others')]
 final class MimesTest extends CIUnitTestCase
 {
+    #[DataProvider('provideGuessExtensionFromType')]
+    public function testGuessExtensionFromType(?string $expected, string $mime): void
+    {
+        $this->assertSame($expected, Mimes::guessExtensionFromType($mime));
+    }
+
     public static function provideGuessExtensionFromType(): iterable
     {
         return [
@@ -50,10 +56,10 @@ public static function provideGuessExtensionFromType(): iterable
         ];
     }
 
-    #[DataProvider('provideGuessExtensionFromType')]
-    public function testGuessExtensionFromType(?string $expected, string $mime): void
+    #[DataProvider('provideGuessTypeFromExtension')]
+    public function testGuessTypeFromExtension(?string $expected, string $ext): void
     {
-        $this->assertSame($expected, Mimes::guessExtensionFromType($mime));
+        $this->assertSame($expected, Mimes::guessTypeFromExtension($ext));
     }
 
     public static function provideGuessTypeFromExtension(): iterable
@@ -81,10 +87,4 @@ public static function provideGuessTypeFromExtension(): iterable
             ],
         ];
     }
-
-    #[DataProvider('provideGuessTypeFromExtension')]
-    public function testGuessTypeFromExtension(?string $expected, string $ext): void
-    {
-        $this->assertSame($expected, Mimes::guessTypeFromExtension($ext));
-    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Config/ServicesTest.php b/tests/system/Config/ServicesTest.php
index e2679757f9a9..d7d55fc3d8b1 100644
--- a/tests/system/Config/ServicesTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Config/ServicesTest.php
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Config;
 
+use AfterAutoloadModule\Test;
 use CodeIgniter\Autoloader\Autoloader;
 use CodeIgniter\Autoloader\FileLocator;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\MigrationRunner;
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Debug\Timer;
 use CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar;
 use CodeIgniter\Email\Email;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use CodeIgniter\Filters\Filters;
 use CodeIgniter\Format\Format;
 use CodeIgniter\Honeypot\Honeypot;
@@ -34,6 +36,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Router\RouteCollection;
 use CodeIgniter\Router\Router;
 use CodeIgniter\Security\Security;
+use CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\DatabaseHandler;
 use CodeIgniter\Session\Session;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\Mock\MockResponse;
@@ -44,6 +47,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\View\Cell;
 use CodeIgniter\View\Parser;
 use Config\App;
+use Config\Database as DatabaseConfig;
 use Config\Exceptions;
 use Config\Security as SecurityConfig;
 use Config\Session as ConfigSession;
@@ -53,7 +57,6 @@
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\PreserveGlobalState;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\RunInSeparateProcess;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\WithoutErrorHandler;
-use RuntimeException;
 use Tests\Support\Config\Services;
 
 /**
@@ -160,13 +163,13 @@ public function testNewImage(): void
 
     public function testNewNegotiatorWithNullConfig(): void
     {
-        $actual = Services::negotiator(null);
+        $actual = Services::negotiator();
         $this->assertInstanceOf(Negotiate::class, $actual);
     }
 
     public function testNewClirequest(): void
     {
-        $actual = Services::clirequest(null);
+        $actual = Services::clirequest();
         $this->assertInstanceOf(CLIRequest::class, $actual);
     }
 
@@ -198,7 +201,7 @@ public function testNewUnsharedLanguage(): void
 
     public function testNewPager(): void
     {
-        $actual = Services::pager(null);
+        $actual = Services::pager();
         $this->assertInstanceOf(Pager::class, $actual);
     }
 
@@ -222,13 +225,13 @@ public function testNewToolbar(): void
 
     public function testNewUri(): void
     {
-        $actual = Services::uri(null);
+        $actual = Services::uri();
         $this->assertInstanceOf(URI::class, $actual);
     }
 
     public function testNewValidation(): void
     {
-        $actual = Services::validation(null);
+        $actual = Services::validation();
         $this->assertInstanceOf(Validation::class, $actual);
     }
 
@@ -260,7 +263,7 @@ public function testNewSessionWithNullConfig(): void
         $this->assertInstanceOf(Session::class, $actual);
     }
 
-    #[DataProvider('provideNewSessionInvalid')]
+    #[DataProvider('provideNewSessionWithInvalidHandler')]
     #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
     #[RunInSeparateProcess]
     public function testNewSessionWithInvalidHandler(string $driver): void
@@ -277,7 +280,7 @@ public function testNewSessionWithInvalidHandler(string $driver): void
     /**
      * @return iterable<string, array{0: string}>
      */
-    public static function provideNewSessionInvalid(): iterable
+    public static function provideNewSessionWithInvalidHandler(): iterable
     {
         yield 'just a string' => ['file'];
 
@@ -286,6 +289,25 @@ public static function provideNewSessionInvalid(): iterable
         yield 'other class' => [self::class];
     }
 
+    #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
+    #[RunInSeparateProcess]
+    public function testNewSessionWithInvalidDatabaseHandler(): void
+    {
+        $driver = config(DatabaseConfig::class)->tests['DBDriver'];
+
+        if (in_array($driver, ['MySQLi', 'Postgre'], true)) {
+            $this->markTestSkipped('This test case does not work with MySQLi and Postgre');
+        }
+
+        $this->expectException(InvalidArgumentException::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessage(sprintf('Invalid session database handler "%s" provided. Only "MySQLi" and "Postgre" are supported.', $driver));
+
+        $config = new ConfigSession();
+
+        $config->driver = DatabaseHandler::class;
+        Services::session($config, false);
+    }
+
     #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
     #[RunInSeparateProcess]
     public function testCallStatic(): void
@@ -377,6 +399,29 @@ public function testResetSingleCaseInsensitive(): void
         $this->assertNotInstanceOf(MockResponse::class, $someService);
     }
 
+    #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
+    #[RunInSeparateProcess]
+    public function testResetServiceCache(): void
+    {
+        Services::injectMock('response', new MockResponse(new App()));
+        $response = service('response');
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(MockResponse::class, $response);
+        service('response')->setStatusCode(200);
+
+        Services::autoloader()->addNamespace(
+            'AfterAutoloadModule',
+            SUPPORTPATH . '_AfterAutoloadModule/',
+        );
+        Services::resetServicesCache();
+
+        $response = service('response');
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(MockResponse::class, $response);
+        $this->assertSame(200, $response->getStatusCode());
+
+        $test = service('test');
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(Test::class, $test);
+    }
+
     public function testFilters(): void
     {
         $result = Services::filters();
diff --git a/tests/system/Config/fixtures/RegistrarConfig.php b/tests/system/Config/fixtures/RegistrarConfig.php
index 4f6e1b493eed..c2ea35927228 100644
--- a/tests/system/Config/fixtures/RegistrarConfig.php
+++ b/tests/system/Config/fixtures/RegistrarConfig.php
@@ -11,7 +11,9 @@
  * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
  */
 
-class RegistrarConfig extends CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
+
+class RegistrarConfig extends BaseConfig
 {
     public $foo = 'bar';
     public $bar = [
diff --git a/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php b/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php
index 44edece08e8d..9c34d8561a3c 100644
--- a/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php
+++ b/tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php
@@ -11,7 +11,9 @@
  * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
  */
 
-class SimpleConfig extends CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
+
+class SimpleConfig extends BaseConfig
 {
     public $QZERO;
     public $QZEROSTR;
diff --git a/tests/system/ControllerTest.php b/tests/system/ControllerTest.php
index 55664c42c779..113b02c14deb 100644
--- a/tests/system/ControllerTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/ControllerTest.php
@@ -89,13 +89,17 @@ public function testConstructorHTTPS(): void
         $_SERVER = $original; // restore so code coverage doesn't break
     }
 
-    public function testCachePage(): void
+    public function testCachePageSetsTtl(): void
     {
         $this->controller = new Controller();
         $this->controller->initController($this->request, $this->response, $this->logger);
 
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->controller, 'cachePage');
-        $this->assertNull($method(10));
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->controller, 'cachePage');
+
+        $this->assertSame(0, self::getPrivateProperty(service('responsecache'), 'ttl'));
+
+        $method(10);
+        $this->assertSame(10, self::getPrivateProperty(service('responsecache'), 'ttl'));
     }
 
     public function testValidate(): void
@@ -105,7 +109,7 @@ public function testValidate(): void
         $this->controller->initController($this->request, $this->response, $this->logger);
 
         // and that we can attempt validation, with no rules
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->controller, 'validate');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->controller, 'validate');
         $this->assertFalse($method([]));
     }
 
@@ -117,7 +121,7 @@ public function testValidateWithStringRulesNotFound(): void
         $this->controller = new Controller();
         $this->controller->initController($this->request, $this->response, $this->logger);
 
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->controller, 'validate');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->controller, 'validate');
         $this->assertFalse($method('signup'));
     }
 
@@ -146,7 +150,7 @@ public function testValidateWithStringRulesFoundReadMessagesFromValidationConfig
         $this->controller = new Controller();
         $this->controller->initController($this->request, $this->response, $this->logger);
 
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->controller, 'validate');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->controller, 'validate');
         $this->assertFalse($method('signup'));
         $this->assertSame('You must choose a username.', service('validation')->getError('username'));
     }
@@ -167,7 +171,7 @@ public function testValidateWithStringRulesFoundUseMessagesParameter(): void
         $this->controller = new Controller();
         $this->controller->initController($this->request, $this->response, $this->logger);
 
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->controller, 'validate');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->controller, 'validate');
         $this->assertFalse($method('signup', [
             'username' => [
                 'required' => 'You must choose a username.',
@@ -182,7 +186,7 @@ public function testValidateData(): void
         $this->controller = new Controller();
         $this->controller->initController($this->request, $this->response, $this->logger);
 
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->controller, 'validateData');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->controller, 'validateData');
 
         $data = [
             'username' => 'mike',
@@ -195,7 +199,7 @@ public function testValidateData(): void
         $this->assertFalse($method($data, $rule));
         $this->assertSame(
             'The password field must be at least 10 characters in length.',
-            service('validation')->getError('password')
+            service('validation')->getError('password'),
         );
     }
 
@@ -205,7 +209,7 @@ public function testValidateDataWithCustomErrorMessage(): void
         $this->controller = new Controller();
         $this->controller->initController($this->request, $this->response, $this->logger);
 
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->controller, 'validateData');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->controller, 'validateData');
 
         $data = [
             'username' => 'a',
@@ -224,11 +228,11 @@ public function testValidateDataWithCustomErrorMessage(): void
         $this->assertFalse($method($data, $rules, $errors));
         $this->assertSame(
             '"username" must be 3 letters or longer.',
-            service('validation')->getError('username')
+            service('validation')->getError('username'),
         );
         $this->assertSame(
             'The password field must be at least 10 characters in length.',
-            service('validation')->getError('password')
+            service('validation')->getError('password'),
         );
     }
 
@@ -238,7 +242,7 @@ public function testValidateDataWithCustomErrorMessageLabeledStyle(): void
         $this->controller = new Controller();
         $this->controller->initController($this->request, $this->response, $this->logger);
 
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->controller, 'validateData');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->controller, 'validateData');
 
         $data = [
             'username' => 'a',
@@ -262,11 +266,11 @@ public function testValidateDataWithCustomErrorMessageLabeledStyle(): void
         $this->assertFalse($method($data, $rules));
         $this->assertSame(
             '"Username" must be 3 letters or longer.',
-            service('validation')->getError('username')
+            service('validation')->getError('username'),
         );
         $this->assertSame(
             'The Password field must be at least 10 characters in length.',
-            service('validation')->getError('password')
+            service('validation')->getError('password'),
         );
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/system/Cookie/CookieStoreTest.php b/tests/system/Cookie/CookieStoreTest.php
index 7e752fde5da5..60498052ee93 100644
--- a/tests/system/Cookie/CookieStoreTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Cookie/CookieStoreTest.php
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ public function testCookieStoreInitViaHeaders(): void
     public function testInvalidCookieStored(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(CookieException::class);
-        new CookieStore([new DateTimeImmutable('now')]);
+        new CookieStore([new DateTimeImmutable('now')]); // @phpstan-ignore argument.type
     }
 
     public function testPutRemoveCookiesInStore(): void
diff --git a/tests/system/Cookie/CookieTest.php b/tests/system/Cookie/CookieTest.php
index 51016ca0061e..e4421a8bc443 100644
--- a/tests/system/Cookie/CookieTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Cookie/CookieTest.php
@@ -14,11 +14,11 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Cookie;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Cookie\Exceptions\CookieException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\LogicException;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use Config\Cookie as CookieConfig;
 use DateTimeImmutable;
 use DateTimeZone;
-use LogicException;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ public function testConfigPrefix(string $configPrefix, string $optionPrefix, str
             'value',
             [
                 'prefix' => $optionPrefix,
-            ]
+            ],
         );
 
         $this->assertSame($expected, $cookie->getPrefixedName());
@@ -235,7 +235,6 @@ public function testCloningCookies(): void
         $e = $a->withValue('muffin');
         $f = $a->withExpires('+30 days');
         $g = $a->withExpired();
-        $h = $a->withNeverExpiring();
         $i = $a->withDomain('localhost');
         $j = $a->withPath('/web');
         $k = $a->withSecure();
@@ -248,7 +247,6 @@ public function testCloningCookies(): void
         $this->assertNotSame($a, $e);
         $this->assertNotSame($a, $f);
         $this->assertNotSame($a, $g);
-        $this->assertNotSame($a, $h);
         $this->assertNotSame($a, $i);
         $this->assertNotSame($a, $j);
         $this->assertNotSame($a, $k);
@@ -271,19 +269,19 @@ public function testStringCastingOfCookies(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             'cookie=lover; Path=/; HttpOnly; SameSite=Lax',
-            $a->toHeaderString()
+            $a->toHeaderString(),
         );
         $this->assertSame(
             "cookie=monster; Expires=Sun, 14-Feb-2021 00:00:00 GMT; Max-Age={$max}; Path=/web; Domain=localhost; HttpOnly; SameSite=Lax",
-            (string) $b
+            (string) $b,
         );
         $this->assertSame(
             'cookie=lover; Path=/; Secure; SameSite=Strict',
-            (string) $c
+            (string) $c,
         );
         $this->assertSame(
             'cookie=deleted; Expires=Thu, 01-Jan-1970 00:00:00 GMT; Max-Age=0; Path=/; HttpOnly; SameSite=Lax',
-            (string) $d
+            (string) $d,
         );
 
         Cookie::setDefaults($old);
@@ -303,7 +301,7 @@ public function testArrayAccessOfCookie(): void
         $this->assertSame($cookie['path'], $cookie->getPath());
 
         $this->expectException('InvalidArgumentException');
-        $cookie['expiry'];
+        $cookie['expiry']; // @phpstan-ignore expr.resultUnused
     }
 
     public function testCannotSetPropertyViaArrayAccess(): void
diff --git a/tests/system/DataCaster/DataCasterTest.php b/tests/system/DataCaster/DataCasterTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..89d3cbf40ea3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/system/DataCaster/DataCasterTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\DataCaster;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Entity\Exceptions\CastException;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
+
+/**
+ * @internal
+ */
+#[Group('Others')]
+final class DataCasterTest extends CIUnitTestCase
+{
+    public function testCastInvalidMethodException(): void
+    {
+        $this->expectException(CastException::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessage('The "add" is invalid cast method, valid methods are: ["get", "set"].');
+
+        $dataCaster = new DataCaster();
+        $dataCaster->castAs([], 'name', 'add');
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/system/DataConverter/DataConverterTest.php b/tests/system/DataConverter/DataConverterTest.php
index c8975fc114fd..10a35e6909fc 100644
--- a/tests/system/DataConverter/DataConverterTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/DataConverter/DataConverterTest.php
@@ -50,16 +50,6 @@ public function testConvertDataFromDB(array $types, array $dbData, array $expect
         $this->assertSame($expected, $data);
     }
 
-    #[DataProvider('provideConvertDataToDB')]
-    public function testConvertDataToDB(array $types, array $phpData, array $expected): void
-    {
-        $converter = $this->createDataConverter($types);
-
-        $data = $converter->toDataSource($phpData);
-
-        $this->assertSame($expected, $data);
-    }
-
     public static function provideConvertDataFromDB(): iterable
     {
         yield from [
@@ -206,6 +196,16 @@ public static function provideConvertDataFromDB(): iterable
         ];
     }
 
+    #[DataProvider('provideConvertDataToDB')]
+    public function testConvertDataToDB(array $types, array $phpData, array $expected): void
+    {
+        $converter = $this->createDataConverter($types);
+
+        $data = $converter->toDataSource($phpData);
+
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $data);
+    }
+
     public static function provideConvertDataToDB(): iterable
     {
         yield from [
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ public function testDateTimeConvertDataToDB(): void
             'id'   => 'int',
             'date' => 'datetime',
         ];
-        $converter = $this->createDataConverter($types);
+        $converter = $this->createDataConverter($types, [], db_connect());
 
         $phpData = [
             'id'   => '1',
@@ -379,8 +379,31 @@ public function testDateTimeConvertDataToDB(): void
         $this->assertSame('2023-11-18 14:18:18', $data['date']);
     }
 
+    public function testDateTimeConvertDataToDBWithFormat(): void
+    {
+        $types = [
+            'id'   => 'int',
+            'date' => 'datetime[us]',
+        ];
+        $converter = $this->createDataConverter($types, [], db_connect());
+
+        $phpData = [
+            'id'   => '1',
+            'date' => Time::parse('2009-02-15 00:00:01.123456'),
+        ];
+        $data = $converter->toDataSource($phpData);
+
+        $this->assertSame('2009-02-15 00:00:01.123456', $data['date']);
+    }
+
     public function testTimestampConvertDataFromDB(): void
     {
+        // Save the current timezone.
+        $tz = date_default_timezone_get();
+
+        // Change the timezone other than UTC.
+        date_default_timezone_set('Asia/Tokyo'); // +09:00
+
         $types = [
             'id'   => 'int',
             'date' => 'timestamp',
@@ -395,10 +418,20 @@ public function testTimestampConvertDataFromDB(): void
 
         $this->assertInstanceOf(Time::class, $data['date']);
         $this->assertSame(1_700_285_831, $data['date']->getTimestamp());
+        $this->assertSame('Asia/Tokyo', $data['date']->getTimezoneName());
+
+        // Restore timezone.
+        date_default_timezone_set($tz);
     }
 
     public function testTimestampConvertDataToDB(): void
     {
+        // Save the current timezone.
+        $tz = date_default_timezone_get();
+
+        // Change the timezone other than UTC.
+        date_default_timezone_set('Asia/Tokyo'); // +09:00
+
         $types = [
             'id'   => 'int',
             'date' => 'timestamp',
@@ -412,6 +445,9 @@ public function testTimestampConvertDataToDB(): void
         $data = $converter->toDataSource($phpData);
 
         $this->assertSame(1_700_285_831, $data['date']);
+
+        // Restore timezone.
+        date_default_timezone_set($tz);
     }
 
     public function testURIConvertDataFromDB(): void
@@ -471,7 +507,7 @@ public function testInvalidValue(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(InvalidArgumentException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(
-            '[CodeIgniter\DataCaster\Cast\JsonCast] Invalid value type: bool, and its value: true'
+            '[CodeIgniter\DataCaster\Cast\JsonCast] Invalid value type: bool, and its value: true',
         );
 
         $types = [
@@ -491,7 +527,7 @@ public function testInvalidCastHandler(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(InvalidArgumentException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(
-            'Invalid class type. It must implement CastInterface. class: CodeIgniter\DataConverter\DataConverter'
+            'Invalid class type. It must implement CastInterface. class: CodeIgniter\DataConverter\DataConverter',
         );
 
         $types = [
@@ -530,7 +566,7 @@ private function createDataConverter(
         array $handlers = [],
         ?object $helper = null,
         Closure|string|null $reconstructor = 'reconstruct',
-        Closure|string|null $extractor = null
+        Closure|string|null $extractor = null,
     ): DataConverter {
         return new DataConverter($types, $handlers, $helper, $reconstructor, $extractor);
     }
@@ -603,7 +639,7 @@ public function testExtract(): void
             'created_at' => 'datetime',
             'updated_at' => 'datetime',
         ];
-        $converter = $this->createDataConverter($types);
+        $converter = $this->createDataConverter($types, [], db_connect());
 
         $phpData = [
             'id'         => 1,
@@ -635,7 +671,7 @@ public function testExtractWithExtractMethod(): void
             'created_at' => 'datetime',
             'updated_at' => 'datetime',
         ];
-        $converter = $this->createDataConverter($types, [], null, 'toRawArray');
+        $converter = $this->createDataConverter($types, [], db_connect(), 'toRawArray');
 
         $phpData = [
             'id'         => 1,
@@ -667,13 +703,11 @@ public function testExtractWithClosure(): void
             'created_at' => 'datetime',
             'updated_at' => 'datetime',
         ];
-        $extractor = static function ($obj): array {
-            $array['id']         = $obj->id;
-            $array['name']       = $obj->name;
-            $array['created_at'] = $obj->created_at;
-
-            return $array;
-        };
+        $extractor = static fn ($obj): array => [
+            'id'         => $obj->id,
+            'name'       => $obj->name,
+            'created_at' => $obj->created_at,
+        ];
         $converter = $this->createDataConverter($types, [], db_connect(), null, $extractor);
 
         $phpData = [
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/BaseConnectionTest.php b/tests/system/Database/BaseConnectionTest.php
index b36ec7ea022a..dc598241c15c 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/BaseConnectionTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/BaseConnectionTest.php
@@ -108,24 +108,39 @@ public function testConnectionThrowExceptionWhenCannotConnect(): void
 
     public function testCanConnectAndStoreConnection(): void
     {
+        $conn = new class () {};
+
         $db = new MockConnection($this->options);
-        $db->shouldReturn('connect', 123)->initialize();
+        $db->shouldReturn('connect', $conn)->initialize();
 
-        $this->assertSame(123, $db->getConnection());
+        $this->assertSame($conn, $db->getConnection());
     }
 
     public function testCanConnectToFailoverWhenNoConnectionAvailable(): void
     {
-        $options             = $this->options;
-        $options['failover'] = [$this->failoverOptions];
+        $options = [
+            ...$this->options,
+            ...['failover' => [$this->failoverOptions]],
+        ];
 
-        $db = new class ($options) extends MockConnection {
-            protected $returnValues = [
-                'connect' => [false, 345],
-            ];
+        $conn = new class () {};
+
+        $db = new class ($options, $conn) extends MockConnection {
+            /**
+             * @param array<string, mixed> $params
+             */
+            public function __construct(array $params, object $return)
+            {
+                // need to call it here before any initialization
+                // we cannot do it directly in the property as objects
+                // cannot be set directly in properties
+                $this->shouldReturn('connect', [false, $return]);
+
+                parent::__construct($params);
+            }
         };
 
-        $this->assertSame(345, $db->getConnection());
+        $this->assertSame($conn, $db->getConnection());
         $this->assertSame('failover', $db->username);
     }
 
@@ -154,14 +169,14 @@ public function testMagicIssetTrue(): void
     {
         $db = new MockConnection($this->options);
 
-        $this->assertTrue(isset($db->charset));
+        $this->assertSame($db->charset !== null, isset($db->charset)); // @phpstan-ignore isset.property
     }
 
     public function testMagicIssetFalse(): void
     {
         $db = new MockConnection($this->options);
 
-        $this->assertFalse(isset($db->foobar));
+        $this->assertFalse(isset($db->foobar)); // @phpstan-ignore property.notFound
     }
 
     public function testMagicGet(): void
@@ -175,7 +190,7 @@ public function testMagicGetMissing(): void
     {
         $db = new MockConnection($this->options);
 
-        $this->assertNull($db->foobar);
+        $this->assertNull($db->foobar); // @phpstan-ignore property.notFound
     }
 
     /**
@@ -188,7 +203,7 @@ public function testProtectIdentifiers(
         bool $protectIdentifiers,
         bool $fieldExists,
         string $item,
-        string $expected
+        string $expected,
     ): void {
         $db = new MockConnection($this->options);
 
@@ -298,7 +313,7 @@ public function testEscapeIdentifiers(string $item, string $expected): void
     }
 
     /**
-     * @return array<string, list<string>>
+     * @return iterable<string, list<string>>
      */
     public static function provideEscapeIdentifiers(): iterable
     {
@@ -320,7 +335,7 @@ public function testEscapeIdentifier(string $item, string $expected): void
     }
 
     /**
-     * @return array<string, list<string>>
+     * @return iterable<string, list<string>>
      */
     public static function provideEscapeIdentifier(): iterable
     {
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/BaseQueryTest.php b/tests/system/Database/BaseQueryTest.php
index a87bc64e727a..c5265b85dfa7 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/BaseQueryTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/BaseQueryTest.php
@@ -107,6 +107,19 @@ public function testSwapPrefix(): void
         $this->assertSame($newSQL, $query->getQuery());
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @param mixed $expected
+     * @param mixed $sql
+     */
+    #[DataProvider('provideIsWriteType')]
+    public function testIsWriteType($expected, $sql): void
+    {
+        $query = new Query($this->db);
+
+        $query->setQuery($sql);
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $query->isWriteType());
+    }
+
     public static function provideIsWriteType(): iterable
     {
         return [
@@ -185,19 +198,6 @@ public static function provideIsWriteType(): iterable
         ];
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @param mixed $expected
-     * @param mixed $sql
-     */
-    #[DataProvider('provideIsWriteType')]
-    public function testIsWriteType($expected, $sql): void
-    {
-        $query = new Query($this->db);
-
-        $query->setQuery($sql);
-        $this->assertSame($expected, $query->isWriteType());
-    }
-
     public function testSingleBindingOutsideOfArray(): void
     {
         $query = new Query($this->db);
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ public function testBindingWithTwoColons(): void
 
         $query->setQuery(
             "SELECT mytable.id, DATE_FORMAT(mytable.created_at,'%d/%m/%Y %H:%i:%s') AS created_at_uk FROM mytable WHERE mytable.id = ?",
-            [1]
+            [1],
         );
 
         $expected = "SELECT mytable.id, DATE_FORMAT(mytable.created_at,'%d/%m/%Y %H:%i:%s') AS created_at_uk FROM mytable WHERE mytable.id = 1";
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ public function testNamedBindsDontGetReplacedAgain(): void
 
         $query->setQuery(
             'SELECT * FROM posts WHERE content = :content: OR foobar = :foobar:',
-            ['content' => 'a placeholder looks like :foobar:', 'foobar' => 'bazqux']
+            ['content' => 'a placeholder looks like :foobar:', 'foobar' => 'bazqux'],
         );
 
         $expected = "SELECT * FROM posts WHERE content = 'a placeholder looks like :foobar:' OR foobar = 'bazqux'";
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ public function testSetQueryBindsWithSetEscapeNegativeIntegers(): void
         $query->setQuery(
             'SELECT * FROM product WHERE date_pickup < DateAdd(month, ?, Convert(date, GetDate())',
             [-6],
-            true
+            true,
         );
 
         $expected = 'SELECT * FROM product WHERE date_pickup < DateAdd(month, -6, Convert(date, GetDate())';
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ public function testSetQueryNamedBindsWithNegativeIntegers(): void
 
         $query->setQuery(
             'SELECT * FROM product WHERE date_pickup < DateAdd(month, :num:, Convert(date, GetDate())',
-            ['num' => -6]
+            ['num' => -6],
         );
 
         $expected = 'SELECT * FROM product WHERE date_pickup < DateAdd(month, -6, Convert(date, GetDate())';
@@ -579,6 +579,19 @@ public function testSwapPrefixAfterGetQuery(): void
         $this->assertSame($expected, $query->getQuery());
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @param mixed $expected
+     * @param mixed $sql
+     */
+    #[DataProvider('provideHighlightQueryKeywords')]
+    public function testHighlightQueryKeywords($expected, $sql): void
+    {
+        $query = new Query($this->db);
+        $query->setQuery($sql);
+
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $query->debugToolbarDisplay());
+    }
+
     public static function provideHighlightQueryKeywords(): iterable
     {
         return [
@@ -596,17 +609,4 @@ public static function provideHighlightQueryKeywords(): iterable
             ],
         ];
     }
-
-    /**
-     * @param mixed $expected
-     * @param mixed $sql
-     */
-    #[DataProvider('provideHighlightQueryKeywords')]
-    public function testHighlightQueryKeywords($expected, $sql): void
-    {
-        $query = new Query($this->db);
-        $query->setQuery($sql);
-
-        $this->assertSame($expected, $query->debugToolbarDisplay());
-    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Builder/AliasTest.php b/tests/system/Database/Builder/AliasTest.php
index 9528ba6aabb2..a5e3dd0ad29e 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Builder/AliasTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Builder/AliasTest.php
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Database\Builder;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Database\TableName;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\Mock\MockConnection;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
@@ -41,6 +42,16 @@ public function testAlias(): void
         $this->assertSame($expectedSQL, str_replace("\n", ' ', $builder->getCompiledSelect()));
     }
 
+    public function testTableName(): void
+    {
+        $tableName = TableName::create($this->db->DBPrefix, 'jobs', 'j');
+        $builder   = $this->db->table($tableName);
+
+        $expectedSQL = 'SELECT * FROM "jobs" "j"';
+
+        $this->assertSame($expectedSQL, str_replace("\n", ' ', $builder->getCompiledSelect()));
+    }
+
     public function testAliasSupportsArrayOfNames(): void
     {
         $builder = $this->db->table(['jobs j', 'users u']);
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Builder/InsertTest.php b/tests/system/Database/Builder/InsertTest.php
index e021472b72fc..e8761b9de52b 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Builder/InsertTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Builder/InsertTest.php
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Query;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\RawSql;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\Mock\MockConnection;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 
 /**
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ public function testInsertBatch(): void
             ],
         ];
 
-        $this->db->shouldReturn('execute', 1)->shouldReturn('affectedRows', 1);
+        $this->db->shouldReturn('execute', new class () {});
         $builder->insertBatch($insertData, true);
 
         $query = $this->db->getLastQuery();
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ public function testInsertBatchIgnore(): void
             ],
         ];
 
-        $this->db->shouldReturn('execute', 1)->shouldReturn('affectedRows', 1);
+        $this->db->shouldReturn('execute', new class () {});
         $builder->ignore()->insertBatch($insertData, true, 1);
 
         $query = $this->db->getLastQuery();
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ public function testInsertBatchWithoutEscape(): void
             ],
         ];
 
-        $this->db->shouldReturn('execute', 1)->shouldReturn('affectedRows', 1);
+        $this->db->shouldReturn('execute', new class () {});
         $builder->insertBatch($insertData, false);
 
         $query = $this->db->getLastQuery();
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ public function testInsertBatchWithFieldsEndingInNumbers(): void
             ['ip' => '4.4.4.0', 'ip2' => '4.4.4.2'],
         ];
 
-        $this->db->shouldReturn('execute', 1)->shouldReturn('affectedRows', 1);
+        $this->db->shouldReturn('execute', new class () {});
         $builder->insertBatch($data, true);
 
         $query = $this->db->getLastQuery();
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ public function testSetIncorrectRawSqlUsage(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(InvalidArgumentException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(
-            'RawSql "expires = DATE_ADD(NOW(), INTERVAL 2 HOUR)" cannot be used here.'
+            'RawSql "expires = DATE_ADD(NOW(), INTERVAL 2 HOUR)" cannot be used here.',
         );
 
         $builder = $this->db->table('auth_bearer');
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Builder/JoinTest.php b/tests/system/Database/Builder/JoinTest.php
index 377df4816e57..04145671e7df 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Builder/JoinTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Builder/JoinTest.php
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ public function testJoinMultipleConditionsBetween(): void
         $builder->join(
             'leases',
             'units.unit_id = leases.unit_id AND CURDATE() BETWEEN lease_start_date AND lease_exp_date',
-            'LEFT'
+            'LEFT',
         );
 
         // @TODO Should be `... CURDATE() BETWEEN "lease_start_date" AND "lease_exp_date"`
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Builder/SelectTest.php b/tests/system/Database/Builder/SelectTest.php
index 411e26a695bf..0b377e408730 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Builder/SelectTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Builder/SelectTest.php
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ public function testSelectAcceptsArrayWithRawSql(array $select, string $expected
     }
 
     /**
-     * @return list<list<RawSql|string>|string>
+     * @return iterable<array{0: list<RawSql|string>, 1: string}>
      */
     public static function provideSelectAcceptsArrayWithRawSql(): iterable
     {
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ public function testSelectRegularExpressionWorksWithEscpaeFalse(): void
 
         $builder->select(
             'REGEXP_SUBSTR(ral_anno,"[0-9]{1,2}([,.][0-9]{1,3})([,.][0-9]{1,3})") AS ral',
-            false
+            false,
         );
 
         $expected = <<<'SQL'
@@ -404,7 +404,27 @@ public function testSelectResetQuery(): void
         $sql = $builder->getCompiledSelect();
         $this->assertSame(
             'SELECT * FROM "users"',
-            str_replace("\n", ' ', $sql)
+            str_replace("\n", ' ', $sql),
         );
     }
+
+    /**
+     * @see https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/issues/9696
+     */
+    public function testGetCompiledSelect(): void
+    {
+        $builder = new BaseBuilder('users', $this->db);
+
+        $builder->select('name, role')->orderBy('name', 'desc');
+
+        $expected = 'SELECT "name", "role" FROM "users" ORDER BY "name" DESC';
+
+        $this->assertSame($expected, str_replace("\n", ' ', $builder->getCompiledSelect(false)));
+
+        $builder->orderBy('role', 'desc');
+
+        $expected = 'SELECT "name", "role" FROM "users" ORDER BY "name" DESC, "role" DESC';
+
+        $this->assertSame($expected, str_replace("\n", ' ', $builder->getCompiledSelect()));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Builder/UnionTest.php b/tests/system/Database/Builder/UnionTest.php
index bd498e2e2cab..5711c6c3cbf7 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Builder/UnionTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Builder/UnionTest.php
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ public function testUnion(): void
 
         $builder = $this->db->table('test');
 
-        $builder->union(static fn ($builder) => $builder->from('test'));
+        $builder->union(static fn ($builder): BaseBuilder => $builder->from('test'));
         $this->assertSame($expected, $this->buildSelect($builder));
     }
 
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ public function testUnionSQLSRV(): void
 
         $builder = $db->table('users');
 
-        $builder->union(static fn ($builder) => $builder->from('users'));
+        $builder->union(static fn ($builder): BaseBuilder => $builder->from('users'));
         $this->assertSame($expected, $this->buildSelect($builder));
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Builder/UpdateTest.php b/tests/system/Database/Builder/UpdateTest.php
index b13739dfbd58..eb1cfc7d9c92 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Builder/UpdateTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Builder/UpdateTest.php
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ public function testUpdateBatch(): void
             ],
         ];
 
-        $this->db->shouldReturn('execute', 1)->shouldReturn('affectedRows', 1);
+        $this->db->shouldReturn('execute', new class () {});
         $builder->updateBatch($updateData, 'id');
 
         $query = $this->db->getLastQuery();
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ public function testSetUpdateBatchWithoutEscape(): void
             ],
         ], 'id', $escape);
 
-        $this->db->shouldReturn('execute', 1)->shouldReturn('affectedRows', 1);
+        $this->db->shouldReturn('execute', new class () {});
         $builder->updateBatch(null, 'id');
 
         $query = $this->db->getLastQuery();
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Builder/WhenTest.php b/tests/system/Database/Builder/WhenTest.php
index a7fede7879d3..2fc4966accb8 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Builder/WhenTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Builder/WhenTest.php
@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\Mock\MockConnection;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
+use stdClass;
 
 /**
  * @internal
@@ -101,6 +103,23 @@ public function testWhenPassesParemeters(): void
         $this->assertSame($expectedSQL, str_replace("\n", ' ', $builder->getCompiledSelect()));
     }
 
+    #[DataProvider('provideConditionValues')]
+    public function testWhenRunsDefaultCallbackBasedOnCondition(mixed $condition, bool $expectDefault): void
+    {
+        $builder = $this->db->table('jobs');
+
+        $builder = $builder->when($condition, static function ($query): void {
+            $query->select('id');
+        }, static function ($query): void {
+            $query->select('name');
+        });
+
+        $expected    = $expectDefault ? 'name' : 'id';
+        $expectedSQL = 'SELECT "' . $expected . '" FROM "jobs"';
+
+        $this->assertSame($expectedSQL, str_replace("\n", ' ', $builder->getCompiledSelect()));
+    }
+
     public function testWhenNotFalse(): void
     {
         $builder = $this->db->table('jobs');
@@ -166,4 +185,43 @@ public function testWhenNotPassesParemeters(): void
         $expectedSQL = 'SELECT * FROM "jobs" WHERE "name" = \'0\'';
         $this->assertSame($expectedSQL, str_replace("\n", ' ', $builder->getCompiledSelect()));
     }
+
+    #[DataProvider('provideConditionValues')]
+    public function testWhenNotRunsDefaultCallbackBasedOnCondition(mixed $condition, bool $expectDefault): void
+    {
+        $builder = $this->db->table('jobs');
+
+        $builder = $builder->whenNot($condition, static function ($query): void {
+            $query->select('id');
+        }, static function ($query): void {
+            $query->select('name');
+        });
+
+        $expected    = $expectDefault ? 'id' : 'name';
+        $expectedSQL = 'SELECT "' . $expected . '" FROM "jobs"';
+
+        $this->assertSame($expectedSQL, str_replace("\n", ' ', $builder->getCompiledSelect()));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array<string, array{0: mixed, 1: bool}>
+     */
+    public static function provideConditionValues(): iterable
+    {
+        return [
+            'false'            => [false, true], // [condition, expectedDefaultCallbackRuns]
+            'int 0'            => [0, true],
+            'float 0.0'        => [0.0, true],
+            'empty string'     => ['', true],
+            'string 0'         => ['0', true],
+            'empty array'      => [[], true],
+            'null'             => [null, true],
+            'true'             => [true, false],
+            'int 1'            => [1, false],
+            'float 1.1'        => [1.1, false],
+            'non-empty string' => ['foo', false],
+            'non-empty array'  => [[1], false],
+            'object'           => [new stdClass(), false],
+        ];
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Builder/WhereTest.php b/tests/system/Database/Builder/WhereTest.php
index 57980f28ee8c..2d0c2a3e1233 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Builder/WhereTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Builder/WhereTest.php
@@ -395,14 +395,6 @@ public function testWhereInSubQuery(): void
         $this->assertSame($expectedSQL, str_replace("\n", ' ', $builder->getCompiledSelect()));
     }
 
-    public static function provideWhereInvalidKeyThrowInvalidArgumentException(): iterable
-    {
-        return [
-            'null'         => [null],
-            'empty string' => [''],
-        ];
-    }
-
     /**
      * @param mixed $key
      */
@@ -415,12 +407,11 @@ public function testWhereInvalidKeyThrowInvalidArgumentException($key): void
         $builder->whereIn($key, ['Politician', 'Accountant']);
     }
 
-    public static function provideWhereInEmptyValuesThrowInvalidArgumentException(): iterable
+    public static function provideWhereInvalidKeyThrowInvalidArgumentException(): iterable
     {
         return [
-            'null'                    => [null],
-            'not array'               => ['not array'],
-            'not instanceof \Closure' => [new stdClass()],
+            'null'         => [null],
+            'empty string' => [''],
         ];
     }
 
@@ -436,6 +427,15 @@ public function testWhereInEmptyValuesThrowInvalidArgumentException($values): vo
         $builder->whereIn('name', $values);
     }
 
+    public static function provideWhereInEmptyValuesThrowInvalidArgumentException(): iterable
+    {
+        return [
+            'null'                    => [null],
+            'not array'               => ['not array'],
+            'not instanceof \Closure' => [new stdClass()],
+        ];
+    }
+
     public function testWhereNotIn(): void
     {
         $builder = $this->db->table('jobs');
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/ConfigTest.php b/tests/system/Database/ConfigTest.php
index 882301692352..1d2482e0ad87 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/ConfigTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/ConfigTest.php
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Database;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Postgre\Connection as PostgreConnection;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\ReflectionHelper;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
@@ -149,7 +150,7 @@ public function testConnectionGroupWithDSN(): void
     public function testConnectionGroupWithDSNPostgre(): void
     {
         $conn = Config::connect($this->dsnGroupPostgre, false);
-        $this->assertInstanceOf(BaseConnection::class, $conn);
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(PostgreConnection::class, $conn);
 
         $this->assertSame('', $this->getPrivateProperty($conn, 'DSN'));
         $this->assertSame('localhost', $this->getPrivateProperty($conn, 'hostname'));
@@ -167,7 +168,7 @@ public function testConnectionGroupWithDSNPostgre(): void
         $this->assertSame('5', $this->getPrivateProperty($conn, 'connect_timeout'));
         $this->assertSame('1', $this->getPrivateProperty($conn, 'sslmode'));
 
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($conn, 'buildDSN');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($conn, 'buildDSN');
         $method();
 
         $expected = "host=localhost port=5432 user=user password='pass' dbname=dbname connect_timeout='5' sslmode='1'";
@@ -205,9 +206,9 @@ public function testConvertDSN(string $input, string $expected): void
         //      Should deprecate?
         $this->dsnGroupPostgreNative['DSN'] = $input;
         $conn                               = Config::connect($this->dsnGroupPostgreNative, false);
-        $this->assertInstanceOf(BaseConnection::class, $conn);
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(PostgreConnection::class, $conn);
 
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($conn, 'convertDSN');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($conn, 'convertDSN');
         $method();
 
         $this->assertSame($expected, $this->getPrivateProperty($conn, 'DSN'));
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/DatabaseTestCase/DatabaseTestCaseMigrationOnce1Test.php b/tests/system/Database/DatabaseTestCase/DatabaseTestCaseMigrationOnce1Test.php
index c3e744749909..86889e859fff 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/DatabaseTestCase/DatabaseTestCaseMigrationOnce1Test.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/DatabaseTestCase/DatabaseTestCaseMigrationOnce1Test.php
@@ -29,29 +29,9 @@ final class DatabaseTestCaseMigrationOnce1Test extends CIUnitTestCase
 {
     use DatabaseTestTrait;
 
-    /**
-     * Should run db migration only once?
-     *
-     * @var bool
-     */
     protected $migrateOnce = true;
-
-    /**
-     * Should the db be refreshed before test?
-     *
-     * @var bool
-     */
-    protected $refresh = true;
-
-    /**
-     * The namespace(s) to help us find the migration classes.
-     * Empty is equivalent to running `spark migrate -all`.
-     * Note that running "all" runs migrations in date order,
-     * but specifying namespaces runs them in namespace order (then date)
-     *
-     * @var array|string|null
-     */
-    protected $namespace = [
+    protected $refresh     = true;
+    protected $namespace   = [
         'Tests\Support\MigrationTestMigrations',
     ];
 
@@ -69,7 +49,7 @@ protected function setUpAddNamespace(): void
     {
         service('autoloader')->addNamespace(
             'Tests\Support\MigrationTestMigrations',
-            SUPPORTPATH . 'MigrationTestMigrations'
+            SUPPORTPATH . 'MigrationTestMigrations',
         );
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/DatabaseTestCase/DatabaseTestCaseMigrationOnce2Test.php b/tests/system/Database/DatabaseTestCase/DatabaseTestCaseMigrationOnce2Test.php
index 7820b83c06c7..12df06ca89cd 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/DatabaseTestCase/DatabaseTestCaseMigrationOnce2Test.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/DatabaseTestCase/DatabaseTestCaseMigrationOnce2Test.php
@@ -29,29 +29,9 @@ final class DatabaseTestCaseMigrationOnce2Test extends CIUnitTestCase
 {
     use DatabaseTestTrait;
 
-    /**
-     * Should run db migration only once?
-     *
-     * @var bool
-     */
     protected $migrateOnce = true;
-
-    /**
-     * Should the db be refreshed before test?
-     *
-     * @var bool
-     */
-    protected $refresh = true;
-
-    /**
-     * The namespace(s) to help us find the migration classes.
-     * Empty is equivalent to running `spark migrate -all`.
-     * Note that running "all" runs migrations in date order,
-     * but specifying namespaces runs them in namespace order (then date)
-     *
-     * @var array|string|null
-     */
-    protected $namespace = [
+    protected $refresh     = true;
+    protected $namespace   = [
         'Tests\Support\MigrationTestMigrations',
     ];
 
@@ -69,7 +49,7 @@ protected function setUpAddNamespace(): void
     {
         service('autoloader')->addNamespace(
             'Tests\Support\MigrationTestMigrations',
-            SUPPORTPATH . 'MigrationTestMigrations'
+            SUPPORTPATH . 'MigrationTestMigrations',
         );
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/DatabaseTestCaseTest.php b/tests/system/Database/DatabaseTestCaseTest.php
index 76867e852e23..0827f82c1d1f 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/DatabaseTestCaseTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/DatabaseTestCaseTest.php
@@ -28,33 +28,11 @@ final class DatabaseTestCaseTest extends CIUnitTestCase
 {
     use DatabaseTestTrait;
 
-    /**
-     * Should the db be refreshed before
-     * each test?
-     *
-     * @var bool
-     */
     protected $refresh = true;
-
-    /**
-     * The seed file(s) used for all tests within this test case.
-     * Should be fully-namespaced or relative to $basePath
-     *
-     * @var array|string
-     */
-    protected $seed = [
+    protected $seed    = [
         CITestSeeder::class,
         AnotherSeeder::class,
     ];
-
-    /**
-     * The namespace(s) to help us find the migration classes.
-     * Empty is equivalent to running `spark migrate -all`.
-     * Note that running "all" runs migrations in date order,
-     * but specifying namespaces runs them in namespace order (then date)
-     *
-     * @var array|string|null
-     */
     protected $namespace = [
         'Tests\Support',
         'Tests\Support\MigrationTestMigrations',
@@ -74,7 +52,7 @@ protected function setUpAddNamespace(): void
     {
         service('autoloader')->addNamespace(
             'Tests\Support\MigrationTestMigrations',
-            SUPPORTPATH . 'MigrationTestMigrations'
+            SUPPORTPATH . 'MigrationTestMigrations',
         );
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Live/AbstractGetFieldDataTestCase.php b/tests/system/Database/Live/AbstractGetFieldDataTestCase.php
index 60413acc784f..4749fabd9de7 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Live/AbstractGetFieldDataTestCase.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Live/AbstractGetFieldDataTestCase.php
@@ -104,8 +104,8 @@ protected function createTableForType(): void
         $this->forge->dropTable($this->table, true);
 
         // missing types:
-        //   TINYINT,MEDIUMINT,BIT,YEAR,BINARY,VARBINARY,TINYTEXT,LONGTEXT,
-        //   JSON,Spatial data types
+        //   TINYINT,MEDIUMINT,BIT,YEAR,BINARY,VARBINARY (BLOB more or less handles these two),
+        //   TINYTEXT,LONGTEXT,JSON,Spatial data types
         // `id` must be INTEGER else SQLite3 error on not null for autoincrement field.
         $fields = [
             'id'           => ['type' => 'INTEGER', 'constraint' => 20, 'auto_increment' => true],
@@ -139,7 +139,6 @@ protected function createTableForType(): void
                 $fields['type_set'],
                 $fields['type_mediumtext'],
                 $fields['type_double'],
-                $fields['type_blob']
             );
         }
 
@@ -148,7 +147,6 @@ protected function createTableForType(): void
                 $fields['type_set'],
                 $fields['type_mediumtext'],
                 $fields['type_double'],
-                $fields['type_blob']
             );
         }
 
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Live/ConnectTest.php b/tests/system/Database/Live/ConnectTest.php
index 3f7941a201ec..e41fdbdfc114 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Live/ConnectTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Live/ConnectTest.php
@@ -115,4 +115,22 @@ public function testConnectWithFailover(): void
 
         $this->assertGreaterThanOrEqual(0, count($db1->listTables()));
     }
+
+    public function testNonSharedInstanceDoesNotAffectSharedInstances(): void
+    {
+        $firstSharedDb      = Database::connect('tests');
+        $originalDebugValue = (bool) self::getPrivateProperty($firstSharedDb, 'DBDebug');
+
+        $nonSharedDb = Database::connect('tests', false);
+        self::setPrivateProperty($nonSharedDb, 'DBDebug', ! $originalDebugValue);
+
+        $secondSharedDb = Database::connect('tests');
+
+        $this->assertSame($firstSharedDb, $secondSharedDb);
+        $this->assertNotSame($firstSharedDb, $nonSharedDb);
+
+        $this->assertSame($originalDebugValue, self::getPrivateProperty($firstSharedDb, 'DBDebug'));
+        $this->assertSame($originalDebugValue, self::getPrivateProperty($secondSharedDb, 'DBDebug'));
+        $this->assertSame(! $originalDebugValue, self::getPrivateProperty($nonSharedDb, 'DBDebug'));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Live/DbUtilsTest.php b/tests/system/Database/Live/DbUtilsTest.php
index b7fd56923334..e20a32d8bed2 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Live/DbUtilsTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Live/DbUtilsTest.php
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ public function testUtilsOptimizeDatabase(): void
 
         if ($this->db->DBDriver === 'OCI8') {
             $this->markTestSkipped(
-                'Unsupported feature of the oracle database platform.'
+                'Unsupported feature of the oracle database platform.',
             );
         }
 
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ public function testUtilsOptimizeTable(): void
 
         if ($this->db->DBDriver === 'OCI8') {
             $this->markTestSkipped(
-                'Unsupported feature of the oracle database platform.'
+                'Unsupported feature of the oracle database platform.',
             );
         }
 
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Live/DeleteTest.php b/tests/system/Database/Live/DeleteTest.php
index 421f5c0f430f..896ab12c1d39 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Live/DeleteTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Live/DeleteTest.php
@@ -134,15 +134,15 @@ public function testDeleteBatchConstraintsDate(): void
 
         $this->dontSeeInDatabase(
             $table,
-            ['type_date' => '2023-12-01', 'type_varchar' => 'test1']
+            ['type_date' => '2023-12-01', 'type_varchar' => 'test1'],
         );
         $this->dontSeeInDatabase(
             $table,
-            ['type_date' => '2023-12-02', 'type_varchar' => 'test2']
+            ['type_date' => '2023-12-02', 'type_varchar' => 'test2'],
         );
         $this->seeInDatabase(
             $table,
-            ['type_date' => '2023-12-03', 'type_varchar' => 'test3']
+            ['type_date' => '2023-12-03', 'type_varchar' => 'test3'],
         );
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Live/ForgeTest.php b/tests/system/Database/Live/ForgeTest.php
index 9aecdd969c78..9faf9d79afb7 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Live/ForgeTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Live/ForgeTest.php
@@ -15,12 +15,12 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Forge;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\LogicException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\DatabaseTestTrait;
 use Config\Database;
-use LogicException;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
-use RuntimeException;
 use stdClass;
 use Tests\Support\Database\Seeds\CITestSeeder;
 
@@ -81,8 +81,11 @@ public function testCreateDatabaseWithDots(): void
         $this->assertFalse($result);
 
         $db->close();
+
         if ($this->db->DBDriver !== 'SQLite3') {
             $this->forge->dropDatabase($dbName);
+        } elseif (is_file($db->database)) {
+            unlink($db->database);
         }
     }
 
@@ -368,7 +371,7 @@ public function testCreateTableWithNullableFieldsGivesNullDataType(): void
             ],
         ]);
 
-        $createTable = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->forge, '_createTable');
+        $createTable = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->forge, '_createTable');
 
         $sql = $createTable('forge_nullable_table', false, []);
 
@@ -1090,7 +1093,7 @@ public function testAddFields(): void
                     'type'       => 'int',
                     'max_length' => 10,
                     'nullable'   => false,
-                    'default'    => '((0))', // Why?
+                    'default'    => '0',
                 ],
             ];
         } elseif ($this->db->DBDriver === 'OCI8') {
@@ -1121,7 +1124,7 @@ public function testAddFields(): void
                     'type'       => 'NUMBER',
                     'max_length' => '11',
                     'nullable'   => false,
-                    'default'    => '0 ', // Why?
+                    'default'    => '0',
                 ],
             ];
 
@@ -1316,8 +1319,7 @@ public function testDropColumn(): void
         $this->forge->createTable('forge_test_two');
 
         $this->assertTrue($this->db->fieldExists('name', 'forge_test_two'));
-
-        $this->forge->dropColumn('forge_test_two', 'name');
+        $this->assertTrue($this->forge->dropColumn('forge_test_two', 'name'));
 
         $this->db->resetDataCache();
 
@@ -1455,7 +1457,7 @@ private function getMetaData(string $column, string $table): stdClass
         $name = array_search(
             $column,
             array_column($fields, 'name'),
-            true
+            true,
         );
 
         if ($name === false) {
@@ -1704,23 +1706,23 @@ public function testProcessIndexes(): void
         // check that db_actions_name key exists
         $indexes = array_filter(
             $allIndexes,
-            static fn ($index) => ($index->name === 'db_actions_name')
-                    && ($index->fields === [0 => 'name'])
+            static fn ($index): bool => ($index->name === 'db_actions_name')
+                    && ($index->fields === [0 => 'name']),
         );
         $this->assertCount(1, $indexes);
 
         // check that db_actions_category_name key exists
         $indexes = array_filter(
             $allIndexes,
-            static fn ($index) => ($index->name === 'db_actions_category_name')
-                    && ($index->fields === [0 => 'category', 1 => 'name'])
+            static fn ($index): bool => ($index->name === 'db_actions_category_name')
+                    && ($index->fields === [0 => 'category', 1 => 'name']),
         );
         $this->assertCount(1, $indexes);
 
         // check that the primary key exists
         $indexes = array_filter(
             $allIndexes,
-            static fn ($index) => $index->type === 'PRIMARY'
+            static fn ($index): bool => $index->type === 'PRIMARY',
         );
         $this->assertCount(1, $indexes);
 
@@ -1752,8 +1754,8 @@ public function testProcessIndexesWithKeyOnly(): void
         // check that db_actions_name key exists
         $indexes = array_filter(
             $allIndexes,
-            static fn ($index) => ($index->name === 'db_actions_name')
-                && ($index->fields === [0 => 'name'])
+            static fn ($index): bool => ($index->name === 'db_actions_name')
+                && ($index->fields === [0 => 'name']),
         );
         $this->assertCount(1, $indexes);
 
@@ -1778,7 +1780,7 @@ public function testProcessIndexesWithPrimaryKeyOnly(): void
         // check that the primary key exists
         $indexes = array_filter(
             $allIndexes,
-            static fn ($index) => $index->type === 'PRIMARY'
+            static fn ($index): bool => $index->type === 'PRIMARY',
         );
         $this->assertCount(1, $indexes);
 
@@ -1816,6 +1818,28 @@ public function testProcessIndexesWithForeignKeyOnly(): void
         $this->forge->dropTable('user2', true);
     }
 
+    public function testChangeDefaultFieldValueWithModifyColumn(): void
+    {
+        $this->forge->addField([
+            'delivery_sum'      => ['type' => 'int', 'constraint' => 6, 'default' => 10],
+            'delivery_free_sum' => ['type' => 'int', 'constraint' => 6, 'default' => 10],
+        ])->addKey('id', true)->createTable('test_stores', true);
+
+        $this->forge->modifyColumn('test_stores', [
+            'delivery_sum'      => ['type' => 'int', 'constraint' => 6, 'default' => 100],
+            'delivery_free_sum' => ['type' => 'int', 'constraint' => 6, 'default' => 1000],
+        ]);
+
+        $expected = ['delivery_sum' => '100', 'delivery_free_sum' => '1000'];
+
+        $fields  = $this->db->getFieldData('test_stores');
+        $results = array_column($fields, 'default', 'name');
+
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $results);
+
+        $this->forge->dropTable('test_stores', true);
+    }
+
     private function createUser2TableWithKeys(): void
     {
         $fields = [
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Live/GetVersionTest.php b/tests/system/Database/Live/GetVersionTest.php
index 73da7c07071d..93678e3b8356 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Live/GetVersionTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Live/GetVersionTest.php
@@ -29,6 +29,12 @@ final class GetVersionTest extends CIUnitTestCase
 
     public function testGetVersion(): void
     {
+        if ($this->db->DBDriver === 'MySQLi') {
+            $this->db->mysqli = false;
+        }
+
+        $this->db->connID = false;
+
         $version = $this->db->getVersion();
 
         $this->assertMatchesRegularExpression('/\A\d+(\.\d+)*\z/', $version);
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Live/InsertTest.php b/tests/system/Database/Live/InsertTest.php
index 217632551b29..79281a384e9a 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Live/InsertTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Live/InsertTest.php
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Database\Live;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Forge;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\RawSql;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
@@ -79,13 +80,41 @@ public function testInsertBatch(): void
             ],
         ];
 
-        $this->db->table($table)->insertBatch($data);
+        $count = $this->db->table($table)->insertBatch($data);
+
+        $this->assertSame(2, $count);
 
         $expected = $data;
         $this->seeInDatabase($table, $expected[0]);
         $this->seeInDatabase($table, $expected[1]);
     }
 
+    public function testInsertBatchFailed(): void
+    {
+        $this->expectException(DatabaseException::class);
+
+        $data = [
+            [
+                'name' => 'Grocery Sales',
+            ],
+            [
+                'name' => null,
+            ],
+        ];
+
+        $db = $this->db;
+
+        if ($this->db->DBDriver === 'MySQLi') {
+            // strict mode is required for MySQLi to throw an exception here
+            $config                    = config('Database');
+            $config->tests['strictOn'] = true;
+
+            $db = Database::connect($config->tests);
+        }
+
+        $db->table('job')->insertBatch($data);
+    }
+
     public function testReplaceWithNoMatchingData(): void
     {
         $data = [
@@ -97,7 +126,7 @@ public function testReplaceWithNoMatchingData(): void
         $this->db->table('job')->replace($data);
 
         $row = $this->db->table('job')
-            ->getwhere(['id' => 5])
+            ->getWhere(['id' => 5])
             ->getRow();
 
         $this->assertSame('Cab Driver', $row->name);
@@ -114,7 +143,7 @@ public function testReplaceWithMatchingData(): void
         $this->db->table('job')->replace($data);
 
         $row = $this->db->table('job')
-            ->getwhere(['id' => 1])
+            ->getWhere(['id' => 1])
             ->getRow();
 
         $this->assertSame('Cab Driver', $row->name);
@@ -135,7 +164,7 @@ public function testReplaceTwice(): void
         $builder->replace($data);
 
         $row = $this->db->table('job')
-            ->getwhere(['id' => 1])
+            ->getWhere(['id' => 1])
             ->getRow();
         $this->assertSame('John Smith', $row->name);
 
@@ -147,7 +176,7 @@ public function testReplaceTwice(): void
         $builder->replace($data);
 
         $row = $this->db->table('job')
-            ->getwhere(['id' => 2])
+            ->getWhere(['id' => 2])
             ->getRow();
         $this->assertSame('Hans Schmidt', $row->name);
     }
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Live/LikeTest.php b/tests/system/Database/Live/LikeTest.php
index 9591eef72ea8..c03dcd8d096c 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Live/LikeTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Live/LikeTest.php
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ public function testLikeCaseInsensitive(): void
         $this->assertSame('Developer', $job->name);
     }
 
-    #[DataProvider('provideMultibyteCharacters')]
+    #[DataProvider('provideLikeCaseInsensitiveWithMultibyteCharacter')]
     public function testLikeCaseInsensitiveWithMultibyteCharacter(string $match, string $result): void
     {
         $wai = $this->db->table('without_auto_increment')->like('value', $match, 'both', null, true)->get();
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ public function testLikeCaseInsensitiveWithMultibyteCharacter(string $match, str
     /**
      * @return iterable<string, array{0: string, 1: string}>
      */
-    public static function provideMultibyteCharacters(): iterable
+    public static function provideLikeCaseInsensitiveWithMultibyteCharacter(): iterable
     {
         yield from [
             'polish'    => ['ŁĄ', 'multibyte characters pl'],
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Live/MetadataTest.php b/tests/system/Database/Live/MetadataTest.php
index 56e5d70a60e8..ad70d281af0a 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Live/MetadataTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Live/MetadataTest.php
@@ -27,13 +27,7 @@ final class MetadataTest extends CIUnitTestCase
 {
     use DatabaseTestTrait;
 
-    /**
-     * The seed file used for all tests within this test case.
-     *
-     * @var string
-     */
-    protected $seed = CITestSeeder::class;
-
+    protected $seed               = CITestSeeder::class;
     private array $expectedTables = [];
 
     protected function setUp(): void
@@ -47,6 +41,7 @@ protected function setUp(): void
             $prefix . 'user',
             $prefix . 'job',
             $prefix . 'misc',
+            $prefix . 'team_members',
             $prefix . 'type_test',
             $prefix . 'empty',
             $prefix . 'secondary',
@@ -101,7 +96,7 @@ public function testListTablesUnconstrainedByPrefixReturnsAllTables(): void
             $expectedTables[] = 'tmp_widgets';
 
             sort($tables);
-            $this->assertSame($expectedTables, array_values($tables));
+            $this->assertSame($expectedTables, $tables);
         } finally {
             $this->dropExtraneousTable();
         }
@@ -117,7 +112,7 @@ public function testListTablesConstrainedByPrefixReturnsOnlyTablesWithMatchingPr
             $this->assertNotSame([], $tables);
 
             sort($tables);
-            $this->assertSame($this->expectedTables, array_values($tables));
+            $this->assertSame($this->expectedTables, $tables);
         } finally {
             $this->dropExtraneousTable();
         }
@@ -138,7 +133,7 @@ public function testListTablesConstrainedByExtraneousPrefixReturnsOnlyTheExtrane
             $this->assertNotSame([], $tables);
 
             sort($tables);
-            $this->assertSame(['tmp_widgets'], array_values($tables));
+            $this->assertSame(['tmp_widgets'], $tables);
         } finally {
             $this->db->setPrefix($oldPrefix);
             $this->dropExtraneousTable();
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Live/MySQLi/FoundRowsTest.php b/tests/system/Database/Live/MySQLi/FoundRowsTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b39f8999085d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Live/MySQLi/FoundRowsTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\Live\MySQLi;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\DatabaseTestTrait;
+use Config\Database;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
+use Tests\Support\Database\Seeds\CITestSeeder;
+
+/**
+ * @internal
+ */
+#[Group('DatabaseLive')]
+final class FoundRowsTest extends CIUnitTestCase
+{
+    use DatabaseTestTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * Database config for tests
+     *
+     * @var array<string, mixed>
+     */
+    private $tests;
+
+    protected $refresh = true;
+    protected $seed    = CITestSeeder::class;
+
+    protected function setUp(): void
+    {
+        $config = config('Database');
+
+        $this->tests = $config->tests;
+
+        if ($this->tests['DBDriver'] !== 'MySQLi') {
+            $this->markTestSkipped('Only MySQLi can complete this test.');
+        }
+
+        parent::setUp();
+    }
+
+    public function testEnableFoundRows(): void
+    {
+        $this->tests['foundRows'] = true;
+
+        $db1 = Database::connect($this->tests);
+
+        $this->assertTrue($db1->foundRows);
+    }
+
+    public function testDisableFoundRows(): void
+    {
+        $this->tests['foundRows'] = false;
+
+        $db1 = Database::connect($this->tests);
+
+        $this->assertFalse($db1->foundRows);
+    }
+
+    public function testAffectedRowsAfterEnableFoundRowsWithNoChange(): void
+    {
+        $this->tests['foundRows'] = true;
+
+        $db1 = Database::connect($this->tests);
+
+        $db1->table('db_user')
+            ->set('country', 'US')
+            ->where('country', 'US')
+            ->update();
+
+        $affectedRows = $db1->affectedRows();
+
+        $this->assertSame(2, $affectedRows);
+    }
+
+    public function testAffectedRowsAfterDisableFoundRowsWithNoChange(): void
+    {
+        $this->tests['foundRows'] = false;
+
+        $db1 = Database::connect($this->tests);
+
+        $db1->table('db_user')
+            ->set('country', 'US')
+            ->where('country', 'US')
+            ->update();
+
+        $affectedRows = $db1->affectedRows();
+
+        $this->assertSame(0, $affectedRows);
+    }
+
+    public function testAffectedRowsAfterEnableFoundRowsWithChange(): void
+    {
+        $this->tests['foundRows'] = true;
+
+        $db1 = Database::connect($this->tests);
+
+        $db1->table('db_user')
+            ->set('country', 'NZ')
+            ->where('country', 'US')
+            ->update();
+
+        $affectedRows = $db1->affectedRows();
+
+        $this->assertSame(2, $affectedRows);
+    }
+
+    public function testAffectedRowsAfterDisableFoundRowsWithChange(): void
+    {
+        $this->tests['foundRows'] = false;
+
+        $db1 = Database::connect($this->tests);
+
+        $db1->table('db_user')
+            ->set('country', 'NZ')
+            ->where('country', 'US')
+            ->update();
+
+        $affectedRows = $db1->affectedRows();
+
+        $this->assertSame(2, $affectedRows);
+    }
+
+    public function testAffectedRowsAfterEnableFoundRowsWithPartialChange(): void
+    {
+        $this->tests['foundRows'] = true;
+
+        $db1 = Database::connect($this->tests);
+
+        $db1->table('db_user')
+            ->set('name', 'Derek Jones')
+            ->where('country', 'US')
+            ->update();
+
+        $affectedRows = $db1->affectedRows();
+
+        $this->assertSame(2, $affectedRows);
+    }
+
+    public function testAffectedRowsAfterDisableFoundRowsWithPartialChange(): void
+    {
+        $this->tests['foundRows'] = false;
+
+        $db1 = Database::connect($this->tests);
+
+        $db1->table('db_user')
+            ->set('name', 'Derek Jones')
+            ->where('country', 'US')
+            ->update();
+
+        $affectedRows = $db1->affectedRows();
+
+        $this->assertSame(1, $affectedRows);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Live/MySQLi/RawSqlTest.php b/tests/system/Database/Live/MySQLi/RawSqlTest.php
index e136d526e2de..03c694d0ab47 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Live/MySQLi/RawSqlTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Live/MySQLi/RawSqlTest.php
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\DatabaseTestTrait;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
-use stdclass;
+use stdClass;
 use Tests\Support\Database\Seeds\CITestSeeder;
 
 /**
@@ -61,12 +61,12 @@ public function testRawSqlUpdateObject(): void
     {
         $data = [];
 
-        $row             = new stdclass();
+        $row             = new stdClass();
         $row->email      = 'derek@world.com';
         $row->created_at = new RawSql("setDateTime('2022-01-01')");
         $data[]          = $row;
 
-        $row             = new stdclass();
+        $row             = new stdClass();
         $row->email      = 'ahmadinejad@world.com';
         $row->created_at = new RawSql("setDateTime('2022-01-01')");
         $data[]          = $row;
@@ -85,12 +85,12 @@ public function testRawSqlSetUpdateObject(): void
     {
         $data = [];
 
-        $row             = new stdclass();
+        $row             = new stdClass();
         $row->email      = 'derek@world.com';
         $row->created_at = new RawSql("setDateTime('2022-02-01')");
         $data[]          = $row;
 
-        $row             = new stdclass();
+        $row             = new stdClass();
         $row->email      = 'ahmadinejad@world.com';
         $row->created_at = new RawSql("setDateTime('2022-02-01')");
         $data[]          = $row;
@@ -147,12 +147,12 @@ public function testRawSqlInsertObject(): void
     {
         $data = [];
 
-        $row             = new stdclass();
+        $row             = new stdClass();
         $row->email      = 'tony@world.com';
         $row->created_at = new RawSql("setDateTime('2022-05-01')");
         $data[]          = $row;
 
-        $row             = new stdclass();
+        $row             = new stdClass();
         $row->email      = 'sara@world.com';
         $row->created_at = new RawSql("setDateTime('2022-05-01')");
         $data[]          = $row;
@@ -173,12 +173,12 @@ public function testRawSqlSetInsertObject(): void
     {
         $data = [];
 
-        $row             = new stdclass();
+        $row             = new stdClass();
         $row->email      = 'laura@world.com';
         $row->created_at = new RawSql("setDateTime('2022-06-01')");
         $data[]          = $row;
 
-        $row             = new stdclass();
+        $row             = new stdClass();
         $row->email      = 'travis@world.com';
         $row->created_at = new RawSql("setDateTime('2022-06-01')");
         $data[]          = $row;
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Live/OCI8/CallStoredProcedureTest.php b/tests/system/Database/Live/OCI8/CallStoredProcedureTest.php
index 43816b7301b3..32c9efbf0624 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Live/OCI8/CallStoredProcedureTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Live/OCI8/CallStoredProcedureTest.php
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ protected function setUp(): void
 
     public function testCallPackageProcedure(): void
     {
-        $result = 0;
+        $result = '0';
 
         $this->db->storedProcedure('calculator.plus', [
             [
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ public function testCallPackageProcedure(): void
 
     public function testCallStoredProcedure(): void
     {
-        $result = 0;
+        $result = '0';
 
         $this->db->storedProcedure('plus', [
             [
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Live/OCI8/ConnectionTest.php b/tests/system/Database/Live/OCI8/ConnectionTest.php
index caf97ed632fd..2124bc2c7e32 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Live/OCI8/ConnectionTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Live/OCI8/ConnectionTest.php
@@ -47,13 +47,13 @@ public function testIsValidDSN(string $dsn): void
 
         $db = new Connection($this->settings);
 
-        $isValidDSN = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($db, 'isValidDSN');
+        $isValidDSN = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($db, 'isValidDSN');
 
         $this->assertTrue($isValidDSN());
     }
 
     /**
-     * @return array<string, list<string>>
+     * @return iterable<string, list<string>>
      */
     public static function provideIsValidDSN(): iterable
     {
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Live/OCI8/GetFieldDataTestCase.php b/tests/system/Database/Live/OCI8/GetFieldDataTestCase.php
index 2ff1f103fb33..477bebe50113 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Live/OCI8/GetFieldDataTestCase.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Live/OCI8/GetFieldDataTestCase.php
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ private function getFieldMetaData(string $column, string $table): stdClass
         $name = array_search(
             $column,
             array_column($fields, 'name'),
-            true
+            true,
         );
 
         if ($name === false) {
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Live/OCI8/LastInsertIDTest.php b/tests/system/Database/Live/OCI8/LastInsertIDTest.php
index 33945cf7d276..716cef2ff09d 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Live/OCI8/LastInsertIDTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Live/OCI8/LastInsertIDTest.php
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Database\Live\OCI8;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BasePreparedQuery;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Query;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\DatabaseTestTrait;
@@ -83,6 +84,7 @@ public function testGetInsertIDWithPreparedQuery(): void
 
             return (new Query($db))->setQuery($sql);
         });
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(BasePreparedQuery::class, $query);
 
         $query->execute('foo', 'bar');
         $actual = $this->db->insertID();
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Live/Postgre/ConnectTest.php b/tests/system/Database/Live/Postgre/ConnectTest.php
index 29de0976eb21..d616a60b968c 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Live/Postgre/ConnectTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Live/Postgre/ConnectTest.php
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ public function testShowErrorMessageWhenSettingInvalidCharset(): void
         $this->expectException(DatabaseException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(
             'Unable to connect to the database.
-Main connection [Postgre]: ERROR:  invalid value for parameter "client_encoding": "utf8mb4"'
+Main connection [Postgre]: ERROR:  invalid value for parameter "client_encoding": "utf8mb4"',
         );
 
         $config = config('Database');
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Live/Postgre/GetFieldDataTestCase.php b/tests/system/Database/Live/Postgre/GetFieldDataTestCase.php
index 42e823397926..0adfc036c4c3 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Live/Postgre/GetFieldDataTestCase.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Live/Postgre/GetFieldDataTestCase.php
@@ -212,6 +212,13 @@ public function testGetFieldDataType(): void
                 'default'    => null,
             ],
             15 => (object) [
+                'name'       => 'type_blob',
+                'type'       => 'bytea',
+                'max_length' => null,
+                'nullable'   => true,
+                'default'    => null,
+            ],
+            16 => (object) [
                 'name'       => 'type_boolean',
                 'type'       => 'boolean',
                 'max_length' => null,
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Live/PreparedQueryTest.php b/tests/system/Database/Live/PreparedQueryTest.php
index fd3b6cedb403..b645c5992413 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Live/PreparedQueryTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Live/PreparedQueryTest.php
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Database\Live;
 
-use BadMethodCallException;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\BasePreparedQuery;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Query;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\ResultInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\BadMethodCallException;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\DatabaseTestTrait;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ public function testDeallocatePreparedQueryThenTryToClose(): void
                 'name'    => 'a',
                 'email'   => 'b@example.com',
                 'country' => 'x',
-            ])
+            ]),
         );
 
         $this->query->close();
@@ -264,9 +264,84 @@ public function testDeallocatePreparedQueryThenTryToClose(): void
         // Try to close a non-existing prepared statement
         $this->expectException(BadMethodCallException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(
-            'Cannot call close on a non-existing prepared statement.'
+            'Cannot call close on a non-existing prepared statement.',
         );
 
         $this->query->close();
     }
+
+    public function testInsertBinaryData(): void
+    {
+        $params = [];
+        if ($this->db->DBDriver === 'SQLSRV') {
+            $params = [0 => SQLSRV_PHPTYPE_STREAM(SQLSRV_ENC_BINARY)];
+        }
+
+        $this->query = $this->db->prepare(static fn ($db) => $db->table('type_test')->insert([
+            'type_blob' => 'binary',
+        ]), $params);
+
+        $fileContent = file_get_contents(TESTPATH . '_support/Images/EXIFsamples/landscape_0.jpg');
+        $this->assertTrue($this->query->execute($fileContent));
+
+        $id = $this->db->DBDriver === 'SQLSRV'
+            // It seems like INSERT for a prepared statement is run in the
+            // separate execution context even though it's part of the same session
+            ? (int) ($this->db->query('SELECT @@IDENTITY AS insert_id')->getRow()->insert_id ?? 0)
+            : $this->db->insertID();
+        $builder = $this->db->table('type_test');
+
+        if ($this->db->DBDriver === 'Postgre') {
+            $file = $builder->select("ENCODE(type_blob, 'base64') AS type_blob")->where('id', $id)->get()->getRow();
+            $file = base64_decode($file->type_blob, true);
+        } elseif ($this->db->DBDriver === 'OCI8') {
+            $file = $builder->select('type_blob')->where('id', $id)->get()->getRow();
+            $file = $file->type_blob->load();
+        } else {
+            $file = $builder->select('type_blob')->where('id', $id)->get()->getRow();
+            $file = $file->type_blob;
+        }
+
+        $this->assertSame(strlen($fileContent), strlen($file));
+    }
+
+    public function testHandleTransStatusMarksTransactionFailedDuringTransaction(): void
+    {
+        $this->db->transStart();
+
+        // Verify we're in a transaction
+        $this->assertSame(1, $this->db->transDepth);
+
+        // Prepare a query that will fail (duplicate key)
+        $this->query = $this->db->prepare(static fn ($db) => $db->table('without_auto_increment')->insert([
+            'key'   => 'a',
+            'value' => 'b',
+        ]));
+
+        $this->disableDBDebug();
+
+        $this->assertTrue($this->query->execute('test_key', 'test_value'));
+        $this->assertTrue($this->db->transStatus());
+
+        $this->seeInDatabase($this->db->DBPrefix . 'without_auto_increment', [
+            'key'   => 'test_key',
+            'value' => 'test_value',
+        ]);
+
+        $this->assertFalse($this->query->execute('test_key', 'different_value'));
+        $this->assertFalse($this->db->transStatus());
+
+        $this->enableDBDebug();
+
+        // Complete the transaction - should rollback due to failed status
+        $this->assertFalse($this->db->transComplete());
+
+        // Verify the first insert was rolled back
+        $this->dontSeeInDatabase($this->db->DBPrefix . 'without_auto_increment', [
+            'key'   => 'test_key',
+            'value' => 'test_value',
+        ]);
+
+        $this->db->resetTransStatus();
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Live/SQLSRV/GetFieldDataTestCase.php b/tests/system/Database/Live/SQLSRV/GetFieldDataTestCase.php
index bf00175c4fab..c07566e187df 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Live/SQLSRV/GetFieldDataTestCase.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Live/SQLSRV/GetFieldDataTestCase.php
@@ -14,7 +14,9 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Database\Live\SQLSRV;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Live\AbstractGetFieldDataTestCase;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\SQLSRV\Connection;
 use Config\Database;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 
 /**
@@ -68,7 +70,7 @@ public function testGetFieldDataDefault(): void
                 'type'       => 'int',
                 'max_length' => 10,
                 'nullable'   => false,
-                'default'    => '((0))', // int 0
+                'default'    => '0',
                 // 'primary_key' => 0,
             ],
             (object) [
@@ -76,7 +78,7 @@ public function testGetFieldDataDefault(): void
                 'type'       => 'varchar',
                 'max_length' => 64,
                 'nullable'   => true,
-                'default'    => '(NULL)', // NULL value
+                'default'    => null,
                 // 'primary_key' => 0,
             ],
             (object) [
@@ -84,7 +86,7 @@ public function testGetFieldDataDefault(): void
                 'type'       => 'varchar',
                 'max_length' => 64,
                 'nullable'   => false,
-                'default'    => "('null')", // string "null"
+                'default'    => 'null', // string "null"
                 // 'primary_key' => 0,
             ],
             (object) [
@@ -92,7 +94,7 @@ public function testGetFieldDataDefault(): void
                 'type'       => 'varchar',
                 'max_length' => 64,
                 'nullable'   => false,
-                'default'    => "('abc')", // string "abc"
+                'default'    => 'abc',
                 // 'primary_key' => 0,
             ],
         ];
@@ -219,6 +221,13 @@ public function testGetFieldDataType(): void
                 'default'    => null,
             ],
             16 => (object) [
+                'name'       => 'type_blob',
+                'type'       => 'varbinary',
+                'max_length' => 'max',
+                'nullable'   => true,
+                'default'    => null,
+            ],
+            17 => (object) [
                 'name'       => 'type_boolean',
                 'type'       => 'bit',
                 'max_length' => null,
@@ -228,4 +237,58 @@ public function testGetFieldDataType(): void
         ];
         $this->assertSameFieldData($expected, $fields);
     }
+
+    #[DataProvider('provideNormalizeDefault')]
+    public function testNormalizeDefault(?string $input, ?string $expected): void
+    {
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(Connection::class, $this->db);
+
+        $normalizeDefault = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->db, 'normalizeDefault');
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $normalizeDefault($input));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return iterable<string, array{string|null, string|null}>
+     */
+    public static function provideNormalizeDefault(): iterable
+    {
+        return [
+            // Null cases
+            'null input'                          => [null, null],
+            'NULL literal wrapped in parentheses' => ['(NULL)', null],
+            'null literal lowercase'              => ['(null)', null],
+            'null literal mixed case'             => ['(Null)', null],
+            'null literal random case'            => ['(nULL)', null],
+            'null string'                         => ["('null')", 'null'],
+
+            // String literal cases
+            'simple string'                       => ["('hello')", 'hello'],
+            'empty string'                        => ['(())', ''],
+            'string with space'                   => ["('hello world')", 'hello world'],
+            'empty string literal'                => ["('')", ''],
+            'string with escaped quote'           => ["('can''t')", "can't"],
+            'string with multiple escaped quotes' => ["('it''s a ''test''')", "it's a 'test'"],
+            'concatenated multiline expression'   => ["('line1'+char(10)+'line2')", "line1'+char(10)+'line2"],
+
+            // Numeric cases
+            'zero with double parentheses'             => ['((0))', '0'],
+            'positive integer with double parentheses' => ['((123))', '123'],
+            'negative integer with double parentheses' => ['((-456))', '-456'],
+            'float with double parentheses'            => ['((3.14))', '3.14'],
+
+            // Function/expression cases
+            'function call'             => ['(getdate())', 'getdate()'],
+            'newid function'            => ['(newid())', 'newid()'],
+            'user_name function'        => ['(user_name())', 'user_name()'],
+            'current_timestamp'         => ['(current_timestamp)', 'current_timestamp'],
+            'mathematical expression'   => ['((1+1))', '1+1'],
+            'multiplication expression' => ['((100*2))', '100*2'],
+
+            // Edge cases
+            'multiple nested parentheses' => ["((('nested')))", 'nested'],
+            'value without parentheses'   => ['plain_value', 'plain_value'],
+            'value with parentheses'      => ['(  plain_value  )', 'plain_value'],
+            'function with parameters'    => ['(complex_func(1, 2))', 'complex_func(1, 2)'],
+        ];
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Live/SQLite3/ConnectTest.php b/tests/system/Database/Live/SQLite3/ConnectTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..17871de81bf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Live/SQLite3/ConnectTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\Live\SQLite3;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
+use Config\Database;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
+
+/**
+ * @internal
+ */
+#[Group('DatabaseLive')]
+final class ConnectTest extends CIUnitTestCase
+{
+    protected function setUp(): void
+    {
+        parent::setUp();
+
+        $this->db = Database::connect($this->DBGroup);
+
+        if ($this->db->DBDriver !== 'SQLite3') {
+            $this->markTestSkipped('This test is only for SQLite3.');
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function testShowErrorMessageWhenSettingInvalidSynchronous(): void
+    {
+        $this->expectException(InvalidArgumentException::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessage('Invalid synchronous value.');
+
+        $config = config('Database');
+        $group  = $config->tests;
+        // Sets invalid synchronous.
+        $group['synchronous'] = 123;
+        $db                   = Database::connect($group);
+
+        // Actually connect to DB.
+        $db->initialize();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Live/TransactionDBDebugTrueTest.php b/tests/system/Database/Live/TransactionDBDebugTrueTest.php
index da77edb9b975..cbfa6a1ff289 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Live/TransactionDBDebugTrueTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Live/TransactionDBDebugTrueTest.php
@@ -208,6 +208,54 @@ public function testTransStrictFalse(): void
         $this->seeInDatabase('job', ['name' => 'Comedian']);
     }
 
+    public function testTransStrictTrueAndResetTransStatus(): void
+    {
+        $builder = $this->db->table('job');
+
+        // The first transaction group
+        $this->db->transStart();
+
+        $jobData = [
+            'name'        => 'Grocery Sales',
+            'description' => 'Discount!',
+        ];
+        $builder->insert($jobData);
+
+        $this->assertTrue($this->db->transStatus());
+
+        // Duplicate entry '1' for key 'PRIMARY'
+        $jobData = [
+            'id'          => 1,
+            'name'        => 'Comedian',
+            'description' => 'Theres something in your teeth',
+        ];
+        $builder->insert($jobData);
+
+        $this->assertFalse($this->db->transStatus());
+
+        $this->db->transComplete();
+
+        $this->dontSeeInDatabase('job', ['name' => 'Grocery Sales']);
+
+        // Resets TransStatus
+        $this->db->resetTransStatus();
+
+        // The second transaction group
+        $this->db->transStart();
+
+        $jobData = [
+            'name'        => 'Comedian',
+            'description' => 'Theres something in your teeth',
+        ];
+        $builder->insert($jobData);
+
+        $this->assertTrue($this->db->transStatus());
+
+        $this->db->transComplete();
+
+        $this->seeInDatabase('job', ['name' => 'Comedian']);
+    }
+
     public function testTransBegin(): void
     {
         $builder = $this->db->table('job');
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Live/TransactionTest.php b/tests/system/Database/Live/TransactionTest.php
index 3414d2dfffdf..74df4e3fd974 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Live/TransactionTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Live/TransactionTest.php
@@ -239,4 +239,40 @@ public function testTransStrictFalseAndDBDebugFalse(): void
 
         $this->enableDBDebug();
     }
+
+    /**
+     * @see https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/issues/9362
+     */
+    public function testTransInsertBatchFailed(): void
+    {
+        $data = [
+            [
+                'name' => 'Grocery Sales',
+            ],
+            [
+                'name' => null,
+            ],
+        ];
+
+        $db = $this->db;
+
+        if ($this->db->DBDriver === 'MySQLi') {
+            // strict mode is required for MySQLi to throw an exception here
+            $config                    = config('Database');
+            $config->tests['strictOn'] = true;
+
+            $db = Database::connect($config->tests);
+        }
+
+        $db->transStrict(false)->transBegin();
+        $db->table('job')->insertBatch($data);
+
+        $this->assertFalse($db->transStatus());
+
+        $db->transComplete();
+
+        $db->transStrict();
+
+        $this->dontSeeInDatabase('job', ['name' => 'Grocery Sales']);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Live/UpdateTest.php b/tests/system/Database/Live/UpdateTest.php
index 565c8f83b909..e1fed75e660e 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Live/UpdateTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Live/UpdateTest.php
@@ -114,6 +114,9 @@ public function testUpdateWithWhereAndLimit(): void
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @param array<int, mixed> $expected
+     */
     #[DataProvider('provideUpdateBatch')]
     public function testUpdateBatch(string $constraints, array $data, array $expected): void
     {
@@ -443,7 +446,7 @@ public function testUpdateBatchConstraintsRawSqlAndAlias(): void
             null,
             ['id', new RawSql($this->db->protectIdentifiers('d')
             . '.' . $this->db->protectIdentifiers('country')
-            . " LIKE 'U%'")]
+            . " LIKE 'U%'")],
         );
 
         $this->seeInDatabase('user', [
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Live/UpsertTest.php b/tests/system/Database/Live/UpsertTest.php
index 94732e694d50..000fa6fec7cb 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Live/UpsertTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Live/UpsertTest.php
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Test\DatabaseTestTrait;
 use Config\Database;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
-use stdclass;
+use stdClass;
 use Tests\Support\Database\Seeds\CITestSeeder;
 
 /**
@@ -107,21 +107,21 @@ public function testUpsertAndUpsertBatchWithObject(): void
         $data = [];
 
         // new row insert
-        $row          = new stdclass();
+        $row          = new stdClass();
         $row->name    = 'Pedro';
         $row->email   = 'pedro@acme.com';
         $row->country = 'El Salvador';
         $data[]       = $row;
 
         // no change
-        $row          = new stdclass();
+        $row          = new stdClass();
         $row->name    = 'Ahmadinejad';
         $row->email   = 'ahmadinejad@world.com';
         $row->country = 'Iran';
         $data[]       = $row;
 
         // changed country for update
-        $row          = new stdclass();
+        $row          = new stdClass();
         $row->name    = 'Derek Jones';
         $row->email   = 'derek@world.com';
         $row->country = 'Canada';
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ public function testUpsertChangePrimaryKeyOnUniqueIndex(): void
                 ->upsert($userData);
 
             $new = $this->db->table('user')
-                ->getwhere(['email' => 'ahmadinejad@world.com'])
+                ->getWhere(['email' => 'ahmadinejad@world.com'])
                 ->getRow();
 
             $this->assertSame(5, (int) $new->id);
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ public function testUpsertBatchWithOnConflictAndUpdateFields(): void
         $this->assertSame('El Salvador', $data[4]->country);
     }
 
-    public function testUpsertWithMatchingDataOnUniqueIndexandPrimaryKey(): void
+    public function testUpsertWithMatchingDataOnUniqueIndexAndPrimaryKey(): void
     {
         $data = [
             'id'      => 6,
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ public function testUpsertWithMatchingDataOnUniqueIndexandPrimaryKey(): void
         $this->db->table('user')->upsert($data);
 
         $original = $this->db->table('user')
-            ->getwhere(['id' => 6])
+            ->getWhere(['id' => 6])
             ->getRow();
 
         $data = [
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ public function testUpsertWithMatchingDataOnUniqueIndexandPrimaryKey(): void
 
         // get by id
         $row = $this->db->table('user')
-            ->getwhere(['id' => 6])
+            ->getWhere(['id' => 6])
             ->getRow();
 
         $this->assertSame('Random Name 356', $row->name);
@@ -508,17 +508,17 @@ public function testUpsertBatchOnPrimaryKey(): void
 
         // get by id
         $row1 = $this->db->table('user')
-            ->getwhere(['id' => 1])
+            ->getWhere(['id' => 1])
             ->getRow();
 
         // get by id
         $row2 = $this->db->table('user')
-            ->getwhere(['id' => 2])
+            ->getWhere(['id' => 2])
             ->getRow();
 
         // get by id
         $row3 = $this->db->table('user')
-            ->getwhere(['id' => 3])
+            ->getWhere(['id' => 3])
             ->getRow();
 
         $this->assertSame('Upsert One On Id', $row1->name);
@@ -553,17 +553,17 @@ public function testUpsertBatchOnNullAutoIncrement(): void
 
         // get by id
         $row1 = $this->db->table('user')
-            ->getwhere(['email' => 'nullone@domain.com'])
+            ->getWhere(['email' => 'nullone@domain.com'])
             ->getRow();
 
         // get by id
         $row2 = $this->db->table('user')
-            ->getwhere(['email' => 'nulltwo@domain.com'])
+            ->getWhere(['email' => 'nulltwo@domain.com'])
             ->getRow();
 
         // get by id
         $row3 = $this->db->table('user')
-            ->getwhere(['email' => 'nullthree@domain.com'])
+            ->getWhere(['email' => 'nullthree@domain.com'])
             ->getRow();
 
         $this->assertSame('Null One', $row1->name);
@@ -607,6 +607,36 @@ public function testUpsertBatchMultipleConstraints(): void
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @see https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/issues/9450
+     */
+    public function testUpsertBatchCompositeUniqueIndex(): void
+    {
+        $data = [
+            [
+                'team_id'   => 1,
+                'person_id' => 22,
+                'role'      => 'leader',
+                'status'    => 'active',
+            ],
+            [
+                'team_id'   => 1,
+                'person_id' => 33,
+                'role'      => 'member',
+                'status'    => 'active',
+            ],
+        ];
+
+        // uses (team_id, person_id) - composite unique index
+        $this->db->table('team_members')->upsertBatch($data);
+
+        $this->seeInDatabase('team_members', ['team_id' => 1, 'person_id' => 22, 'role' => 'leader']);
+        $this->dontSeeInDatabase('team_members', ['team_id' => 1, 'person_id' => 22, 'role' => 'member']);
+
+        $this->seeInDatabase('team_members', ['team_id' => 1, 'person_id' => 33, 'role' => 'member']);
+        $this->dontSeeInDatabase('team_members', ['team_id' => 1, 'person_id' => 33, 'role' => 'mentor']);
+    }
+
     public function testSetBatchOneRow(): void
     {
         $data = [
@@ -644,7 +674,7 @@ public function testSetBatchOneRow(): void
             $builder->setData($moreData);
         }
 
-        $evenMoreData          = new stdclass();
+        $evenMoreData          = new stdClass();
         $evenMoreData->name    = 'New User2 users';
         $evenMoreData->email   = 'newuser2@example.com';
         $evenMoreData->country = 'Netherlands';
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Migrations/MigrationRunnerTest.php b/tests/system/Database/Migrations/MigrationRunnerTest.php
index 0ecd2ca0b051..fbe7cbca05f5 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Migrations/MigrationRunnerTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Migrations/MigrationRunnerTest.php
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ protected function setUpAddNamespace(): void
     {
         service('autoloader')->addNamespace(
             'Tests\Support\MigrationTestMigrations',
-            SUPPORTPATH . 'MigrationTestMigrations'
+            SUPPORTPATH . 'MigrationTestMigrations',
         );
     }
 
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ public function testLoadsDefaultDatabaseWhenNoneSpecified(): void
         ) . $dbConfig->tests['database'];
         $this->assertSame(
             $database,
-            $this->getPrivateProperty($db, 'database')
+            $this->getPrivateProperty($db, 'database'),
         );
         $this->assertSame($dbConfig->tests['DBDriver'], $this->getPrivateProperty($db, 'DBDriver'));
     }
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ public function testGetMigrationNumberAllDigits(): void
     {
         $runner = new MigrationRunner($this->config);
 
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($runner, 'getMigrationNumber');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($runner, 'getMigrationNumber');
 
         $this->assertSame('20190806235100', $method('20190806235100_Foo'));
     }
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ public function testGetMigrationNumberDashes(): void
     {
         $runner = new MigrationRunner($this->config);
 
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($runner, 'getMigrationNumber');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($runner, 'getMigrationNumber');
 
         $this->assertSame('2019-08-06-235100', $method('2019-08-06-235100_Foo'));
     }
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ public function testGetMigrationNumberUnderscores(): void
     {
         $runner = new MigrationRunner($this->config);
 
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($runner, 'getMigrationNumber');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($runner, 'getMigrationNumber');
 
         $this->assertSame('2019_08_06_235100', $method('2019_08_06_235100_Foo'));
     }
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ public function testGetMigrationNumberReturnsZeroIfNoneFound(): void
     {
         $runner = new MigrationRunner($this->config);
 
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($runner, 'getMigrationNumber');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($runner, 'getMigrationNumber');
 
         $this->assertSame('0', $method('Foo'));
     }
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ public function testGetMigrationNameDashes(): void
     {
         $runner = new MigrationRunner($this->config);
 
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($runner, 'getMigrationName');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($runner, 'getMigrationName');
 
         $this->assertSame('Foo_bar', $method('2019-08-06-235100_Foo_bar'));
     }
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ public function testGetMigrationNameUnderscores(): void
     {
         $runner = new MigrationRunner($this->config);
 
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($runner, 'getMigrationName');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($runner, 'getMigrationName');
 
         $this->assertSame('Foo_bar', $method('2019_08_06_235100_Foo_bar'));
     }
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ public function testMigrationThrowsDisabledException(): void
 
         vfsStream::copyFromFileSystem(
             TESTPATH . '_support/MigrationTestMigrations/Database/Migrations',
-            $this->root
+            $this->root,
         );
 
         $this->expectException(ConfigException::class);
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/TableNameTest.php b/tests/system/Database/TableNameTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..99f447879f5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/system/Database/TableNameTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\Mock\MockConnection;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
+
+/**
+ * @internal
+ */
+#[Group('Others')]
+final class TableNameTest extends CIUnitTestCase
+{
+    protected function setUp(): void
+    {
+        parent::setUp();
+
+        $this->db = new MockConnection([
+            'database' => 'test',
+            'DBPrefix' => 'db_',
+            'schema'   => 'dbo',
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    public function testInstantiate(): void
+    {
+        $table = 'table';
+
+        $tableName = TableName::create($this->db->DBPrefix, $table);
+
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(TableName::class, $tableName);
+    }
+
+    public function testCreateAndTableName(): void
+    {
+        $table = 'table';
+
+        $tableName = TableName::create($this->db->DBPrefix, $table);
+
+        $this->assertSame($table, $tableName->getTableName());
+        $this->assertSame('db_table', $tableName->getActualTableName());
+    }
+
+    public function testFromActualNameAndTableNameWithPrefix(): void
+    {
+        $actualTable = 'db_table';
+
+        $tableName = TableName::fromActualName($this->db->DBPrefix, $actualTable);
+
+        $this->assertSame('table', $tableName->getTableName());
+        $this->assertSame($actualTable, $tableName->getActualTableName());
+    }
+
+    public function testFromActualNameAndTableNameWithoutPrefix(): void
+    {
+        $actualTable = 'table';
+
+        $tableName = TableName::fromActualName($this->db->DBPrefix, $actualTable);
+
+        $this->assertSame('', $tableName->getTableName());
+        $this->assertSame($actualTable, $tableName->getActualTableName());
+    }
+
+    public function testGetAlias(): void
+    {
+        $table = 'table';
+        $alias = 't';
+
+        $tableName = TableName::create($this->db->DBPrefix, $table, $alias);
+
+        $this->assertSame($alias, $tableName->getAlias());
+    }
+
+    public function testGetSchema(): void
+    {
+        $table    = 'table';
+        $schema   = 'dbo';
+        $database = 'test';
+
+        $tableName = TableName::fromFullName($this->db->DBPrefix, $table, $schema, $database);
+
+        $this->assertSame($schema, $tableName->getSchema());
+    }
+
+    public function testGetDatabase(): void
+    {
+        $table    = 'table';
+        $schema   = 'dbo';
+        $database = 'test';
+
+        $tableName = TableName::fromFullName($this->db->DBPrefix, $table, $schema, $database);
+
+        $this->assertSame($database, $tableName->getDatabase());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/system/Debug/ExceptionHandlerTest.php b/tests/system/Debug/ExceptionHandlerTest.php
index ddb1304c3d7e..a1958be5f36b 100644
--- a/tests/system/Debug/ExceptionHandlerTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Debug/ExceptionHandlerTest.php
@@ -15,13 +15,14 @@
 
 use App\Controllers\Home;
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\PageNotFoundException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\IniTestTrait;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\StreamFilterTrait;
 use Config\Exceptions as ExceptionsConfig;
 use Config\Services;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
-use RuntimeException;
+use stdClass;
 
 /**
  * @internal
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ protected function setUp(): void
 
     public function testDetermineViewsPageNotFoundException(): void
     {
-        $determineView = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->handler, 'determineView');
+        $determineView = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->handler, 'determineView');
 
         $exception    = PageNotFoundException::forControllerNotFound('Foo', 'bar');
         $templatePath = APPPATH . 'Views/errors/html';
@@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ public function testDetermineViewsPageNotFoundException(): void
 
     public function testDetermineViewsRuntimeException(): void
     {
-        $determineView = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->handler, 'determineView');
+        $determineView = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->handler, 'determineView');
 
         $exception    = new RuntimeException('Exception');
         $templatePath = APPPATH . 'Views/errors/html';
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ public function testDetermineViewsRuntimeException(): void
 
     public function testDetermineViewsRuntimeExceptionCode404(): void
     {
-        $determineView = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->handler, 'determineView');
+        $determineView = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->handler, 'determineView');
 
         $exception    = new RuntimeException('foo', 404);
         $templatePath = APPPATH . 'Views/errors/html';
@@ -78,7 +79,7 @@ public function testDetermineViewsDisplayErrorsOffRuntimeException(): void
     {
         ini_set('display_errors', '0');
 
-        $determineView = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->handler, 'determineView');
+        $determineView = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->handler, 'determineView');
 
         $exception    = new RuntimeException('Exception');
         $templatePath = APPPATH . 'Views/errors/html';
@@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ public function testDetermineViewsDisplayErrorsOffRuntimeException(): void
 
     public function testCollectVars(): void
     {
-        $collectVars = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->handler, 'collectVars');
+        $collectVars = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->handler, 'collectVars');
 
         $vars = $collectVars(new RuntimeException('This.'), 404);
 
@@ -135,7 +136,7 @@ public function testHandleWebPageNotFoundExceptionAcceptHTML(): void
         $this->handler->handle($exception, $request, $response, 404, EXIT_ERROR);
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('<title>404 - Page Not Found</title>', $output);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('<title>404 - Page Not Found</title>', (string) $output);
     }
 
     public function testHandleCLIPageNotFoundException(): void
@@ -151,11 +152,11 @@ public function testHandleCLIPageNotFoundException(): void
 
         $this->assertStringContainsString(
             'ERROR: 404',
-            $this->getStreamFilterBuffer()
+            $this->getStreamFilterBuffer(),
         );
         $this->assertStringContainsString(
             'Controller or its method is not found: Foo::bar',
-            $this->getStreamFilterBuffer()
+            $this->getStreamFilterBuffer(),
         );
 
         $this->resetStreamFilterBuffer();
@@ -163,7 +164,7 @@ public function testHandleCLIPageNotFoundException(): void
 
     public function testMaskSensitiveData(): void
     {
-        $maskSensitiveData = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->handler, 'maskSensitiveData');
+        $maskSensitiveData = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->handler, 'maskSensitiveData');
 
         $trace = [
             0 => [
@@ -212,7 +213,7 @@ public function testMaskSensitiveData(): void
 
     public function testMaskSensitiveDataTraceDataKey(): void
     {
-        $maskSensitiveData = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->handler, 'maskSensitiveData');
+        $maskSensitiveData = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->handler, 'maskSensitiveData');
 
         $trace = [
             0 => [
@@ -248,7 +249,7 @@ public function testHighlightFile(): void
             'highlight.comment', 'highlight.default', 'highlight.html', 'highlight.keyword', 'highlight.string',
         ]);
 
-        $highlightFile = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->handler, 'highlightFile');
+        $highlightFile = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->handler, 'highlightFile');
         $result        = $highlightFile(SUPPORTPATH . 'Controllers' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'Hello.php', 16);
 
         $resultFile = match (true) {
@@ -262,4 +263,127 @@ public function testHighlightFile(): void
 
         $this->restoreIniValues();
     }
+
+    public function testSanitizeDataWithResource(): void
+    {
+        $sanitizeData = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->handler, 'sanitizeData');
+
+        // Create a resource (file handle)
+        $resource = fopen('php://memory', 'rb');
+        $result   = $sanitizeData($resource);
+
+        $this->assertIsString($result);
+        $this->assertStringStartsWith('[Resource #', $result);
+        $this->assertStringEndsWith(']', $result);
+
+        fclose($resource);
+    }
+
+    public function testSanitizeDataWithClosure(): void
+    {
+        $sanitizeData = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->handler, 'sanitizeData');
+
+        $closure = static fn (): string => 'test';
+        $result  = $sanitizeData($closure);
+
+        $this->assertSame('[Closure]', $result);
+    }
+
+    public function testSanitizeDataWithCircularReference(): void
+    {
+        $sanitizeData = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->handler, 'sanitizeData');
+
+        // Create an object with circular reference
+        $obj       = new stdClass();
+        $obj->self = $obj;
+
+        $result = $sanitizeData($obj);
+
+        $this->assertIsArray($result);
+        $this->assertArrayHasKey('self', $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('*RECURSION*', (string) $result['self']);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('stdClass', (string) $result['self']);
+    }
+
+    public function testSanitizeDataWithArrayContainingResource(): void
+    {
+        $sanitizeData = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->handler, 'sanitizeData');
+
+        $resource = fopen('php://memory', 'rb');
+        $data     = [
+            'string'   => 'test',
+            'number'   => 123,
+            'resource' => $resource,
+        ];
+
+        $result = $sanitizeData($data);
+
+        $this->assertIsArray($result);
+        $this->assertSame('test', $result['string']);
+        $this->assertSame(123, $result['number']);
+        $this->assertIsString($result['resource']);
+        $this->assertStringStartsWith('[Resource #', $result['resource']);
+
+        fclose($resource);
+    }
+
+    public function testSanitizeDataWithObjectContainingResource(): void
+    {
+        $sanitizeData = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->handler, 'sanitizeData');
+
+        $resource = fopen('php://memory', 'rb');
+
+        $obj           = new stdClass();
+        $obj->name     = 'test';
+        $obj->connID   = $resource;
+        $obj->database = 'mydb';
+
+        $result = $sanitizeData($obj);
+
+        $this->assertIsArray($result);
+        $this->assertSame('test', $result['name']);
+        $this->assertSame('mydb', $result['database']);
+        $this->assertIsString($result['connID']);
+        $this->assertStringStartsWith('[Resource #', $result['connID']);
+
+        fclose($resource);
+    }
+
+    public function testSanitizeDataWithNestedObjects(): void
+    {
+        $sanitizeData = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->handler, 'sanitizeData');
+
+        $resource = fopen('php://memory', 'rb');
+
+        $inner         = new stdClass();
+        $inner->connID = $resource;
+        $inner->host   = 'localhost';
+
+        $outer        = new stdClass();
+        $outer->db    = $inner;
+        $outer->cache = 'file';
+
+        $result = $sanitizeData($outer);
+
+        $this->assertIsArray($result);
+        $this->assertSame('file', $result['cache']);
+        $this->assertIsArray($result['db']);
+        $this->assertSame('localhost', $result['db']['host']);
+        $this->assertIsString($result['db']['connID']);
+        $this->assertStringStartsWith('[Resource #', $result['db']['connID']);
+
+        fclose($resource);
+    }
+
+    public function testSanitizeDataWithScalars(): void
+    {
+        $sanitizeData = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->handler, 'sanitizeData');
+
+        $this->assertSame('string', $sanitizeData('string'));
+        $this->assertSame(123, $sanitizeData(123));
+        $this->assertEqualsWithDelta(45.67, $sanitizeData(45.67), PHP_FLOAT_EPSILON);
+        $this->assertTrue($sanitizeData(true));
+        $this->assertFalse($sanitizeData(false));
+        $this->assertNull($sanitizeData(null));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Debug/ExceptionsTest.php b/tests/system/Debug/ExceptionsTest.php
index aa3c2d8b49a6..8c7e21454ed2 100644
--- a/tests/system/Debug/ExceptionsTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Debug/ExceptionsTest.php
@@ -16,13 +16,12 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Entity\Exceptions\CastException;
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ConfigException;
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\PageNotFoundException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\ReflectionHelper;
 use Config\Exceptions as ExceptionsConfig;
 use ErrorException;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
-use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\RequiresPhp;
-use RuntimeException;
 
 /**
  * @internal
@@ -55,7 +54,6 @@ protected function setUp(): void
         $this->exception = new Exceptions(new ExceptionsConfig());
     }
 
-    #[RequiresPhp('>= 8.1')]
     public function testDeprecationsOnPhp81DoNotThrow(): void
     {
         $config = new ExceptionsConfig();
@@ -66,13 +64,9 @@ public function testDeprecationsOnPhp81DoNotThrow(): void
         $this->exception = new Exceptions($config);
         $this->exception->initialize();
 
-        // this is only needed for IDEs not to complain that strlen does not accept explicit null
-        $maybeNull = PHP_VERSION_ID >= 80100 ? null : 'random string';
-
         try {
-            // We test DEPRECATED error, so cannot set `declare(strict_types=1)` in this file.
-            strlen($maybeNull);
-            $this->assertLogContains('error', '[DEPRECATED] strlen(): ');
+            $result = str_contains('foobar', null); // @phpstan-ignore argument.type (Needed for testing)
+            $this->assertLogContains('error', '[DEPRECATED] str_contains(): ');
         } catch (ErrorException) {
             $this->fail('The catch block should not be reached.');
         } finally {
@@ -100,7 +94,7 @@ public function testSuppressedDeprecationsAreLogged(): void
 
     public function testDetermineViews(): void
     {
-        $determineView = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->exception, 'determineView');
+        $determineView = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->exception, 'determineView');
 
         $this->assertSame('error_404.php', $determineView(PageNotFoundException::forControllerNotFound('Foo', 'bar'), ''));
         $this->assertSame('error_exception.php', $determineView(new RuntimeException('Exception'), ''));
@@ -109,7 +103,7 @@ public function testDetermineViews(): void
 
     public function testCollectVars(): void
     {
-        $vars = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->exception, 'collectVars')(new RuntimeException('This.'), 404);
+        $vars = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->exception, 'collectVars')(new RuntimeException('This.'), 404);
 
         $this->assertIsArray($vars);
         $this->assertCount(7, $vars);
@@ -121,14 +115,14 @@ public function testCollectVars(): void
 
     public function testDetermineCodes(): void
     {
-        $determineCodes = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->exception, 'determineCodes');
+        $determineCodes = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->exception, 'determineCodes');
 
         $this->assertSame([500, EXIT_ERROR], $determineCodes(new RuntimeException('This.')));
         $this->assertSame([500, EXIT_ERROR], $determineCodes(new RuntimeException('That.', 600)));
         $this->assertSame([500, EXIT_ERROR], $determineCodes(new RuntimeException('There.', 404)));
         $this->assertSame([500, EXIT_ERROR], $determineCodes(new RuntimeException('This.', 167)));
         $this->assertSame([500, EXIT_CONFIG], $determineCodes(new ConfigException('This.')));
-        $this->assertSame([500, EXIT_CONFIG], $determineCodes(new CastException('This.')));
+        $this->assertSame([500, EXIT_CONFIG], $determineCodes(CastException::forInvalidInterface('This.')));
         $this->assertSame([500, EXIT_DATABASE], $determineCodes(new DatabaseException('This.')));
     }
 
@@ -143,14 +137,14 @@ public function testRenderBacktrace(): void
         foreach ($renderedBacktrace as $trace) {
             $this->assertMatchesRegularExpression(
                 '/^\s*\d* .+(?:\(\d+\))?: \S+(?:(?:\->|::)\S+)?\(.*\)$/',
-                $trace
+                $trace,
             );
         }
     }
 
     public function testMaskSensitiveData(): void
     {
-        $maskSensitiveData = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->exception, 'maskSensitiveData');
+        $maskSensitiveData = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->exception, 'maskSensitiveData');
 
         $trace = [
             0 => [
@@ -199,7 +193,7 @@ public function testMaskSensitiveData(): void
 
     public function testMaskSensitiveDataTraceDataKey(): void
     {
-        $maskSensitiveData = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->exception, 'maskSensitiveData');
+        $maskSensitiveData = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->exception, 'maskSensitiveData');
 
         $trace = [
             0 => [
diff --git a/tests/system/Debug/TimerTest.php b/tests/system/Debug/TimerTest.php
index 09bf0d535bee..756c2ce50340 100644
--- a/tests/system/Debug/TimerTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Debug/TimerTest.php
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Debug;
 
 use ArgumentCountError;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
-use RuntimeException;
 
 /**
  * @internal
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ public function testRecordFunctionWithReturn(): void
     public function testRecordArrowFunction(): void
     {
         $timer       = new Timer();
-        $returnValue = $timer->record('longjohn', static fn () => strlen('CI4'));
+        $returnValue = $timer->record('longjohn', static fn (): int => strlen('CI4'));
 
         $this->assertLessThan(0.1, $timer->getElapsedTime('longjohn'));
         $this->assertSame(3, $returnValue);
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ public function testCommonWithNameExpectTimer(): void
 
     public function testCommonNoNameCallableExpectTimer(): void
     {
-        $returnValue = timer(null, static fn () => strlen('CI4'));
+        $returnValue = timer(null, static fn (): int => strlen('CI4'));
 
         $this->assertInstanceOf(Timer::class, $returnValue);
     }
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ public function testCommonCallableExpectNoReturn(): void
 
     public function testCommonCallableExpectWithReturn(): void
     {
-        $returnValue = timer('common', static fn () => strlen('CI4'));
+        $returnValue = timer('common', static fn (): int => strlen('CI4'));
 
         $this->assertNotInstanceOf(Timer::class, $returnValue);
         $this->assertSame(3, $returnValue);
diff --git a/tests/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/DatabaseTest.php b/tests/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/DatabaseTest.php
index 9c091ee4e530..2033a6e78639 100644
--- a/tests/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/DatabaseTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/DatabaseTest.php
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ public function testDisplay(): void
             $this->assertArrayHasKey('index', $trace);
             $this->assertSame(
                 sprintf('%s', $i + 1),
-                preg_replace(sprintf('/%s/', chr(0xC2) . chr(0xA0)), '', $trace['index'])
+                preg_replace(sprintf('/%s/', chr(0xC2) . chr(0xA0)), '', $trace['index']),
             );
 
             // since we merged file & line together
diff --git a/tests/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/HistoryTest.php b/tests/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/HistoryTest.php
index 3a5411a96a0f..dffa30ce67dc 100644
--- a/tests/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/HistoryTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/HistoryTest.php
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ protected function setUp(): void
     {
         parent::setUp();
 
-        $this->time = (float) sprintf('%.6f', microtime(true));
+        $this->time = (float) sprintf('%.6F', microtime(true));
     }
 
     protected function tearDown(): void
@@ -63,9 +63,9 @@ private function createDummyDebugbarJson(): void
 
         // create 20 dummy debugbar json files
         for ($i = 0; $i < 20; $i++) {
-            $path = str_replace((string) $time, sprintf('%.6f', $time - self::STEP), $path);
+            $path = str_replace((string) $time, sprintf('%.6F', $time - self::STEP), $path);
             file_put_contents($path, json_encode($dummyData));
-            $time = sprintf('%.6f', $time - self::STEP);
+            $time = sprintf('%.6F', $time - self::STEP);
         }
     }
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ public function testSetFiles(): void
         // test dir is now populated with json
         $this->createDummyDebugbarJson();
 
-        $activeRowTime = $time = sprintf('%.6f', $time - self::STEP);
+        $activeRowTime = $time = sprintf('%.6F', $time - self::STEP);
 
         $history = new History();
         $history->setFiles($time, 20);
@@ -85,14 +85,14 @@ public function testSetFiles(): void
         $this->assertNotEmpty($history->display()['files'], 'Dummy Debugbar data is empty');
 
         foreach ($history->display()['files'] as $request) {
-            $this->assertSame($request['time'], sprintf('%.6f', $time));
+            $this->assertSame($request['time'], sprintf('%.6F', $time));
             $this->assertSame(
                 $request['datetime'],
-                DateTime::createFromFormat('U.u', $time)->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u')
+                DateTime::createFromFormat('U.u', $time)->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u'),
             );
             $this->assertSame($request['active'], ($time === $activeRowTime));
 
-            $time = sprintf('%.6f', $time - self::STEP);
+            $time = sprintf('%.6F', $time - self::STEP);
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/LogsTest.php b/tests/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/LogsTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c239d0d422ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/LogsTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar\Collectors;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Log\Logger;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
+use Config\Logger as LoggerConfig;
+use Config\Services;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
+
+/**
+ * @internal
+ */
+#[Group('Others')]
+final class LogsTest extends CIUnitTestCase
+{
+    private Logger $logger;
+
+    protected function setUp(): void
+    {
+        parent::setUp();
+
+        // The logs collector relies on the logger being in debug mode
+        // so it would populate logCache.
+        $this->logger = new Logger(new LoggerConfig(), debug: true);
+        Services::injectMock('logger', $this->logger);
+    }
+
+    public function testDisplay(): void
+    {
+        // log_message() always creates a new TestLogger instance while
+        // testing, so we need to log directly to our instance.
+        $this->logger->error('Test error');
+        $this->logger->info('Test info');
+
+        $collector = new Logs();
+        $result    = $collector->display();
+
+        $this->assertArrayHasKey('logs', $result);
+        $this->assertCount(2, $result['logs']);
+        $this->assertSame('error', $result['logs'][0]['level']);
+        $this->assertSame('Test error', $result['logs'][0]['msg']);
+        $this->assertSame('info', $result['logs'][1]['level']);
+        $this->assertSame('Test info', $result['logs'][1]['msg']);
+    }
+
+    public function testEmpty(): void
+    {
+        $collector = new Logs();
+        $this->assertTrue($collector->isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    public function testNotEmpty(): void
+    {
+        $this->logger->warning('Test warning');
+
+        $collector = new Logs();
+        $this->assertFalse($collector->isEmpty());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/system/DebugTraceableTraitTest.php b/tests/system/DebugTraceableTraitTest.php
index 26161d8de683..623bb65cbefa 100644
--- a/tests/system/DebugTraceableTraitTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/DebugTraceableTraitTest.php
@@ -16,19 +16,17 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\DebugTraceableTrait;
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\FrameworkException;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
-use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\CoversClass;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 
 /**
  * @internal
  */
-#[CoversClass(DebugTraceableTrait::class)]
 #[Group('Others')]
 final class DebugTraceableTraitTest extends CIUnitTestCase
 {
     public function testFactoryInstanceReturnsWhereItIsRaised(): void
     {
-        $e1 = new FrameworkException('Hello.');
+        $e1 = new FrameworkException('Hello.'); // @phpstan-ignore codeigniter.frameworkExceptionInstance
         $e2 = FrameworkException::forEnabledZlibOutputCompression();
 
         $this->assertContainsEquals(DebugTraceableTrait::class, class_uses(FrameworkException::class));
diff --git a/tests/system/Email/EmailTest.php b/tests/system/Email/EmailTest.php
index 99918122d8cf..ca42613505e4 100644
--- a/tests/system/Email/EmailTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Email/EmailTest.php
@@ -16,9 +16,12 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Events\Events;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\Mock\MockEmail;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\ReflectionHelper;
 use ErrorException;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
+use ReflectionException;
+use ReflectionMethod;
 
 /**
  * @internal
@@ -26,6 +29,8 @@
 #[Group('Others')]
 final class EmailTest extends CIUnitTestCase
 {
+    use ReflectionHelper;
+
     public function testEmailValidation(): void
     {
         $config           = config('Email');
@@ -35,16 +40,8 @@ public function testEmailValidation(): void
         $this->assertStringContainsString('Invalid email address: "invalid"', $email->printDebugger());
     }
 
-    public static function provideEmailSendWithClearance(): iterable
-    {
-        return [
-            'autoclear'     => [true],
-            'not autoclear' => [false],
-        ];
-    }
-
     /**
-     * @param mixed $autoClear
+     * @param bool $autoClear
      */
     #[DataProvider('provideEmailSendWithClearance')]
     public function testEmailSendWithClearance($autoClear): void
@@ -60,6 +57,14 @@ public function testEmailSendWithClearance($autoClear): void
         }
     }
 
+    public static function provideEmailSendWithClearance(): iterable
+    {
+        return [
+            'autoclear'     => [true],
+            'not autoclear' => [false],
+        ];
+    }
+
     public function testEmailSendStoresArchive(): void
     {
         $email = $this->createMockEmail();
@@ -182,11 +187,11 @@ public function testSetAttachmentCIDFile(): void
         $this->assertStringStartsWith('ci-logo.png@', $cid);
         $this->assertStringStartsWith(
             'ci-logo.png@',
-            $email->archive['attachments'][0]['cid']
+            $email->archive['attachments'][0]['cid'],
         );
         $this->assertMatchesRegularExpression(
             '/<img src="cid:ci-logo.png@(.+?)" alt="CI Logo">/u',
-            $email->archive['body']
+            $email->archive['body'],
         );
     }
 
@@ -208,11 +213,93 @@ public function testSetAttachmentCIDBufferString(): void
         $this->assertStringStartsWith('image001.png@', $cid);
         $this->assertStringStartsWith(
             'image001.png@',
-            $email->archive['attachments'][0]['cid']
+            $email->archive['attachments'][0]['cid'],
         );
         $this->assertMatchesRegularExpression(
             '/<img src="cid:image001.png@(.+?)" alt="CI Logo">/u',
-            $email->archive['body']
+            $email->archive['body'],
         );
     }
+
+    /**
+     * @see https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/issues/9644
+     *
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     */
+    public function testAppendAttachmentsWithoutCID(): void
+    {
+        $email = $this->createMockEmail();
+
+        // Manually inject an attachment without 'cid'
+        $this->setPrivateProperty($email, 'attachments', [
+            [
+                'multipart'   => 'mixed',
+                'content'     => 'VGhpcyBpcyBhIHRlc3QgZmlsZSBjb250ZW50Lg==', // base64 for "This is a test file content."
+                'filename'    => '',
+                'type'        => 'application/pdf',
+                'name'        => ['testfile.pdf'],
+                'disposition' => 'attachment',
+            ],
+        ]);
+
+        $body     = '';
+        $boundary = 'test-boundary';
+
+        // Use ReflectionMethod to call protected method with pass-by-reference
+        $refMethod = new ReflectionMethod($email, 'appendAttachments');
+        $refMethod->invokeArgs($email, [&$body, $boundary, 'mixed']);
+
+        // Assertion: Should not include a Content-ID header
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('Content-Type: application/pdf; name="testfile.pdf"', $body);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('Content-Disposition: attachment;', $body);
+        $this->assertStringNotContainsString('Content-ID:', $body);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('--' . $boundary . '--', $body);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     */
+    public function testGetHostnameUsesServerName(): void
+    {
+        $email = $this->createMockEmail();
+
+        $superglobals = service('superglobals');
+        $superglobals->setServer('SERVER_NAME', 'example.test');
+
+        $getHostname = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($email, 'getHostname');
+
+        $this->assertSame('example.test', $getHostname());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     */
+    public function testGetHostnameUsesServerAddr(): void
+    {
+        $email = $this->createMockEmail();
+
+        $superglobals = service('superglobals');
+        $superglobals->setServer('SERVER_NAME', '');
+        $superglobals->setServer('SERVER_ADDR', '192.168.1.10');
+
+        $getHostname = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($email, 'getHostname');
+
+        $this->assertSame('[192.168.1.10]', $getHostname());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     */
+    public function testGetHostnameFallsBackToGethostnameFunction(): void
+    {
+        $email = $this->createMockEmail();
+
+        $superglobals = service('superglobals');
+        $superglobals->setServer('SERVER_NAME', '');
+        $superglobals->setServer('SERVER_ADDR', '');
+
+        $getHostname = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($email, 'getHostname');
+
+        $this->assertSame(gethostname(), $getHostname());
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Entity/EntityTest.php b/tests/system/Entity/EntityTest.php
index 8dd7ceac31fa..d37229d8f5be 100644
--- a/tests/system/Entity/EntityTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Entity/EntityTest.php
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ public function testSetStringToPropertyNamedAttributes(): void
     }
 
     /**
-     * @see https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/issues
+     * @see https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/issues/5762
      */
     public function testSetArrayToPropertyNamedAttributes(): void
     {
@@ -460,6 +460,27 @@ public function testCastDateTime(): void
         $this->assertSame('2017-03-12', $entity->eighth->format('Y-m-d'));
     }
 
+    public function testCastDateTimeWithTimestampTimezone(): void
+    {
+        // Save the current timezone.
+        $tz = date_default_timezone_get();
+
+        // Change the timezone other than UTC.
+        date_default_timezone_set('Asia/Tokyo'); // +09:00
+
+        $entity = $this->getCastEntity();
+
+        $entity->eighth = 1722988800; // 2024-08-07 00:00:00 UTC
+
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(DateTimeInterface::class, $entity->eighth);
+        // The timezone is the default timezone, not UTC.
+        $this->assertSame('2024-08-07 09:00:00', $entity->eighth->format('Y-m-d H:i:s'));
+        $this->assertSame('Asia/Tokyo', $entity->eighth->getTimezoneName());
+
+        // Restore timezone.
+        date_default_timezone_set($tz);
+    }
+
     public function testCastTimestamp(): void
     {
         $entity = $this->getCastEntity();
@@ -479,7 +500,7 @@ public function testCastTimestampException(): void
         $entity        = $this->getCastEntity();
         $entity->ninth = 'some string';
 
-        $entity->ninth;
+        $entity->ninth; // @phpstan-ignore expr.resultUnused
     }
 
     public function testCastArray(): void
@@ -1073,7 +1094,7 @@ public function testJsonSerializableEntity(): void
         $this->assertSame(json_encode($entity->toArray()), json_encode($entity));
     }
 
-    protected function getEntity()
+    private function getEntity(): object
     {
         return new class () extends Entity {
             protected $attributes = [
@@ -1111,7 +1132,7 @@ public function getFakeBar(): string
         };
     }
 
-    protected function getNewSetterGetterEntity()
+    private function getNewSetterGetterEntity(): object
     {
         return new class () extends Entity {
             protected $attributes = [
@@ -1157,7 +1178,7 @@ public function _getBar(): string
         };
     }
 
-    protected function getMappedEntity()
+    private function getMappedEntity(): object
     {
         return new class () extends Entity {
             protected $attributes = [
@@ -1187,7 +1208,7 @@ protected function getSimple(): string
         };
     }
 
-    protected function getSwappedEntity()
+    private function getSwappedEntity(): object
     {
         return new class () extends Entity {
             protected $attributes = [
@@ -1206,7 +1227,7 @@ protected function getSwappedEntity()
         };
     }
 
-    protected function getSimpleSwappedEntity()
+    private function getSimpleSwappedEntity(): object
     {
         return new class () extends Entity {
             protected $attributes = [
@@ -1224,7 +1245,7 @@ protected function getSimpleSwappedEntity()
         };
     }
 
-    protected function getCastEntity($data = null): Entity
+    private function getCastEntity($data = null): object
     {
         return new class ($data) extends Entity {
             protected $attributes = [
@@ -1282,7 +1303,7 @@ public function setSeventh(string $seventh): void
         };
     }
 
-    protected function getCastNullableEntity()
+    private function getCastNullableEntity(): object
     {
         return new class () extends Entity {
             protected $attributes = [
@@ -1311,7 +1332,7 @@ protected function getCastNullableEntity()
         };
     }
 
-    protected function getCustomCastEntity()
+    private function getCustomCastEntity(): object
     {
         return new class () extends Entity {
             protected $attributes = [
diff --git a/tests/system/Events/EventsTest.php b/tests/system/Events/EventsTest.php
index db975aaa1825..dc22ec3cd92b 100644
--- a/tests/system/Events/EventsTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Events/EventsTest.php
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\PreserveGlobalState;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\RunInSeparateProcess;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\WithoutErrorHandler;
+use stdClass;
 
 /**
  * @internal
@@ -29,6 +30,8 @@ final class EventsTest extends CIUnitTestCase
 {
     /**
      * Accessible event manager instance
+     *
+     * @var MockEvents
      */
     private Events $manager;
 
@@ -54,7 +57,7 @@ public function testInitialize(): void
         /**
          * @var Modules $config
          */
-        $config          = config('Modules');
+        $config          = new Modules();
         $config->aliases = [];
 
         // it should start out empty
@@ -96,8 +99,8 @@ public function testListeners(): void
         $callback2 = static function (): void {
         };
 
-        Events::on('foo', $callback1, EVENT_PRIORITY_HIGH);
-        Events::on('foo', $callback2, EVENT_PRIORITY_NORMAL);
+        Events::on('foo', $callback1, Events::PRIORITY_HIGH);
+        Events::on('foo', $callback2, Events::PRIORITY_NORMAL);
 
         $this->assertSame([$callback1, $callback2], Events::listeners('foo'));
     }
@@ -142,14 +145,14 @@ public function testPriority(): void
             $result = 1;
 
             return false;
-        }, EVENT_PRIORITY_NORMAL);
+        }, Events::PRIORITY_NORMAL);
         // Since this has a higher priority, it will
         // run first.
         Events::on('foo', static function () use (&$result): bool {
             $result = 2;
 
             return false;
-        }, EVENT_PRIORITY_HIGH);
+        }, Events::PRIORITY_HIGH);
 
         $this->assertFalse(Events::trigger('foo', 'bar'));
         $this->assertSame(2, $result);
@@ -181,63 +184,68 @@ public function testPriorityWithMultiple(): void
 
     public function testRemoveListener(): void
     {
-        $result = false;
+        $user = $this->getEditableObject();
 
-        $callback = static function () use (&$result): void {
-            $result = true;
+        $callback = static function () use (&$user): void {
+            $user->name = 'Boris';
+            $user->age  = 40;
         };
 
         Events::on('foo', $callback);
 
-        Events::trigger('foo');
-        $this->assertTrue($result);
+        $this->assertTrue(Events::trigger('foo'));
+        $this->assertSame('Boris', $user->name);
+
+        $user = $this->getEditableObject();
 
-        $result = false;
         $this->assertTrue(Events::removeListener('foo', $callback));
 
-        Events::trigger('foo');
-        $this->assertFalse($result);
+        $this->assertTrue(Events::trigger('foo'));
+        $this->assertSame('Ivan', $user->name);
     }
 
     public function testRemoveListenerTwice(): void
     {
-        $result = false;
+        $user = $this->getEditableObject();
 
-        $callback = static function () use (&$result): void {
-            $result = true;
+        $callback = static function () use (&$user): void {
+            $user->name = 'Boris';
+            $user->age  = 40;
         };
 
         Events::on('foo', $callback);
 
-        Events::trigger('foo');
-        $this->assertTrue($result);
+        $this->assertTrue(Events::trigger('foo'));
+        $this->assertSame('Boris', $user->name);
+
+        $user = $this->getEditableObject();
 
-        $result = false;
         $this->assertTrue(Events::removeListener('foo', $callback));
         $this->assertFalse(Events::removeListener('foo', $callback));
 
-        Events::trigger('foo');
-        $this->assertFalse($result);
+        $this->assertTrue(Events::trigger('foo'));
+        $this->assertSame('Ivan', $user->name);
     }
 
     public function testRemoveUnknownListener(): void
     {
-        $result = false;
+        $user = $this->getEditableObject();
 
-        $callback = static function () use (&$result): void {
-            $result = true;
+        $callback = static function () use (&$user): void {
+            $user->name = 'Boris';
+            $user->age  = 40;
         };
 
         Events::on('foo', $callback);
 
-        Events::trigger('foo');
-        $this->assertTrue($result);
+        $this->assertTrue(Events::trigger('foo'));
+        $this->assertSame('Boris', $user->name);
 
-        $result = false;
-        $this->assertFalse(Events::removeListener('bar', $callback));
+        $user = $this->getEditableObject();
 
-        Events::trigger('foo');
-        $this->assertTrue($result);
+        $this->assertFalse(Events::removeListener('bar', $callback));
+        $this->assertTrue(Events::trigger('foo'));
+        $this->assertSame('Boris', $user->name);
     }
 
     public function testRemoveAllListenersWithSingleEvent(): void
@@ -315,4 +323,13 @@ public function testSimulate(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(0, $result);
     }
+
+    private function getEditableObject(): stdClass
+    {
+        $user       = new stdClass();
+        $user->name = 'Ivan';
+        $user->age  = 30;
+
+        return clone $user;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Files/FileCollectionTest.php b/tests/system/Files/FileCollectionTest.php
index f1431b36de8c..7bb402eaa4af 100644
--- a/tests/system/Files/FileCollectionTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Files/FileCollectionTest.php
@@ -47,14 +47,14 @@ public static function setUpBeforeClass(): void
 
     public function testResolveDirectoryDirectory(): void
     {
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker(FileCollection::class, 'resolveDirectory');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker(FileCollection::class, 'resolveDirectory');
 
         $this->assertSame($this->directory, $method($this->directory));
     }
 
     public function testResolveDirectoryFile(): void
     {
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker(FileCollection::class, 'resolveDirectory');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker(FileCollection::class, 'resolveDirectory');
 
         $this->expectException(FileException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(lang('Files.expectedDirectory', ['invokeArgs']));
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ public function testResolveDirectorySymlink(): void
         $link = sys_get_temp_dir() . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . bin2hex(random_bytes(4));
         symlink($this->directory, $link);
 
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker(FileCollection::class, 'resolveDirectory');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker(FileCollection::class, 'resolveDirectory');
 
         $this->assertSame($this->directory, $method($link));
 
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ public function testResolveDirectorySymlink(): void
 
     public function testResolveFileFile(): void
     {
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker(FileCollection::class, 'resolveFile');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker(FileCollection::class, 'resolveFile');
 
         $this->assertSame($this->file, $method($this->file));
     }
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ public function testResolveFileSymlink(): void
         $link = sys_get_temp_dir() . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . bin2hex(random_bytes(4));
         symlink($this->file, $link);
 
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker(FileCollection::class, 'resolveFile');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker(FileCollection::class, 'resolveFile');
 
         $this->assertSame($this->file, $method($link));
 
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ public function testResolveFileSymlink(): void
 
     public function testResolveFileDirectory(): void
     {
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker(FileCollection::class, 'resolveFile');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker(FileCollection::class, 'resolveFile');
 
         $this->expectException(FileException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(lang('Files.expectedFile', ['invokeArgs']));
@@ -557,6 +557,76 @@ public function testRetainPatternScope(): void
         $this->assertSame($expected, $collection->get());
     }
 
+    public function testRetainMultiplePatternsEmptyArray(): void
+    {
+        $collection = new FileCollection();
+        $collection->addDirectory(SUPPORTPATH . 'Files', true);
+
+        $files = $collection->get();
+
+        $collection->retainMultiplePatterns([]);
+
+        $this->assertSame($files, $collection->get());
+    }
+
+    public function testRetainMultiplePatternsEmptyString(): void
+    {
+        $collection = new FileCollection();
+        $collection->addDirectory(SUPPORTPATH . 'Files', true);
+
+        $files = $collection->get();
+
+        $collection->retainMultiplePatterns(['']);
+
+        $this->assertSame($files, $collection->get());
+    }
+
+    public function testRetainMultiplePatternsRegex(): void
+    {
+        $collection = new FileCollection();
+        $collection->addDirectory(SUPPORTPATH . 'Files', true);
+
+        $expected = [
+            SUPPORTPATH . 'Files/able/apple.php',
+            SUPPORTPATH . 'Files/baker/banana.php',
+        ];
+
+        $collection->retainMultiplePatterns(['#(apple).*#', '#(banana).*#']);
+
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $collection->get());
+    }
+
+    public function testRetainMultiplePatternsPseudo(): void
+    {
+        $collection = new FileCollection();
+        $collection->addDirectory(SUPPORTPATH . 'Files', true);
+
+        $expected = [
+            SUPPORTPATH . 'Files/able/apple.php',
+            SUPPORTPATH . 'Files/baker/banana.php',
+        ];
+
+        $collection->retainMultiplePatterns(['apple*', 'banana*']);
+
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $collection->get());
+    }
+
+    public function testRetainMultiplePatternsScope(): void
+    {
+        $collection = new FileCollection();
+        $collection->addDirectory(SUPPORTPATH . 'Files', true);
+
+        $expected = [
+            $this->directory . 'fig_3.php',
+            SUPPORTPATH . 'Files/baker/banana.php',
+            SUPPORTPATH . 'Files/baker/fig_3.php.txt',
+        ];
+
+        $collection->retainMultiplePatterns(['*_?.php'], $this->directory);
+
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $collection->get());
+    }
+
     public function testCount(): void
     {
         $collection = new FileCollection();
diff --git a/tests/system/Files/FileTest.php b/tests/system/Files/FileTest.php
index 800a1ac278f1..8975ba0a6fd2 100644
--- a/tests/system/Files/FileTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Files/FileTest.php
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\Files\Exceptions\FileNotFoundException;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 use ZipArchive;
 
@@ -113,6 +114,59 @@ public function testGetSizeReturnsBytes(): void
         $this->assertSame($size, $file->getSizeByUnit('b'));
     }
 
+    #[DataProvider('provideGetSizeData')]
+    public function testGetSizeBinary(FileSizeUnit $unit): void
+    {
+        $divider = 1024 ** $unit->value;
+        $file    = new File(SYSTEMPATH . 'Common.php');
+        $size    = number_format(filesize(SYSTEMPATH . 'Common.php') / $divider, 3);
+        $this->assertSame($size, $file->getSizeByBinaryUnit($unit));
+    }
+
+    public function testGetSizeBinaryBytes(): void
+    {
+        $file = new File(SYSTEMPATH . 'Common.php');
+        $size = filesize(SYSTEMPATH . 'Common.php');
+        $this->assertSame($size, $file->getSizeByBinaryUnit(FileSizeUnit::B));
+    }
+
+    #[DataProvider('provideGetSizeData')]
+    public function testGetSizeMetric(FileSizeUnit $unit): void
+    {
+        $divider = 1000 ** $unit->value;
+        $file    = new File(SYSTEMPATH . 'Common.php');
+        $size    = number_format(filesize(SYSTEMPATH . 'Common.php') / $divider, 3);
+        $this->assertSame($size, $file->getSizeByMetricUnit($unit));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array<string, array<int, FileSizeUnit>>
+     */
+    public static function provideGetSizeData(): iterable
+    {
+        return [
+            'returns KB binary' => [
+                FileSizeUnit::KB,
+            ],
+            'returns MB binary' => [
+                FileSizeUnit::MB,
+            ],
+            'returns GB binary' => [
+                FileSizeUnit::GB,
+            ],
+            'returns TB binary' => [
+                FileSizeUnit::TB,
+            ],
+        ];
+    }
+
+    public function testGetSizeMetricBytes(): void
+    {
+        $file = new File(SYSTEMPATH . 'Common.php');
+        $size = filesize(SYSTEMPATH . 'Common.php');
+        $this->assertSame($size, $file->getSizeByMetricUnit(FileSizeUnit::B));
+    }
+
     public function testThrowsExceptionIfNotAFile(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(FileNotFoundException::class);
diff --git a/tests/system/Filters/CorsTest.php b/tests/system/Filters/CorsTest.php
index bbbbefc0b413..38389f25c213 100644
--- a/tests/system/Filters/CorsTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Filters/CorsTest.php
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ConfigException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CLIRequest;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RedirectResponse;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\SiteURI;
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ private function createCors(array $options = []): Cors
                 'maxAge'              => 0,
                 'supportsCredentials' => false,
             ],
-            $options
+            $options,
         );
 
         return new Cors($passedOptions);
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ public function testBeforeDoesNothingWhenCliRequest(): void
 
         $return = $this->cors->before($cliRequest);
 
-        $this->assertNull($return);
+        $this->assertNotInstanceOf(ResponseInterface::class, $return);
     }
 
     private function assertHeader(string $name, string $value): void
@@ -119,7 +120,7 @@ public function testItDoesModifyOnARequestWithoutOrigin(): void
 
         $this->assertHeader(
             'Access-Control-Allow-Origin',
-            'http://localhost'
+            'http://localhost',
         );
     }
 
@@ -154,6 +155,25 @@ private function handle(RequestInterface $request): ResponseInterface
         return $response;
     }
 
+    private function handleRedirect(RequestInterface $request): ResponseInterface
+    {
+        $response = $this->cors->before($request);
+        if ($response instanceof ResponseInterface) {
+            $this->response = $response;
+
+            return $response;
+        }
+
+        $response = service('redirectresponse');
+
+        $response = $this->cors->after($request, $response);
+        $response ??= service('redirectresponse');
+
+        $this->response = $response;
+
+        return $response;
+    }
+
     public function testItDoesModifyOnARequestWithSameOrigin(): void
     {
         $this->cors = $this->createCors(['allowedOrigins' => ['*']]);
@@ -208,7 +228,7 @@ public function testItDoesntPermitWildcardAllowedHeadersAndSupportsCredentials()
     {
         $this->expectException(ConfigException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(
-            'When responding to a credentialed request, the server must not specify the "*" wildcard for the Access-Control-Allow-Headers response-header value.'
+            'When responding to a credentialed request, the server must not specify the "*" wildcard for the Access-Control-Allow-Headers response-header value.',
         );
 
         $this->cors = $this->createCors(['allowedHeaders' => ['*'], 'supportsCredentials' => true]);
@@ -249,7 +269,7 @@ public function testItSetsExposedHeadersWhenConfiguredOnActualRequest(): void
         $this->assertTrue($response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Expose-Headers'));
         $this->assertHeader(
             'Access-Control-Expose-Headers',
-            'x-exposed-header, x-another-exposed-header'
+            'x-exposed-header, x-another-exposed-header',
         );
     }
 
@@ -257,7 +277,7 @@ public function testItDoesNotPermitWildcardAllowedOriginsAndSupportsCredentials(
     {
         $this->expectException(ConfigException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(
-            'When responding to a credentialed request, the server must not specify the "*" wildcard for the Access-Control-Allow-Origin response-header value.'
+            'When responding to a credentialed request, the server must not specify the "*" wildcard for the Access-Control-Allow-Origin response-header value.',
         );
 
         $this->cors = $this->createCors([
@@ -273,7 +293,7 @@ public function testItDoesNotPermitWildcardAllowedOriginsAllowedMethodAndSupport
     {
         $this->expectException(ConfigException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(
-            'When responding to a credentialed request, the server must not specify the "*" wildcard for the Access-Control-Allow-Origin response-header value.'
+            'When responding to a credentialed request, the server must not specify the "*" wildcard for the Access-Control-Allow-Origin response-header value.',
         );
 
         $this->cors = $this->createCors([
@@ -303,7 +323,7 @@ public function testItDoesntPermitWildcardAndOrigin(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(ConfigException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(
-            "If wildcard is specified, you must set `'allowedOrigins' => ['*']`. But using wildcard is not recommended."
+            "If wildcard is specified, you must set `'allowedOrigins' => ['*']`. But using wildcard is not recommended.",
         );
 
         $this->cors = $this->createCors([
@@ -461,4 +481,29 @@ public function testItAddsVaryAccessControlRequestMethodHeaderEvenIfItIsNormalOp
         // Always adds `Vary: Access-Control-Request-Method` header.
         $this->assertHeader('Vary', 'Access-Control-Request-Method');
     }
+
+    public function testItReturnsAllowOriginHeaderOnValidActualRequestWithRedirect(): void
+    {
+        $this->cors = $this->createCors();
+        $request    = $this->createValidActualRequest();
+
+        $response = $this->handleRedirect($request);
+
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(RedirectResponse::class, $response);
+        $this->assertTrue($response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin'));
+        $this->assertHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin', 'http://localhost');
+    }
+
+    public function testItReturnsAllowOriginHeaderOnAllowAllOriginRequestWithRedirect(): void
+    {
+        $this->cors = $this->createCors(['allowedOrigins' => ['*']]);
+        $request    = $this->createRequest();
+        $request->setHeader('Origin', 'http://localhost');
+
+        $response = $this->handleRedirect($request);
+
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(RedirectResponse::class, $response);
+        $this->assertTrue($response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin'));
+        $this->assertHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin', '*');
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Filters/DebugToolbarTest.php b/tests/system/Filters/DebugToolbarTest.php
index 0826a04afca8..4968cede04f0 100644
--- a/tests/system/Filters/DebugToolbarTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Filters/DebugToolbarTest.php
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Response;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use Config\Filters as FilterConfig;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\BackupGlobals;
@@ -60,11 +61,13 @@ public function testDebugToolbarFilter(): void
         $expectedAfter  = $this->response;
 
         // nothing should change here, since we have no before logic
-        $filter->before($this->request);
+        $result = $filter->before($this->request);
         $this->assertSame($expectedBefore, $this->request);
+        $this->assertNull($result);
 
         // nothing should change here, since we are running in the CLI
-        $filter->after($this->request, $this->response);
+        $result = $filter->after($this->request, $this->response);
         $this->assertSame($expectedAfter, $this->response);
+        $this->assertNotInstanceOf(ResponseInterface::class, $result);
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Filters/FiltersTest.php b/tests/system/Filters/FiltersTest.php
index d4a390c113e0..b2daf0ec2b07 100644
--- a/tests/system/Filters/FiltersTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Filters/FiltersTest.php
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Filters;
 
-use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ConfigException;
 use CodeIgniter\Filters\Exceptions\FilterException;
 use CodeIgniter\Filters\fixtures\GoogleCurious;
 use CodeIgniter\Filters\fixtures\GoogleEmpty;
@@ -97,7 +96,7 @@ public function testProcessMethodDetectsCLI(): void
         $filtersConfig = $this->createConfigFromArray(FiltersConfig::class, $config);
         $filters       = $this->createFilters(
             $filtersConfig,
-            new CLIRequest(new MockAppConfig())
+            new CLIRequest(new MockAppConfig()),
         );
 
         $expected = [
@@ -211,24 +210,6 @@ public function testProcessMethodProcessGlobals(): void
         $this->assertSame($expected, $filters->initialize()->getFilters());
     }
 
-    public static function provideProcessMethodProcessGlobalsWithExcept(): iterable
-    {
-        return [
-            [
-                ['admin/*'],
-            ],
-            [
-                ['admin/*', 'foo/*'],
-            ],
-            [
-                ['*'],
-            ],
-            [
-                'admin/*',
-            ],
-        ];
-    }
-
     /**
      * @param array|string $except
      */
@@ -266,6 +247,24 @@ public function testProcessMethodProcessGlobalsWithExcept($except): void
         $this->assertSame($expected, $filters->initialize($uri)->getFilters());
     }
 
+    public static function provideProcessMethodProcessGlobalsWithExcept(): iterable
+    {
+        return [
+            [
+                ['admin/*'],
+            ],
+            [
+                ['admin/*', 'foo/*'],
+            ],
+            [
+                ['*'],
+            ],
+            [
+                'admin/*',
+            ],
+        ];
+    }
+
     public function testProcessMethodProcessesFiltersBefore(): void
     {
         $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'GET';
@@ -282,6 +281,10 @@ public function testProcessMethodProcessesFiltersBefore(): void
                     'before' => ['admin/*'],
                     'after'  => ['/users/*'],
                 ],
+                'bar: arg1, arg2' => [
+                    'before' => ['admin/*'],
+                    'after'  => ['/users/*'],
+                ],
             ],
         ];
         $filtersConfig = $this->createConfigFromArray(FiltersConfig::class, $config);
@@ -289,7 +292,7 @@ public function testProcessMethodProcessesFiltersBefore(): void
 
         $uri      = 'admin/foo/bar';
         $expected = [
-            'before' => ['foo'],
+            'before' => ['foo', 'bar:arg1,arg2'],
             'after'  => [],
         ];
         $this->assertSame($expected, $filters->initialize($uri)->getFilters());
@@ -311,6 +314,10 @@ public function testProcessMethodProcessesFiltersAfter(): void
                     'before' => ['admin/*'],
                     'after'  => ['/users/*'],
                 ],
+                'bar: arg1, arg2' => [
+                    'before' => ['admin/*'],
+                    'after'  => ['/users/*'],
+                ],
             ],
         ];
         $filtersConfig = $this->createConfigFromArray(FiltersConfig::class, $config);
@@ -319,9 +326,7 @@ public function testProcessMethodProcessesFiltersAfter(): void
         $uri      = 'users/foo/bar';
         $expected = [
             'before' => [],
-            'after'  => [
-                'foo',
-            ],
+            'after'  => ['bar:arg1,arg2', 'foo'],
         ];
         $this->assertSame($expected, $filters->initialize($uri)->getFilters());
     }
@@ -833,8 +838,8 @@ public function testEnableFilter(): void
         $filtersConfig = $this->createConfigFromArray(FiltersConfig::class, $config);
         $filters       = $this->createFilters($filtersConfig);
 
-        $filters = $filters->initialize('admin/foo/bar');
         $filters->enableFilters(['google'], 'before');
+        $filters = $filters->initialize('admin/foo/bar');
         $filters = $filters->getFilters();
 
         $this->assertContains('google', $filters['before']);
@@ -861,9 +866,7 @@ public function testFiltersWithArguments(): void
         $filters = $filters->initialize('admin/foo/bar');
         $found   = $filters->getFilters();
 
-        $this->assertContains('role', $found['before']);
-        $this->assertSame(['admin', 'super'], $filters->getArguments('role'));
-        $this->assertSame(['role' => ['admin', 'super']], $filters->getArguments());
+        $this->assertContains('role:admin,super', $found['before']);
 
         $response = $filters->run('admin/foo/bar', 'before');
 
@@ -874,11 +877,8 @@ public function testFiltersWithArguments(): void
         $this->assertSame('admin;super', $response->getBody());
     }
 
-    public function testFilterWithArgumentsIsDefined(): void
+    public function testFilterWithDiffernetArguments(): void
     {
-        $this->expectException(ConfigException::class);
-        $this->expectExceptionMessage('"role" already has arguments: admin,super');
-
         $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'GET';
 
         $config = [
@@ -897,6 +897,10 @@ public function testFilterWithArgumentsIsDefined(): void
         $filters       = $this->createFilters($filtersConfig);
 
         $filters->initialize('admin/user/bar');
+        $found = $filters->getFilters();
+
+        $this->assertContains('role:admin,super', $found['before']);
+        $this->assertContains('role:super', $found['before']);
     }
 
     public function testFilterWithoutArgumentsIsDefined(): void
@@ -922,8 +926,6 @@ public function testFilterWithoutArgumentsIsDefined(): void
         $found   = $filters->getFilters();
 
         $this->assertContains('role', $found['before']);
-        $this->assertSame(['super'], $filters->getArguments('role'));
-        $this->assertSame(['role' => ['super']], $filters->getArguments());
     }
 
     public function testEnableFilterWithArguments(): void
@@ -940,14 +942,11 @@ public function testEnableFilterWithArguments(): void
         $filtersConfig = $this->createConfigFromArray(FiltersConfig::class, $config);
         $filters       = $this->createFilters($filtersConfig);
 
-        $filters = $filters->initialize('admin/foo/bar');
         $filters->enableFilters(['role:admin , super'], 'before');
         $filters->enableFilters(['role:admin , super'], 'after');
         $found = $filters->getFilters();
 
-        $this->assertContains('role', $found['before']);
-        $this->assertSame(['admin', 'super'], $filters->getArguments('role'));
-        $this->assertSame(['role' => ['admin', 'super']], $filters->getArguments());
+        $this->assertContains('role:admin,super', $found['before']);
 
         $response = $filters->run('admin/foo/bar', 'before');
 
@@ -972,7 +971,6 @@ public function testEnableFilterWithNoArguments(): void
         $filtersConfig = $this->createConfigFromArray(FiltersConfig::class, $config);
         $filters       = $this->createFilters($filtersConfig);
 
-        $filters = $filters->initialize('admin/foo/bar');
         $filters->enableFilters(['role'], 'before');
         $filters->enableFilters(['role'], 'after');
         $found = $filters->getFilters();
@@ -1004,8 +1002,8 @@ public function testEnableNonFilter(): void
         $filtersConfig = $this->createConfigFromArray(FiltersConfig::class, $config);
         $filters       = $this->createFilters($filtersConfig);
 
-        $filters = $filters->initialize('admin/foo/bar');
         $filters->enableFilters(['goggle'], 'before');
+        $filters->initialize('admin/foo/bar');
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1322,8 +1320,8 @@ public function testFilterClass(): void
         $expected = [
             'before' => [],
             'after'  => [
-                Multiple1::class,
-                Multiple2::class,
+                [Multiple1::class, []],
+                [Multiple2::class, []],
             ],
         ];
         $this->assertSame($expected, $filters->getFiltersClass());
@@ -1351,4 +1349,42 @@ public function testReset(): void
         $this->assertSame(['foo'], $filters->initialize($uri)->getFilters()['before']);
         $this->assertSame([], $filters->reset()->getFilters()['before']);
     }
+
+    public function testRunRequiredDoesBefore(): void
+    {
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'GET';
+
+        $config = [
+            'aliases'  => ['google' => GoogleMe::class],
+            'required' => [
+                'before' => ['google'],
+                'after'  => [],
+            ],
+        ];
+        $filtersConfig = $this->createConfigFromArray(FiltersConfig::class, $config);
+        $filters       = $this->createFilters($filtersConfig);
+
+        $request = $filters->runRequired('before');
+
+        $this->assertSame('http://google.com', $request->getBody());
+    }
+
+    public function testRunRequiredDoesAfter(): void
+    {
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'GET';
+
+        $config = [
+            'aliases'  => ['google' => GoogleMe::class],
+            'required' => [
+                'before' => [],
+                'after'  => ['google'],
+            ],
+        ];
+        $filtersConfig = $this->createConfigFromArray(FiltersConfig::class, $config);
+        $filters       = $this->createFilters($filtersConfig);
+
+        $response = $filters->runRequired('after');
+
+        $this->assertSame('http://google.com', $response->getBody());
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Filters/HoneypotTest.php b/tests/system/Filters/HoneypotTest.php
index 2d45b35a20b0..7e29177f7d3f 100644
--- a/tests/system/Filters/HoneypotTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Filters/HoneypotTest.php
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ public function testAfter(): void
 
         $this->response->setBody('<form></form>');
         $this->response = $filters->run($uri, 'after');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString($this->honey->name, $this->response->getBody());
+        $this->assertStringContainsString($this->honey->name, (string) $this->response->getBody());
     }
 
     #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
@@ -129,6 +129,6 @@ public function testAfterNotApplicable(): void
 
         $this->response->setBody('<div></div>');
         $this->response = $filters->run($uri, 'after');
-        $this->assertStringNotContainsString($this->honey->name, $this->response->getBody());
+        $this->assertStringNotContainsString($this->honey->name, (string) $this->response->getBody());
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Filters/fixtures/GoogleCurious.php b/tests/system/Filters/fixtures/GoogleCurious.php
index f00bc065f1d7..6a6871fcc8d4 100644
--- a/tests/system/Filters/fixtures/GoogleCurious.php
+++ b/tests/system/Filters/fixtures/GoogleCurious.php
@@ -24,7 +24,8 @@ public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
         return 'This is curious';
     }
 
-    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null): void
+    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
     {
+        return null;
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Filters/fixtures/GoogleEmpty.php b/tests/system/Filters/fixtures/GoogleEmpty.php
index 6b0003e8de16..9de00d28f514 100644
--- a/tests/system/Filters/fixtures/GoogleEmpty.php
+++ b/tests/system/Filters/fixtures/GoogleEmpty.php
@@ -24,7 +24,8 @@ public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
         return '';
     }
 
-    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null): void
+    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
     {
+        return null;
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Filters/fixtures/GoogleYou.php b/tests/system/Filters/fixtures/GoogleYou.php
index 7d2913866b30..5911940b2954 100644
--- a/tests/system/Filters/fixtures/GoogleYou.php
+++ b/tests/system/Filters/fixtures/GoogleYou.php
@@ -27,7 +27,8 @@ public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
         return $response;
     }
 
-    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null): void
+    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
     {
+        return null;
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Filters/fixtures/InvalidClass.php b/tests/system/Filters/fixtures/InvalidClass.php
index 9d727ed1b90f..2cb90e1c571a 100644
--- a/tests/system/Filters/fixtures/InvalidClass.php
+++ b/tests/system/Filters/fixtures/InvalidClass.php
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 
 class InvalidClass
 {
-    public function index()
+    public function index(): string
     {
         return 'bad';
     }
diff --git a/tests/system/Filters/fixtures/Multiple1.php b/tests/system/Filters/fixtures/Multiple1.php
index e9f4f49a10ab..6d2cee231808 100644
--- a/tests/system/Filters/fixtures/Multiple1.php
+++ b/tests/system/Filters/fixtures/Multiple1.php
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
         return $request;
     }
 
-    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null): void
+    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
     {
+        return null;
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Filters/fixtures/Multiple2.php b/tests/system/Filters/fixtures/Multiple2.php
index 5520ce549930..d86f8fa79399 100644
--- a/tests/system/Filters/fixtures/Multiple2.php
+++ b/tests/system/Filters/fixtures/Multiple2.php
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
         return $request;
     }
 
-    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null): void
+    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
     {
+        return null;
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Format/FormatTest.php b/tests/system/Format/FormatTest.php
index 89fab7512368..91fb618209d7 100644
--- a/tests/system/Format/FormatTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Format/FormatTest.php
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ public function testFormatConfigType(): void
 
     public function testGetFormatter(): void
     {
-        $this->assertInstanceof(FormatterInterface::class, $this->format->getFormatter('application/json'));
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(FormatterInterface::class, $this->format->getFormatter('application/json'));
     }
 
     public function testGetFormatterExpectsExceptionOnUndefinedMime(): void
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ public function testGetFormatterExpectsExceptionOnUndefinedClass(): void
     {
         $this->format->getConfig()->formatters = array_merge(
             $this->format->getConfig()->formatters,
-            ['text/xml' => 'App\Foo']
+            ['text/xml' => 'App\Foo'],
         );
 
         $this->expectException(FormatException::class);
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ public function testGetFormatterExpectsExceptionOnClassNotImplementingFormatterI
     {
         $this->format->getConfig()->formatters = array_merge(
             $this->format->getConfig()->formatters,
-            ['text/xml' => URI::class]
+            ['text/xml' => URI::class],
         );
 
         $this->expectException(FormatException::class);
diff --git a/tests/system/Format/JSONFormatterTest.php b/tests/system/Format/JSONFormatterTest.php
index a479be9e8f63..027c618dc4f0 100644
--- a/tests/system/Format/JSONFormatterTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Format/JSONFormatterTest.php
@@ -13,9 +13,10 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Format;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Format\Exceptions\FormatException;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
-use RuntimeException;
 
 /**
  * @internal
@@ -31,51 +32,34 @@ protected function setUp(): void
         $this->jsonFormatter = new JSONFormatter();
     }
 
-    public function testBasicJSON(): void
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, string> $data
+     */
+    #[DataProvider('provideFormattingToJson')]
+    public function testFormattingToJson(array $data, string $expected): void
     {
-        $data = [
-            'foo' => 'bar',
-        ];
-
-        $expected = '{
-    "foo": "bar"
-}';
-
         $this->assertSame($expected, $this->jsonFormatter->format($data));
     }
 
-    public function testUnicodeOutput(): void
+    /**
+     * @return iterable<string, array{0: array<string, string>, 1: string}>
+     */
+    public static function provideFormattingToJson(): iterable
     {
-        $data = [
-            'foo' => 'База данни грешка',
-        ];
+        yield 'empty array' => [[], '[]'];
 
-        $expected = '{
-    "foo": "База данни грешка"
-}';
+        yield 'simple array' => [['foo' => 'bar'], "{\n    \"foo\": \"bar\"\n}"];
 
-        $this->assertSame($expected, $this->jsonFormatter->format($data));
-    }
+        yield 'unicode array' => [['foo' => 'База данни грешка'], "{\n    \"foo\": \"База данни грешка\"\n}"];
 
-    public function testKeepsURLs(): void
-    {
-        $data = [
-            'foo' => 'https://www.example.com/foo/bar',
-        ];
-
-        $expected = '{
-    "foo": "https://www.example.com/foo/bar"
-}';
-
-        $this->assertSame($expected, $this->jsonFormatter->format($data));
+        yield 'url array' => [['foo' => 'https://www.example.com/foo/bar'], "{\n    \"foo\": \"https://www.example.com/foo/bar\"\n}"];
     }
 
-    public function testJSONError(): void
+    public function testJSONFormatterThrowsError(): void
     {
-        $this->expectException(RuntimeException::class);
+        $this->expectException(FormatException::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessage('Malformed UTF-8 characters, possibly incorrectly encoded');
 
-        $data     = ["\xB1\x31"];
-        $expected = 'Boom';
-        $this->assertSame($expected, $this->jsonFormatter->format($data));
+        $this->assertSame('Boom', $this->jsonFormatter->format(["\xB1\x31"]));
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Format/XMLFormatterTest.php b/tests/system/Format/XMLFormatterTest.php
index 0615a1eafd91..107418a5d68c 100644
--- a/tests/system/Format/XMLFormatterTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Format/XMLFormatterTest.php
@@ -104,6 +104,9 @@ public function testValidatingXmlTags(): void
         $this->assertSame($expected, $this->xmlFormatter->format($data));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, string> $input
+     */
     #[DataProvider('provideValidatingInvalidTags')]
     public function testValidatingInvalidTags(string $expected, array $input): void
     {
@@ -116,6 +119,9 @@ public function testValidatingInvalidTags(string $expected, array $input): void
         $this->assertSame($expectedXML, $this->xmlFormatter->format($input));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return iterable<int, array{0: string, 1: array<string, string>}>
+     */
     public static function provideValidatingInvalidTags(): iterable
     {
         return [
diff --git a/tests/system/HTTP/CURLRequestShareOptionsTest.php b/tests/system/HTTP/CURLRequestShareOptionsTest.php
index 8f6277cf9501..a2a7f3be8e70 100644
--- a/tests/system/HTTP/CURLRequestShareOptionsTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/HTTP/CURLRequestShareOptionsTest.php
@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@
 #[Group('Others')]
 final class CURLRequestShareOptionsTest extends CURLRequestTest
 {
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $options
+     */
     protected function getRequest(array $options = []): MockCURLRequest
     {
         $uri = isset($options['baseURI']) ? new URI($options['baseURI']) : new URI();
diff --git a/tests/system/HTTP/CURLRequestTest.php b/tests/system/HTTP/CURLRequestTest.php
index 7c2d7b17138a..6d1b328c349b 100644
--- a/tests/system/HTTP/CURLRequestTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/HTTP/CURLRequestTest.php
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ public function testPrepareURLIgnoresAppConfig(): void
 
         $request = $this->getRequest(['baseURI' => 'http://example.com/v1/']);
 
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($request, 'prepareURL');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($request, 'prepareURL');
 
         $this->assertSame('http://example.com/v1/bananas', $method('bananas'));
     }
@@ -914,12 +914,12 @@ public function testResponseHeadersWithMultipleSetCookies(): void
         $this->assertCount(3, $setCookieHeaders);
         $this->assertSame(
             'logged_in=no; Path=/; Domain=github.com; Expires=Mon, 11 Nov 2024 02:27:05 GMT; HttpOnly; Secure; SameSite=Lax',
-            $setCookieHeaders[2]->getValue()
+            $setCookieHeaders[2]->getValue(),
         );
 
         $this->assertSame(
             '_octo=GH1.1.599292127.1699669625; Path=/; Domain=github.com; Expires=Mon, 11 Nov 2024 02:27:05 GMT; Secure; SameSite=Lax',
-            $setCookieHeaders[1]->getValueLine()
+            $setCookieHeaders[1]->getValueLine(),
         );
     }
 
@@ -1067,7 +1067,7 @@ public function testSetForm(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             http_build_query($params),
-            $this->request->curl_options[CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS]
+            $this->request->curl_options[CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS],
         );
 
         $params['afile'] = new CURLFile(__FILE__);
@@ -1076,7 +1076,7 @@ public function testSetForm(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             $params,
-            $this->request->curl_options[CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS]
+            $this->request->curl_options[CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS],
         );
     }
 
@@ -1098,7 +1098,7 @@ public function testJSONData(): void
         $expected = json_encode($params);
         $this->assertSame(
             $expected,
-            $this->request->curl_options[CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS]
+            $this->request->curl_options[CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS],
         );
     }
 
@@ -1116,11 +1116,11 @@ public function testSetJSON(): void
         $expected = json_encode($params);
         $this->assertSame(
             $expected,
-            $this->request->curl_options[CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS]
+            $this->request->curl_options[CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS],
         );
         $this->assertSame(
             'Content-Type: application/json',
-            $this->request->curl_options[CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER][0]
+            $this->request->curl_options[CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER][0],
         );
     }
 
@@ -1160,6 +1160,58 @@ public function testHTTPv2(): void
         $this->assertSame(CURL_HTTP_VERSION_2_0, $options[CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION]);
     }
 
+    public function testHTTPv3(): void
+    {
+        $this->request->request('POST', '/post', [
+            'version' => 3.0,
+        ]);
+
+        $options = $this->request->curl_options;
+
+        if (! defined('CURL_HTTP_VERSION_3')) {
+            define('CURL_HTTP_VERSION_3', 30);
+        }
+
+        $this->assertArrayHasKey(CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION, $options);
+        $this->assertSame(CURL_HTTP_VERSION_3, $options[CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION]);
+    }
+
+    public function testForceResolveIPv4(): void
+    {
+        $this->request->request('POST', '/post', [
+            'force_ip_resolve' => 'v4',
+        ]);
+
+        $options = $this->request->curl_options;
+
+        $this->assertArrayHasKey(CURLOPT_IPRESOLVE, $options);
+        $this->assertSame(CURL_IPRESOLVE_V4, $options[CURLOPT_IPRESOLVE]);
+    }
+
+    public function testForceResolveIPv6(): void
+    {
+        $this->request->request('POST', '/post', [
+            'force_ip_resolve' => 'v6',
+        ]);
+
+        $options = $this->request->curl_options;
+
+        $this->assertArrayHasKey(CURLOPT_IPRESOLVE, $options);
+        $this->assertSame(CURL_IPRESOLVE_V6, $options[CURLOPT_IPRESOLVE]);
+    }
+
+    public function testForceResolveIPUnknown(): void
+    {
+        $this->request->request('POST', '/post', [
+            'force_ip_resolve' => 'v?',
+        ]);
+
+        $options = $this->request->curl_options;
+
+        $this->assertArrayHasKey(CURLOPT_IPRESOLVE, $options);
+        $this->assertSame(\CURL_IPRESOLVE_WHATEVER, $options[CURLOPT_IPRESOLVE]);
+    }
+
     public function testCookieOption(): void
     {
         $holder = SUPPORTPATH . 'HTTP/Files/CookiesHolder.txt';
@@ -1261,4 +1313,102 @@ public function testHTTPversionAsString(): void
         $this->assertArrayHasKey(CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION, $options);
         $this->assertSame(CURL_HTTP_VERSION_2_0, $options[CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION]);
     }
+
+    public function testRemoveMultipleRedirectHeaderSections(): void
+    {
+        $testBody = 'Hello world';
+
+        $output = "HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
+content-type: text/html; charset=utf-8
+content-length: 211
+location: http://example.com
+date: Mon, 20 Jan 2025 11:46:34 GMT
+server: nginx/1.21.6
+vary: Origin\r\n\r\nHTTP/1.1 302 Found
+content-type: text/html; charset=utf-8
+content-length: 211
+location: http://example.com
+date: Mon, 20 Jan 2025 11:46:34 GMT
+server: nginx/1.21.6
+vary: Origin\r\n\r\nHTTP/1.1 399 Custom Redirect
+content-type: text/html; charset=utf-8
+content-length: 211
+location: http://example.com
+date: Mon, 20 Jan 2025 11:46:34 GMT
+server: nginx/1.21.6
+vary: Origin\r\n\r\nHTTP/2 308
+content-type: text/html; charset=utf-8
+content-length: 211
+location: http://example.com
+date: Mon, 20 Jan 2025 11:46:34 GMT
+server: nginx/1.21.6
+vary: Origin\r\n\r\nHTTP/1.1 200 OK
+content-type: text/html; charset=utf-8
+content-length: 211
+date: Mon, 20 Jan 2025 11:46:34 GMT
+server: nginx/1.21.6
+vary: Origin\r\n\r\n" . $testBody;
+
+        $this->request->setOutput($output);
+
+        $response = $this->request->request('GET', 'http://example.com', [
+            'allow_redirects' => true,
+        ]);
+
+        $this->assertSame(200, $response->getStatusCode());
+
+        $this->assertSame($testBody, $response->getBody());
+    }
+
+    public function testNotRemoveMultipleRedirectHeaderSectionsWithoutLocationHeader(): void
+    {
+        $testBody = 'Hello world';
+
+        $output = "HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
+content-type: text/html; charset=utf-8
+content-length: 211
+date: Mon, 20 Jan 2025 11:46:34 GMT
+server: nginx/1.21.6
+vary: Origin\r\n\r\n" . $testBody;
+
+        $this->request->setOutput($output);
+
+        $response = $this->request->request('GET', 'http://example.com', [
+            'allow_redirects' => true,
+        ]);
+
+        $this->assertSame(301, $response->getStatusCode());
+
+        $this->assertSame($testBody, $response->getBody());
+    }
+
+    public function testProxyAndContinueResponses(): void
+    {
+        $testBody = '{"Id":"83589c7e-bd86-4101-8d93-3f2e7954e48e"}';
+
+        $output = "HTTP/1.1 200 Connection established\r\n\r\nHTTP/1.1 100 Continue
+Connection: keep-alive\r\n\r\nHTTP/1.1 202 Accepted
+Vary: Origin,Access-Control-Request-Method,Access-Control-Request-Headers, Accept-Encoding
+x-content-type-options: nosniff
+x-xss-protection: 1; mode=block
+Cache-Control: no-cache, no-store, max-age=0, must-revalidate
+Pragma: no-cache
+Expires: 0
+strict-transport-security: max-age=31536000 ; includeSubDomains
+x-frame-options: DENY
+Content-Type: application/json
+Content-Length: 56
+Date: Wed, 02 Jul 2025 18:37:21 GMT
+Connection: keep-alive\r\n\r\n" . $testBody;
+
+        $this->request->setOutput($output);
+
+        $response = $this->request->request('GET', 'http://example.com', [
+            'allow_redirects' => false,
+        ]);
+
+        $this->assertSame(202, $response->getStatusCode());
+
+        $this->assertSame($testBody, $response->getBody());
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/HTTP/ContentSecurityPolicyTest.php b/tests/system/HTTP/ContentSecurityPolicyTest.php
index 596fbfcf0b24..06dde464a4a4 100644
--- a/tests/system/HTTP/ContentSecurityPolicyTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/HTTP/ContentSecurityPolicyTest.php
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ protected function prepare(bool $CSPEnabled = true): void
         $this->csp = $this->response->getCSP();
     }
 
-    protected function work(string $parm = 'Hello')
+    protected function work(string $parm = 'Hello'): bool
     {
         $body = $parm;
         $this->response->setBody($body);
@@ -100,12 +100,12 @@ public function testDefaults(): void
         $result = $this->work();
 
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString("base-uri 'self';", $result);
-        $this->assertStringContainsString("connect-src 'self';", $result);
-        $this->assertStringContainsString("default-src 'self';", $result);
-        $this->assertStringContainsString("img-src 'self';", $result);
-        $this->assertStringContainsString("script-src 'self';", $result);
-        $this->assertStringContainsString("style-src 'self';", $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString("base-uri 'self';", (string) $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString("connect-src 'self';", (string) $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString("default-src 'self';", (string) $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString("img-src 'self';", (string) $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString("script-src 'self';", (string) $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString("style-src 'self';", (string) $result);
     }
 
     #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
@@ -118,9 +118,9 @@ public function testChildSrc(): void
         $result = $this->work();
 
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('child-src evil.com;', $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('child-src evil.com;', (string) $result);
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString("child-src 'self' good.com;", $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString("child-src 'self' good.com;", (string) $result);
     }
 
     #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ public function testConnectSrc(): void
         $result = $this->work();
 
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString("connect-src 'self' iffy.com maybe.com;", $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString("connect-src 'self' iffy.com maybe.com;", (string) $result);
     }
 
     #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
@@ -148,9 +148,9 @@ public function testFontSrc(): void
         $result = $this->work();
 
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('font-src iffy.com;', $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('font-src iffy.com;', (string) $result);
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('font-src fontsrus.com;', $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('font-src fontsrus.com;', (string) $result);
     }
 
     #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
@@ -163,10 +163,10 @@ public function testFormAction(): void
         $result = $this->work();
 
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString("form-action 'self' surveysrus.com;", $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString("form-action 'self' surveysrus.com;", (string) $result);
 
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy');
-        $this->assertStringNotContainsString("form-action 'self';", $result);
+        $this->assertStringNotContainsString("form-action 'self';", (string) $result);
     }
 
     #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
@@ -179,9 +179,9 @@ public function testFrameAncestor(): void
         $result = $this->work();
 
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('frame-ancestors them.com;', $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('frame-ancestors them.com;', (string) $result);
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString("frame-ancestors 'self';", $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString("frame-ancestors 'self';", (string) $result);
     }
 
     #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
@@ -194,9 +194,9 @@ public function testFrameSrc(): void
         $result = $this->work();
 
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('frame-src them.com;', $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('frame-src them.com;', (string) $result);
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString("frame-src 'self';", $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString("frame-src 'self';", (string) $result);
     }
 
     #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
@@ -209,9 +209,9 @@ public function testImageSrc(): void
         $result = $this->work();
 
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('img-src them.com;', $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('img-src them.com;', (string) $result);
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString("img-src 'self' cdn.cloudy.com;", $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString("img-src 'self' cdn.cloudy.com;", (string) $result);
     }
 
     #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
@@ -224,9 +224,9 @@ public function testMediaSrc(): void
         $result = $this->work();
 
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('media-src them.com;', $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('media-src them.com;', (string) $result);
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString("media-src 'self';", $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString("media-src 'self';", (string) $result);
     }
 
     #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
@@ -239,9 +239,9 @@ public function testManifestSrc(): void
         $result = $this->work();
 
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('manifest-src them.com;', $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('manifest-src them.com;', (string) $result);
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('manifest-src cdn.cloudy.com;', $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('manifest-src cdn.cloudy.com;', (string) $result);
     }
 
     #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
@@ -254,9 +254,9 @@ public function testPluginType(): void
         $result = $this->work();
 
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('plugin-types application/x-shockwave-flash;', $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('plugin-types application/x-shockwave-flash;', (string) $result);
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString("plugin-types 'self';", $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString("plugin-types 'self';", (string) $result);
     }
 
     #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ public function testPluginArray(): void
         $result = $this->work();
 
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('plugin-types application/x-shockwave-flash application/wacky-hacky;', $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('plugin-types application/x-shockwave-flash application/wacky-hacky;', (string) $result);
     }
 
     #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
@@ -282,9 +282,9 @@ public function testObjectSrc(): void
         $result = $this->work();
 
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('object-src them.com;', $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('object-src them.com;', (string) $result);
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString("object-src 'self' cdn.cloudy.com;", $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString("object-src 'self' cdn.cloudy.com;", (string) $result);
     }
 
     #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
@@ -297,9 +297,9 @@ public function testScriptSrc(): void
         $result = $this->work();
 
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('script-src them.com;', $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('script-src them.com;', (string) $result);
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString("script-src 'self' cdn.cloudy.com;", $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString("script-src 'self' cdn.cloudy.com;", (string) $result);
     }
 
     #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
@@ -312,9 +312,9 @@ public function testStyleSrc(): void
         $result = $this->work();
 
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('style-src them.com;', $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('style-src them.com;', (string) $result);
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString("style-src 'self' cdn.cloudy.com;", $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString("style-src 'self' cdn.cloudy.com;", (string) $result);
     }
 
     #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ public function testBaseURIDefault(): void
         $result = $this->work();
 
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString("base-uri 'self';", $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString("base-uri 'self';", (string) $result);
     }
 
     #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ public function testBaseURI(): void
         $result = $this->work();
 
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('base-uri example.com;', $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('base-uri example.com;', (string) $result);
     }
 
     #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ public function testBaseURIRich(): void
         $result = $this->work();
 
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString("base-uri 'self' example.com;", $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString("base-uri 'self' example.com;", (string) $result);
     }
 
     #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ public function testDefaultSrc(): void
         $result = $this->work();
 
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('default-src iffy.com;', $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('default-src iffy.com;', (string) $result);
     }
 
     #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ public function testReportURI(): void
         $result = $this->work();
 
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('report-uri http://example.com/csptracker;', $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('report-uri http://example.com/csptracker;', (string) $result);
     }
 
     #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ public function testRemoveReportURI(): void
         $this->work();
 
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy');
-        $this->assertStringNotContainsString('report-uri ', $result);
+        $this->assertStringNotContainsString('report-uri ', (string) $result);
     }
 
     #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ public function testSandboxFlags(): void
         $result = $this->work();
 
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('sandbox allow-popups allow-top-navigation;', $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('sandbox allow-popups allow-top-navigation;', (string) $result);
     }
 
     #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ public function testUpgradeInsecureRequests(): void
         $result = $this->work();
 
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('upgrade-insecure-requests;', $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('upgrade-insecure-requests;', (string) $result);
     }
 
     #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
@@ -441,12 +441,12 @@ public function testBodyScriptNonce(): void
         $result     = $this->work($body);
         $nonceStyle = array_filter(
             $this->getPrivateProperty($this->csp, 'styleSrc'),
-            static fn ($value) => str_starts_with($value, 'nonce-')
+            static fn ($value): bool => str_starts_with($value, 'nonce-'),
         );
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('nonce=', $this->response->getBody());
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('nonce=', (string) $this->response->getBody());
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('nonce-', $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('nonce-', (string) $result);
         $this->assertSame([], $nonceStyle);
     }
 
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ public function testBodyScriptNonceCustomScriptTag(): void
 
         $csp->finalize($response);
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('nonce=', $response->getBody());
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('nonce=', (string) $response->getBody());
     }
 
     public function testBodyScriptNonceDisableAutoNonce(): void
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ public function testBodyScriptNonceDisableAutoNonce(): void
 
         $csp->finalize($response);
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('{csp-script-nonce}', $response->getBody());
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('{csp-script-nonce}', (string) $response->getBody());
 
         $result = new TestResponse($response);
         $result->assertHeader('Content-Security-Policy');
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ public function testBodyStyleNonceDisableAutoNonce(): void
 
         $csp->finalize($response);
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('{csp-style-nonce}', $response->getBody());
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('{csp-style-nonce}', (string) $response->getBody());
 
         $result = new TestResponse($response);
         $result->assertHeader('Content-Security-Policy');
@@ -516,12 +516,12 @@ public function testBodyStyleNonce(): void
         $result      = $this->work($body);
         $nonceScript = array_filter(
             $this->getPrivateProperty($this->csp, 'scriptSrc'),
-            static fn ($value) => str_starts_with($value, 'nonce-')
+            static fn ($value): bool => str_starts_with($value, 'nonce-'),
         );
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('nonce=', $this->response->getBody());
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('nonce=', (string) $this->response->getBody());
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('nonce-', $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('nonce-', (string) $result);
         $this->assertSame([], $nonceScript);
     }
 
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ public function testBodyStyleNonceCustomStyleTag(): void
 
         $csp->finalize($response);
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('nonce=', $response->getBody());
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('nonce=', (string) $response->getBody());
     }
 
     #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ public function testHeaderIgnoreCase(): void
         $result = $this->work();
 
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('content-security-policy', true);
-        $this->assertStringContainsString("base-uri 'self';", $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString("base-uri 'self';", (string) $result);
     }
 
     #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ public function testHeaderScriptNonceEmittedOnceGetScriptNonceCalled(): void
         $this->work();
 
         $result = $this->getHeaderEmitted('Content-Security-Policy');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString("script-src 'self' 'nonce-", $result);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString("script-src 'self' 'nonce-", (string) $result);
     }
 
     public function testClearDirective(): void
diff --git a/tests/system/HTTP/CorsTest.php b/tests/system/HTTP/CorsTest.php
index bdb29567df59..5373959746ac 100644
--- a/tests/system/HTTP/CorsTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/HTTP/CorsTest.php
@@ -109,20 +109,20 @@ public function testHandlePreflightRequestSingleAllowedOrigin(): void
         $this->assertHeader(
             $response,
             'Access-Control-Allow-Origin',
-            'http://localhost:8080'
+            'http://localhost:8080',
         );
         $this->assertHeader(
             $response,
             'Access-Control-Allow-Headers',
-            'X-API-KEY, X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Accept'
+            'X-API-KEY, X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Accept',
         );
         $this->assertHeader(
             $response,
             'Access-Control-Allow-Methods',
-            'PUT'
+            'PUT',
         );
         $this->assertFalse(
-            $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Credentials')
+            $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Credentials'),
         );
     }
 
@@ -144,22 +144,22 @@ public function testHandlePreflightRequestMultipleAllowedOriginsAllowed(): void
         $this->assertHeader(
             $response,
             'Access-Control-Allow-Origin',
-            'https://api.example.com'
+            'https://api.example.com',
         );
         $this->assertHeader(
             $response,
             'Access-Control-Allow-Headers',
-            'X-API-KEY, X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Accept'
+            'X-API-KEY, X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Accept',
         );
         $this->assertHeader(
             $response,
             'Access-Control-Allow-Methods',
-            'PUT'
+            'PUT',
         );
         $this->assertHeader(
             $response,
             'Vary',
-            'Origin'
+            'Origin',
         );
     }
 
@@ -182,22 +182,22 @@ public function testHandlePreflightRequestMultipleAllowedOriginsAllowedAlreadyVa
         $this->assertHeader(
             $response,
             'Access-Control-Allow-Origin',
-            'https://api.example.com'
+            'https://api.example.com',
         );
         $this->assertHeader(
             $response,
             'Access-Control-Allow-Headers',
-            'X-API-KEY, X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Accept'
+            'X-API-KEY, X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Accept',
         );
         $this->assertHeader(
             $response,
             'Access-Control-Allow-Methods',
-            'PUT'
+            'PUT',
         );
         $this->assertHeader(
             $response,
             'Vary',
-            'Accept-Language, Origin'
+            'Accept-Language, Origin',
         );
     }
 
@@ -217,13 +217,13 @@ public function testHandlePreflightRequestMultipleAllowedOriginsNotAllowed(): vo
         $response = $cors->handlePreflightRequest($request, $response);
 
         $this->assertFalse(
-            $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin')
+            $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin'),
         );
         $this->assertFalse(
-            $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers')
+            $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers'),
         );
         $this->assertFalse(
-            $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Methods')
+            $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Methods'),
         );
     }
 
@@ -245,22 +245,22 @@ public function testHandlePreflightRequestAllowedOriginsPatternsAllowed(): void
         $this->assertHeader(
             $response,
             'Access-Control-Allow-Origin',
-            'https://api.example.com'
+            'https://api.example.com',
         );
         $this->assertHeader(
             $response,
             'Access-Control-Allow-Headers',
-            'X-API-KEY, X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Accept'
+            'X-API-KEY, X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Accept',
         );
         $this->assertHeader(
             $response,
             'Access-Control-Allow-Methods',
-            'PUT'
+            'PUT',
         );
         $this->assertHeader(
             $response,
             'Vary',
-            'Origin'
+            'Origin',
         );
     }
 
@@ -280,13 +280,13 @@ public function testHandlePreflightRequestAllowedOriginsPatternsNotAllowed(): vo
         $response = $cors->handlePreflightRequest($request, $response);
 
         $this->assertFalse(
-            $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin')
+            $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin'),
         );
         $this->assertFalse(
-            $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers')
+            $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers'),
         );
         $this->assertFalse(
-            $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Methods')
+            $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Methods'),
         );
     }
 
@@ -309,22 +309,22 @@ public function testHandlePreflightRequestSingleAllowedOriginWithCredentials():
         $this->assertHeader(
             $response,
             'Access-Control-Allow-Origin',
-            'http://localhost:8080'
+            'http://localhost:8080',
         );
         $this->assertHeader(
             $response,
             'Access-Control-Allow-Headers',
-            'X-API-KEY, X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Accept'
+            'X-API-KEY, X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Accept',
         );
         $this->assertHeader(
             $response,
             'Access-Control-Allow-Methods',
-            'PUT'
+            'PUT',
         );
         $this->assertHeader(
             $response,
             'Access-Control-Allow-Credentials',
-            'true'
+            'true',
         );
     }
 
@@ -346,16 +346,16 @@ public function testAddResponseHeadersSingleAllowedOriginSimpleRequest(): void
         $this->assertHeader(
             $response,
             'Access-Control-Allow-Origin',
-            'http://localhost:8080'
+            'http://localhost:8080',
         );
         $this->assertFalse(
-            $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers')
+            $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers'),
         );
         $this->assertFalse(
-            $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Methods')
+            $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Methods'),
         );
         $this->assertFalse(
-            $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Credentials')
+            $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Credentials'),
         );
     }
 
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ public function testAddResponseHeadersSingleAllowedOriginRealRequest(): void
         $this->assertHeader(
             $response,
             'Access-Control-Allow-Origin',
-            'http://localhost:8080'
+            'http://localhost:8080',
         );
     }
 
@@ -401,12 +401,12 @@ public function testAddResponseHeadersSingleAllowedOriginWithCredentials(): void
         $this->assertHeader(
             $response,
             'Access-Control-Allow-Origin',
-            'http://localhost:8080'
+            'http://localhost:8080',
         );
         $this->assertHeader(
             $response,
             'Access-Control-Allow-Credentials',
-            'true'
+            'true',
         );
     }
 
@@ -429,12 +429,12 @@ public function testAddResponseHeadersSingleAllowedOriginWithExposeHeaders(): vo
         $this->assertHeader(
             $response,
             'Access-Control-Allow-Origin',
-            'http://localhost:8080'
+            'http://localhost:8080',
         );
         $this->assertHeader(
             $response,
             'Access-Control-Expose-Headers',
-            'Content-Length, X-Kuma-Revision'
+            'Content-Length, X-Kuma-Revision',
         );
     }
 
@@ -455,18 +455,18 @@ public function testAddResponseHeadersMultipleAllowedOriginsAllowed(): void
         $this->assertHeader(
             $response,
             'Access-Control-Allow-Origin',
-            'https://api.example.com'
+            'https://api.example.com',
         );
         $this->assertHeader(
             $response,
             'Vary',
-            'Origin'
+            'Origin',
         );
         $this->assertFalse(
-            $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers')
+            $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers'),
         );
         $this->assertFalse(
-            $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Methods')
+            $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Methods'),
         );
     }
 
@@ -488,12 +488,12 @@ public function testAddResponseHeadersMultipleAllowedOriginsAllowedAlreadyVary()
         $this->assertHeader(
             $response,
             'Access-Control-Allow-Origin',
-            'https://api.example.com'
+            'https://api.example.com',
         );
         $this->assertHeader(
             $response,
             'Vary',
-            'Accept-Language, Origin'
+            'Accept-Language, Origin',
         );
     }
 
@@ -512,13 +512,50 @@ public function testAddResponseHeadersMultipleAllowedOriginsNotAllowed(): void
         $response = $cors->addResponseHeaders($request, $response);
 
         $this->assertFalse(
-            $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin')
+            $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin'),
         );
         $this->assertFalse(
-            $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers')
+            $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers'),
         );
         $this->assertFalse(
-            $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Methods')
+            $response->hasHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Methods'),
+        );
+    }
+
+    public function testHasResponseHeadersFalse(): void
+    {
+        $config                   = $this->getDefaultConfig();
+        $config['allowedOrigins'] = ['http://localhost:8080'];
+        $config['allowedMethods'] = ['GET', 'POST', 'PUT'];
+        $cors                     = $this->createCors($config);
+
+        $request = $this->createRequest()
+            ->withMethod('GET')
+            ->setHeader('Origin', 'http://localhost:8080');
+
+        $response = service('redirectresponse', null, false);
+
+        $this->assertFalse(
+            $cors->hasResponseHeaders($request, $response),
+        );
+    }
+
+    public function testHasResponseHeadersTrue(): void
+    {
+        $config                   = $this->getDefaultConfig();
+        $config['allowedOrigins'] = ['http://localhost:8080'];
+        $config['allowedMethods'] = ['GET', 'POST'];
+        $cors                     = $this->createCors($config);
+
+        $request = $this->createRequest()
+            ->withMethod('GET')
+            ->setHeader('Origin', 'http://localhost:8080');
+
+        $response = service('redirectresponse', null, false);
+        $response = $cors->addResponseHeaders($request, $response);
+
+        $this->assertTrue(
+            $cors->hasResponseHeaders($request, $response),
         );
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/HTTP/DownloadResponseTest.php b/tests/system/HTTP/DownloadResponseTest.php
index 5897a1f58750..7813a08def49 100644
--- a/tests/system/HTTP/DownloadResponseTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/HTTP/DownloadResponseTest.php
@@ -136,7 +136,16 @@ public function testDispositionInline(): void
         $response = new DownloadResponse('unit-test.txt', true);
         $response->inline();
         $response->buildHeaders();
-        $this->assertSame('inline', $response->getHeaderLine('Content-Disposition'));
+        $this->assertSame('inline; filename="unit-test.txt"; filename*=UTF-8\'\'unit-test.txt', $response->getHeaderLine('Content-Disposition'));
+    }
+
+    public function testDispositionInlineWithSetFileName(): void
+    {
+        $response = new DownloadResponse('unit-test.txt', true);
+        $response->setFileName('my"quoted"File.txt');
+        $response->inline();
+        $response->buildHeaders();
+        $this->assertSame('inline; filename="my\"quoted\"File.txt"; filename*=UTF-8\'\'my%22quoted%22File.txt', $response->getHeaderLine('Content-Disposition'));
     }
 
     public function testNoCache(): void
diff --git a/tests/system/HTTP/Files/FileCollectionTest.php b/tests/system/HTTP/Files/FileCollectionTest.php
index a0d7bb1de771..daebf98fc314 100644
--- a/tests/system/HTTP/Files/FileCollectionTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/HTTP/Files/FileCollectionTest.php
@@ -359,6 +359,7 @@ public function testErrorString(): void
 
         $collection = new FileCollection();
         $file       = $collection->getFile('userfile');
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(UploadedFile::class, $file);
 
         $this->assertSame($expected, $file->getErrorString());
     }
@@ -379,6 +380,7 @@ public function testErrorStringWithUnknownError(): void
 
         $collection = new FileCollection();
         $file       = $collection->getFile('userfile');
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(UploadedFile::class, $file);
 
         $this->assertSame($expected, $file->getErrorString());
     }
@@ -398,6 +400,7 @@ public function testErrorStringWithNoError(): void
 
         $collection = new FileCollection();
         $file       = $collection->getFile('userfile');
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(UploadedFile::class, $file);
 
         $this->assertSame($expected, $file->getErrorString());
     }
@@ -416,6 +419,7 @@ public function testError(): void
 
         $collection = new FileCollection();
         $file       = $collection->getFile('userfile');
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(UploadedFile::class, $file);
 
         $this->assertSame(UPLOAD_ERR_INI_SIZE, $file->getError());
     }
@@ -433,6 +437,7 @@ public function testErrorWithUnknownError(): void
 
         $collection = new FileCollection();
         $file       = $collection->getFile('userfile');
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(UploadedFile::class, $file);
 
         $this->assertSame(0, $file->getError());
     }
@@ -451,6 +456,7 @@ public function testErrorWithNoError(): void
 
         $collection = new FileCollection();
         $file       = $collection->getFile('userfile');
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(UploadedFile::class, $file);
 
         $this->assertSame(UPLOAD_ERR_OK, $file->getError());
     }
@@ -469,6 +475,7 @@ public function testClientPathReturnsValidFullPath(): void
 
         $collection = new FileCollection();
         $file       = $collection->getFile('userfile');
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(UploadedFile::class, $file);
 
         $this->assertSame('someDir/someFile.txt', $file->getClientPath());
     }
@@ -486,6 +493,7 @@ public function testClientPathReturnsNullWhenFullPathIsNull(): void
 
         $collection = new FileCollection();
         $file       = $collection->getFile('userfile');
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(UploadedFile::class, $file);
 
         $this->assertNull($file->getClientPath());
     }
@@ -524,7 +532,7 @@ public function testFileNoExistSingleFile(): void
 
         $collection = new FileCollection();
         $file       = $collection->getFile('fileuser');
-        $this->AssertNull($file);
+        $this->assertNotInstanceOf(UploadedFile::class, $file);
     }
 
     public function testFileReturnValidMultipleFiles(): void
@@ -686,7 +694,7 @@ public function testDoesntHaveFile(): void
         $collection = new FileCollection();
 
         $this->assertFalse($collection->hasFile('my-form.detailz.avatars.0'));
-        $this->assertNull($collection->getFile('my-form.detailz.avatars.0'));
+        $this->assertNotInstanceOf(UploadedFile::class, $collection->getFile('my-form.detailz.avatars.0'));
     }
 
     public function testGetFileMultipleHasNoFile(): void
diff --git a/tests/system/HTTP/Files/FileMovingTest.php b/tests/system/HTTP/Files/FileMovingTest.php
index 9624ecd78a06..f0e1564db5b7 100644
--- a/tests/system/HTTP/Files/FileMovingTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/HTTP/Files/FileMovingTest.php
@@ -264,6 +264,7 @@ public function testInvalidFile(): void
         $this->expectException(HTTPException::class);
 
         $file = $collection->getFile('userfile');
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(UploadedFile::class, $file);
         $file->move($destination, $file->getName(), false);
     }
 
@@ -290,6 +291,7 @@ public function testFailedMoveBecauseOfWarning(): void
         $this->expectException(HTTPException::class);
 
         $file = $collection->getFile('userfile');
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(UploadedFile::class, $file);
         $file->move($destination, $file->getName(), false);
     }
 
@@ -321,6 +323,7 @@ public function testFailedMoveBecauseOfFalseReturned(): void
         $this->expectExceptionMessage('move_uploaded_file() returned false');
 
         $file = $collection->getFile('userfile1');
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(UploadedFile::class, $file);
         $file->move($destination, $file->getName(), false);
     }
 }
@@ -331,8 +334,7 @@ public function testFailedMoveBecauseOfFalseReturned(): void
  *
  * This overwrite is for testing the move operation.
  */
-
-function is_uploaded_file($filename)
+function is_uploaded_file($filename): bool
 {
     if (! is_file($filename)) {
         file_put_contents($filename, 'data');
@@ -346,8 +348,7 @@ function is_uploaded_file($filename)
  *
  * This overwrite is for testing the move operation.
  */
-
-function move_uploaded_file($filename, $destination, ?bool $setReturnValue = null)
+function move_uploaded_file($filename, $destination, ?bool $setReturnValue = null): bool
 {
     static $return = true;
 
diff --git a/tests/system/HTTP/HeaderTest.php b/tests/system/HTTP/HeaderTest.php
index 6ca5180ff838..b7a1eff0e150 100644
--- a/tests/system/HTTP/HeaderTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/HTTP/HeaderTest.php
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use Error;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 use stdClass;
 
@@ -124,7 +126,7 @@ public function testHeaderAppendsValueSkippedForNull(): void
 
         $header = new Header($name, $value);
 
-        $header->appendValue(null);
+        $header->appendValue();
 
         $this->assertSame($name, $header->getName());
         $this->assertSame($expected, $header->getValue());
@@ -156,7 +158,7 @@ public function testHeaderPrependsValueSkippedForNull(): void
 
         $header = new Header($name, $value);
 
-        $header->prependValue(null);
+        $header->prependValue();
 
         $this->assertSame($name, $header->getName());
         $this->assertSame($expected, $header->getValue());
@@ -202,7 +204,7 @@ public function testHeaderSetValueWithNullWillMarkAsEmptyString(): void
         $expected = '';
 
         $header = new Header($name);
-        $header->setValue('bar')->setValue(null);
+        $header->setValue('bar')->setValue();
 
         $this->assertSame($name, $header->getName());
         $this->assertSame($expected, $header->getValueLine());
@@ -234,4 +236,83 @@ public function testHeaderToStringShowsEntireHeader(): void
 
         $this->assertSame($expected, (string) $header);
     }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $name
+     */
+    #[DataProvider('provideInvalidHeaderNames')]
+    public function testInvalidHeaderNames($name): void
+    {
+        $this->expectException(InvalidArgumentException::class);
+
+        new Header($name, 'text/html');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return list<list<string>>
+     */
+    public static function provideInvalidHeaderNames(): iterable
+    {
+        return [
+            ["Content-Type\r\n\r\n"],
+            ["Content-Type\r\n"],
+            ["Content-Type\n"],
+            ["\tContent-Type\t"],
+            ["\n\nContent-Type\n\n"],
+            ["\r\nContent-Type"],
+            ["\nContent-Type"],
+            ["Content\r\n-Type"],
+            ["\n"],
+            ["\r\n"],
+            ["\t"],
+            ['   Content-Type   '],
+            ['Content - Type'],
+            ["Content\x00Type"],
+            [':Content-Type'],
+            ['Content-Type:'],
+            [''],
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<int|string, array<string, string>|string>|string|null $value
+     */
+    #[DataProvider('provideInvalidHeaderValues')]
+    public function testInvalidHeaderValues($value): void
+    {
+        $this->expectException(InvalidArgumentException::class);
+
+        new Header('X-Test-Header', $value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return list<list<array<(int|string), string>|string>>
+     */
+    public static function provideInvalidHeaderValues(): iterable
+    {
+        return [
+            ["Header\n Value"],
+            ["Header\r\n Value"],
+            ["Header\r Value"],
+            ["Header Value\n"],
+            ["\nHeader Value"],
+            ["Header Value\r\n"],
+            ["\n\rHeader Value"],
+            ["\n\nHeader Value\n\n"],
+            [
+                ["Header\n Value"],
+                ["Header\r\n Value"],
+            ],
+            [
+                [
+                    "Header\n" => 'Value',
+                ],
+            ],
+            [
+                [
+                    'Header' => "Value\r\n",
+                ],
+            ],
+        ];
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php b/tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
index fa76e8289d46..419e661c8fe1 100644
--- a/tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
@@ -15,11 +15,11 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\Config\Factories;
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ConfigException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Files\UploadedFile;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use Config\App;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 use JsonException;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\BackupGlobals;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ public function testNegotiatesCharset(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             'utf-8',
-            $this->request->negotiate('charset', ['iso-8859', 'unicode-1-2'])
+            $this->request->negotiate('charset', ['iso-8859', 'unicode-1-2']),
         );
     }
 
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ public function testNegotiatesMedia(): void
         $this->request->setHeader('Accept', 'text/plain; q=0.5, text/html, text/x-dvi; q=0.8, text/x-c');
         $this->assertSame(
             'text/html',
-            $this->request->negotiate('media', ['text/html', 'text/x-c', 'text/x-dvi', 'text/plain'])
+            $this->request->negotiate('media', ['text/html', 'text/x-c', 'text/x-dvi', 'text/plain']),
         );
     }
 
@@ -436,17 +436,17 @@ public function testGetJsonVarCanFilterArray(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             $expected,
-            $request->getJsonVar(null, true, FILTER_SANITIZE_NUMBER_FLOAT, FILTER_FLAG_ALLOW_FRACTION)
+            $request->getJsonVar(null, true, FILTER_SANITIZE_NUMBER_FLOAT, FILTER_FLAG_ALLOW_FRACTION),
         );
 
         $this->assertSame(
             $expected['array'],
-            $request->getJsonVar('array', true, FILTER_SANITIZE_NUMBER_FLOAT, FILTER_FLAG_ALLOW_FRACTION)
+            $request->getJsonVar('array', true, FILTER_SANITIZE_NUMBER_FLOAT, FILTER_FLAG_ALLOW_FRACTION),
         );
 
         $this->assertSame(
             ['array' => $expected['array'], 'float' => $expected['float']],
-            $request->getJsonVar(['array', 'float'], true, FILTER_SANITIZE_NUMBER_FLOAT, FILTER_FLAG_ALLOW_FRACTION)
+            $request->getJsonVar(['array', 'float'], true, FILTER_SANITIZE_NUMBER_FLOAT, FILTER_FLAG_ALLOW_FRACTION),
         );
 
         $result = $request->getJsonVar(['array', 'float'], false, FILTER_SANITIZE_NUMBER_FLOAT, FILTER_FLAG_ALLOW_FRACTION);
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ public function testGetVarWorksWithJsonAndGetParams(): void
         $_REQUEST['foo']  = 'bar';
         $_REQUEST['fizz'] = 'buzz';
 
-        $request = $this->createRequest($config, null);
+        $request = $this->createRequest($config);
         $request = $request->withMethod('GET');
 
         // JSON type
@@ -579,6 +579,24 @@ public function testCanGrabGetRawInput(): void
         $this->assertSame($expected, $request->getRawInput());
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @param string $rawstring
+     * @param mixed  $var
+     * @param mixed  $expected
+     * @param mixed  $filter
+     * @param mixed  $flag
+     */
+    #[DataProvider('provideCanGrabGetRawInputVar')]
+    public function testCanGrabGetRawInputVar($rawstring, $var, $expected, $filter, $flag): void
+    {
+        $config          = new App();
+        $config->baseURL = 'http://example.com/';
+
+        $request = $this->createRequest($config, $rawstring);
+
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $request->getRawInputVar($var, $filter, $flag));
+    }
+
     public static function provideCanGrabGetRawInputVar(): iterable
     {
         return [
@@ -658,24 +676,6 @@ public static function provideCanGrabGetRawInputVar(): iterable
         ];
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @param string $rawstring
-     * @param mixed  $var
-     * @param mixed  $expected
-     * @param mixed  $filter
-     * @param mixed  $flag
-     */
-    #[DataProvider('provideCanGrabGetRawInputVar')]
-    public function testCanGrabGetRawInputVar($rawstring, $var, $expected, $filter, $flag): void
-    {
-        $config          = new App();
-        $config->baseURL = 'http://example.com/';
-
-        $request = $this->createRequest($config, $rawstring);
-
-        $this->assertSame($expected, $request->getRawInputVar($var, $filter, $flag));
-    }
-
     #[DataProvider('provideIsHTTPMethods')]
     public function testIsHTTPMethodLowerCase(string $value): void
     {
@@ -760,7 +760,7 @@ public function testIsSecureForwarded(): void
 
     public function testUserAgent(): void
     {
-        $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'] = 'Mozilla';
+        service('superglobals')->setServer('HTTP_USER_AGENT', 'Mozilla');
 
         $config  = new App();
         $request = $this->createRequest($config);
@@ -902,20 +902,6 @@ public function testGetPostIndexNotExists(): void
         $this->assertNull($this->request->getGetPost('gc'));
     }
 
-    public static function provideExtensionPHP(): iterable
-    {
-        return [
-            'not /index.php' => [
-                '/test.php',
-                '/',
-            ],
-            '/index.php' => [
-                '/index.php',
-                '/',
-            ],
-        ];
-    }
-
     /**
      * @param mixed $path
      * @param mixed $detectPath
@@ -932,6 +918,20 @@ public function testExtensionPHP($path, $detectPath): void
         $this->assertSame($detectPath, $request->detectPath());
     }
 
+    public static function provideExtensionPHP(): iterable
+    {
+        return [
+            'not /index.php' => [
+                '/test.php',
+                '/',
+            ],
+            '/index.php' => [
+                '/index.php',
+                '/',
+            ],
+        ];
+    }
+
     public function testGetPath(): void
     {
         $request = $this->createRequest(null, null, 'fruits/banana');
@@ -1165,7 +1165,7 @@ public function testGetIPAddressThruProxyInvalidConfigArray(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(ConfigException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(
-            'You must set an array with Proxy IP address key and HTTP header name value in Config\App::$proxyIPs.'
+            'You must set an array with Proxy IP address key and HTTP header name value in Config\App::$proxyIPs.',
         );
 
         $config           = new App();
diff --git a/tests/system/HTTP/MessageTest.php b/tests/system/HTTP/MessageTest.php
index d16224367a6f..28483674fee9 100644
--- a/tests/system/HTTP/MessageTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/HTTP/MessageTest.php
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 #[Group('Others')]
 final class MessageTest extends CIUnitTestCase
 {
-    private ?Message $message;
+    private Message $message;
 
     protected function setUp(): void
     {
@@ -189,25 +189,6 @@ public function testSetHeaderArrayValues(): void
         $this->assertSame('json, html, xml', $this->message->getHeaderLine('Accept'));
     }
 
-    public static function provideArrayHeaderValue(): iterable
-    {
-        return [
-            'existing for next not append' => [
-                [
-                    'json',
-                    'html',
-                    'xml',
-                ],
-            ],
-            'existing for next append' => [
-                [
-                    'json',
-                    'html',
-                ],
-            ],
-        ];
-    }
-
     /**
      * @param array $arrayHeaderValue
      */
@@ -232,6 +213,25 @@ public function testSetHeaderWithExistingArrayValuesAppendArrayValue($arrayHeade
         $this->assertSame('json, html, xml', $this->message->getHeaderLine('Accept'));
     }
 
+    public static function provideArrayHeaderValue(): iterable
+    {
+        return [
+            'existing for next not append' => [
+                [
+                    'json',
+                    'html',
+                    'xml',
+                ],
+            ],
+            'existing for next append' => [
+                [
+                    'json',
+                    'html',
+                ],
+            ],
+        ];
+    }
+
     public function testSetHeaderWithExistingArrayValuesAppendNullValue(): void
     {
         $this->message->setHeader('Accept', ['json', 'html', 'xml']);
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ public function testAddHeaderAddsFirstHeader(): void
     {
         $this->message->addHeader(
             'Set-Cookie',
-            'logged_in=no; Path=/'
+            'logged_in=no; Path=/',
         );
 
         $header = $this->message->header('Set-Cookie');
@@ -324,11 +324,11 @@ public function testAddHeaderAddsTwoHeaders(): void
     {
         $this->message->addHeader(
             'Set-Cookie',
-            'logged_in=no; Path=/'
+            'logged_in=no; Path=/',
         );
         $this->message->addHeader(
             'Set-Cookie',
-            'sessid=123456; Path=/'
+            'sessid=123456; Path=/',
         );
 
         $headers = $this->message->header('Set-Cookie');
@@ -342,16 +342,16 @@ public function testAppendHeaderWithMultipleHeaders(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(InvalidArgumentException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(
-            'The header "Set-Cookie" already has multiple headers. You cannot change them. If you really need to change, remove the header first.'
+            'The header "Set-Cookie" already has multiple headers. You cannot change them. If you really need to change, remove the header first.',
         );
 
         $this->message->addHeader(
             'Set-Cookie',
-            'logged_in=no; Path=/'
+            'logged_in=no; Path=/',
         );
         $this->message->addHeader(
             'Set-Cookie',
-            'sessid=123456; Path=/'
+            'sessid=123456; Path=/',
         );
 
         $this->message->appendHeader('Set-Cookie', 'HttpOnly');
@@ -361,16 +361,16 @@ public function testGetHeaderLineWithMultipleHeaders(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(InvalidArgumentException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(
-            'The header "Set-Cookie" already has multiple headers. You cannot use getHeaderLine().'
+            'The header "Set-Cookie" already has multiple headers. You cannot use getHeaderLine().',
         );
 
         $this->message->addHeader(
             'Set-Cookie',
-            'logged_in=no; Path=/'
+            'logged_in=no; Path=/',
         );
         $this->message->addHeader(
             'Set-Cookie',
-            'sessid=123456; Path=/'
+            'sessid=123456; Path=/',
         );
 
         $this->message->getHeaderLine('Set-Cookie');
diff --git a/tests/system/HTTP/NegotiateTest.php b/tests/system/HTTP/NegotiateTest.php
index 18d546c0a9c6..e52f6f7a3201 100644
--- a/tests/system/HTTP/NegotiateTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/HTTP/NegotiateTest.php
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use Config\App;
+use Config\Feature;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 
 /**
@@ -24,8 +25,8 @@
 #[Group('Others')]
 final class NegotiateTest extends CIUnitTestCase
 {
-    private ?IncomingRequest $request;
-    private ?Negotiate $negotiate;
+    private IncomingRequest $request;
+    private Negotiate $negotiate;
 
     protected function setUp(): void
     {
@@ -111,11 +112,23 @@ public function testNegotiatesEncodingBasics(): void
 
     public function testAcceptLanguageBasics(): void
     {
-        $this->request->setHeader('Accept-Language', 'da, en-gb;q=0.8, en;q=0.7');
+        $this->request->setHeader('Accept-Language', 'da, en-gb, en-us;q=0.8, en;q=0.7');
 
         $this->assertSame('da', $this->negotiate->language(['da', 'en']));
         $this->assertSame('en-gb', $this->negotiate->language(['en-gb', 'en']));
         $this->assertSame('en', $this->negotiate->language(['en']));
+
+        // Will find the first locale instead of "en-gb"
+        $this->assertSame('en-us', $this->negotiate->language(['en-us', 'en-gb', 'en']));
+        $this->assertSame('en', $this->negotiate->language(['en', 'en-us', 'en-gb']));
+
+        config(Feature::class)->strictLocaleNegotiation = true;
+
+        $this->assertSame('da', $this->negotiate->language(['da', 'en']));
+        $this->assertSame('en-gb', $this->negotiate->language(['en-gb', 'en']));
+        $this->assertSame('en', $this->negotiate->language(['en']));
+        $this->assertSame('en-gb', $this->negotiate->language(['en-us', 'en-gb', 'en']));
+        $this->assertSame('en-gb', $this->negotiate->language(['en', 'en-us', 'en-gb']));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -125,7 +138,19 @@ public function testAcceptLanguageMatchesBroadly(): void
     {
         $this->request->setHeader('Accept-Language', 'fr-FR,fr;q=0.9,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.7');
 
-        $this->assertSame('fr', $this->negotiate->language(['fr', 'en']));
+        $this->assertSame('fr', $this->negotiate->language(['fr', 'fr-FR', 'en']));
+        $this->assertSame('fr-FR', $this->negotiate->language(['fr-FR', 'fr', 'en']));
+        $this->assertSame('fr-BE', $this->negotiate->language(['fr-BE', 'fr', 'en']));
+        $this->assertSame('en', $this->negotiate->language(['en', 'en-US']));
+        $this->assertSame('fr-BE', $this->negotiate->language(['ru', 'en-GB', 'fr-BE']));
+
+        config(Feature::class)->strictLocaleNegotiation = true;
+
+        $this->assertSame('fr-FR', $this->negotiate->language(['fr', 'fr-FR', 'en']));
+        $this->assertSame('fr-FR', $this->negotiate->language(['fr-FR', 'fr', 'en']));
+        $this->assertSame('fr', $this->negotiate->language(['fr-BE', 'fr', 'en']));
+        $this->assertSame('en-US', $this->negotiate->language(['en', 'en-US']));
+        $this->assertSame('fr-BE', $this->negotiate->language(['ru', 'en-GB', 'fr-BE']));
     }
 
     public function testBestMatchEmpty(): void
diff --git a/tests/system/HTTP/RedirectExceptionTest.php b/tests/system/HTTP/RedirectExceptionTest.php
index cd90a9aa148c..da487e2e57a9 100644
--- a/tests/system/HTTP/RedirectExceptionTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/HTTP/RedirectExceptionTest.php
@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\LogicException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\RedirectException;
 use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
 use CodeIgniter\Log\Logger;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\Mock\MockLogger as LoggerConfig;
 use Config\Services;
-use LogicException;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
 use Tests\Support\Log\Handlers\TestHandler;
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ public function testResponse(): void
             service('response')
                 ->redirect('redirect')
                 ->setCookie('cookie', 'value')
-                ->setHeader('Redirect-Header', 'value')
+                ->setHeader('Redirect-Header', 'value'),
         ))->getResponse();
 
         $this->assertSame('redirect', $response->getHeaderLine('location'));
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ public function testResponseWithoutLocation(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(LogicException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(
-            'The Response object passed to RedirectException does not contain a redirect address.'
+            'The Response object passed to RedirectException does not contain a redirect address.',
         );
 
         new RedirectException(service('response'));
diff --git a/tests/system/HTTP/RedirectResponseTest.php b/tests/system/HTTP/RedirectResponseTest.php
index 1614244d762b..d6203aa935fd 100644
--- a/tests/system/HTTP/RedirectResponseTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/HTTP/RedirectResponseTest.php
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ protected function setUp(): void
             $this->config,
             new SiteURI($this->config),
             null,
-            new UserAgent()
+            new UserAgent(),
         );
         Services::injectMock('request', $this->request);
     }
diff --git a/tests/system/HTTP/ResponseSendTest.php b/tests/system/HTTP/ResponseSendTest.php
index c7ad15195d97..211d806ba487 100644
--- a/tests/system/HTTP/ResponseSendTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/HTTP/ResponseSendTest.php
@@ -173,10 +173,60 @@ public function testDoNotSendUnSecureCookie(): void
             '',
             '/',
             '',
-            true
+            true,
         );
 
         // send it
         $response->send();
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Make sure that the headers set by the header() function
+     * are overridden by the headers defined in the Response class.
+     */
+    #[PreserveGlobalState(false)]
+    #[RunInSeparateProcess]
+    #[WithoutErrorHandler]
+    public function testHeaderOverride(): void
+    {
+        $response = new Response(new App());
+        $response->pretend(false);
+
+        $body = 'Hello';
+        $response->setBody($body);
+
+        // single header
+        $response->setHeader('Vary', 'Accept-Encoding');
+        $this->assertSame('Accept-Encoding', $response->header('Vary')->getValue());
+
+        // multiple headers
+        $response->setHeader('Access-Control-Expose-Headers', 'X-Custom-Header');
+        $response->addHeader('Access-Control-Expose-Headers', 'Content-Length');
+        $header = $response->header('Access-Control-Expose-Headers');
+        $this->assertIsArray($header);
+        $this->assertSame('X-Custom-Header', $header[0]->getValue());
+        $this->assertSame('Content-Length', $header[1]->getValue());
+
+        // send it
+        ob_start();
+        header('Vary: User-Agent');
+        header('Access-Control-Expose-Headers: Content-Encoding');
+        header('Allow: GET, POST');
+        $response->send();
+        if (ob_get_level() > 0) {
+            ob_end_clean();
+        }
+
+        // single header
+        $this->assertHeaderEmitted('Vary: Accept-Encoding');
+        $this->assertHeaderNotEmitted('Vary: User-Agent');
+
+        // multiple headers
+        $this->assertHeaderEmitted('Access-Control-Expose-Headers: X-Custom-Header');
+        $this->assertHeaderEmitted('Access-Control-Expose-Headers: Content-Length');
+        $this->assertHeaderNotEmitted('Access-Control-Expose-Headers: Content-Encoding');
+
+        // not overridden by the response class
+        $this->assertHeaderEmitted('Allow: GET, POST');
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/HTTP/ResponseTest.php b/tests/system/HTTP/ResponseTest.php
index 3137620029bc..bea0944599d8 100644
--- a/tests/system/HTTP/ResponseTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/HTTP/ResponseTest.php
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ public function testSetLink(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             '<http://example.com/test/index.php/?page=1>; rel="first",<http://example.com/test/index.php/?page=2>; rel="prev",<http://example.com/test/index.php/?page=4>; rel="next",<http://example.com/test/index.php/?page=20>; rel="last"',
-            $response->header('Link')->getValue()
+            $response->header('Link')->getValue(),
         );
 
         $pager->store('default', 1, 10, 200);
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ public function testSetLink(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             '<http://example.com/test/index.php/?page=2>; rel="next",<http://example.com/test/index.php/?page=20>; rel="last"',
-            $response->header('Link')->getValue()
+            $response->header('Link')->getValue(),
         );
 
         $pager->store('default', 20, 10, 200);
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ public function testSetLink(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             '<http://example.com/test/index.php/?page=1>; rel="first",<http://example.com/test/index.php/?page=19>; rel="prev"',
-            $response->header('Link')->getValue()
+            $response->header('Link')->getValue(),
         );
     }
 
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ public function testRedirect(
         string $protocol,
         string $method,
         ?int $code,
-        int $expectedCode
+        int $expectedCode,
     ): void {
         $_SERVER['SERVER_SOFTWARE'] = $server;
         $_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] = $protocol;
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ public function testRedirectWithIIS(
         string $protocol,
         string $method,
         ?int $code,
-        int $expectedCode
+        int $expectedCode,
     ): void {
         $_SERVER['SERVER_SOFTWARE'] = 'Microsoft-IIS';
         $_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] = 'HTTP/1.1';
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ public function testVagueDownload(): void
 
         $actual = $response->download();
 
-        $this->assertNull($actual);
+        $this->assertNotInstanceOf(DownloadResponse::class, $actual);
     }
 
     public function testPretendMode(): void
diff --git a/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php b/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
index d14a6e5e4151..cbd309dffa7c 100644
--- a/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
@@ -311,4 +311,109 @@ public static function provideExtensionPHP(): iterable
             ],
         ];
     }
+
+    #[DataProvider('provideRequestURIRewrite')]
+    public function testRequestURIRewrite(
+        string $requestUri,
+        string $scriptName,
+        string $indexPage,
+        string $expected,
+    ): void {
+        $server                = [];
+        $server['REQUEST_URI'] = $requestUri;
+        $server['SCRIPT_NAME'] = $scriptName;
+
+        $appConfig            = new App();
+        $appConfig->indexPage = $indexPage;
+
+        $factory = $this->createSiteURIFactory($server, $appConfig);
+
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $factory->detectRoutePath('REQUEST_URI'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return iterable<string, array{
+     *     requestUri: string,
+     *     scriptName: string,
+     *     indexPage: string,
+     *     expected: string
+     * }>
+     */
+    public static function provideRequestURIRewrite(): iterable
+    {
+        return [
+            'rewrite_with_route' => [
+                'requestUri' => '/ci/index.php/sample/method',
+                'scriptName' => '/ci/public/index.php',
+                'indexPage'  => 'index.php',
+                'expected'   => 'sample/method',
+            ],
+            'rewrite_root' => [
+                'requestUri' => '/ci/index.php',
+                'scriptName' => '/ci/public/index.php',
+                'indexPage'  => 'index.php',
+                'expected'   => '/',
+            ],
+            'rewrite_no_index_page' => [
+                'requestUri' => '/ci/sample/method',
+                'scriptName' => '/ci/public/index.php',
+                'indexPage'  => '',
+                'expected'   => 'sample/method',
+            ],
+            'rewrite_nested_subfolder' => [
+                'requestUri' => '/projects/index.php/api/users/list',
+                'scriptName' => '/projects/myapp/public/index.php',
+                'indexPage'  => 'index.php',
+                'expected'   => 'api/users/list',
+            ],
+            'rewrite_multiple_public_folders' => [
+                'requestUri' => '/public-sites/myapp/index.php/content/view',
+                'scriptName' => '/public-sites/myapp/public/index.php',
+                'indexPage'  => 'index.php',
+                'expected'   => 'content/view',
+            ],
+            'rewrite_custom_app_folder' => [
+                'requestUri' => '/myapp/index.php/products/category/electronics',
+                'scriptName' => '/myapp/web/index.php',
+                'indexPage'  => 'index.php',
+                'expected'   => 'products/category/electronics',
+            ],
+            'multiple_index_php_in_path' => [
+                'requestUri' => '/app/index.php/user/index.php/profile',
+                'scriptName' => '/app/public/index.php',
+                'indexPage'  => 'index.php',
+                'expected'   => 'user/index.php/profile',
+            ],
+            'custom_index_page_name' => [
+                'requestUri' => '/ci/app.php/users/list',
+                'scriptName' => '/ci/public/app.php',
+                'indexPage'  => 'app.php',
+                'expected'   => 'users/list',
+            ],
+            'custom_index_page_root' => [
+                'requestUri' => '/project/main.php',
+                'scriptName' => '/project/web/main.php',
+                'indexPage'  => 'main.php',
+                'expected'   => '/',
+            ],
+            'partial_match_should_not_remove' => [
+                'requestUri' => '/app/myindex.php/route',
+                'scriptName' => '/app/public/index.php',
+                'indexPage'  => 'index.php',
+                'expected'   => 'myindex.php/route',
+            ],
+            'multibyte_characters' => [
+                'requestUri' => '/%ED%85%8C%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B81/index.php/route',
+                'scriptName' => '/테스트1/public/index.php',
+                'indexPage'  => 'index.php',
+                'expected'   => 'route',
+            ],
+            'multibyte_characters_with_nested_subfolder' => [
+                'requestUri' => '/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82/%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%821/index.php/route',
+                'scriptName' => '/проект/тест1/public/index.php',
+                'indexPage'  => 'index.php',
+                'expected'   => 'route',
+            ],
+        ];
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryTest.php b/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryTest.php
index 62e20639b5e0..b26fde04b245 100644
--- a/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryTest.php
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ public function testCreateFromStringWithIndexPage(
         string $uriString,
         string $expectUriString,
         string $expectedPath,
-        string $expectedRoutePath
+        string $expectedRoutePath,
     ): void {
         $factory = $this->createSiteURIFactory();
 
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ public function testCreateFromStringWithoutIndexPage(
         string $uriString,
         string $expectUriString,
         string $expectedPath,
-        string $expectedRoutePath
+        string $expectedRoutePath,
     ): void {
         $config            = new App();
         $config->indexPage = '';
diff --git a/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURITest.php b/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURITest.php
index 644aaa795b6d..1208edaf05b9 100644
--- a/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURITest.php
+++ b/tests/system/HTTP/SiteURITest.php
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
 
-use BadMethodCallException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\BadMethodCallException;
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ConfigException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ public function testConstructor(
         string $expectedQuery,
         string $expectedFragment,
         array $expectedSegments,
-        int $expectedTotalSegments
+        int $expectedTotalSegments,
     ): void {
         $config            = new App();
         $config->indexPage = $indexPage;
@@ -66,6 +66,149 @@ public static function provideConstructor(): iterable
         return array_merge(self::provideSetPath(), self::provideRelativePathWithQueryOrFragment());
     }
 
+    public static function provideRelativePathWithQueryOrFragment(): iterable
+    {
+        return [
+            'one/two?foo=1&bar=2' => [
+                'http://example.com/',                              // $baseURL
+                'index.php',                                        // $indexPage
+                'one/two?foo=1&bar=2',                              // $relativePath
+                'http://example.com/index.php/one/two?foo=1&bar=2', // $expectedURI
+                'one/two',                                          // $expectedRoutePath
+                '/index.php/one/two',                               // $expectedPath
+                'foo=1&bar=2',                                      // $expectedQuery
+                '',                                                 // $expectedFragment
+                ['one', 'two'],                                     // $expectedSegments
+                2,                                                  // $expectedTotalSegments
+            ],
+            'one/two#sec1' => [
+                'http://example.com/',
+                'index.php',
+                'one/two#sec1',
+                'http://example.com/index.php/one/two#sec1',
+                'one/two',
+                '/index.php/one/two',
+                '',
+                'sec1',
+                ['one', 'two'],
+                2,
+            ],
+            'one/two?foo=1&bar=2#sec1' => [
+                'http://example.com/',
+                'index.php',
+                'one/two?foo=1&bar=2#sec1',
+                'http://example.com/index.php/one/two?foo=1&bar=2#sec1',
+                'one/two',
+                '/index.php/one/two',
+                'foo=1&bar=2',
+                'sec1',
+                ['one', 'two'],
+                2,
+            ],
+            'Subfolder: one/two?foo=1&bar=2' => [
+                'http://example.com/ci4/',
+                'index.php',
+                'one/two?foo=1&bar=2',
+                'http://example.com/ci4/index.php/one/two?foo=1&bar=2',
+                'one/two',
+                '/ci4/index.php/one/two',
+                'foo=1&bar=2',
+                '',
+                ['one', 'two'],
+                2,
+            ],
+        ];
+    }
+
+    public function testConstructorHost(): void
+    {
+        $config                   = new App();
+        $config->allowedHostnames = ['sub.example.com'];
+
+        $uri = new SiteURI($config, '', 'sub.example.com');
+
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(SiteURI::class, $uri);
+        $this->assertSame('http://sub.example.com/index.php', (string) $uri);
+        $this->assertSame('', $uri->getRoutePath());
+        $this->assertSame('/index.php', $uri->getPath());
+        $this->assertSame('http://sub.example.com/', $uri->getBaseURL());
+    }
+
+    public function testConstructorScheme(): void
+    {
+        $config = new App();
+
+        $uri = new SiteURI($config, '', null, 'https');
+
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(SiteURI::class, $uri);
+        $this->assertSame('https://example.com/index.php', (string) $uri);
+        $this->assertSame('https://example.com/', $uri->getBaseURL());
+    }
+
+    public function testConstructorEmptyScheme(): void
+    {
+        $config = new App();
+
+        $uri = new SiteURI($config, '', null, '');
+
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(SiteURI::class, $uri);
+        $this->assertSame('http://example.com/index.php', (string) $uri);
+        $this->assertSame('http://example.com/', $uri->getBaseURL());
+    }
+
+    public function testConstructorForceGlobalSecureRequests(): void
+    {
+        $config                            = new App();
+        $config->forceGlobalSecureRequests = true;
+
+        $uri = new SiteURI($config);
+
+        $this->assertSame('https://example.com/index.php', (string) $uri);
+        $this->assertSame('https://example.com/', $uri->getBaseURL());
+    }
+
+    public function testConstructorInvalidBaseURL(): void
+    {
+        $this->expectException(ConfigException::class);
+
+        $config          = new App();
+        $config->baseURL = 'invalid';
+
+        new SiteURI($config);
+    }
+
+    #[DataProvider('provideSetPath')]
+    public function testSetPath(
+        string $baseURL,
+        string $indexPage,
+        string $relativePath,
+        string $expectedURI,
+        string $expectedRoutePath,
+        string $expectedPath,
+        string $expectedQuery,
+        string $expectedFragment,
+        array $expectedSegments,
+        int $expectedTotalSegments,
+    ): void {
+        $config            = new App();
+        $config->indexPage = $indexPage;
+        $config->baseURL   = $baseURL;
+
+        $uri = new SiteURI($config);
+
+        $uri->setPath($relativePath);
+
+        $this->assertSame($expectedURI, (string) $uri);
+        $this->assertSame($expectedRoutePath, $uri->getRoutePath());
+        $this->assertSame($expectedPath, $uri->getPath());
+        $this->assertSame($expectedQuery, $uri->getQuery());
+        $this->assertSame($expectedFragment, $uri->getFragment());
+        $this->assertSame($baseURL, $uri->getBaseURL());
+
+        $this->assertSame($expectedSegments, $uri->getSegments());
+        $this->assertSame($expectedTotalSegments, $uri->getTotalSegments());
+    }
+
     public static function provideSetPath(): iterable
     {
         return [
@@ -215,149 +358,6 @@ public static function provideSetPath(): iterable
         ];
     }
 
-    public static function provideRelativePathWithQueryOrFragment(): iterable
-    {
-        return [
-            'one/two?foo=1&bar=2' => [
-                'http://example.com/',                              // $baseURL
-                'index.php',                                        // $indexPage
-                'one/two?foo=1&bar=2',                              // $relativePath
-                'http://example.com/index.php/one/two?foo=1&bar=2', // $expectedURI
-                'one/two',                                          // $expectedRoutePath
-                '/index.php/one/two',                               // $expectedPath
-                'foo=1&bar=2',                                      // $expectedQuery
-                '',                                                 // $expectedFragment
-                ['one', 'two'],                                     // $expectedSegments
-                2,                                                  // $expectedTotalSegments
-            ],
-            'one/two#sec1' => [
-                'http://example.com/',
-                'index.php',
-                'one/two#sec1',
-                'http://example.com/index.php/one/two#sec1',
-                'one/two',
-                '/index.php/one/two',
-                '',
-                'sec1',
-                ['one', 'two'],
-                2,
-            ],
-            'one/two?foo=1&bar=2#sec1' => [
-                'http://example.com/',
-                'index.php',
-                'one/two?foo=1&bar=2#sec1',
-                'http://example.com/index.php/one/two?foo=1&bar=2#sec1',
-                'one/two',
-                '/index.php/one/two',
-                'foo=1&bar=2',
-                'sec1',
-                ['one', 'two'],
-                2,
-            ],
-            'Subfolder: one/two?foo=1&bar=2' => [
-                'http://example.com/ci4/',
-                'index.php',
-                'one/two?foo=1&bar=2',
-                'http://example.com/ci4/index.php/one/two?foo=1&bar=2',
-                'one/two',
-                '/ci4/index.php/one/two',
-                'foo=1&bar=2',
-                '',
-                ['one', 'two'],
-                2,
-            ],
-        ];
-    }
-
-    public function testConstructorHost(): void
-    {
-        $config                   = new App();
-        $config->allowedHostnames = ['sub.example.com'];
-
-        $uri = new SiteURI($config, '', 'sub.example.com');
-
-        $this->assertInstanceOf(SiteURI::class, $uri);
-        $this->assertSame('http://sub.example.com/index.php', (string) $uri);
-        $this->assertSame('', $uri->getRoutePath());
-        $this->assertSame('/index.php', $uri->getPath());
-        $this->assertSame('http://sub.example.com/', $uri->getBaseURL());
-    }
-
-    public function testConstructorScheme(): void
-    {
-        $config = new App();
-
-        $uri = new SiteURI($config, '', null, 'https');
-
-        $this->assertInstanceOf(SiteURI::class, $uri);
-        $this->assertSame('https://example.com/index.php', (string) $uri);
-        $this->assertSame('https://example.com/', $uri->getBaseURL());
-    }
-
-    public function testConstructorEmptyScheme(): void
-    {
-        $config = new App();
-
-        $uri = new SiteURI($config, '', null, '');
-
-        $this->assertInstanceOf(SiteURI::class, $uri);
-        $this->assertSame('http://example.com/index.php', (string) $uri);
-        $this->assertSame('http://example.com/', $uri->getBaseURL());
-    }
-
-    public function testConstructorForceGlobalSecureRequests(): void
-    {
-        $config                            = new App();
-        $config->forceGlobalSecureRequests = true;
-
-        $uri = new SiteURI($config);
-
-        $this->assertSame('https://example.com/index.php', (string) $uri);
-        $this->assertSame('https://example.com/', $uri->getBaseURL());
-    }
-
-    public function testConstructorInvalidBaseURL(): void
-    {
-        $this->expectException(ConfigException::class);
-
-        $config          = new App();
-        $config->baseURL = 'invalid';
-
-        new SiteURI($config);
-    }
-
-    #[DataProvider('provideSetPath')]
-    public function testSetPath(
-        string $baseURL,
-        string $indexPage,
-        string $relativePath,
-        string $expectedURI,
-        string $expectedRoutePath,
-        string $expectedPath,
-        string $expectedQuery,
-        string $expectedFragment,
-        array $expectedSegments,
-        int $expectedTotalSegments
-    ): void {
-        $config            = new App();
-        $config->indexPage = $indexPage;
-        $config->baseURL   = $baseURL;
-
-        $uri = new SiteURI($config);
-
-        $uri->setPath($relativePath);
-
-        $this->assertSame($expectedURI, (string) $uri);
-        $this->assertSame($expectedRoutePath, $uri->getRoutePath());
-        $this->assertSame($expectedPath, $uri->getPath());
-        $this->assertSame($expectedQuery, $uri->getQuery());
-        $this->assertSame($expectedFragment, $uri->getFragment());
-        $this->assertSame($baseURL, $uri->getBaseURL());
-
-        $this->assertSame($expectedSegments, $uri->getSegments());
-        $this->assertSame($expectedTotalSegments, $uri->getTotalSegments());
-    }
-
     public function testSetSegment(): void
     {
         $config = new App();
diff --git a/tests/system/HTTP/URITest.php b/tests/system/HTTP/URITest.php
index 517e2d888973..3199d9c1cb25 100644
--- a/tests/system/HTTP/URITest.php
+++ b/tests/system/HTTP/URITest.php
@@ -468,6 +468,19 @@ public static function provideSetPath(): iterable
         ];
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @param string $path
+     * @param string $expected
+     */
+    #[DataProvider('providePathGetsFiltered')]
+    public function testPathGetsFiltered($path, $expected): void
+    {
+        $uri = new URI();
+        $uri->setPath($path);
+
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $uri->getPath());
+    }
+
     public static function providePathGetsFiltered(): iterable
     {
         return [
@@ -510,19 +523,6 @@ public static function providePathGetsFiltered(): iterable
         ];
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @param string $path
-     * @param string $expected
-     */
-    #[DataProvider('providePathGetsFiltered')]
-    public function testPathGetsFiltered($path, $expected): void
-    {
-        $uri = new URI();
-        $uri->setPath($path);
-
-        $this->assertSame($expected, $uri->getPath());
-    }
-
     public function testSetFragmentSetsValue(): void
     {
         $url = 'http://example.com/path';
@@ -603,6 +603,18 @@ public function testSetQueryThrowsErrorWhenFragmentPresentSilent(): void
         $this->assertSame('', $uri->getQuery());
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @param string $url
+     * @param string $expected
+     */
+    #[DataProvider('provideAuthorityReturnsExceptedValues')]
+    public function testAuthorityReturnsExceptedValues($url, $expected): void
+    {
+        $uri = new URI($url);
+
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $uri->getAuthority());
+    }
+
     public static function provideAuthorityReturnsExceptedValues(): iterable
     {
         return [
@@ -622,19 +634,37 @@ public static function provideAuthorityReturnsExceptedValues(): iterable
                 'http://me@foo.com:3000/bar',
                 'me@foo.com:3000',
             ],
+            'rtsp-with-port' => [
+                'rtsp://localhost:1234/stream',
+                'localhost:1234',
+            ],
+            'rtsp-no-port' => [
+                'rtsp://localhost/stream',
+                'localhost',
+            ],
+            'custom-scheme-with-port' => [
+                'myscheme://server:9999/resource',
+                'server:9999',
+            ],
+            'custom-scheme-no-port' => [
+                'myscheme://server/resource',
+                'server',
+            ],
         ];
     }
 
     /**
-     * @param string $url
-     * @param string $expected
+     * @param string $scheme
+     * @param int    $port
      */
-    #[DataProvider('provideAuthorityReturnsExceptedValues')]
-    public function testAuthorityReturnsExceptedValues($url, $expected): void
+    #[DataProvider('provideAuthorityRemovesDefaultPorts')]
+    public function testAuthorityRemovesDefaultPorts($scheme, $port): void
     {
+        $url = "{$scheme}://example.com:{$port}/path";
         $uri = new URI($url);
 
-        $this->assertSame($expected, $uri->getAuthority());
+        $expected = "{$scheme}://example.com/path";
+        $this->assertSame($expected, (string) $uri);
     }
 
     public static function provideAuthorityRemovesDefaultPorts(): iterable
@@ -651,20 +681,6 @@ public static function provideAuthorityRemovesDefaultPorts(): iterable
         ];
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @param string $scheme
-     * @param int    $port
-     */
-    #[DataProvider('provideAuthorityRemovesDefaultPorts')]
-    public function testAuthorityRemovesDefaultPorts($scheme, $port): void
-    {
-        $url = "{$scheme}://example.com:{$port}/path";
-        $uri = new URI($url);
-
-        $expected = "{$scheme}://example.com/path";
-        $this->assertSame($expected, (string) $uri);
-    }
-
     public function testSetAuthorityReconstitutes(): void
     {
         $authority = 'me@foo.com:3000';
@@ -675,6 +691,16 @@ public function testSetAuthorityReconstitutes(): void
         $this->assertSame($authority, $uri->getAuthority());
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @param string $path
+     * @param string $expected
+     */
+    #[DataProvider('provideRemoveDotSegments')]
+    public function testRemoveDotSegments($path, $expected): void
+    {
+        $this->assertSame($expected, URI::removeDotSegments($path));
+    }
+
     public static function provideRemoveDotSegments(): iterable
     {
         return [
@@ -774,13 +800,35 @@ public static function provideRemoveDotSegments(): iterable
     }
 
     /**
-     * @param string $path
+     * @param string $rel
      * @param string $expected
      */
-    #[DataProvider('provideRemoveDotSegments')]
-    public function testRemoveDotSegments($path, $expected): void
+    #[DataProvider('defaultResolutions')]
+    public function testResolveRelativeURI($rel, $expected): void
     {
-        $this->assertSame($expected, URI::removeDotSegments($path));
+        $base = 'http://a/b/c/d';
+        $uri  = new URI($base);
+
+        $new = $uri->resolveRelativeURI($rel);
+
+        $this->assertSame($expected, (string) $new);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $rel
+     * @param string $expected
+     */
+    #[DataProvider('defaultResolutions')]
+    public function testResolveRelativeURIHTTPS($rel, $expected): void
+    {
+        $base     = 'https://a/b/c/d';
+        $expected = str_replace('http:', 'https:', $expected);
+
+        $uri = new URI($base);
+
+        $new = $uri->resolveRelativeURI($rel);
+
+        $this->assertSame($expected, (string) $new);
     }
 
     public static function defaultResolutions(): iterable
@@ -813,38 +861,6 @@ public static function defaultResolutions(): iterable
         ];
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @param string $rel
-     * @param string $expected
-     */
-    #[DataProvider('defaultResolutions')]
-    public function testResolveRelativeURI($rel, $expected): void
-    {
-        $base = 'http://a/b/c/d';
-        $uri  = new URI($base);
-
-        $new = $uri->resolveRelativeURI($rel);
-
-        $this->assertSame($expected, (string) $new);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $rel
-     * @param string $expected
-     */
-    #[DataProvider('defaultResolutions')]
-    public function testResolveRelativeURIHTTPS($rel, $expected): void
-    {
-        $base     = 'https://a/b/c/d';
-        $expected = str_replace('http:', 'https:', $expected);
-
-        $uri = new URI($base);
-
-        $new = $uri->resolveRelativeURI($rel);
-
-        $this->assertSame($expected, (string) $new);
-    }
-
     public function testResolveRelativeURIWithNoBase(): void
     {
         $base = 'http://a';
@@ -953,15 +969,15 @@ public function testNoExtraSlashes(): void
     {
         $this->assertSame(
             'http://entirely.different.com/subfolder',
-            (string) (new URI('entirely.different.com/subfolder'))
+            (string) (new URI('entirely.different.com/subfolder')),
         );
         $this->assertSame(
             'http://localhost/subfolder',
-            (string) (new URI('localhost/subfolder'))
+            (string) (new URI('localhost/subfolder')),
         );
         $this->assertSame(
             'http://localtest.me/subfolder',
-            (string) (new URI('localtest.me/subfolder'))
+            (string) (new URI('localtest.me/subfolder')),
         );
     }
 
@@ -1052,7 +1068,7 @@ public function testBasedNoIndex(): void
         // going through request
         $this->assertSame(
             'http://example.com/ci/v4/controller/method',
-            (string) $request->getUri()
+            (string) $request->getUri(),
         );
         $this->assertSame('/ci/v4/controller/method', $request->getUri()->getPath());
         $this->assertSame('controller/method', $request->getUri()->getRoutePath());
@@ -1086,18 +1102,18 @@ public function testBasedWithIndex(): void
         // going through request
         $this->assertSame(
             'http://example.com/ci/v4/index.php/controller/method',
-            (string) $request->getUri()
+            (string) $request->getUri(),
         );
         $this->assertSame(
             '/ci/v4/index.php/controller/method',
-            $request->getUri()->getPath()
+            $request->getUri()->getPath(),
         );
 
         // standalone
         $uri = new URI('http://example.com/ci/v4/index.php/controller/method');
         $this->assertSame(
             'http://example.com/ci/v4/index.php/controller/method',
-            (string) $uri
+            (string) $uri,
         );
         $this->assertSame('/ci/v4/index.php/controller/method', $uri->getPath());
 
@@ -1126,7 +1142,7 @@ public function testForceGlobalSecureRequests(): void
         // Detected by request
         $this->assertSame(
             'https://example.com/ci/v4/controller/method',
-            (string) $request->getUri()
+            (string) $request->getUri(),
         );
 
         // Standalone
@@ -1135,7 +1151,7 @@ public function testForceGlobalSecureRequests(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             trim($uri->getPath(), '/'),
-            trim($request->getUri()->getPath(), '/')
+            trim($request->getUri()->getPath(), '/'),
         );
     }
 
@@ -1226,4 +1242,17 @@ public function testForceGlobalSecureRequestsAndNonHTTPProtocol(): void
 
         $this->assertSame($expected, (string) $uri);
     }
+
+    /**
+     * @see https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/issues/9604
+     */
+    public function testAuthorityIncludesPortForCustomSchemes(): void
+    {
+        $url = 'rtsp://localhost:1234/stream';
+        $uri = new URI($url);
+
+        $this->assertSame('rtsp://localhost:1234/stream', (string) $uri);
+        $this->assertSame('localhost:1234', $uri->getAuthority());
+        $this->assertSame(1234, $uri->getPort());
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/HTTP/UserAgentTest.php b/tests/system/HTTP/UserAgentTest.php
index 9799a79c2851..c43c46354e87 100644
--- a/tests/system/HTTP/UserAgentTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/HTTP/UserAgentTest.php
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ protected function setUp(): void
         parent::setUp();
 
         // set a baseline user agent
-        $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'] = $this->_user_agent;
+        service('superglobals')->setServer('HTTP_USER_AGENT', $this->_user_agent);
 
         $this->agent = new UserAgent();
     }
@@ -39,9 +39,8 @@ protected function setUp(): void
     public function testMobile(): void
     {
         // Mobile Not Set
-        $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'] = $this->_mobile_ua;
+        service('superglobals')->setServer('HTTP_USER_AGENT', $this->_mobile_ua);
         $this->assertFalse($this->agent->isMobile());
-        unset($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']);
     }
 
     public function testIsFunctions(): void
@@ -55,12 +54,13 @@ public function testIsFunctions(): void
 
     public function testReferrer(): void
     {
-        $_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'] = 'http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/';
+        service('superglobals')->setServer('HTTP_REFERER', 'http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/');
+
         $this->assertTrue($this->agent->isReferral());
         $this->assertSame('http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/', $this->agent->getReferrer());
 
         $this->setPrivateProperty($this->agent, 'referrer', null);
-        unset($_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']);
+        service('superglobals')->setServer('HTTP_REFERER', '');
         $this->assertFalse($this->agent->isReferral());
         $this->assertSame('', $this->agent->getReferrer());
     }
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ public function testParseBot(): void
 
     public function testEmptyUserAgentVariable(): void
     {
-        unset($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']);
+        service('superglobals')->setServer('HTTP_USER_AGENT', '');
         $agent = new UserAgent();
         $this->assertEmpty((string) $agent);
     }
diff --git a/tests/system/Helpers/Array/ArrayHelperDotKeyExistsTest.php b/tests/system/Helpers/Array/ArrayHelperDotKeyExistsTest.php
index ea7b379d0b44..0641c41b2bd0 100644
--- a/tests/system/Helpers/Array/ArrayHelperDotKeyExistsTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Helpers/Array/ArrayHelperDotKeyExistsTest.php
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Helpers\Array;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 
 /**
diff --git a/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php b/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php
index 77079d2a5a2b..0293cc6c826e 100644
--- a/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php
@@ -241,6 +241,32 @@ public function testArrayDeepSearch($key, $expected): void
         $this->assertSame($expected, $result);
     }
 
+    public static function provideArrayDeepSearch(): iterable
+    {
+        return [
+            [
+                'key6441',
+                'Value 6.4.4.1',
+            ],
+            [
+                'key64421',
+                null,
+            ],
+            [
+                42,
+                'Value 42',
+            ],
+            [
+                'key644',
+                ['key6441' => 'Value 6.4.4.1'],
+            ],
+            [
+                '',
+                null,
+            ],
+        ];
+    }
+
     public function testArrayDeepSearchReturnNullEmptyArray(): void
     {
         $data = [];
@@ -308,32 +334,6 @@ public function testArraySortByMultipleKeysFailsInconsistentArraySizes($data): v
         array_sort_by_multiple_keys($data, $sortColumns);
     }
 
-    public static function provideArrayDeepSearch(): iterable
-    {
-        return [
-            [
-                'key6441',
-                'Value 6.4.4.1',
-            ],
-            [
-                'key64421',
-                null,
-            ],
-            [
-                42,
-                'Value 42',
-            ],
-            [
-                'key644',
-                ['key6441' => 'Value 6.4.4.1'],
-            ],
-            [
-                '',
-                null,
-            ],
-        ];
-    }
-
     public static function provideSortByMultipleKeys(): iterable
     {
         $seed = [
@@ -493,14 +493,6 @@ public function testArrayGroupByIncludeEmpty(array $indexes, array $data, array
         $this->assertSame($expected, $actual, 'array including empty not the same');
     }
 
-    #[DataProvider('provideArrayGroupByExcludeEmpty')]
-    public function testArrayGroupByExcludeEmpty(array $indexes, array $data, array $expected): void
-    {
-        $actual = array_group_by($data, $indexes, false);
-
-        $this->assertSame($expected, $actual, 'array excluding empty not the same');
-    }
-
     public static function provideArrayGroupByIncludeEmpty(): iterable
     {
         yield 'simple group-by test' => [
@@ -912,6 +904,14 @@ public static function provideArrayGroupByIncludeEmpty(): iterable
         ];
     }
 
+    #[DataProvider('provideArrayGroupByExcludeEmpty')]
+    public function testArrayGroupByExcludeEmpty(array $indexes, array $data, array $expected): void
+    {
+        $actual = array_group_by($data, $indexes, false);
+
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $actual, 'array excluding empty not the same');
+    }
+
     public static function provideArrayGroupByExcludeEmpty(): iterable
     {
         yield 'simple group-by test' => [
diff --git a/tests/system/Helpers/DateHelperTest.php b/tests/system/Helpers/DateHelperTest.php
index 4e7acf649ae7..fe2b2a73978c 100644
--- a/tests/system/Helpers/DateHelperTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Helpers/DateHelperTest.php
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ public function testNowSpecific(): void
         // Chicago should be two hours ahead of Vancouver
         $this->assertSame(
             7200,
-            now('America/Chicago') - now('America/Vancouver')
+            now('America/Chicago') - now('America/Vancouver'),
         );
 
         Time::setTestNow();
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ public function testNowSpecific(): void
 
     public function testTimezoneSelectDefault(): void
     {
-        $timezones = DateTimeZone::listIdentifiers(DateTimeZone::ALL, null);
+        $timezones = DateTimeZone::listIdentifiers(DateTimeZone::ALL);
 
         $expected = "<select name='timezone' class='custom-select'>\n";
 
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ public function testTimezoneSelectDefault(): void
     public function testTimezoneSelectSpecific(): void
     {
         $spesificRegion = DateTimeZone::ASIA;
-        $timezones      = DateTimeZone::listIdentifiers($spesificRegion, null);
+        $timezones      = DateTimeZone::listIdentifiers($spesificRegion);
 
         $expected = "<select name='timezone' class='custom-select'>\n";
 
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ public function testTimezoneSelectSpecific(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             $expected,
-            timezone_select('custom-select', 'Asia/Jakarta', $spesificRegion)
+            timezone_select('custom-select', 'Asia/Jakarta', $spesificRegion),
         );
     }
 
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ public function testTimezoneSelectSingle(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             $expected,
-            timezone_select('custom-select', 'Asia/Jakarta', $spesificRegion, $country)
+            timezone_select('custom-select', 'Asia/Jakarta', $spesificRegion, $country),
         );
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Helpers/FormHelperTest.php b/tests/system/Helpers/FormHelperTest.php
index 9023fd73ac6f..91d5aa2e8c7b 100644
--- a/tests/system/Helpers/FormHelperTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Helpers/FormHelperTest.php
@@ -944,12 +944,12 @@ public function testSetCheckboxWithUnchecked(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             '',
-            set_checkbox('fruit', 'apple', true)
+            set_checkbox('fruit', 'apple', true),
         );
 
         $this->assertSame(
             '',
-            set_checkbox('fruit', 'apple')
+            set_checkbox('fruit', 'apple'),
         );
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/system/Helpers/HTMLHelperTest.php b/tests/system/Helpers/HTMLHelperTest.php
index b7159253706e..b6d061072375 100644
--- a/tests/system/Helpers/HTMLHelperTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Helpers/HTMLHelperTest.php
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ public function testScriptTagWithCsp(): void
 
         $this->assertMatchesRegularExpression(
             '!<script nonce="\w+?" src="http://site.com/js/mystyles.js".*?>!u',
-            $html
+            $html,
         );
 
         // Reset CSP object
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ public function testLinkTagAlternate(): void
             'alternate',
             '',
             '',
-            'only screen and (max-width: 640px)'
+            'only screen and (max-width: 640px)',
         );
 
         $expected = '<link href="http://sp.example.com/" rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)">';
diff --git a/tests/system/Helpers/InflectorHelperTest.php b/tests/system/Helpers/InflectorHelperTest.php
index f0df11977126..59068b8bf751 100644
--- a/tests/system/Helpers/InflectorHelperTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Helpers/InflectorHelperTest.php
@@ -246,6 +246,12 @@ public function testDasherize(): void
         }
     }
 
+    #[DataProvider('provideOrdinal')]
+    public function testOrdinal(string $suffix, int $number): void
+    {
+        $this->assertSame($suffix, ordinal($number));
+    }
+
     public static function provideOrdinal(): iterable
     {
         return [
@@ -262,12 +268,6 @@ public static function provideOrdinal(): iterable
         ];
     }
 
-    #[DataProvider('provideOrdinal')]
-    public function testOrdinal(string $suffix, int $number): void
-    {
-        $this->assertSame($suffix, ordinal($number));
-    }
-
     public function testOrdinalize(): void
     {
         $suffixedNumbers = [
diff --git a/tests/system/Helpers/TextHelperTest.php b/tests/system/Helpers/TextHelperTest.php
index dc5072a59217..46748c94a745 100644
--- a/tests/system/Helpers/TextHelperTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Helpers/TextHelperTest.php
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Helpers;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 
@@ -24,7 +24,8 @@
 #[Group('Others')]
 final class TextHelperTest extends CIUnitTestCase
 {
-    private string $_long_string = 'Once upon a time, a framework had no tests. It sad. So some nice people began to write tests. The more time that went on, the happier it became. Everyone was happy.';
+    private string $longString   = 'Once upon a time, a framework had no tests. It sad. So some nice people began to write tests. The more time that went on, the happier it became. Everyone was happy.';
+    private string $mbLongString = 'Давным-давно во фреймворке не было тестов. Это печально. И вот несколько хороших людей начали писать тесты. Чем больше времени проходило, тем счастливее становилось. Все были счастливы.';
 
     protected function setUp(): void
     {
@@ -144,7 +145,7 @@ public function testRandomStringCryptoOddNumber(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(InvalidArgumentException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(
-            'You must set an even number to the second parameter when you use `crypto`'
+            'You must set an even number to the second parameter when you use `crypto`',
         );
 
         random_string('crypto', 9);
@@ -165,19 +166,29 @@ public function testIncrementString(): void
 
     public function testWordLimiter(): void
     {
-        $this->assertSame('Once upon a time,&#8230;', word_limiter($this->_long_string, 4));
-        $this->assertSame('Once upon a time,&hellip;', word_limiter($this->_long_string, 4, '&hellip;'));
+        $this->assertSame('Once upon a time,&#8230;', word_limiter($this->longString, 4));
+        $this->assertSame('Once upon a time,&hellip;', word_limiter($this->longString, 4, '&hellip;'));
         $this->assertSame('', word_limiter('', 4));
-        $this->assertSame('Once upon a&hellip;', word_limiter($this->_long_string, 3, '&hellip;'));
+        $this->assertSame('Once upon a&hellip;', word_limiter($this->longString, 3, '&hellip;'));
         $this->assertSame('Once upon a time', word_limiter('Once upon a time', 4, '&hellip;'));
+
+        $this->assertSame('Давным-давно во фреймворке не было тестов.&#8230;', word_limiter($this->mbLongString, 6));
+        $this->assertSame('Давным-давно во фреймворке не было тестов.&hellip;', word_limiter($this->mbLongString, 6, '&hellip;'));
+        $this->assertSame('Давным-давно во фреймворке&hellip;', word_limiter($this->mbLongString, 3, '&hellip;'));
+        $this->assertSame('Давным-давно во фреймворке не было тестов.', word_limiter('Давным-давно во фреймворке не было тестов.', 6, '&hellip;'));
     }
 
     public function testCharacterLimiter(): void
     {
-        $this->assertSame('Once upon a time, a&#8230;', character_limiter($this->_long_string, 20));
-        $this->assertSame('Once upon a time, a&hellip;', character_limiter($this->_long_string, 20, '&hellip;'));
+        $this->assertSame('Once upon a time, a&#8230;', character_limiter($this->longString, 20));
+        $this->assertSame('Once upon a time, a&hellip;', character_limiter($this->longString, 20, '&hellip;'));
         $this->assertSame('Short', character_limiter('Short', 20));
         $this->assertSame('Short', character_limiter('Short', 5));
+
+        $this->assertSame('Давным-давно во фреймворке не было тестов.&#8230;', character_limiter($this->mbLongString, 41));
+        $this->assertSame('Давным-давно во фреймворке не было тестов.&hellip;', character_limiter($this->mbLongString, 41, '&hellip;'));
+        $this->assertSame('Короткий', character_limiter('Короткий', 20));
+        $this->assertSame('Короткий', character_limiter('Короткий', 8));
     }
 
     public function testAsciiToEntities(): void
@@ -391,17 +402,25 @@ public function testDefaultWordWrapCharlim(): void
 
     public function testExcerpt(): void
     {
-        $string = $this->_long_string;
+        $string = $this->longString;
         $result = ' Once upon a time, a framework had no tests. It sad  So some nice people began to write tests. The more time that went on, the happier it became. ...';
-        $this->assertSame(excerpt($string), $result);
+        $this->assertSame($result, excerpt($string));
+
+        $multibyteResult = ' Давным-давно во фреймворке не было тестов. Это печ льно. И вот несколько хороших людей начали писать тесты. Чем больше времени проходило, тем ...';
+
+        $this->assertSame($multibyteResult, excerpt($this->mbLongString));
     }
 
     public function testExcerptRadius(): void
     {
-        $string = $this->_long_string;
+        $string = $this->longString;
         $phrase = 'began';
         $result = '... people began to ...';
         $this->assertSame(excerpt($string, $phrase, 10), $result);
+
+        $multibyteResult = '... Это печально . И вот ...';
+
+        $this->assertSame($multibyteResult, excerpt($this->mbLongString, 'печально', 10));
     }
 
     public function testAlternator(): void
diff --git a/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php b/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php
index 1c7de84586e2..b802db349949 100644
--- a/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php
@@ -242,6 +242,44 @@ public function testUriStringSubfolderRelative(): void
         $this->assertSame('assets/image.jpg', uri_string());
     }
 
+    #[DataProvider('provideUrlIs')]
+    public function testUrlIs(string $currentPath, string $testPath, bool $expected): void
+    {
+        $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']   = 'example.com';
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] = '/' . $currentPath;
+
+        $this->createRequest($this->config);
+
+        $this->assertSame($expected, url_is($testPath));
+    }
+
+    #[DataProvider('provideUrlIs')]
+    public function testUrlIsNoIndex(string $currentPath, string $testPath, bool $expected): void
+    {
+        $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']   = 'example.com';
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] = '/' . $currentPath;
+
+        $this->config->indexPage = '';
+
+        $this->createRequest($this->config);
+
+        $this->assertSame($expected, url_is($testPath));
+    }
+
+    #[DataProvider('provideUrlIs')]
+    public function testUrlIsWithSubfolder(string $currentPath, string $testPath, bool $expected): void
+    {
+        $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']   = 'example.com';
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] = '/' . $currentPath;
+        $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'] = '/subfolder/index.php';
+
+        $this->config->baseURL = 'http://example.com/subfolder/';
+
+        $this->createRequest($this->config);
+
+        $this->assertSame($expected, url_is($testPath));
+    }
+
     public static function provideUrlIs(): iterable
     {
         return [
@@ -282,42 +320,4 @@ public static function provideUrlIs(): iterable
             ],
         ];
     }
-
-    #[DataProvider('provideUrlIs')]
-    public function testUrlIs(string $currentPath, string $testPath, bool $expected): void
-    {
-        $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']   = 'example.com';
-        $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] = '/' . $currentPath;
-
-        $this->createRequest($this->config);
-
-        $this->assertSame($expected, url_is($testPath));
-    }
-
-    #[DataProvider('provideUrlIs')]
-    public function testUrlIsNoIndex(string $currentPath, string $testPath, bool $expected): void
-    {
-        $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']   = 'example.com';
-        $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] = '/' . $currentPath;
-
-        $this->config->indexPage = '';
-
-        $this->createRequest($this->config);
-
-        $this->assertSame($expected, url_is($testPath));
-    }
-
-    #[DataProvider('provideUrlIs')]
-    public function testUrlIsWithSubfolder(string $currentPath, string $testPath, bool $expected): void
-    {
-        $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']   = 'example.com';
-        $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] = '/' . $currentPath;
-        $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'] = '/subfolder/index.php';
-
-        $this->config->baseURL = 'http://example.com/subfolder/';
-
-        $this->createRequest($this->config);
-
-        $this->assertSame($expected, url_is($testPath));
-    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/MiscUrlTest.php b/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/MiscUrlTest.php
index e12b7873f9e2..81ec9770ea2a 100644
--- a/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/MiscUrlTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/MiscUrlTest.php
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\Config\Factories;
 use CodeIgniter\Config\Services;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\SiteURIFactory;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\UserAgent;
@@ -22,7 +23,6 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Superglobals;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use Config\App;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\BackupGlobals;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
@@ -128,6 +128,21 @@ public function testIndexPageAlt(): void
         $this->assertSame('banana.php', index_page($this->config));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @param mixed $expected
+     * @param mixed $uri
+     * @param mixed $title
+     * @param mixed $attributes
+     */
+    #[DataProvider('provideAnchor')]
+    public function testAnchor($expected = '', $uri = '', $title = '', $attributes = ''): void
+    {
+        $uriString = 'http://example.com/';
+        $this->createRequest($uriString);
+
+        $this->assertSame($expected, anchor($uri, $title, $attributes, $this->config));
+    }
+
     // Test anchor
 
     public static function provideAnchor(): iterable
@@ -179,9 +194,11 @@ public static function provideAnchor(): iterable
      * @param mixed $title
      * @param mixed $attributes
      */
-    #[DataProvider('provideAnchor')]
-    public function testAnchor($expected = '', $uri = '', $title = '', $attributes = ''): void
+    #[DataProvider('provideAnchorNoindex')]
+    public function testAnchorNoindex($expected = '', $uri = '', $title = '', $attributes = ''): void
     {
+        $this->config->indexPage = '';
+
         $uriString = 'http://example.com/';
         $this->createRequest($uriString);
 
@@ -243,8 +260,8 @@ public static function provideAnchorNoindex(): iterable
      * @param mixed $title
      * @param mixed $attributes
      */
-    #[DataProvider('provideAnchorNoindex')]
-    public function testAnchorNoindex($expected = '', $uri = '', $title = '', $attributes = ''): void
+    #[DataProvider('provideAnchorTargetted')]
+    public function testAnchorTargetted($expected = '', $uri = '', $title = '', $attributes = ''): void
     {
         $this->config->indexPage = '';
 
@@ -299,11 +316,9 @@ public static function provideAnchorTargetted(): iterable
      * @param mixed $title
      * @param mixed $attributes
      */
-    #[DataProvider('provideAnchorTargetted')]
-    public function testAnchorTargetted($expected = '', $uri = '', $title = '', $attributes = ''): void
+    #[DataProvider('provideAnchorExamples')]
+    public function testAnchorExamples($expected = '', $uri = '', $title = '', $attributes = ''): void
     {
-        $this->config->indexPage = '';
-
         $uriString = 'http://example.com/';
         $this->createRequest($uriString);
 
@@ -344,13 +359,13 @@ public static function provideAnchorExamples(): iterable
      * @param mixed $title
      * @param mixed $attributes
      */
-    #[DataProvider('provideAnchorExamples')]
-    public function testAnchorExamples($expected = '', $uri = '', $title = '', $attributes = ''): void
+    #[DataProvider('provideAnchorPopup')]
+    public function testAnchorPopup($expected = '', $uri = '', $title = '', $attributes = false): void
     {
         $uriString = 'http://example.com/';
         $this->createRequest($uriString);
 
-        $this->assertSame($expected, anchor($uri, $title, $attributes, $this->config));
+        $this->assertSame($expected, anchor_popup($uri, $title, $attributes, $this->config));
     }
 
     // Test anchor_popup
@@ -397,17 +412,17 @@ public static function provideAnchorPopup(): iterable
 
     /**
      * @param mixed $expected
-     * @param mixed $uri
+     * @param mixed $email
      * @param mixed $title
      * @param mixed $attributes
      */
-    #[DataProvider('provideAnchorPopup')]
-    public function testAnchorPopup($expected = '', $uri = '', $title = '', $attributes = false): void
+    #[DataProvider('provideMailto')]
+    public function testMailto($expected = '', $email = '', $title = '', $attributes = ''): void
     {
         $uriString = 'http://example.com/';
         $this->createRequest($uriString);
 
-        $this->assertSame($expected, anchor_popup($uri, $title, $attributes, $this->config));
+        $this->assertSame($expected, mailto($email, $title, $attributes));
     }
 
     // Test mailto
@@ -439,13 +454,13 @@ public static function provideMailto(): iterable
      * @param mixed $title
      * @param mixed $attributes
      */
-    #[DataProvider('provideMailto')]
-    public function testMailto($expected = '', $email = '', $title = '', $attributes = ''): void
+    #[DataProvider('provideSafeMailto')]
+    public function testSafeMailto($expected = '', $email = '', $title = '', $attributes = ''): void
     {
         $uriString = 'http://example.com/';
         $this->createRequest($uriString);
 
-        $this->assertSame($expected, mailto($email, $title, $attributes));
+        $this->assertSame($expected, safe_mailto($email, $title, $attributes));
     }
 
     // Test safe_mailto
@@ -471,21 +486,6 @@ public static function provideSafeMailto(): iterable
         ];
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @param mixed $expected
-     * @param mixed $email
-     * @param mixed $title
-     * @param mixed $attributes
-     */
-    #[DataProvider('provideSafeMailto')]
-    public function testSafeMailto($expected = '', $email = '', $title = '', $attributes = ''): void
-    {
-        $uriString = 'http://example.com/';
-        $this->createRequest($uriString);
-
-        $this->assertSame($expected, safe_mailto($email, $title, $attributes));
-    }
-
     public function testSafeMailtoWithCsp(): void
     {
         $this->config->CSPEnabled = true;
@@ -496,6 +496,16 @@ public function testSafeMailtoWithCsp(): void
         $this->assertMatchesRegularExpression('/<script .*?nonce="\w+?".*?>/u', $html);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @param mixed $in
+     * @param mixed $out
+     */
+    #[DataProvider('provideAutoLinkUrl')]
+    public function testAutoLinkUrl($in, $out): void
+    {
+        $this->assertSame($out, auto_link($in, 'url'));
+    }
+
     // Test auto_link
 
     public static function provideAutoLinkUrl(): iterable
@@ -544,10 +554,10 @@ public static function provideAutoLinkUrl(): iterable
      * @param mixed $in
      * @param mixed $out
      */
-    #[DataProvider('provideAutoLinkUrl')]
-    public function testAutoLinkUrl($in, $out): void
+    #[DataProvider('provideAutoLinkEmail')]
+    public function testAutoLinkEmail($in, $out): void
     {
-        $this->assertSame($out, auto_link($in, 'url'));
+        $this->assertSame($out, auto_link($in, 'email'));
     }
 
     public static function provideAutoLinkEmail(): iterable
@@ -592,10 +602,10 @@ public static function provideAutoLinkEmail(): iterable
      * @param mixed $in
      * @param mixed $out
      */
-    #[DataProvider('provideAutoLinkEmail')]
-    public function testAutoLinkEmail($in, $out): void
+    #[DataProvider('provideAutolinkBoth')]
+    public function testAutolinkBoth($in, $out): void
     {
-        $this->assertSame($out, auto_link($in, 'email'));
+        $this->assertSame($out, auto_link($in));
     }
 
     public static function provideAutolinkBoth(): iterable
@@ -644,10 +654,10 @@ public static function provideAutolinkBoth(): iterable
      * @param mixed $in
      * @param mixed $out
      */
-    #[DataProvider('provideAutolinkBoth')]
-    public function testAutolinkBoth($in, $out): void
+    #[DataProvider('provideAutoLinkPopup')]
+    public function testAutoLinkPopup($in, $out): void
     {
-        $this->assertSame($out, auto_link($in));
+        $this->assertSame($out, auto_link($in, 'url', true));
     }
 
     public static function provideAutoLinkPopup(): iterable
@@ -688,14 +698,10 @@ public static function provideAutoLinkPopup(): iterable
         ];
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @param mixed $in
-     * @param mixed $out
-     */
-    #[DataProvider('provideAutoLinkPopup')]
-    public function testAutoLinkPopup($in, $out): void
+    #[DataProvider('providePrepUrl')]
+    public function testPrepUrl(string $input, string $expected, bool $secure): void
     {
-        $this->assertSame($out, auto_link($in, 'url', true));
+        $this->assertSame($expected, prep_url($input, $secure));
     }
 
     // Test prep_url
@@ -777,12 +783,6 @@ public static function providePrepUrl(): iterable
         ];
     }
 
-    #[DataProvider('providePrepUrl')]
-    public function testPrepUrl(string $input, string $expected, bool $secure): void
-    {
-        $this->assertSame($expected, prep_url($input, $secure));
-    }
-
     // Test url_title
 
     public function testUrlTitle(): void
@@ -855,14 +855,6 @@ public function testUrlTo(string $expected, string $input, ...$args): void
         $this->assertSame($expected, url_to($input, ...$args));
     }
 
-    #[DataProvider('provideUrlToThrowsOnEmptyOrMissingRoute')]
-    public function testUrlToThrowsOnEmptyOrMissingRoute(string $route): void
-    {
-        $this->expectException(RouterException::class);
-
-        url_to($route);
-    }
-
     public static function provideUrlTo(): iterable
     {
         $page = config('App')->indexPage !== '' ? config('App')->indexPage . '/' : '';
@@ -883,6 +875,14 @@ public static function provideUrlTo(): iterable
         ];
     }
 
+    #[DataProvider('provideUrlToThrowsOnEmptyOrMissingRoute')]
+    public function testUrlToThrowsOnEmptyOrMissingRoute(string $route): void
+    {
+        $this->expectException(RouterException::class);
+
+        url_to($route);
+    }
+
     public static function provideUrlToThrowsOnEmptyOrMissingRoute(): iterable
     {
         return [
@@ -902,12 +902,12 @@ public function testUrlToWithSupportedLocaleInRoute(): void
         $routes->add(
             '{locale}/path/(:segment)/to/(:num)',
             'myController::goto/$1/$2',
-            ['as' => 'path-to']
+            ['as' => 'path-to'],
         );
 
         $this->assertSame(
             'http://example.com/index.php/en/path/string/to/13',
-            url_to('path-to', 'string', 13, 'en')
+            url_to('path-to', 'string', 13, 'en'),
         );
     }
 
@@ -928,7 +928,7 @@ public function testUrlToWithNamedRouteWithNestedParentheses(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             'http://example.com/index.php/docs/10.9/install',
-            url_to('docs.version', '10.9', 'install')
+            url_to('docs.version', '10.9', 'install'),
         );
     }
 
@@ -944,7 +944,7 @@ public function testUrlToWithRouteWithNestedParentheses(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             'http://example.com/index.php/images/test.jpg',
-            url_to('Images::getFile', 'test.jpg')
+            url_to('Images::getFile', 'test.jpg'),
         );
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlCliTest.php b/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlCliTest.php
index 2ae86cb883eb..e24f55f44605 100644
--- a/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlCliTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlCliTest.php
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ public function testUrls(
         $secure,
         $path,
         $expectedSiteUrl,
-        $expectedBaseUrl
+        $expectedBaseUrl,
     ): void {
         // Set the config
         $this->config->baseURL                   = $baseURL;
@@ -325,11 +325,11 @@ public function testSiteURLWithEmptyStringScheme(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             '//example.com/index.php/test',
-            site_url('test', '', $this->config)
+            site_url('test', '', $this->config),
         );
         $this->assertSame(
             '//example.com/img/test.jpg',
-            base_url('img/test.jpg', '')
+            base_url('img/test.jpg', ''),
         );
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlTest.php b/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlTest.php
index cd9d1da66cde..b8c1dff4678b 100644
--- a/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlTest.php
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ public function testUrls(
         $secure,
         $path,
         $expectedSiteUrl,
-        $expectedBaseUrl
+        $expectedBaseUrl,
     ): void {
         // Set the config
         $this->config->baseURL                   = $baseURL;
@@ -335,11 +335,11 @@ public function testSiteURLWithEmptyStringScheme(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             '//example.com/index.php/test',
-            site_url('test', '', $this->config)
+            site_url('test', '', $this->config),
         );
         $this->assertSame(
             '//example.com/img/test.jpg',
-            base_url('img/test.jpg', '')
+            base_url('img/test.jpg', ''),
         );
     }
 
@@ -380,11 +380,11 @@ public function testBaseURLService(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             'http://example.com/ci/v4/index.php/controller/method',
-            site_url('controller/method', null, $this->config)
+            site_url('controller/method', null, $this->config),
         );
         $this->assertSame(
             'http://example.com/ci/v4/controller/method',
-            base_url('controller/method', null)
+            base_url('controller/method'),
         );
     }
 
@@ -398,11 +398,11 @@ public function testBaseURLWithCLIRequest(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             'http://example.com/index.php/controller/method',
-            site_url('controller/method', null, $this->config)
+            site_url('controller/method', null, $this->config),
         );
         $this->assertSame(
             'http://example.com/controller/method',
-            base_url('controller/method', null)
+            base_url('controller/method'),
         );
     }
 
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ public function testSiteURLWithAllowedHostname(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             'http://www.example.jp/public/index.php/controller/method',
-            site_url('controller/method')
+            site_url('controller/method'),
         );
     }
 
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ public function testSiteURLWithAltConfig(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             'http://alt.example.com/public/index.php/controller/method',
-            site_url('controller/method', null, $altConfig)
+            site_url('controller/method', null, $altConfig),
         );
     }
 
@@ -456,7 +456,7 @@ public function testBaseURLWithAllowedHostname(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             'http://www.example.jp/public/controller/method',
-            base_url('controller/method', null)
+            base_url('controller/method'),
         );
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Honeypot/HoneypotTest.php b/tests/system/Honeypot/HoneypotTest.php
index 3878a5d957ff..b92c2d1158b7 100644
--- a/tests/system/Honeypot/HoneypotTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Honeypot/HoneypotTest.php
@@ -63,10 +63,10 @@ public function testAttachHoneypot(): void
         $this->response->setBody('<form></form>');
 
         $this->honeypot->attachHoneypot($this->response);
-        $this->assertStringContainsString($this->config->name, $this->response->getBody());
+        $this->assertStringContainsString($this->config->name, (string) $this->response->getBody());
 
         $this->response->setBody('<div></div>');
-        $this->assertStringNotContainsString($this->config->name, $this->response->getBody());
+        $this->assertStringNotContainsString($this->config->name, (string) $this->response->getBody());
     }
 
     public function testAttachHoneypotBodyNull(): void
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ public function testHoneypotFilterAfter(): void
 
         $this->response->setBody('<form></form>');
         $this->response = $filters->run($uri, 'after');
-        $this->assertStringContainsString($this->config->name, $this->response->getBody());
+        $this->assertStringContainsString($this->config->name, (string) $this->response->getBody());
     }
 
     public function testEmptyConfigContainer(): void
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ public function testEmptyConfigContainer(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             '<div style="display:none">{template}</div>',
-            $this->getPrivateProperty($honeypot, 'config')->container
+            $this->getPrivateProperty($honeypot, 'config')->container,
         );
     }
 
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ public function testNoTemplateConfigContainer(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             '<div style="display:none">{template}</div>',
-            $this->getPrivateProperty($honeypot, 'config')->container
+            $this->getPrivateProperty($honeypot, 'config')->container,
         );
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/I18n/TimeDifferenceTest.php b/tests/system/I18n/TimeDifferenceTest.php
index 4342d53f92ee..87607af54902 100644
--- a/tests/system/I18n/TimeDifferenceTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/I18n/TimeDifferenceTest.php
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ public function testGetterUTC(): void
         $this->assertSame(8, $diff->getDays());
         $this->assertSame(8, $diff->days);
         $this->assertSame(-8, (int) round($diff->getDays(true)));
-        $this->assertNull($diff->nonsense);
+        $this->assertNull($diff->nonsense); // @phpstan-ignore property.notFound
     }
 
     public function testGetterDST(): void
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ public function testGetterDST(): void
 
         // The raw value does not take Daylight Saving Time into account.
         $this->assertSame(-8, (int) round($diff->getDays(true)));
-        $this->assertNull($diff->nonsense);
+        $this->assertNull($diff->nonsense); // @phpstan-ignore property.notFound
     }
 
     public function testMagicIssetTrue(): void
@@ -267,8 +267,8 @@ public function testMagicIssetTrue(): void
         $current = Time::parse('March 10, 2017', 'America/Chicago');
         $diff    = $current->difference('March 18, 2017', 'America/Chicago');
 
-        $this->assertTrue(isset($diff->days));
-        $this->assertFalse(isset($diff->nonsense));
+        $this->assertTrue(isset($diff->days)); // @phpstan-ignore isset.property
+        $this->assertFalse(isset($diff->nonsense)); // @phpstan-ignore property.notFound
     }
 
     public function testMagicIssetFalse(): void
@@ -276,6 +276,6 @@ public function testMagicIssetFalse(): void
         $current = Time::parse('March 10, 2017', 'America/Chicago');
         $diff    = $current->difference('March 18, 2017', 'America/Chicago');
 
-        $this->assertFalse(isset($diff->nonsense));
+        $this->assertFalse(isset($diff->nonsense)); // @phpstan-ignore property.notFound
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/I18n/TimeLegacyTest.php b/tests/system/I18n/TimeLegacyTest.php
index 771890699ece..8fbd359fbfd5 100644
--- a/tests/system/I18n/TimeLegacyTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/I18n/TimeLegacyTest.php
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ public function testNewTimeNow(): void
             IntlDateFormatter::SHORT,
             'America/Chicago', // Default for CodeIgniter
             IntlDateFormatter::GREGORIAN,
-            'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss'
+            'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss',
         );
 
         $time = new TimeLegacy('', 'America/Chicago');
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ public function testTimeWithTimezone(): void
             IntlDateFormatter::SHORT,
             'Europe/London', // Default for CodeIgniter
             IntlDateFormatter::GREGORIAN,
-            'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss'
+            'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss',
         );
 
         $time = new TimeLegacy('now', 'Europe/London');
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ public function testTimeWithTimezoneAndLocale(): void
             IntlDateFormatter::SHORT,
             'Europe/London', // Default for CodeIgniter
             IntlDateFormatter::GREGORIAN,
-            'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss'
+            'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss',
         );
 
         $time = new TimeLegacy('now', 'Europe/London', 'fr_FR');
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ public function testTimeWithDateTimeZone(): void
             IntlDateFormatter::SHORT,
             'Europe/London',
             IntlDateFormatter::GREGORIAN,
-            'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss'
+            'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss',
         );
 
         $time = new TimeLegacy('now', new DateTimeZone('Europe/London'), 'fr_FR');
@@ -1091,11 +1091,11 @@ public function testHumanizeWithArLocale(): void
         $this->resetServices();
 
         $currentLocale = Locale::getDefault();
-        Locale::setDefault('ar');
+        Locale::setDefault('ar-SA');
 
         $config                   = new App();
-        $config->supportedLocales = ['ar'];
-        $config->defaultLocale    = 'ar';
+        $config->supportedLocales = ['ar-SA'];
+        $config->defaultLocale    = 'ar-SA';
         Factories::injectMock('config', 'App', $config);
 
         TimeLegacy::setTestNow('2022-06-14 12:00', 'America/Chicago');
diff --git a/tests/system/I18n/TimeTest.php b/tests/system/I18n/TimeTest.php
index 34516948ef65..af45abcbe4b8 100644
--- a/tests/system/I18n/TimeTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/I18n/TimeTest.php
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use Config\App;
 use DateTime;
+use DateTimeImmutable;
 use DateTimeZone;
 use IntlDateFormatter;
 use Locale;
@@ -61,9 +62,9 @@ public function testNewTimeNow(): void
             'en_US',
             IntlDateFormatter::SHORT,
             IntlDateFormatter::SHORT,
-            'America/Chicago', // Default for CodeIgniter
+            'America/Chicago',
             IntlDateFormatter::GREGORIAN,
-            'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss'
+            'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss',
         );
 
         $time = new Time('', 'America/Chicago');
@@ -76,9 +77,9 @@ public function testTimeWithTimezone(): void
             'en_US',
             IntlDateFormatter::SHORT,
             IntlDateFormatter::SHORT,
-            'Europe/London', // Default for CodeIgniter
+            'Europe/London',
             IntlDateFormatter::GREGORIAN,
-            'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss'
+            'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss',
         );
 
         $time = new Time('now', 'Europe/London');
@@ -92,9 +93,9 @@ public function testTimeWithTimezoneAndLocale(): void
             'fr_FR',
             IntlDateFormatter::SHORT,
             IntlDateFormatter::SHORT,
-            'Europe/London', // Default for CodeIgniter
+            'Europe/London',
             IntlDateFormatter::GREGORIAN,
-            'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss'
+            'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss',
         );
 
         $time = new Time('now', 'Europe/London', 'fr_FR');
@@ -110,7 +111,7 @@ public function testTimeWithDateTimeZone(): void
             IntlDateFormatter::SHORT,
             'Europe/London',
             IntlDateFormatter::GREGORIAN,
-            'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss'
+            'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss',
         );
 
         $time = new Time('now', new DateTimeZone('Europe/London'), 'fr_FR');
@@ -234,6 +235,13 @@ public function testCreateFromFormat(): void
         $this->assertCloseEnoughString(date('2017-01-15 H:i:s', $now->getTimestamp()), $time->toDateTimeString());
     }
 
+    public function testCreateFromFormatWithMicroseconds(): void
+    {
+        $time = Time::createFromFormat('Y-m-d H:i:s.u', '2024-07-09 09:13:34.654321');
+
+        $this->assertSame('2024-07-09 09:13:34.654321', $time->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u'));
+    }
+
     public function testCreateFromFormatWithTimezoneString(): void
     {
         $time = Time::createFromFormat('F j, Y', 'January 15, 2017', 'Europe/London');
@@ -270,15 +278,26 @@ public function testCreateFromTimestamp(): void
 
         $timestamp = strtotime('2017-03-18 midnight');
 
+        // The timezone will be UTC if you don't specify.
         $time = Time::createFromTimestamp($timestamp);
 
-        $this->assertSame('Asia/Tokyo', $time->getTimezone()->getName());
-        $this->assertSame('2017-03-18 00:00:00', $time->format('Y-m-d H:i:s'));
+        $this->assertSame('UTC', $time->getTimezone()->getName());
+        $this->assertSame('2017-03-17 15:00:00', $time->format('Y-m-d H:i:s'));
 
         // Restore timezone.
         date_default_timezone_set($tz);
     }
 
+    public function testCreateFromTimestampWithMicroseconds(): void
+    {
+        $timestamp = 1489762800.654321;
+
+        // The timezone will be UTC if you don't specify.
+        $time = Time::createFromTimestamp($timestamp);
+
+        $this->assertSame('2017-03-17 15:00:00.654321', $time->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u'));
+    }
+
     public function testCreateFromTimestampWithTimezone(): void
     {
         // Set the timezone temporarily to UTC to make sure the test timestamp is correct
@@ -701,13 +720,28 @@ public function testSetTimezone(): void
 
     public function testSetTimestamp(): void
     {
-        $time  = Time::parse('May 10, 2017', 'America/Chicago');
-        $stamp = strtotime('April 1, 2017');
-        $time2 = $time->setTimestamp($stamp);
+        $time1 = Time::parse('May 10, 2017', 'America/Chicago');
+
+        $stamp = strtotime('2017-04-01'); // We use UTC as the default timezone.
+        $time2 = $time1->setTimestamp($stamp);
 
         $this->assertInstanceOf(Time::class, $time2);
-        $this->assertNotSame($time, $time2);
-        $this->assertSame('2017-04-01 00:00:00', $time2->toDateTimeString());
+        $this->assertSame('2017-05-10 00:00:00 -05:00', $time1->format('Y-m-d H:i:s P'));
+        $this->assertSame('2017-03-31 19:00:00 -05:00', $time2->format('Y-m-d H:i:s P'));
+    }
+
+    public function testSetTimestampDateTimeImmutable(): void
+    {
+        $time1 = new DateTimeImmutable(
+            'May 10, 2017',
+            new DateTimeZone('America/Chicago'),
+        );
+
+        $stamp = strtotime('2017-04-01'); // We use UTC as the default timezone.
+        $time2 = $time1->setTimestamp($stamp);
+
+        $this->assertSame('2017-05-10 00:00:00 -05:00', $time1->format('Y-m-d H:i:s P'));
+        $this->assertSame('2017-03-31 19:00:00 -05:00', $time2->format('Y-m-d H:i:s P'));
     }
 
     public function testToDateString(): void
@@ -875,13 +909,21 @@ public function testEqualWithString(): void
         $this->assertTrue($time1->equals('January 11, 2017 03:50:00', 'Europe/London'));
     }
 
-    public function testEqualWithStringAndNotimezone(): void
+    public function testEqualWithStringAndNoTimezone(): void
     {
         $time1 = Time::parse('January 10, 2017 21:50:00', 'America/Chicago');
 
         $this->assertTrue($time1->equals('January 10, 2017 21:50:00'));
     }
 
+    public function testEqualWithDifferentMicroseconds(): void
+    {
+        $time1 = new Time('2024-01-01 12:00:00.654321');
+        $time2 = new Time('2024-01-01 12:00:00');
+
+        $this->assertFalse($time1->equals($time2));
+    }
+
     public function testSameSuccess(): void
     {
         $time1 = Time::parse('January 10, 2017 21:50:00', 'America/Chicago');
@@ -921,6 +963,24 @@ public function testBefore(): void
         $this->assertFalse($time2->isBefore($time1));
     }
 
+    public function testBeforeSameTime(): void
+    {
+        $time1 = new Time('2024-01-01 12:00:00.000000');
+        $time2 = new Time('2024-01-01 12:00:00.000000');
+
+        $this->assertFalse($time1->isBefore($time2));
+        $this->assertFalse($time2->isBefore($time1));
+    }
+
+    public function testBeforeWithMicroseconds(): void
+    {
+        $time1 = new Time('2024-01-01 12:00:00.000000');
+        $time2 = new Time('2024-01-01 12:00:00.654321');
+
+        $this->assertTrue($time1->isBefore($time2));
+        $this->assertFalse($time2->isBefore($time1));
+    }
+
     public function testAfter(): void
     {
         $time1 = Time::parse('January 10, 2017 21:50:00', 'America/Chicago');
@@ -930,6 +990,24 @@ public function testAfter(): void
         $this->assertTrue($time2->isAfter($time1));
     }
 
+    public function testAfterSameTime(): void
+    {
+        $time1 = new Time('2024-01-01 12:00:00.000000');
+        $time2 = new Time('2024-01-01 12:00:00.000000');
+
+        $this->assertFalse($time1->isAfter($time2));
+        $this->assertFalse($time2->isAfter($time1));
+    }
+
+    public function testAfterWithMicroseconds(): void
+    {
+        $time1 = new Time('2024-01-01 12:00:00.654321');
+        $time2 = new Time('2024-01-01 12:00:00.000000');
+
+        $this->assertTrue($time1->isAfter($time2));
+        $this->assertFalse($time2->isAfter($time1));
+    }
+
     public function testHumanizeYearsSingle(): void
     {
         Time::setTestNow('March 10, 2017', 'America/Chicago');
@@ -1098,11 +1176,11 @@ public function testHumanizeWithArLocale(): void
         $this->resetServices();
 
         $currentLocale = Locale::getDefault();
-        Locale::setDefault('ar');
+        Locale::setDefault('ar-SA');
 
         $config                   = new App();
-        $config->supportedLocales = ['ar'];
-        $config->defaultLocale    = 'ar';
+        $config->supportedLocales = ['ar-SA'];
+        $config->defaultLocale    = 'ar-SA';
         Factories::injectMock('config', 'App', $config);
 
         Time::setTestNow('2022-06-14 12:00', 'America/Chicago');
diff --git a/tests/system/Images/GDHandlerTest.php b/tests/system/Images/GDHandlerTest.php
index db8297ae212f..121ce040904a 100644
--- a/tests/system/Images/GDHandlerTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Images/GDHandlerTest.php
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ public function testText(): void
         $this->handler->withFile($this->path);
         $this->handler->text(
             'vertical',
-            ['hAlign' => 'right', 'vAlign' => 'bottom', 'opacity' => 0.5]
+            ['hAlign' => 'right', 'vAlign' => 'bottom', 'opacity' => 0.5],
         );
         $this->assertSame(155, $this->handler->getWidth());
         $this->assertSame(200, $this->handler->getHeight());
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ public function testImageCopy(): void
 
             $this->assertNotSame(
                 file_get_contents($this->origin . 'ci-logo.' . $type),
-                $this->root->getChild('work/ci-logo.' . $type)->getContent()
+                $this->root->getChild('work/ci-logo.' . $type)->getContent(),
             );
         }
     }
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ public function testImageCopyWithNoTargetAndMaxQuality(): void
 
             $this->assertSame(
                 file_get_contents($this->origin . 'ci-logo.' . $type),
-                file_get_contents($this->origin . 'ci-logo.' . $type)
+                file_get_contents($this->origin . 'ci-logo.' . $type),
             );
         }
     }
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ public function testImageCompressionGetResource(): void
 
             $this->assertNotSame(
                 file_get_contents($this->origin . 'ci-logo.' . $type),
-                $this->root->getChild('work/ci-logo.' . $type)->getContent()
+                $this->root->getChild('work/ci-logo.' . $type)->getContent(),
             );
         }
     }
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ public function testImageCompressionWithResource(): void
 
             $this->assertNotSame(
                 file_get_contents($this->origin . 'ci-logo.' . $type),
-                $this->root->getChild('work/ci-logo.' . $type)->getContent()
+                $this->root->getChild('work/ci-logo.' . $type)->getContent(),
             );
         }
     }
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ public function testImageConvert(): void
         $this->handler->withFile($this->origin . 'ci-logo.jpeg');
         $this->handler->convert(IMAGETYPE_PNG);
         $this->handler->save($this->start . 'work/ci-logo.png');
-        $this->assertSame(exif_imagetype($this->start . 'work/ci-logo.png'), IMAGETYPE_PNG);
+        $this->assertSame(IMAGETYPE_PNG, exif_imagetype($this->start . 'work/ci-logo.png'));
     }
 
     public function testImageConvertPngToWebp(): void
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ public function testImageConvertPngToWebp(): void
         $this->handler->convert(IMAGETYPE_WEBP);
         $saved = $this->start . 'work/rocket.webp';
         $this->handler->save($saved);
-        $this->assertSame(exif_imagetype($saved), IMAGETYPE_WEBP);
+        $this->assertSame(IMAGETYPE_WEBP, exif_imagetype($saved));
     }
 
     public function testImageReorientLandscape(): void
diff --git a/tests/system/Images/ImageMagickHandlerTest.php b/tests/system/Images/ImageMagickHandlerTest.php
index 8ca59fd8dbbc..016ee34caa34 100644
--- a/tests/system/Images/ImageMagickHandlerTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Images/ImageMagickHandlerTest.php
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ public function testImageCopy(): void
 
             $this->assertNotSame(
                 file_get_contents($this->origin . 'ci-logo.' . $type),
-                file_get_contents($this->root . 'ci-logo.' . $type)
+                file_get_contents($this->root . 'ci-logo.' . $type),
             );
         }
     }
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ public function testImageCopyWithNoTargetAndMaxQuality(): void
 
             $this->assertSame(
                 file_get_contents($this->origin . 'ci-logo.' . $type),
-                file_get_contents($this->origin . 'ci-logo.' . $type)
+                file_get_contents($this->origin . 'ci-logo.' . $type),
             );
         }
     }
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ public function testImageCompressionGetResource(): void
 
             $this->assertNotSame(
                 file_get_contents($this->origin . 'ci-logo.' . $type),
-                file_get_contents($this->root . 'ci-logo.' . $type)
+                file_get_contents($this->root . 'ci-logo.' . $type),
             );
         }
     }
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ public function testImageCompressionWithResource(): void
 
             $this->assertNotSame(
                 file_get_contents($this->origin . 'ci-logo.' . $type),
-                file_get_contents($this->root . 'ci-logo.' . $type)
+                file_get_contents($this->root . 'ci-logo.' . $type),
             );
         }
     }
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ public function testImageConvert(): void
         $this->handler->withFile($this->origin . 'ci-logo.jpeg');
         $this->handler->convert(IMAGETYPE_PNG);
         $this->handler->save($this->root . 'ci-logo.png');
-        $this->assertSame(exif_imagetype($this->root . 'ci-logo.png'), IMAGETYPE_PNG);
+        $this->assertSame(IMAGETYPE_PNG, exif_imagetype($this->root . 'ci-logo.png'));
     }
 
     public function testImageReorientLandscape(): void
@@ -487,4 +487,65 @@ public function testImageReorientPortrait(): void
             $this->assertSame(['red' => 62, 'green' => 62, 'blue' => 62, 'alpha' => 0], $rgb);
         }
     }
+
+    public function testCommandInjectionPrevention(): void
+    {
+        $injectionFile     = 'ci4_security_test.txt';
+        $maliciousFilename = 'image.png`echo 123456 | tee ' . $injectionFile . '`';
+        $tempPath          = $this->root . $maliciousFilename;
+
+        $source = $this->origin . 'rocket.png';
+
+        if (file_exists($injectionFile)) {
+            unlink($injectionFile);
+        }
+
+        file_put_contents($tempPath, file_get_contents($source));
+
+        try {
+            $this->handler->withFile($tempPath);
+            $this->handler->resize(50, 50);
+        } catch (ImageException) {
+            $this->fail('Command injection succeeded. Fix is incomplete.');
+        } finally {
+            // Check that the command injection file was NOT created
+            $this->assertFileDoesNotExist($injectionFile);
+
+            // Verify the image processing still works normally
+            $this->assertSame(50, $this->handler->getWidth());
+            $this->assertSame(50, $this->handler->getHeight());
+
+            if (file_exists($tempPath)) {
+                unlink($tempPath);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function testCommandInjectionPreventionWithText(): void
+    {
+        $injectionFile = 'ci4_security_test.txt';
+        $tempFilename  = 'image.png';
+        $tempPath      = $this->root . $tempFilename;
+
+        $source = $this->origin . 'rocket.png';
+
+        if (file_exists($injectionFile)) {
+            unlink($injectionFile);
+        }
+
+        file_put_contents($tempPath, file_get_contents($source));
+
+        try {
+            $this->handler->withFile($tempPath);
+            $text = "Hello'; echo 123456 > {$injectionFile}; echo 'World";
+            $this->handler->text($text);
+        } finally {
+            // Check that the command injection file was NOT created
+            $this->assertFileDoesNotExist($injectionFile);
+
+            if (file_exists($tempPath)) {
+                unlink($tempPath);
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Language/LanguageTest.php b/tests/system/Language/LanguageTest.php
index cb1cfff267aa..749a30e88b3d 100644
--- a/tests/system/Language/LanguageTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Language/LanguageTest.php
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\Mock\MockLanguage;
-use MessageFormatter;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\RequiresPhpExtension;
 use Tests\Support\Language\SecondMockLanguage;
 
 /**
@@ -26,16 +26,10 @@
 #[Group('Others')]
 final class LanguageTest extends CIUnitTestCase
 {
-    private Language $lang;
-
-    protected function setUp(): void
-    {
-        $this->lang = new Language('en');
-    }
-
     public function testReturnsStringWithNoFileInMessage(): void
     {
-        $this->assertSame('something', $this->lang->getLine('something'));
+        $lang = new MockLanguage('en');
+        $this->assertSame('something', $lang->getLine('something'));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -43,88 +37,84 @@ public function testReturnsStringWithNoFileInMessage(): void
      */
     public function testReturnParsedStringWithNoFileInMessage(): void
     {
-        $this->lang->setLocale('en-GB');
+        $lang = new MockLanguage('en');
+        $lang->setLocale('en-GB');
 
         $line = '{price, number, currency}';
 
-        $this->assertSame('£7.41', $this->lang->getLine($line, ['price' => '7.41']));
+        $this->assertSame('£7.41', $lang->getLine($line, ['price' => '7.41']));
         $this->assertSame('£7.41', lang($line, ['price' => '7.41'], 'en-GB'));
     }
 
     public function testGetLineReturnsLine(): void
     {
-        $this->lang = new MockLanguage('en');
-
-        $this->lang->setData('books', [
+        $lang = new MockLanguage('en');
+        $lang->setData('books', [
             'bookSaved'  => 'We kept the book free from the boogeyman',
             'booksSaved' => 'We saved some more',
         ]);
 
-        $this->assertSame('We saved some more', $this->lang->getLine('books.booksSaved'));
+        $this->assertSame('We saved some more', $lang->getLine('books.booksSaved'));
     }
 
     public function testGetLineReturnsLineWithKeyWithDots(): void
     {
-        $this->lang = new MockLanguage('en');
-
-        $this->lang->setData('books', [
+        $lang = new MockLanguage('en');
+        $lang->setData('books', [
             'bookSaved.foo'      => 'We kept the book free from the boogeyman',
             'booksSaved.bar.baz' => 'We saved some more',
         ]);
 
         $this->assertSame(
             'We kept the book free from the boogeyman',
-            $this->lang->getLine('books.bookSaved.foo')
+            $lang->getLine('books.bookSaved.foo'),
         );
         $this->assertSame(
             'We saved some more',
-            $this->lang->getLine('books.booksSaved.bar.baz')
+            $lang->getLine('books.booksSaved.bar.baz'),
         );
     }
 
     public function testGetLineCannotUseKeysWithLeadingDot(): void
     {
-        $this->lang = new MockLanguage('en');
-
-        $this->lang->setData('books', [
+        $lang = new MockLanguage('en');
+        $lang->setData('books', [
             '.bookSaved.foo.'      => 'We kept the book free from the boogeyman',
             '.booksSaved.bar.baz.' => 'We saved some more',
         ]);
 
         $this->assertSame(
             'books.bookSaved.foo', // Can't get the message.
-            $this->lang->getLine('books.bookSaved.foo')
+            $lang->getLine('books.bookSaved.foo'),
         );
         $this->assertSame(
             'books.booksSaved.bar.baz', // Can't get the message.
-            $this->lang->getLine('books.booksSaved.bar.baz')
+            $lang->getLine('books.booksSaved.bar.baz'),
         );
     }
 
     public function testGetLineCannotUseKeysWithTrailingDot(): void
     {
-        $this->lang = new MockLanguage('en');
-
-        $this->lang->setData('books', [
+        $lang = new MockLanguage('en');
+        $lang->setData('books', [
             'bookSaved.foo.'      => 'We kept the book free from the boogeyman',
             'booksSaved.bar.baz.' => 'We saved some more',
         ]);
 
         $this->assertSame(
             'books.bookSaved.foo', // Can't get the message.
-            $this->lang->getLine('books.bookSaved.foo')
+            $lang->getLine('books.bookSaved.foo'),
         );
         $this->assertSame(
             'books.booksSaved.bar.baz', // Can't get the message.
-            $this->lang->getLine('books.booksSaved.bar.baz')
+            $lang->getLine('books.booksSaved.bar.baz'),
         );
     }
 
     public function testGetLineReturnsFallbackLine(): void
     {
-        $this->lang = new MockLanguage('en');
-
-        $this->lang
+        $lang = new MockLanguage('en');
+        $lang
             ->setLocale('en-US')
             ->setData('equivalent', [
                 'touchWood'   => 'touch wood',
@@ -137,82 +127,58 @@ public function testGetLineReturnsFallbackLine(): void
                 'slowcoach' => 'slowpoke',
             ], 'en-US');
 
-        $this->assertSame('lay of the land', $this->lang->getLine('equivalent.lieOfLand'));
-        $this->assertSame('slowpoke', $this->lang->getLine('equivalent.slowcoach'));
-        $this->assertSame('a new lease of life', $this->lang->getLine('equivalent.leaseOfLife'));
-        $this->assertSame('touch wood', $this->lang->getLine('equivalent.touchWood'));
-        $this->assertSame('equivalent.unknown', $this->lang->getLine('equivalent.unknown'));
+        $this->assertSame('lay of the land', $lang->getLine('equivalent.lieOfLand'));
+        $this->assertSame('slowpoke', $lang->getLine('equivalent.slowcoach'));
+        $this->assertSame('a new lease of life', $lang->getLine('equivalent.leaseOfLife'));
+        $this->assertSame('touch wood', $lang->getLine('equivalent.touchWood'));
+        $this->assertSame('equivalent.unknown', $lang->getLine('equivalent.unknown'));
     }
 
     public function testGetLineArrayReturnsLineArray(): void
     {
-        $this->lang = new MockLanguage('en');
-
-        $this->lang->setData('books', [
-            'booksList' => [
-                'The Boogeyman',
-                'We Saved',
-            ],
-        ]);
+        $lang = new MockLanguage('en');
+        $lang->setData('books', ['booksList' => ['The Boogeyman', 'We Saved']]);
 
-        $this->assertSame([
-            'The Boogeyman',
-            'We Saved',
-        ], $this->lang->getLine('books.booksList'));
+        $this->assertSame(['The Boogeyman', 'We Saved'], $lang->getLine('books.booksList'));
     }
 
+    #[RequiresPhpExtension('intl')]
     public function testGetLineFormatsMessage(): void
     {
-        // No intl extension? then we can't test this - go away....
-        if (! class_exists(MessageFormatter::class)) {
-            $this->markTestSkipped('No intl support.');
-        }
-
-        $this->lang = new MockLanguage('en');
-
-        $this->lang->setData('books', [
+        $lang = new MockLanguage('en');
+        $lang->setData('books', [
             'bookCount' => '{0, number, integer} books have been saved.',
         ]);
 
-        $this->assertSame('45 books have been saved.', $this->lang->getLine('books.bookCount', [91 / 2]));
+        $this->assertSame('45 books have been saved.', $lang->getLine('books.bookCount', [91 / 2]));
     }
 
+    #[RequiresPhpExtension('intl')]
     public function testGetLineArrayFormatsMessages(): void
     {
-        // No intl extension? Then we can't test this - go away...
-        if (! class_exists(MessageFormatter::class)) {
-            $this->markTestSkipped('No intl support.');
-        }
-
-        $this->lang = new MockLanguage('en');
-
-        $this->lang->setData('books', [
+        $lang = new MockLanguage('en');
+        $lang->setData('books', [
             'bookList' => [
                 '{0, number, integer} related books.',
             ],
         ]);
 
-        $this->assertSame(['45 related books.'], $this->lang->getLine('books.bookList', [91 / 2]));
+        $this->assertSame(['45 related books.'], $lang->getLine('books.bookList', [91 / 2]));
     }
 
     /**
      * @see https://github.com/codeigniter4/shield/issues/851
      */
+    #[RequiresPhpExtension('intl')]
     public function testGetLineInvalidFormatMessage(): void
     {
-        // No intl extension? then we can't test this - go away....
-        if (! class_exists(MessageFormatter::class)) {
-            $this->markTestSkipped('No intl support.');
-        }
-
-        $this->lang = new MockLanguage('en');
-
-        $this->lang->setLocale('ar');
+        $lang = new MockLanguage('en');
+        $lang->setLocale('ar');
 
         $line = 'تم الكشف عن كلمة المرور {0} بسبب اختراق البيانات وشوهدت {1 ، عدد} مرة في {2} في كلمات المرور المخترقة.';
-        $this->lang->setData('Auth', ['errorPasswordPwned' => $line]);
+        $lang->setData('Auth', ['errorPasswordPwned' => $line]);
 
-        $output = $this->lang->getLine('Auth.errorPasswordPwned', ['password', 'hits', 'wording']);
+        $output = $lang->getLine('Auth.errorPasswordPwned', ['password', 'hits', 'wording']);
 
         $this->assertSame($line . "\n【Warning】Also, invalid string(s) was passed to the Language class. See log file for details.", $output);
     }
@@ -231,26 +197,24 @@ public function testLangAllowsOtherLocales(): void
 
     public function testLangDoesntFormat(): void
     {
-        $this->lang = new MockLanguage('en');
-
-        $this->lang->disableIntlSupport();
-
-        $this->lang->setData('books', [
+        $lang = new MockLanguage('en');
+        $lang->disableIntlSupport();
+        $lang->setData('books', [
             'bookList' => [
                 '{0, number, integer} related books.',
             ],
         ]);
 
-        $this->assertSame(['{0, number, integer} related books.'], $this->lang->getLine('books.bookList', [15]));
+        $this->assertSame(['{0, number, integer} related books.'], $lang->getLine('books.bookList', [15]));
     }
 
     public function testLanguageDuplicateKey(): void
     {
-        $this->lang = new Language('en');
-        $this->assertSame('These are not the droids you are looking for', $this->lang->getLine('More.strongForce', []));
-        $this->assertSame('I have a very bad feeling about this', $this->lang->getLine('More.cannotMove', []));
-        $this->assertSame('Could not move file "{0}" to "{1}". Reason: {2}', $this->lang->getLine('Files.cannotMove', []));
-        $this->assertSame('I have a very bad feeling about this', $this->lang->getLine('More.cannotMove', []));
+        $lang = new Language('en');
+        $this->assertSame('These are not the droids you are looking for', $lang->getLine('More.strongForce', []));
+        $this->assertSame('I have a very bad feeling about this', $lang->getLine('More.cannotMove', []));
+        $this->assertSame('Could not move file "{0}" to "{1}". Reason: {2}', $lang->getLine('Files.cannotMove', []));
+        $this->assertSame('I have a very bad feeling about this', $lang->getLine('More.cannotMove', []));
     }
 
     public function testLanguageFileLoading(): void
@@ -295,8 +259,8 @@ public function testLanguageSameKeyAndFileName(): void
 
     public function testGetLocale(): void
     {
-        $this->lang = service('language', 'en', false);
-        $this->assertSame('en', $this->lang->getLocale());
+        $lang = service('language', 'en', false);
+        $this->assertSame('en', $lang->getLocale());
     }
 
     public function testPrioritizedLocator(): void
@@ -308,9 +272,24 @@ public function testPrioritizedLocator(): void
         $this->assertSame('billions and billions', lang('Core.bazillion', [], 'en'));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * There's not a whole lot that can be done with message bundles,
+     * but we can at least try loading them ... more accurate code coverage?
+     */
+    #[DataProvider('provideBundleUniqueKeys')]
+    public function testBundleUniqueKeys(string $bundle): void
+    {
+        $messages = require SYSTEMPATH . 'Language/en/' . $bundle . '.php';
+        $this->assertIsArray($messages);
+        $this->assertGreaterThan(0, count($messages));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return iterable<int, array{0: string}>
+     */
     public static function provideBundleUniqueKeys(): iterable
     {
-        return [
+        yield from [
             ['CLI'],
             ['Cache'],
             ['Cast'],
@@ -335,35 +314,20 @@ public static function provideBundleUniqueKeys(): iterable
         ];
     }
 
-    /**
-     * There's not a whole lot that can be done with message bundles,
-     * but we can at least try loading them ... more accurate code coverage?
-     *
-     * @param mixed $bundle
-     */
-    #[DataProvider('provideBundleUniqueKeys')]
-    public function testBundleUniqueKeys($bundle): void
-    {
-        $messages = require SYSTEMPATH . 'Language/en/' . $bundle . '.php';
-        $this->assertGreaterThan(0, count($messages));
-    }
-
-    // Testing base locale vs variants
-
-    public function testBaseFallbacks(): void
+    public function testBaseLocaleVsVariants(): void
     {
-        $this->lang = service('language', 'en-ZZ', false);
+        $lang = service('language', 'en-ZZ', false);
         // key is in both base and variant; should pick variant
-        $this->assertSame("It's made of cheese", $this->lang->getLine('More.notaMoon'));
+        $this->assertSame("It's made of cheese", $lang->getLine('More.notaMoon'));
 
         // key is in base but not variant; should pick base
-        $this->assertSame('I have a very bad feeling about this', $this->lang->getLine('More.cannotMove'));
+        $this->assertSame('I have a very bad feeling about this', $lang->getLine('More.cannotMove'));
 
         // key is in variant but not base; should pick variant
-        $this->assertSame('There is no try', $this->lang->getLine('More.wisdom'));
+        $this->assertSame('There is no try', $lang->getLine('More.wisdom'));
 
         // key isn't in either base or variant; should return bad key
-        $this->assertSame('More.shootMe', $this->lang->getLine('More.shootMe'));
+        $this->assertSame('More.shootMe', $lang->getLine('More.shootMe'));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -371,16 +335,16 @@ public function testBaseFallbacks(): void
      */
     public function testLangKeepLocale(): void
     {
-        $this->lang = service('language', 'en', true);
+        $lang = service('language', 'en', true);
 
         lang('Language.languageGetLineInvalidArgumentException');
-        $this->assertSame('en', $this->lang->getLocale());
+        $this->assertSame('en', $lang->getLocale());
 
         lang('Language.languageGetLineInvalidArgumentException', [], 'ru');
-        $this->assertSame('en', $this->lang->getLocale());
+        $this->assertSame('en', $lang->getLocale());
 
         lang('Language.languageGetLineInvalidArgumentException');
-        $this->assertSame('en', $this->lang->getLocale());
+        $this->assertSame('en', $lang->getLocale());
     }
 
     /**
@@ -398,31 +362,31 @@ public function testLangKeepLocale(): void
      */
     public function testAllTheWayFallbacks(): void
     {
-        $this->lang = service('language', 'ab-CD', false);
-        $this->assertSame('Allin.none', $this->lang->getLine('Allin.none'));
-        $this->assertSame('Pyramid of Giza', $this->lang->getLine('Allin.one'));
-        $this->assertSame('gluttony', $this->lang->getLine('Allin.two'));
-        $this->assertSame('Colossus of Rhodes', $this->lang->getLine('Allin.tre'));
-        $this->assertSame('four calling birds', $this->lang->getLine('Allin.for'));
-        $this->assertSame('Temple of Artemis', $this->lang->getLine('Allin.fiv'));
-        $this->assertSame('envy', $this->lang->getLine('Allin.six'));
-        $this->assertSame('Hanging Gardens of Babylon', $this->lang->getLine('Allin.sev'));
+        $lang = service('language', 'ab-CD', false);
+        $this->assertSame('Allin.none', $lang->getLine('Allin.none'));
+        $this->assertSame('Pyramid of Giza', $lang->getLine('Allin.one'));
+        $this->assertSame('gluttony', $lang->getLine('Allin.two'));
+        $this->assertSame('Colossus of Rhodes', $lang->getLine('Allin.tre'));
+        $this->assertSame('four calling birds', $lang->getLine('Allin.for'));
+        $this->assertSame('Temple of Artemis', $lang->getLine('Allin.fiv'));
+        $this->assertSame('envy', $lang->getLine('Allin.six'));
+        $this->assertSame('Hanging Gardens of Babylon', $lang->getLine('Allin.sev'));
     }
 
     public function testLanguageNestedArrayDefinition(): void
     {
-        $this->lang = new SecondMockLanguage('en');
-        $this->lang->loadem('Nested', 'en');
+        $lang = new SecondMockLanguage('en');
+        $lang->loadem('Nested', 'en');
 
-        $this->assertSame('e', $this->lang->getLine('Nested.a.b.c.d'));
+        $this->assertSame('e', $lang->getLine('Nested.a.b.c.d'));
     }
 
     public function testLanguageKeySeparatedByDot(): void
     {
-        $this->lang = new SecondMockLanguage('en');
-        $this->lang->loadem('Foo', 'en');
+        $lang = new SecondMockLanguage('en');
+        $lang->loadem('Foo', 'en');
 
-        $this->assertSame('The fieldname field is very short.', $this->lang->getLine('Foo.bar.min_length1', ['field' => 'fieldname']));
-        $this->assertSame('The fieldname field is very short.', $this->lang->getLine('Foo.baz.min_length3.short', ['field' => 'fieldname']));
+        $this->assertSame('The fieldname field is very short.', $lang->getLine('Foo.bar.min_length1', ['field' => 'fieldname']));
+        $this->assertSame('The fieldname field is very short.', $lang->getLine('Foo.baz.min_length3.short', ['field' => 'fieldname']));
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Log/Handlers/ErrorlogHandlerTest.php b/tests/system/Log/Handlers/ErrorlogHandlerTest.php
index 609cea39af7d..2383138d7306 100644
--- a/tests/system/Log/Handlers/ErrorlogHandlerTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Log/Handlers/ErrorlogHandlerTest.php
@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@ public function testErrorLoggingWithErrorLog(): void
     }
 
     /**
+     * @param array{handles?: list<string>, messageType?: int} $config
+     *
      * @return ErrorlogHandler&MockObject
      */
     private function getMockedHandler(array $config = [])
diff --git a/tests/system/Log/Handlers/FileHandlerTest.php b/tests/system/Log/Handlers/FileHandlerTest.php
index 6647a42c8b43..c810c96f9750 100644
--- a/tests/system/Log/Handlers/FileHandlerTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Log/Handlers/FileHandlerTest.php
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ public function testHandleCreateFile(): void
 
         // did the log file get created?
         $expectedResult = 'This is a test log';
-        $this->assertStringContainsString($expectedResult, $line);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString($expectedResult, (string) $line);
     }
 
     public function testHandleDateTimeCorrectly(): void
@@ -94,6 +94,6 @@ public function testHandleDateTimeCorrectly(): void
         fclose($fp);
 
         $expectedResult = 'Test message';
-        $this->assertStringContainsString($expectedResult, $line);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString($expectedResult, (string) $line);
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Log/LoggerTest.php b/tests/system/Log/LoggerTest.php
index 9464d4d286fd..623b665cfda3 100644
--- a/tests/system/Log/LoggerTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Log/LoggerTest.php
@@ -14,14 +14,15 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Log;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\FrameworkException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
 use CodeIgniter\Log\Exceptions\LogException;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\Mock\MockLogger as LoggerConfig;
-use Exception;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
+use ReflectionMethod;
+use ReflectionNamedType;
 use Tests\Support\Log\Handlers\TestHandler;
-use TypeError;
 
 /**
  * @internal
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ protected function tearDown(): void
     public function testThrowsExceptionWithBadHandlerSettings(): void
     {
         $config           = new LoggerConfig();
-        $config->handlers = null;
+        $config->handlers = [];
 
         $this->expectException(FrameworkException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(lang('Core.noHandlers', ['LoggerConfig']));
@@ -67,7 +68,10 @@ public function testLogAlwaysReturnsVoid(): void
 
         $logger = new Logger($config);
 
-        $this->assertNull($logger->log('debug', ''));
+        $refMethod = new ReflectionMethod($logger, 'log');
+        $this->assertTrue($refMethod->hasReturnType());
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(ReflectionNamedType::class, $refMethod->getReturnType());
+        $this->assertSame('void', $refMethod->getReturnType()->getName());
     }
 
     public function testLogActuallyLogs(): void
@@ -231,6 +235,23 @@ public function testLogInterpolatesFileAndLine(): void
         $this->assertGreaterThan(1, strpos($logs[0], $expected));
     }
 
+    public function testLogInterpolatesLineOnly(): void
+    {
+        $config = new LoggerConfig();
+
+        $logger = new Logger($config);
+
+        $_ENV['foo'] = 'bar';
+
+        $logger->log('debug', 'Test message Sample {line}');
+        $line     = __LINE__ - 1;
+        $expected = "Sample {$line}";
+
+        $logs = TestHandler::getLogs();
+
+        $this->assertGreaterThan(1, strpos($logs[0], $expected));
+    }
+
     public function testLogInterpolatesExceptions(): void
     {
         $config = new LoggerConfig();
@@ -241,8 +262,8 @@ public function testLogInterpolatesExceptions(): void
         $expected = 'ERROR - ' . Time::now()->format('Y-m-d') . ' --> [ERROR] These are not the droids you are looking for';
 
         try {
-            throw new Exception('These are not the droids you are looking for');
-        } catch (Exception $e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException('These are not the droids you are looking for');
+        } catch (RuntimeException $e) {
             $logger->log('error', '[ERROR] {exception}', ['exception' => $e]);
         }
 
@@ -405,16 +426,6 @@ public function testLogLevels(): void
         $this->assertSame($expected, $logs[0]);
     }
 
-    public function testNonStringMessage(): void
-    {
-        $this->expectException(TypeError::class);
-
-        $config = new LoggerConfig();
-        $logger = new Logger($config);
-
-        $logger->log(5, $config);
-    }
-
     public function testDetermineFileNoStackTrace(): void
     {
         $config = new LoggerConfig();
diff --git a/tests/system/Models/DataConverterModelTest.php b/tests/system/Models/DataConverterModelTest.php
index f243871526f3..7d647790d62b 100644
--- a/tests/system/Models/DataConverterModelTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Models/DataConverterModelTest.php
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ public function testFindAsArray(): void
 
         $user = $this->model->find($id);
 
-        $this->assertIsInt($user['id']);
+        $this->assertIsInt($user['id']); // @phpstan-ignore offsetAccess.notFound
         $this->assertInstanceOf(Time::class, $user['created_at']);
         $this->assertSame('John Smith', $user['name']);
         // `name` is cast by custom CastBase64 handler.
@@ -128,9 +128,9 @@ public function testFindAllAsArray(): void
 
         $users = $this->model->findAll();
 
-        $this->assertIsInt($users[0]['id']);
+        $this->assertIsInt($users[0]['id']); // @phpstan-ignore offsetAccess.notFound
         $this->assertInstanceOf(Time::class, $users[0]['created_at']);
-        $this->assertIsInt($users[1]['id']);
+        $this->assertIsInt($users[1]['id']); // @phpstan-ignore offsetAccess.notFound
         $this->assertInstanceOf(Time::class, $users[1]['created_at']);
     }
 
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ public function testFirstAsArray(): void
 
         $user = $this->model->first();
 
-        $this->assertIsInt($user['id']);
+        $this->assertIsInt($user['id']); // @phpstan-ignore offsetAccess.notFound
         $this->assertInstanceOf(Time::class, $user['created_at']);
     }
 
@@ -264,7 +264,8 @@ public function testInsertArray(): void
         $id = $this->model->insert($data, true);
 
         $user = $this->model->find($id);
-        $this->assertSame(['joe@example.com'], $user['email']);
+
+        $this->assertSame(['joe@example.com'], $user['email']); // @phpstan-ignore offsetAccess.notFound
     }
 
     public function testInsertObject(): void
@@ -279,7 +280,8 @@ public function testInsertObject(): void
         $id = $this->model->insert($data, true);
 
         $user = $this->model->find($id);
-        $this->assertSame(['joe@example.com'], $user['email']);
+
+        $this->assertSame(['joe@example.com'], $user['email']); // @phpstan-ignore offsetAccess.notFound
     }
 
     public function testUpdateArray(): void
@@ -288,14 +290,14 @@ public function testUpdateArray(): void
         $user = $this->model->find($id);
 
         $user['email'][] = 'private@example.org';
-        $this->model->update($user['id'], $user);
+        $this->model->update($user['id'], $user); // @phpstan-ignore offsetAccess.notFound
 
         $user = $this->model->find($id);
 
         $this->assertSame([
             'john@example.com',
             'private@example.org',
-        ], $user['email']);
+        ], $user['email']); // @phpstan-ignore offsetAccess.notFound
     }
 
     public function testUpdateObject(): void
@@ -311,7 +313,7 @@ public function testUpdateObject(): void
         $this->assertSame([
             'john@example.com',
             'private@example.org',
-        ], $user['email']);
+        ], $user['email']); // @phpstan-ignore offsetAccess.notFound
     }
 
     public function testUpdateCustomObject(): void
@@ -363,7 +365,7 @@ public function testSaveArray(): void
         $this->assertSame([
             'john@example.com',
             'private@example.org',
-        ], $user['email']);
+        ], $user['email']); // @phpstan-ignore offsetAccess.notFound
     }
 
     public function testSaveObject(): void
@@ -379,7 +381,7 @@ public function testSaveObject(): void
         $this->assertSame([
             'john@example.com',
             'private@example.org',
-        ], $user['email']);
+        ], $user['email']); // @phpstan-ignore offsetAccess.notFound
     }
 
     public function testSaveCustomObject(): void
diff --git a/tests/system/Models/DeleteModelTest.php b/tests/system/Models/DeleteModelTest.php
index bb78ec46f00a..0294ab32aed9 100644
--- a/tests/system/Models/DeleteModelTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Models/DeleteModelTest.php
@@ -198,15 +198,6 @@ public function testDontDeleteRowsWhenSoftDeleteParamIsEmpty($emptyValue): void
         $this->seeInDatabase('user', ['name' => 'Derek Jones', 'deleted_at IS NULL' => null]);
     }
 
-    public static function emptyPkValues(): iterable
-    {
-        return [
-            [0],
-            [null],
-            ['0'],
-        ];
-    }
-
     public function testThrowsWithNoDateFormat(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(ModelException::class);
@@ -249,7 +240,7 @@ public function testDeleteThrowDatabaseExceptionWithoutWhereClause($id): void
         // BaseBuilder throws Exception.
         $this->expectException(DatabaseException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(
-            'Deletes are not allowed unless they contain a "where" or "like" clause.'
+            'Deletes are not allowed unless they contain a "where" or "like" clause.',
         );
 
         // $useSoftDeletes = false
@@ -267,7 +258,7 @@ public function testDeleteWithSoftDeleteThrowDatabaseExceptionWithoutWhereClause
         // Model throws Exception.
         $this->expectException(DatabaseException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(
-            'Deletes are not allowed unless they contain a "where" or "like" clause.'
+            'Deletes are not allowed unless they contain a "where" or "like" clause.',
         );
 
         // $useSoftDeletes = true
@@ -275,4 +266,13 @@ public function testDeleteWithSoftDeleteThrowDatabaseExceptionWithoutWhereClause
 
         $this->model->delete($id);
     }
+
+    public static function emptyPkValues(): iterable
+    {
+        return [
+            [0],
+            [null],
+            ['0'],
+        ];
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Models/FindModelTest.php b/tests/system/Models/FindModelTest.php
index b15857d4aaaf..71a085dc3950 100644
--- a/tests/system/Models/FindModelTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Models/FindModelTest.php
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ModelException;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
+use stdClass;
 use Tests\Support\Entity\UserWithCasts;
 use Tests\Support\Models\JobModel;
 use Tests\Support\Models\SecondaryModel;
@@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ public function testFindRespectsSoftDeletes(): void
         $this->createModel(UserModel::class);
 
         $user = $this->model->find(4);
-        $this->assertEmpty($user);
+        $this->assertNotInstanceOf(stdClass::class, $user);
 
         $user  = $this->model->withDeleted()->find(4);
         $count = is_object($user) ? 1 : 0;
@@ -180,8 +181,8 @@ public function testFirst(): void
     }
 
     /**
-     * @param mixed $groupBy
-     * @param mixed $total
+     * @param bool $groupBy
+     * @param int  $total
      */
     #[DataProvider('provideFirstAggregate')]
     public function testFirstAggregate($groupBy, $total): void
@@ -215,8 +216,8 @@ public static function provideFirstAggregate(): iterable
     }
 
     /**
-     * @param mixed $aggregate
-     * @param mixed $groupBy
+     * @param bool $aggregate
+     * @param bool $groupBy
      */
     #[DataProvider('provideAggregateAndGroupBy')]
     public function testFirstRespectsSoftDeletes($aggregate, $groupBy): void
@@ -260,8 +261,8 @@ public function testFirstRespectsSoftDeletes($aggregate, $groupBy): void
     }
 
     /**
-     * @param mixed $aggregate
-     * @param mixed $groupBy
+     * @param bool $aggregate
+     * @param bool $groupBy
      */
     #[DataProvider('provideAggregateAndGroupBy')]
     public function testFirstRecoverTempUseSoftDeletes($aggregate, $groupBy): void
diff --git a/tests/system/Models/GeneralModelTest.php b/tests/system/Models/GeneralModelTest.php
index d0e50768457a..c0d3d806dbdd 100644
--- a/tests/system/Models/GeneralModelTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Models/GeneralModelTest.php
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Models;
 
-use BadMethodCallException;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnection;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\BadMethodCallException;
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
diff --git a/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php b/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php
index d4a680d7696b..11b079be3ab4 100644
--- a/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 use stdClass;
 use Tests\Support\Entity\User;
 use Tests\Support\Models\JobModel;
+use Tests\Support\Models\UserCastsTimestampModel;
 use Tests\Support\Models\UserModel;
 use Tests\Support\Models\UserObjModel;
 use Tests\Support\Models\WithoutAutoIncrementModel;
@@ -376,4 +377,34 @@ public function testInsertWithDefaultValue(): void
         $id = $this->model->getInsertID();
         $this->assertSame($entity->country, $this->model->find($id)->country);
     }
+
+    public function testInsertBatchWithCasts(): void
+    {
+        $userData = [
+            [
+                'name'  => 'Smriti',
+                'email' => [
+                    'personal' => 'smriti@india.com',
+                    'work'     => 'smriti@company.com',
+                ],
+                'country' => 'India',
+            ],
+            [
+                'name'  => 'Rahul',
+                'email' => [
+                    'personal' => 'rahul123@india.com',
+                    'work'     => 'rahul@company123.com',
+                ],
+                'country' => 'India',
+            ],
+        ];
+        $this->createModel(UserCastsTimestampModel::class);
+
+        $numRows = $this->model->insertBatch($userData); // @phpstan-ignore argument.type
+
+        $this->assertSame(2, $numRows);
+
+        $this->seeInDatabase('user', ['email' => json_encode($userData[0]['email'])]);
+        $this->seeInDatabase('user', ['email' => json_encode($userData[1]['email'])]);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Models/LiveModelTestCase.php b/tests/system/Models/LiveModelTestCase.php
index ad250ecc73b7..342daecdf302 100644
--- a/tests/system/Models/LiveModelTestCase.php
+++ b/tests/system/Models/LiveModelTestCase.php
@@ -52,6 +52,14 @@ protected function tearDown(): void
 
     /**
      * Create an instance of Model for use in testing.
+     *
+     * @template T of Model
+     *
+     * @param class-string<T> $modelName
+     *
+     * @return T
+     *
+     * @phpstan-assert T $this->model
      */
     protected function createModel(string $modelName, ?BaseConnection $db = null): Model
     {
diff --git a/tests/system/Models/MiscellaneousModelTest.php b/tests/system/Models/MiscellaneousModelTest.php
index f595973ca13e..556c1b441c18 100644
--- a/tests/system/Models/MiscellaneousModelTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Models/MiscellaneousModelTest.php
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ public function testCanCreateAndSaveEntityClasses(): void
         $result = $this->model->where('name', 'Senior Developer')->first();
         $this->assertSame(
             Time::createFromTimestamp($time)->toDateTimeString(),
-            $result->created_at->toDateTimeString()
+            $result->created_at->toDateTimeString(),
         );
     }
 
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ public function testUndefinedTypeInTransformDataToArray(): void
         $this->expectExceptionMessage('Invalid type "whatever" used upon transforming data to array.');
 
         $this->createModel(JobModel::class);
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->model, 'transformDataToArray');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->model, 'transformDataToArray');
         $method([], 'whatever');
     }
 
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ public function testEmptyDataInTransformDataToArray(): void
         $this->expectExceptionMessage('There is no data to insert.');
 
         $this->createModel(JobModel::class);
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->model, 'transformDataToArray');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->model, 'transformDataToArray');
         $method([], 'insert');
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Models/PaginateModelTest.php b/tests/system/Models/PaginateModelTest.php
index b7e4661f83ec..43a915bf101e 100644
--- a/tests/system/Models/PaginateModelTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Models/PaginateModelTest.php
@@ -100,13 +100,13 @@ public function testMultiplePager(): void
         $this->assertSame(4, $validModel->countAllResults());
         $this->assertSame(4, $userModel->countAllResults());
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('?page_valid=1"', $pager->links('valid'));
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('?page_valid=2"', $pager->links('valid'));
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('?page_valid=3"', $pager->links('valid'));
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('?page_valid=4"', $pager->links('valid'));
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('?page_user=1"', $pager->links('user'));
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('?page_user=2"', $pager->links('user'));
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('?page_user=3"', $pager->links('user'));
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('?page_user=4"', $pager->links('user'));
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('?page_valid=1"', (string) $pager->links('valid'));
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('?page_valid=2"', (string) $pager->links('valid'));
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('?page_valid=3"', (string) $pager->links('valid'));
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('?page_valid=4"', (string) $pager->links('valid'));
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('?page_user=1"', (string) $pager->links('user'));
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('?page_user=2"', (string) $pager->links('user'));
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('?page_user=3"', (string) $pager->links('user'));
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('?page_user=4"', (string) $pager->links('user'));
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Models/ReplaceModelTest.php b/tests/system/Models/ReplaceModelTest.php
index 1fa71323334e..776fcf7647fb 100644
--- a/tests/system/Models/ReplaceModelTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Models/ReplaceModelTest.php
@@ -38,11 +38,13 @@ public function testReplaceRespectsUseTimestamps(): void
         $data['country'] = 'UK';
 
         $sql = $this->model->replace($data, true);
-        $this->assertStringNotContainsString('updated_at', $sql);
+        $this->assertStringNotContainsString('created_at', (string) $sql);
+        $this->assertStringNotContainsString('updated_at', (string) $sql);
 
         $this->model = $this->createModel(UserModel::class);
         $this->setPrivateProperty($this->model, 'useTimestamps', true);
         $sql = $this->model->replace($data, true);
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('updated_at', $sql);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('created_at', (string) $sql);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('updated_at', (string) $sql);
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php b/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php
index 29f2959878e4..193624f06857 100644
--- a/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ public function testSaveNewEntityWithDate(): void
 
         $this->setPrivateProperty($testModel, 'useTimestamps', true);
         $this->assertTrue($testModel->save($entity));
-        $testModel->truncate();
+        $testModel->db->table('empty')->truncate();
     }
 
     public function testInvalidAllowedFieldException(): void
@@ -365,4 +365,44 @@ public function testUseAutoIncrementSetToFalseSaveObject(): void
         $this->assertSame($insert['key'], $this->model->getInsertID());
         $this->seeInDatabase('without_auto_increment', $update);
     }
+
+    /**
+     * @see https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/issues/9306
+     */
+    public function testSaveNewEntityWithMappedPrimaryKey(): void
+    {
+        $entity = new class () extends Entity {
+            protected string $name;
+            protected $attributes = [
+                'id'   => null,
+                'name' => null,
+            ];
+            protected $original = [
+                'id'   => null,
+                'name' => null,
+            ];
+            protected $datamap = [
+                'new_kid_in_the_block' => 'id',
+            ];
+        };
+
+        $testModel = new class () extends Model {
+            protected $table         = 'empty';
+            protected $allowedFields = [
+                'name',
+            ];
+            protected $returnType = 'object';
+        };
+
+        $entity->name = 'New';
+        $this->assertTrue($testModel->save($entity));
+        $this->seeInDatabase('empty', ['id' => 1, 'name' => 'New']);
+
+        $entity->new_kid_in_the_block = 1;
+        $entity->name                 = 'Updated';
+        $this->assertTrue($testModel->save($entity));
+
+        $this->seeInDatabase('empty', ['id' => 1, 'name' => 'Updated']);
+        $testModel->db->table('empty')->truncate();
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Models/TimestampModelTest.php b/tests/system/Models/TimestampModelTest.php
index 8736691b2d4a..9af7cd3b9547 100644
--- a/tests/system/Models/TimestampModelTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Models/TimestampModelTest.php
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ protected function tearDown(): void
     /**
      * @return int|string Insert ID
      */
-    private function allowDatesPrepareOneRecord(array $data)
+    private function allowDatesPrepareOneRecord(array $data): int|string
     {
         $this->createModel(UserTimestampModel::class);
         $this->db->table('user')->truncate();
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ private function allowDatesPrepareOneRecord(array $data)
     /**
      * @return int|string Insert ID
      */
-    private function doNotAllowDatesPrepareOneRecord(array $data)
+    private function doNotAllowDatesPrepareOneRecord(array $data): int|string
     {
         $this->createModel(UserTimestampModel::class);
         $this->db->table('user')->truncate();
@@ -93,10 +93,12 @@ public function testDoNotAllowDatesInsertArrayWithoutDatesSetsTimestamp(): void
         $user = $this->model->find($id);
 
         $expected = '2023-11-25 12:00:00';
+
         if ($this->db->DBDriver === 'SQLSRV') {
             $expected .= '.000';
         }
-        $this->assertSame($expected, $user['created_at']);
+
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $user['created_at']); // @phpstan-ignore offsetAccess.notFound
         $this->assertSame($expected, $user['updated_at']);
     }
 
@@ -116,10 +118,12 @@ public function testDoNotAllowDatesInsertArrayWithDatesSetsTimestamp(): void
         $user = $this->model->find($id);
 
         $expected = '2023-11-25 12:00:00';
+
         if ($this->db->DBDriver === 'SQLSRV') {
             $expected .= '.000';
         }
-        $this->assertSame($expected, $user['created_at']);
+
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $user['created_at']); // @phpstan-ignore offsetAccess.notFound
         $this->assertSame($expected, $user['updated_at']);
     }
 
@@ -139,15 +143,17 @@ public function testDoNotAllowDatesUpdateArrayUpdatesUpdatedAt(): void
         $user = $this->model->find($id);
 
         $user['country'] = 'CA';
-        $this->model->update($user['id'], $user);
+        $this->model->update($user['id'], $user); // @phpstan-ignore offsetAccess.notFound
 
         $user = $this->model->find($id);
 
         $expected = '2023-11-25 12:00:00';
+
         if ($this->db->DBDriver === 'SQLSRV') {
             $expected .= '.000';
         }
-        $this->assertSame($expected, $user['created_at']);
+
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $user['created_at']); // @phpstan-ignore offsetAccess.notFound
         $this->assertSame($expected, $user['updated_at']);
     }
 
@@ -197,10 +203,12 @@ public function testAllowDatesInsertArrayWithoutDatesSetsTimestamp(): void
         $user = $this->model->find($id);
 
         $expected = '2023-11-25 12:00:00';
+
         if ($this->db->DBDriver === 'SQLSRV') {
             $expected .= '.000';
         }
-        $this->assertSame($expected, $user['created_at']);
+
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $user['created_at']); // @phpstan-ignore offsetAccess.notFound
         $this->assertSame($expected, $user['updated_at']);
     }
 
@@ -224,10 +232,12 @@ public function testAllowDatesInsertArrayWithDatesSetsTimestamp(): void
         $user = $this->model->find($id);
 
         $expected = '2000-01-01 12:00:00';
+
         if ($this->db->DBDriver === 'SQLSRV') {
             $expected .= '.000';
         }
-        $this->assertSame($expected, $user['created_at']);
+
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $user['created_at']); // @phpstan-ignore offsetAccess.notFound
         $this->assertSame($expected, $user['updated_at']);
     }
 
@@ -251,15 +261,17 @@ public function testAllowDatesUpdateArrayUpdatesUpdatedAt(): void
         $user = $this->model->find($id);
 
         $user['country'] = 'CA';
-        $this->model->update($user['id'], $user);
+        $this->model->update($user['id'], $user); // @phpstan-ignore offsetAccess.notFound
 
         $user = $this->model->find($id);
 
         $expected = '2000-01-01 12:00:00';
+
         if ($this->db->DBDriver === 'SQLSRV') {
             $expected .= '.000';
         }
-        $this->assertSame($expected, $user['created_at']);
+
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $user['created_at']); // @phpstan-ignore offsetAccess.notFound
         $this->assertSame($expected, $user['updated_at']);
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php b/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php
index c7c8b9ad51d4..9e68a659cf1c 100644
--- a/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DataException;
 use CodeIgniter\Entity\Entity;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use Config\Database;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 use stdClass;
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 use Tests\Support\Models\EventModel;
 use Tests\Support\Models\JobModel;
 use Tests\Support\Models\SecondaryModel;
+use Tests\Support\Models\UserCastsTimestampModel;
 use Tests\Support\Models\UserModel;
 use Tests\Support\Models\UserTimestampModel;
 use Tests\Support\Models\UUIDPkeyModel;
@@ -159,7 +160,7 @@ public function testUpdateBatchInvalidIndex(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(InvalidArgumentException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(
-            'The index ("not_exist") for updateBatch() is missing in the data: {"name":"Derek Jones","country":"Greece"}'
+            'The index ("not_exist") for updateBatch() is missing in the data: {"name":"Derek Jones","country":"Greece"}',
         );
 
         $data = [
@@ -431,10 +432,7 @@ public function testUpdateSetEntity(): void
     public function testUpdateEntityWithPrimaryKeyCast(): void
     {
         if (
-            $this->db->DBDriver === 'OCI8'
-            || $this->db->DBDriver === 'Postgre'
-            || $this->db->DBDriver === 'SQLSRV'
-            || $this->db->DBDriver === 'SQLite3'
+            in_array($this->db->DBDriver, ['OCI8', 'Postgre', 'SQLSRV', 'SQLite3'], true)
         ) {
             $this->markTestSkipped($this->db->DBDriver . ' does not work with binary data as string data.');
         }
@@ -463,17 +461,14 @@ public function testUpdateEntityWithPrimaryKeyCast(): void
     public function testUpdateBatchEntityWithPrimaryKeyCast(): void
     {
         if (
-            $this->db->DBDriver === 'OCI8'
-            || $this->db->DBDriver === 'Postgre'
-            || $this->db->DBDriver === 'SQLSRV'
-            || $this->db->DBDriver === 'SQLite3'
+            in_array($this->db->DBDriver, ['OCI8', 'Postgre', 'SQLSRV', 'SQLite3'], true)
         ) {
             $this->markTestSkipped($this->db->DBDriver . ' does not work with binary data as string data.');
         }
 
         // See https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/8282#issuecomment-1836974182
         $this->markTestSkipped(
-            'batchUpdate() is currently not working due to data type issues in the generated SQL statement.'
+            'batchUpdate() is currently not working due to data type issues in the generated SQL statement.',
         );
 
         $this->createUuidTable();
@@ -602,4 +597,43 @@ public function testUpdateEntityUpdateOnlyChangedFalse(): void
         $this->assertTrue($result);
         $this->assertNotSame($updateAtBefore, $updateAtAfter);
     }
+
+    public function testUpdateBatchWithCasts(): void
+    {
+        $this->createModel(UserCastsTimestampModel::class);
+
+        $rows = $this->db->table('user')->limit(2)->orderBy('id', 'asc')->get()->getResultArray();
+
+        $this->assertNotEmpty($rows);
+        $this->assertCount(2, $rows);
+
+        $row1 = $rows[0];
+        $row2 = $rows[1];
+
+        $this->assertNotNull($row1);
+        $this->assertNotNull($row2);
+
+        $updateData = [
+            [
+                'id'    => $row1['id'],
+                'email' => [
+                    'personal' => 'email1.new@country.com',
+                    'work'     => 'email1.new@company.com',
+                ],
+            ],
+            [
+                'id'    => $row2['id'],
+                'email' => [
+                    'personal' => 'email2.new@country.com',
+                    'work'     => 'email2.new@company.com',
+                ],
+            ],
+        ];
+
+        $numRows = $this->model->updateBatch($updateData, 'id'); // @phpstan-ignore argument.type
+        $this->assertSame(2, $numRows);
+
+        $this->seeInDatabase('user', ['email' => json_encode($updateData[0]['email'])]);
+        $this->seeInDatabase('user', ['email' => json_encode($updateData[1]['email'])]);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Models/ValidationModelRuleGroupTest.php b/tests/system/Models/ValidationModelRuleGroupTest.php
index 34e51bcf07bc..eb50406ab62b 100644
--- a/tests/system/Models/ValidationModelRuleGroupTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Models/ValidationModelRuleGroupTest.php
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ public function testSkipValidation(): void
 
     public function testCleanValidationRemovesAllWhenNoDataProvided(): void
     {
-        $cleaner = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->model, 'cleanValidationRules');
+        $cleaner = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->model, 'cleanValidationRules');
 
         $rules = [
             'name' => 'required',
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ public function testCleanValidationRemovesAllWhenNoDataProvided(): void
 
     public function testCleanValidationRemovesOnlyForFieldsNotProvided(): void
     {
-        $cleaner = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->model, 'cleanValidationRules');
+        $cleaner = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->model, 'cleanValidationRules');
 
         $rules = [
             'name' => 'required',
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ public function testCleanValidationRemovesOnlyForFieldsNotProvided(): void
 
     public function testCleanValidationReturnsAllWhenAllExist(): void
     {
-        $cleaner = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->model, 'cleanValidationRules');
+        $cleaner = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->model, 'cleanValidationRules');
 
         $rules = [
             'name' => 'required',
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ public function testUpdateEntityWithPropertyCleanValidationRulesTrueAndCallingCl
         $this->assertCount(1, $errors);
         $this->assertSame(
             'The field1 field is required when field2,field3,field4 is present.',
-            $errors['field1']
+            $errors['field1'],
         );
     }
 
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ public function testUpdateEntityWithPropertyCleanValidationRulesFalse(): void
         $this->assertCount(1, $errors);
         $this->assertSame(
             'The field1 field is required when field2,field3,field4 is present.',
-            $errors['field1']
+            $errors['field1'],
         );
     }
 
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ public function testInsertEntityValidateEntireRules(): void
         $this->assertCount(1, $errors);
         $this->assertSame(
             'The field2 field is required.',
-            $errors['field2']
+            $errors['field2'],
         );
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Models/ValidationModelTest.php b/tests/system/Models/ValidationModelTest.php
index ca41e29e78ad..4a99d8fae5bb 100644
--- a/tests/system/Models/ValidationModelTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Models/ValidationModelTest.php
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ public function testSkipValidation(): void
 
     public function testCleanValidationRemovesAllWhenNoDataProvided(): void
     {
-        $cleaner = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->model, 'cleanValidationRules');
+        $cleaner = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->model, 'cleanValidationRules');
 
         $rules = [
             'name' => 'required',
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ public function testCleanValidationRemovesAllWhenNoDataProvided(): void
 
     public function testCleanValidationRemovesOnlyForFieldsNotProvided(): void
     {
-        $cleaner = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->model, 'cleanValidationRules');
+        $cleaner = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->model, 'cleanValidationRules');
 
         $rules = [
             'name' => 'required',
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ public function testCleanValidationRemovesOnlyForFieldsNotProvided(): void
 
     public function testCleanValidationReturnsAllWhenAllExist(): void
     {
-        $cleaner = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->model, 'cleanValidationRules');
+        $cleaner = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->model, 'cleanValidationRules');
 
         $rules = [
             'name' => 'required',
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ public function testUpdateEntityWithPropertyCleanValidationRulesTrueAndCallingCl
         $this->assertCount(1, $errors);
         $this->assertSame(
             'The field1 field is required when field2,field3,field4 is present.',
-            $errors['field1']
+            $errors['field1'],
         );
     }
 
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ public function testUpdateEntityWithPropertyCleanValidationRulesFalse(): void
         $this->assertCount(1, $errors);
         $this->assertSame(
             'The field1 field is required when field2,field3,field4 is present.',
-            $errors['field1']
+            $errors['field1'],
         );
     }
 
@@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ public function testInsertEntityValidateEntireRules(): void
         $this->assertCount(1, $errors);
         $this->assertSame(
             'The field2 field is required.',
-            $errors['field2']
+            $errors['field2'],
         );
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Pager/PagerRendererTest.php b/tests/system/Pager/PagerRendererTest.php
index 8ac8683a4327..d06a040a7925 100644
--- a/tests/system/Pager/PagerRendererTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Pager/PagerRendererTest.php
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\URI;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 
 /**
@@ -619,4 +620,83 @@ public function testGetNextPageNumberNull(): void
 
         $this->assertNull($pager->getNextPageNumber());
     }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, array<string, mixed>> $details
+     */
+    #[DataProvider('providePageStartEnd')]
+    public function testPageStartEnd(array $details, int $pageStart, int $pageEnd): void
+    {
+        $pager = new PagerRenderer($details);
+        $pager->setSurroundCount(2);
+
+        $this->assertSame($pageStart, $pager->getPerPageStart());
+        $this->assertSame($pageEnd, $pager->getPerPageEnd());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array<string, array<string, mixed>> $details
+     */
+    public static function providePageStartEnd(): iterable
+    {
+        $uri = new URI('http://example.com/foo');
+
+        return [
+            'first page' => [
+                'details' => [
+                    'uri'         => $uri,
+                    'pageCount'   => 3,
+                    'total'       => 25,
+                    'currentPage' => 1,
+                    'perPage'     => 10,
+                ],
+                'pageStart' => 1,
+                'pageEnd'   => 10,
+            ],
+            'second page' => [
+                'details' => [
+                    'uri'         => $uri,
+                    'pageCount'   => 3,
+                    'total'       => 25,
+                    'currentPage' => 2,
+                    'perPage'     => 10,
+                ],
+                'pageStart' => 11,
+                'pageEnd'   => 20,
+            ],
+            'last page' => [
+                'details' => [
+                    'uri'         => $uri,
+                    'pageCount'   => 3,
+                    'total'       => 25,
+                    'currentPage' => 3,
+                    'perPage'     => 10,
+                ],
+                'pageStart' => 21,
+                'pageEnd'   => 25,
+            ],
+            'current greater last page' => [
+                'details' => [
+                    'uri'         => $uri,
+                    'pageCount'   => 3,
+                    'total'       => 25,
+                    'currentPage' => 5,
+                    'perPage'     => 10,
+                ],
+                'pageStart' => 41,
+                'pageEnd'   => 50,
+            ],
+            'current equal last page' => [
+                'details' => [
+                    'uri'         => $uri,
+                    'pageCount'   => 1,
+                    'total'       => 10,
+                    'currentPage' => 1,
+                    'perPage'     => 10,
+                ],
+                'pageStart' => 1,
+                'pageEnd'   => 10,
+            ],
+        ];
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Pager/PagerTest.php b/tests/system/Pager/PagerTest.php
index 13d0d846f07c..3e63f555dfb6 100644
--- a/tests/system/Pager/PagerTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Pager/PagerTest.php
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ private function createPager(string $requestUri): void
             $config,
             new SiteURI($config, ltrim($requestUri, '/')),
             'php://input',
-            new UserAgent()
+            new UserAgent(),
         );
         $request = $request->withMethod('GET');
         Services::injectMock('request', $request);
@@ -165,11 +165,11 @@ public function testStoreWithQueries(): void
         $this->assertSame('http://example.com/?page=5&foo=bar', $this->pager->getPageURI(5));
         $this->assertSame(
             'http://example.com/?foo=bar&page=5',
-            $this->pager->only(['foo'])->getPageURI(5)
+            $this->pager->only(['foo'])->getPageURI(5),
         );
         $this->assertSame(
             'http://example.com/?page=5',
-            $this->pager->only([])->getPageURI(5)
+            $this->pager->only([])->getPageURI(5),
         );
     }
 
@@ -185,11 +185,11 @@ public function testStoreWithSegments(): void
         $this->assertSame('http://example.com/5?page=3&foo=bar', $this->pager->getPageURI(5));
         $this->assertSame(
             'http://example.com/5?foo=bar',
-            $this->pager->only(['foo'])->getPageURI(5)
+            $this->pager->only(['foo'])->getPageURI(5),
         );
         $this->assertSame(
             'http://example.com/5',
-            $this->pager->only([])->getPageURI(5)
+            $this->pager->only([])->getPageURI(5),
         );
     }
 
@@ -371,15 +371,15 @@ public function testGetOnlyQueries(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             $this->pager->only($onlyQueries)->getPreviousPageURI(),
-            (string) $uri->setQuery('search=foo&order=asc&page=1')
+            (string) $uri->setQuery('search=foo&order=asc&page=1'),
         );
         $this->assertSame(
             $this->pager->only($onlyQueries)->getNextPageURI(),
-            (string) $uri->setQuery('search=foo&order=asc&page=3')
+            (string) $uri->setQuery('search=foo&order=asc&page=3'),
         );
         $this->assertSame(
             $this->pager->only($onlyQueries)->getPageURI(4),
-            (string) $uri->setQuery('search=foo&order=asc&page=4')
+            (string) $uri->setQuery('search=foo&order=asc&page=4'),
         );
     }
 
@@ -406,47 +406,47 @@ public function testMakeLinks(): void
     {
         $this->assertStringContainsString(
             '<ul class="pagination">',
-            $this->pager->makeLinks(4, 10, 50)
+            $this->pager->makeLinks(4, 10, 50),
         );
         $this->assertStringContainsString(
             '<ul class="pagination">',
-            $this->pager->makeLinks(4, 10, 50, 'default_full')
+            $this->pager->makeLinks(4, 10, 50, 'default_full'),
         );
         $this->assertStringContainsString(
             '<ul class="pager">',
-            $this->pager->makeLinks(4, 10, 50, 'default_simple')
+            $this->pager->makeLinks(4, 10, 50, 'default_simple'),
         );
         $this->assertStringContainsString(
             '<link rel="canonical"',
-            $this->pager->makeLinks(4, 10, 50, 'default_head')
+            $this->pager->makeLinks(4, 10, 50, 'default_head'),
         );
         $this->assertStringContainsString(
             '?page=1',
-            $this->pager->makeLinks(1, 10, 1, 'default_full', 0)
+            $this->pager->makeLinks(1, 10, 1, 'default_full', 0),
         );
         $this->assertStringContainsString(
             '?page=1',
-            $this->pager->makeLinks(1, 10, 1, 'default_full', 0, '')
+            $this->pager->makeLinks(1, 10, 1, 'default_full', 0, ''),
         );
         $this->assertStringContainsString(
             '?page=1',
-            $this->pager->makeLinks(1, 10, 1, 'default_full', 0, 'default')
+            $this->pager->makeLinks(1, 10, 1, 'default_full', 0, 'default'),
         );
         $this->assertStringContainsString(
             '?page_custom=1',
-            $this->pager->makeLinks(1, 10, 1, 'default_full', 0, 'custom')
+            $this->pager->makeLinks(1, 10, 1, 'default_full', 0, 'custom'),
         );
         $this->assertStringContainsString(
             '?page_custom=1',
-            $this->pager->makeLinks(1, null, 1, 'default_full', 0, 'custom')
+            $this->pager->makeLinks(1, null, 1, 'default_full', 0, 'custom'),
         );
         $this->assertStringContainsString(
             '/1',
-            $this->pager->makeLinks(1, 10, 1, 'default_full', 1)
+            $this->pager->makeLinks(1, 10, 1, 'default_full', 1),
         );
         $this->assertStringContainsString(
             '<li class="active">',
-            $this->pager->makeLinks(1, 10, 1, 'default_full', 1)
+            $this->pager->makeLinks(1, 10, 1, 'default_full', 1),
         );
     }
 
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ public function testBasedURI(): void
             $config,
             new SiteURI($config, 'x/y'),
             'php://input',
-            new UserAgent()
+            new UserAgent(),
         );
         $request = $request->withMethod('GET');
         Services::injectMock('request', $request);
diff --git a/tests/system/Publisher/PublisherContentReplaceTest.php b/tests/system/Publisher/PublisherContentReplaceTest.php
index 3b612a93baee..fd948ea70896 100644
--- a/tests/system/Publisher/PublisherContentReplaceTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Publisher/PublisherContentReplaceTest.php
@@ -47,14 +47,14 @@ public function testAddLineAfter(): void
         $result = $this->publisher->addLineAfter(
             $this->file,
             '    public int $myOwnConfig = 1000;',
-            'public bool $CSPEnabled = false;'
+            'public bool $CSPEnabled = false;',
         );
 
         $this->assertTrue($result);
         $this->assertStringContainsString(
             '    public bool $CSPEnabled = false;
     public int $myOwnConfig = 1000;',
-            file_get_contents($this->file)
+            (string) file_get_contents($this->file),
         );
     }
 
@@ -63,14 +63,14 @@ public function testAddLineBefore(): void
         $result = $this->publisher->addLineBefore(
             $this->file,
             '    public int $myOwnConfig = 1000;',
-            'public bool $CSPEnabled = false;'
+            'public bool $CSPEnabled = false;',
         );
 
         $this->assertTrue($result);
         $this->assertStringContainsString(
             '    public int $myOwnConfig = 1000;
     public bool $CSPEnabled = false;',
-            file_get_contents($this->file)
+            (string) file_get_contents($this->file),
         );
     }
 
@@ -81,21 +81,21 @@ public function testReplace(): void
             [
                 'use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;' . "\n" => '',
                 'class App extends BaseConfig'              => 'class App extends \Some\Package\SomeConfig',
-            ]
+            ],
         );
 
         $this->assertTrue($result);
         $this->assertStringNotContainsString(
             'use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;',
-            file_get_contents($this->file)
+            (string) file_get_contents($this->file),
         );
         $this->assertStringContainsString(
             'class App extends \Some\Package\SomeConfig',
-            file_get_contents($this->file)
+            (string) file_get_contents($this->file),
         );
         $this->assertStringNotContainsString(
             'class App extends BaseConfig',
-            file_get_contents($this->file)
+            (string) file_get_contents($this->file),
         );
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Publisher/PublisherInputTest.php b/tests/system/Publisher/PublisherInputTest.php
index 1336137defd4..b1046e19cf68 100644
--- a/tests/system/Publisher/PublisherInputTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Publisher/PublisherInputTest.php
@@ -13,7 +13,10 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Publisher;
 
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CURLRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
+use Config\Services;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 
 /**
@@ -136,16 +139,37 @@ public function testAddPathsRecursive(): void
 
     public function testAddUri(): void
     {
+        $mockCurl = $this->getMockBuilder(CURLRequest::class)
+            ->disableOriginalConstructor()
+            ->onlyMethods(['get'])
+            ->getMock();
+        $mockResponse = $this->createStub(ResponseInterface::class);
+
+        $mockResponse->method('getBody')->willReturn('');
+        $mockCurl->method('get')->willReturn($mockResponse);
+        Services::injectMock('curlrequest', $mockCurl);
+
         $publisher = new Publisher();
         $publisher->addUri('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/develop/composer.json');
 
         $scratch = $this->getPrivateProperty($publisher, 'scratch');
 
         $this->assertSame([$scratch . 'composer.json'], $publisher->get());
+        Services::resetSingle('curlrequest');
     }
 
     public function testAddUris(): void
     {
+        $mockCurl = $this->getMockBuilder(CURLRequest::class)
+            ->disableOriginalConstructor()
+            ->onlyMethods(['get'])
+            ->getMock();
+        $mockResponse = $this->createStub(ResponseInterface::class);
+
+        $mockResponse->method('getBody')->willReturn('');
+        $mockCurl->method('get')->willReturn($mockResponse);
+        Services::injectMock('curlrequest', $mockCurl);
+
         $publisher = new Publisher();
         $publisher->addUris([
             'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/develop/LICENSE',
@@ -155,5 +179,6 @@ public function testAddUris(): void
         $scratch = $this->getPrivateProperty($publisher, 'scratch');
 
         $this->assertSame([$scratch . 'LICENSE', $scratch . 'composer.json'], $publisher->get());
+        Services::resetSingle('curlrequest');
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Publisher/PublisherSupportTest.php b/tests/system/Publisher/PublisherSupportTest.php
index 5854e1c516d9..7e6e21e430d4 100644
--- a/tests/system/Publisher/PublisherSupportTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Publisher/PublisherSupportTest.php
@@ -61,6 +61,20 @@ public function testDiscoverNothing(): void
         $this->assertSame([], $result);
     }
 
+    public function testDiscoverInNamespace(): void
+    {
+        $result = Publisher::discover('Publishers', 'Tests\Support');
+        $this->assertCount(1, $result);
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(TestPublisher::class, $result[0]);
+    }
+
+    public function testDiscoverInUnknowNamespace(): void
+    {
+        $result = Publisher::discover('Publishers', 'Nothing\App');
+
+        $this->assertSame([], $result);
+    }
+
     public function testDiscoverStores(): void
     {
         $publisher = Publisher::discover()[0];
@@ -127,7 +141,7 @@ public function testWipeDirectory(): void
         mkdir($directory, 0700);
         $this->assertDirectoryExists($directory);
 
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker(Publisher::class, 'wipeDirectory');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker(Publisher::class, 'wipeDirectory');
         $method($directory);
 
         $this->assertDirectoryDoesNotExist($directory);
@@ -135,7 +149,7 @@ public function testWipeDirectory(): void
 
     public function testWipeIgnoresFiles(): void
     {
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker(Publisher::class, 'wipeDirectory');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker(Publisher::class, 'wipeDirectory');
         $method($this->file);
 
         $this->assertFileExists($this->file);
diff --git a/tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php b/tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php
index 580909cdff76..fcbe08070a81 100644
--- a/tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ public function testResourceGet(): void
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
         $error = json_decode($output)->messages->error;
-        $this->assertStringContainsString(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['index']), $error);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['index']), (string) $error);
     }
 
     public function testResourceGetNew(): void
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ public function testResourceGetNew(): void
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
         $error = json_decode($output)->messages->error;
-        $this->assertStringContainsString(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['new']), $error);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['new']), (string) $error);
     }
 
     public function testResourceGetEdit(): void
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ public function testResourceGetEdit(): void
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
         $error = json_decode($output)->messages->error;
-        $this->assertStringContainsString(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['edit']), $error);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['edit']), (string) $error);
     }
 
     public function testResourceGetOne(): void
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ public function testResourceGetOne(): void
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
         $error = json_decode($output)->messages->error;
-        $this->assertStringContainsString(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['show']), $error);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['show']), (string) $error);
     }
 
     public function testResourcePost(): void
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ public function testResourcePost(): void
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
         $error = json_decode($output)->messages->error;
-        $this->assertStringContainsString(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['create']), $error);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['create']), (string) $error);
     }
 
     public function testResourcePatch(): void
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ public function testResourcePatch(): void
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
         $error = json_decode($output)->messages->error;
-        $this->assertStringContainsString(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['update']), $error);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['update']), (string) $error);
     }
 
     public function testResourcePut(): void
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ public function testResourcePut(): void
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
         $error = json_decode($output)->messages->error;
-        $this->assertStringContainsString(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['update']), $error);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['update']), (string) $error);
     }
 
     public function testResourceDelete(): void
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ public function testResourceDelete(): void
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
         $error = json_decode($output)->messages->error;
-        $this->assertStringContainsString(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['delete']), $error);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['delete']), (string) $error);
     }
 
     public function testModel(): void
@@ -367,9 +367,9 @@ public function testXMLFormatOutput(): void
         $this->assertSame($expected, $result);
     }
 
-    private function invoke(object $controller, string $method, array $args = [])
+    private function invoke(object $controller, string $method, array $args = []): object
     {
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($controller, $method);
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($controller, $method);
 
         return $method(...$args);
     }
diff --git a/tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php b/tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php
index 3617e7a18e67..db10f07f6588 100644
--- a/tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ public function testResourceShow(): void
         $this->codeigniter->run($this->routes);
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['show']), $output);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['show']), (string) $output);
     }
 
     public function testResourceNew(): void
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ public function testResourceNew(): void
         $this->codeigniter->run($this->routes);
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['new']), $output);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['new']), (string) $output);
     }
 
     public function testResourceCreate(): void
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ public function testResourceCreate(): void
         $this->codeigniter->run($this->routes);
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['create']), $output);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['create']), (string) $output);
     }
 
     public function testResourceRemove(): void
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ public function testResourceRemove(): void
         $this->codeigniter->run($this->routes);
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['remove']), $output);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['remove']), (string) $output);
     }
 
     public function testResourceDelete(): void
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ public function testResourceDelete(): void
         $this->codeigniter->run($this->routes);
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['delete']), $output);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['delete']), (string) $output);
     }
 
     public function testResourceEdit(): void
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ public function testResourceEdit(): void
         $this->codeigniter->run($this->routes);
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['edit']), $output);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['edit']), (string) $output);
     }
 
     public function testResourceUpdate(): void
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ public function testResourceUpdate(): void
         $this->codeigniter->run($this->routes);
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['update']), $output);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['update']), (string) $output);
     }
 
     public function testModel(): void
diff --git a/tests/system/Router/AutoRouterImprovedTest.php b/tests/system/Router/AutoRouterImprovedTest.php
index 56e334dc96d9..8a4132a8f297 100644
--- a/tests/system/Router/AutoRouterImprovedTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Router/AutoRouterImprovedTest.php
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ private function createNewAutoRouter(string $namespace = 'CodeIgniter\Router\Con
             $namespace,
             $this->collection->getDefaultController(),
             $this->collection->getDefaultMethod(),
-            true
+            true,
         );
     }
 
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ public function testUriParamCountIsGreaterThanMethodParams(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(PageNotFoundException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(
-            'Handler:\CodeIgniter\Router\Controllers\Mycontroller::getSomemethod, URI:mycontroller/somemethod/a/b'
+            'Handler:\CodeIgniter\Router\Controllers\Mycontroller::getSomemethod, URI:mycontroller/somemethod/a/b',
         );
 
         $router = $this->createNewAutoRouter();
@@ -203,8 +203,16 @@ public function testAutoRouteFindsControllerWithSubSubfolder(): void
         $this->assertSame([], $params);
     }
 
+    private function disableTranslateUriToCamelCase(): void
+    {
+        $routingConfig                          = config(Routing::class);
+        $routingConfig->translateUriToCamelCase = false;
+    }
+
     public function testAutoRouteFindsDashedSubfolder(): void
     {
+        $this->disableTranslateUriToCamelCase();
+
         $router = $this->createNewAutoRouter();
 
         [$directory, $controller, $method, $params]
@@ -213,7 +221,7 @@ public function testAutoRouteFindsDashedSubfolder(): void
         $this->assertSame('Dash_folder/', $directory);
         $this->assertSame(
             '\\' . Controllers\Dash_folder\Mycontroller::class,
-            $controller
+            $controller,
         );
         $this->assertSame('getSomemethod', $method);
         $this->assertSame([], $params);
@@ -221,6 +229,8 @@ public function testAutoRouteFindsDashedSubfolder(): void
 
     public function testAutoRouteFindsDashedController(): void
     {
+        $this->disableTranslateUriToCamelCase();
+
         $router = $this->createNewAutoRouter();
 
         [$directory, $controller, $method, $params]
@@ -234,6 +244,8 @@ public function testAutoRouteFindsDashedController(): void
 
     public function testAutoRouteFindsDashedMethod(): void
     {
+        $this->disableTranslateUriToCamelCase();
+
         $router = $this->createNewAutoRouter();
 
         [$directory, $controller, $method, $params]
@@ -247,6 +259,8 @@ public function testAutoRouteFindsDashedMethod(): void
 
     public function testAutoRouteFindsDefaultDashFolder(): void
     {
+        $this->disableTranslateUriToCamelCase();
+
         $router = $this->createNewAutoRouter();
 
         [$directory, $controller, $method, $params]
@@ -410,7 +424,7 @@ public function testRejectsControllerWithRemapMethod(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(PageNotFoundException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(
-            'AutoRouterImproved does not support `_remap()` method. Controller:\CodeIgniter\Router\Controllers\Remap'
+            'AutoRouterImproved does not support `_remap()` method. Controller:\CodeIgniter\Router\Controllers\Remap',
         );
 
         $router = $this->createNewAutoRouter();
@@ -422,7 +436,7 @@ public function testRejectsURIWithUnderscoreFolder(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(PageNotFoundException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(
-            'AutoRouterImproved prohibits access to the URI containing underscores ("dash_folder")'
+            'AutoRouterImproved prohibits access to the URI containing underscores ("dash_folder")',
         );
 
         $router = $this->createNewAutoRouter();
@@ -434,9 +448,11 @@ public function testRejectsURIWithUnderscoreController(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(PageNotFoundException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(
-            'AutoRouterImproved prohibits access to the URI containing underscores ("dash_controller")'
+            'AutoRouterImproved prohibits access to the URI containing underscores ("dash_controller")',
         );
 
+        $this->disableTranslateUriToCamelCase();
+
         $router = $this->createNewAutoRouter();
 
         $router->getRoute('dash-folder/dash_controller/dash-method', Method::GET);
@@ -446,9 +462,11 @@ public function testRejectsURIWithUnderscoreMethod(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(PageNotFoundException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(
-            'AutoRouterImproved prohibits access to the URI containing underscores ("dash_method")'
+            'AutoRouterImproved prohibits access to the URI containing underscores ("dash_method")',
         );
 
+        $this->disableTranslateUriToCamelCase();
+
         $router = $this->createNewAutoRouter();
 
         $router->getRoute('dash-folder/dash-controller/dash_method', Method::GET);
@@ -488,7 +506,7 @@ public function testTranslateUriToCamelCase(
         string $expMethod,
         int $controllerPos,
         ?int $methodPos,
-        ?int $paramPos
+        ?int $paramPos,
     ): void {
         $config                          = config(Routing::class);
         $config->translateUriToCamelCase = true;
@@ -557,7 +575,7 @@ public function testRejectTranslateUriToCamelCase(string $uri, string $expMsg):
     {
         $this->expectException(PageNotFoundException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(
-            $expMsg
+            $expMsg,
         );
 
         $config                          = config(Routing::class);
diff --git a/tests/system/Router/DefinedRouteCollectorTest.php b/tests/system/Router/DefinedRouteCollectorTest.php
index 3c1d29abc023..2ec354c88893 100644
--- a/tests/system/Router/DefinedRouteCollectorTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Router/DefinedRouteCollectorTest.php
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ public function testCollect(): void
         $routes->get('journals', 'Blogs');
         $routes->get('100', 'Home::index');
         $routes->get('product/(:num)', 'Catalog::productLookupByID/$1');
-        $routes->get('feed', static fn () => 'A Closure route.');
-        $routes->get('200', static fn () => 'A Closure route.');
+        $routes->get('feed', static fn (): string => 'A Closure route.');
+        $routes->get('200', static fn (): string => 'A Closure route.');
         $routes->view('about', 'pages/about');
 
         $collector = new DefinedRouteCollector($routes);
diff --git a/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionReverseRouteTest.php b/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionReverseRouteTest.php
index ca70b315f5b6..b468c021c87d 100644
--- a/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionReverseRouteTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionReverseRouteTest.php
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ protected function setUp(): void
         $this->resetFactories();
     }
 
-    protected function getCollector(array $config = [], array $files = [], $moduleConfig = null)
+    protected function getCollector(array $config = [], array $files = [], $moduleConfig = null): RouteCollection
     {
         $defaults = [
             'Config' => APPPATH . 'Config',
@@ -134,15 +134,6 @@ public function testReverseRoutingWithLocale(): void
         $this->assertSame('/en/contact', $routes->reverseRoute('myController::goto'));
     }
 
-    public static function provideReverseRoutingDefaultNamespaceAppController(): iterable
-    {
-        return yield from [
-            'Omit namespace'                  => ['Galleries::showUserGallery'],
-            'Specify full ns starting with /' => ['\App\Controllers\Galleries::showUserGallery'],
-            'Specify full ns w/o staring /'   => ['App\Controllers\Galleries::showUserGallery'],
-        ];
-    }
-
     #[DataProvider('provideReverseRoutingDefaultNamespaceAppController')]
     public function testReverseRoutingDefaultNamespaceAppController(string $controller): void
     {
@@ -156,6 +147,15 @@ public function testReverseRoutingDefaultNamespaceAppController(string $controll
         $this->assertSame('/users/15/gallery12', $match);
     }
 
+    public static function provideReverseRoutingDefaultNamespaceAppController(): iterable
+    {
+        return yield from [
+            'Omit namespace'                  => ['Galleries::showUserGallery'],
+            'Specify full ns starting with /' => ['\App\Controllers\Galleries::showUserGallery'],
+            'Specify full ns w/o staring /'   => ['App\Controllers\Galleries::showUserGallery'],
+        ];
+    }
+
     public function testReverseRoutingDefaultNamespaceAppControllerSubNamespace(): void
     {
         $routes = $this->getCollector();
diff --git a/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionTest.php b/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionTest.php
index 5e398cfdf2a3..34fe4f088d1e 100644
--- a/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionTest.php
@@ -13,11 +13,13 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Router;
 
+use App\Controllers\Home;
 use App\Controllers\Product;
-use CodeIgniter\controller;
+use CodeIgniter\Controller;
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\PageNotFoundException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Method;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
+use Config\Feature;
 use Config\Modules;
 use Config\Routing;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
@@ -38,7 +40,7 @@ protected function setUp(): void
         $this->resetFactories();
     }
 
-    protected function getCollector(array $config = [], array $files = [], $moduleConfig = null)
+    protected function getCollector(array $config = [], array $files = [], $moduleConfig = null): RouteCollection
     {
         $defaults = [
             'Config' => APPPATH . 'Config',
@@ -243,10 +245,10 @@ public function testAddRecognizesCustomNamespaces(): void
         $routes = $this->getCollector();
         $routes->setDefaultNamespace('\CodeIgniter');
 
-        $routes->add('home', 'controller');
+        $routes->add('home', 'Controller');
 
         $expects = [
-            'home' => '\\' . controller::class,
+            'home' => '\\' . Controller::class,
         ];
 
         $routes = $routes->getRoutes();
@@ -294,7 +296,7 @@ public function testGroupingWorks(): void
             'admin',
             static function ($routes): void {
                 $routes->add('users/list', '\Users::list');
-            }
+            },
         );
 
         $expected = [
@@ -312,7 +314,7 @@ public function testGroupGetsSanitized(): void
             '<script>admin',
             static function ($routes): void {
                 $routes->add('users/list', '\Users::list');
-            }
+            },
         );
 
         $expected = [
@@ -331,7 +333,7 @@ public function testGroupSetsOptions(): void
             ['namespace' => 'Admin'],
             static function ($routes): void {
                 $routes->add('users/list', 'Users::list');
-            }
+            },
         );
 
         $expected = [
@@ -356,7 +358,7 @@ static function ($routes): void {
                     $routes->get('/', static function (): void {
                     });
                 });
-            }
+            },
         );
 
         $expected = [
@@ -389,9 +391,9 @@ static function ($routes): void {
                     static function ($routes): void {
                         $routes->get('/', static function (): void {
                         });
-                    }
+                    },
                 );
-            }
+            },
         );
 
         $expected = [
@@ -422,9 +424,9 @@ static function ($routes): void {
                     static function ($routes): void {
                         $routes->get('/', static function (): void {
                         });
-                    }
+                    },
                 );
-            }
+            },
         );
 
         $expected = [
@@ -463,7 +465,7 @@ public function testGroupingWorksWithEmptyStringPrefix(): void
             '',
             static function ($routes): void {
                 $routes->add('users/list', '\Users::list');
-            }
+            },
         );
 
         $expected = [
@@ -488,7 +490,7 @@ static function ($routes): void {
                     $routes->group('delegate', static function ($routes): void {
                         $routes->add('foo', '\Users::foo');
                     });
-                }
+                },
             );
         });
 
@@ -505,7 +507,7 @@ static function ($routes): void {
     public function testNestedGroupingWorksWithRootPrefix(
         string $group,
         string $subgroup,
-        array $expected
+        array $expected,
     ): void {
         $routes = $this->getCollector();
 
@@ -518,7 +520,7 @@ static function ($routes): void {
                     $routes->group('delegate', static function ($routes): void {
                         $routes->add('foo', '\Users::foo');
                     });
-                }
+                },
             );
         });
 
@@ -975,14 +977,14 @@ public function testEnvironmentRestricts(): void
             'testing',
             static function ($routes): void {
                 $routes->get('here', 'there');
-            }
+            },
         );
 
         $routes->environment(
             'badenvironment',
             static function ($routes): void {
                 $routes->get('from', 'to');
-            }
+            },
         );
 
         $this->assertSame($expected, $routes->getRoutes());
@@ -1043,12 +1045,12 @@ public function testNamedRoutesWithSameURIDifferentMethods(): void
         $routes->post(
             'user/insert',
             static function (): void {},
-            ['as' => 'namedRoute2']
+            ['as' => 'namedRoute2'],
         );
         $routes->put(
             'user/insert',
             static function (): void {},
-            ['as' => 'namedRoute3']
+            ['as' => 'namedRoute3'],
         );
 
         $match1 = $routes->reverseRoute('namedRoute1');
@@ -1072,13 +1074,13 @@ public function testNamedRoutesWithLocaleAndWithSameURIDifferentMethods(): void
             '{locale}/user/insert',
             static function (): void {
             },
-            ['as' => 'namedRoute2']
+            ['as' => 'namedRoute2'],
         );
         $routes->put(
             '{locale}/user/insert',
             static function (): void {
             },
-            ['as' => 'namedRoute3']
+            ['as' => 'namedRoute3'],
         );
 
         $match1 = $routes->reverseRoute('namedRoute1');
@@ -1329,7 +1331,7 @@ public function testRoutesOptions(): void
         $routes->add(
             'administrator',
             static function (): void {},
-            $options
+            $options,
         );
 
         $options = $routes->getRoutesOptions('administrator');
@@ -1346,13 +1348,13 @@ public function testRoutesOptionsWithSameFromTwoRoutes(array $options1, array $o
         $routes->get(
             'administrator',
             static function (): void {},
-            $options1
+            $options1,
         );
         // The second route for `administrator` should be ignored.
         $routes->get(
             'administrator',
             static function (): void {},
-            $options2
+            $options2,
         );
 
         $options = $routes->getRoutesOptions('administrator');
@@ -1421,17 +1423,17 @@ public function testRoutesOptionsForDifferentVerbs(): void
         $routes->get(
             'administrator',
             static function (): void {},
-            $options1
+            $options1,
         );
         $routes->post(
             'administrator',
             static function (): void {},
-            $options2
+            $options2,
         );
         $routes->add(
             'administrator',
             static function (): void {},
-            $options3
+            $options3,
         );
 
         $options = $routes->getRoutesOptions('administrator');
@@ -1457,7 +1459,7 @@ public function testRouteGroupWithFilterSimple(): void
             ['filter' => 'role'],
             static function ($routes): void {
                 $routes->add('users', '\Users::list');
-            }
+            },
         );
 
         $this->assertTrue($routes->isFiltered('admin/users'));
@@ -1476,7 +1478,7 @@ public function testRouteGroupWithFilterWithParams(): void
             ['filter' => 'role:admin,manager'],
             static function ($routes): void {
                 $routes->add('users', '\Users::list');
-            }
+            },
         );
 
         $this->assertTrue($routes->isFiltered('admin/users'));
@@ -1742,6 +1744,46 @@ public function testRouteOverwritingMatchingHost(): void
         $this->assertSame($expects, $router->handle('/'));
     }
 
+    public function testRouteMatchingHostMultipleCorrect(): void
+    {
+        service('superglobals')->setServer('HTTP_HOST', 'two.domain.com');
+        service('request')->setMethod(Method::GET);
+
+        $routes = $this->getCollector();
+        $router = new Router($routes, service('request'));
+
+        $routes->setDefaultNamespace('App\Controllers');
+        $routes->setDefaultController('Home');
+        $routes->setDefaultMethod('index');
+
+        $routes->get('/', 'Home::index', ['as' => 'home']);
+        $routes->get('/', '\App\Controllers\Site\CDoc::index', ['hostname' => ['one.domain.com', 'two.domain.com', 'three.domain.com']]);
+
+        $expect = '\App\Controllers\Site\CDoc';
+
+        $this->assertSame($expect, $router->handle('/'));
+    }
+
+    public function testRouteMatchingHostMultipleFail(): void
+    {
+        service('superglobals')->setServer('HTTP_HOST', 'doc.domain.com');
+        service('request')->setMethod(Method::GET);
+
+        $routes = $this->getCollector();
+        $router = new Router($routes, service('request'));
+
+        $routes->setDefaultNamespace('App\Controllers');
+        $routes->setDefaultController('Home');
+        $routes->setDefaultMethod('index');
+
+        $routes->get('/', 'Home::index', ['as' => 'home']);
+        $routes->get('/', '\App\Controllers\Site\CDoc::index', ['hostname' => ['one.domain.com', 'two.domain.com', 'three.domain.com']]);
+
+        $expect = '\\' . Home::class;
+
+        $this->assertSame($expect, $router->handle('/'));
+    }
+
     /**
      * Tests for router DefaultNameSpace issue
      *
@@ -1775,20 +1817,12 @@ public function testZeroAsURIPath(): void
         $this->assertSame($expects, $router->handle('/0'));
     }
 
-    public static function provideRouteDefaultNamespace(): iterable
-    {
-        return [
-            'with \\ prefix'    => ['\App\Controllers'],
-            'without \\ prefix' => ['App\Controllers'],
-        ];
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param mixed $namespace
-     */
     #[DataProvider('provideRouteDefaultNamespace')]
-    public function testAutoRoutesControllerNameReturnsFQCN($namespace): void
+    public function testAutoRoutesControllerNameReturnsFQCN(string $namespace): void
     {
+        $featureConfig                     = config(Feature::class);
+        $featureConfig->autoRoutesImproved = false;
+
         $routes = $this->getCollector();
         $routes->setAutoRoute(true);
         $routes->setDefaultNamespace($namespace);
@@ -1803,11 +1837,8 @@ public function testAutoRoutesControllerNameReturnsFQCN($namespace): void
         $this->assertSame('\\' . Product::class, $router->controllerName());
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @param mixed $namespace
-     */
     #[DataProvider('provideRouteDefaultNamespace')]
-    public function testRoutesControllerNameReturnsFQCN($namespace): void
+    public function testRoutesControllerNameReturnsFQCN(string $namespace): void
     {
         service('request')->setMethod(Method::GET);
         $routes = $this->getCollector();
@@ -1825,6 +1856,14 @@ public function testRoutesControllerNameReturnsFQCN($namespace): void
         $this->assertSame('\\' . Product::class, $router->controllerName());
     }
 
+    public static function provideRouteDefaultNamespace(): iterable
+    {
+        return [
+            'with \\ prefix'    => ['\App\Controllers'],
+            'without \\ prefix' => ['App\Controllers'],
+        ];
+    }
+
     public function testRoutePriorityDetected(): void
     {
         $collection = $this->getCollector();
diff --git a/tests/system/Router/RouterTest.php b/tests/system/Router/RouterTest.php
index 5ce347e07f4c..ef3418f3bcee 100644
--- a/tests/system/Router/RouterTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Router/RouterTest.php
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Router\Exceptions\RouterException;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use Config\App;
+use Config\Feature;
 use Config\Modules;
 use Config\Routing;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
@@ -42,12 +43,19 @@ protected function setUp(): void
     {
         parent::setUp();
 
+        $this->disableAutoRoutesImproved();
         $this->createRouteCollection();
 
         $this->request = service('request');
         $this->request->setMethod(Method::GET);
     }
 
+    private function disableAutoRoutesImproved(): void
+    {
+        $featureConfig                     = config(Feature::class);
+        $featureConfig->autoRoutesImproved = false;
+    }
+
     private function createRouteCollection(?Routing $routingConfig = null): void
     {
         $moduleConfig          = new Modules();
@@ -68,8 +76,8 @@ private function createRouteCollection(?Routing $routingConfig = null): void
             'posts/(:num)'                                    => 'Blog::show/$1',
             'posts/(:num)/edit'                               => 'Blog::edit/$1',
             'books/(:num)/(:alpha)/(:num)'                    => 'Blog::show/$3/$1',
-            'closure/(:num)/(:alpha)'                         => static fn ($num, $str) => $num . '-' . $str,
-            'closure-dash/(:num)/(:alpha)'                    => static fn ($num, $str) => $num . '-' . $str,
+            'closure/(:num)/(:alpha)'                         => static fn ($num, $str): string => $num . '-' . $str,
+            'closure-dash/(:num)/(:alpha)'                    => static fn ($num, $str): string => $num . '-' . $str,
             '{locale}/pages'                                  => 'App\Pages::list_all',
             'test/(:any)/lang/{locale}'                       => 'App\Pages::list_all',
             'admin/admins'                                    => 'App\Admin\Admins::list_all',
@@ -492,7 +500,7 @@ public function testRouteResource(): void
     public function testRouteWithSlashInControllerName(): void
     {
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(
-            'The namespace delimiter is a backslash (\), not a slash (/). Route handler: "\App/Admin/Admins::edit_show/$1"'
+            'The namespace delimiter is a backslash (\), not a slash (/). Route handler: "\App/Admin/Admins::edit_show/$1"',
         );
 
         $router = new Router($this->collection, $this->request);
@@ -938,7 +946,7 @@ public function testRedirectRoute(
         string $redirectTo,
         string $url,
         string $expectedPath,
-        string $alias
+        string $alias,
     ): void {
         $collection = clone $this->collection;
         $collection->resetRoutes();
diff --git a/tests/system/Security/CheckPhpIniTest.php b/tests/system/Security/CheckPhpIniTest.php
index 8636337f2893..939f69e4191a 100644
--- a/tests/system/Security/CheckPhpIniTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Security/CheckPhpIniTest.php
@@ -13,9 +13,8 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Security;
 
-use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
-use CodeIgniter\Test\Mock\MockInputOutput;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\StreamFilterTrait;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 
 /**
@@ -24,40 +23,64 @@
 #[Group('Others')]
 final class CheckPhpIniTest extends CIUnitTestCase
 {
+    use StreamFilterTrait;
+
     public function testCheckIni(): void
     {
-        $output = CheckPhpIni::checkIni();
+        $output = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker(CheckPhpIni::class, 'checkIni')();
+
+        $expected = [
+            'global'      => 'UTF-8',
+            'current'     => 'UTF-8',
+            'recommended' => 'UTF-8',
+            'remark'      => '',
+        ];
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $output['default_charset']);
+    }
+
+    public function testCheckIniOpcache(): void
+    {
+        $output = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker(CheckPhpIni::class, 'checkIni')('opcache');
 
         $expected = [
-            'global'      => '',
+            'global'      => '1',
             'current'     => '1',
             'recommended' => '0',
-            'remark'      => '',
+            'remark'      => 'Enable when your code requires to read docblock annotations at runtime',
         ];
-        $this->assertSame($expected, $output['display_errors']);
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $output['opcache.save_comments']);
     }
 
     public function testRunCli(): void
     {
-        // Set MockInputOutput to CLI.
-        $io = new MockInputOutput();
-        CLI::setInputOutput($io);
-
         CheckPhpIni::run(true);
 
-        // Get the whole output string.
-        $output = $io->getOutput();
-
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('display_errors', $output);
-
-        // Remove MockInputOutput.
-        CLI::resetInputOutput();
+        $this->assertMatchesRegularExpression(
+            '/\| Directive\s+\| Global\s+\| Current\s+\| Recommended\s+\| Remark\s+\|/',
+            $this->getStreamFilterBuffer(),
+        );
+        $this->assertMatchesRegularExpression(
+            '/\| default_charset\s+\| UTF-8\s+\| UTF-8\s+\| UTF-8\s+\| \s+\|/',
+            $this->getStreamFilterBuffer(),
+        );
     }
 
     public function testRunWeb(): void
     {
         $output = CheckPhpIni::run(false);
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('display_errors', $output);
+        $this->assertIsString($output);
+        $this->assertMatchesRegularExpression(
+            '/<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0">/',
+            $output,
+        );
+        $this->assertMatchesRegularExpression(
+            '/<th>Directive<\/th><th>Global<\/th><th>Current<\/th><th>Recommended<\/th><th>Remark<\/th>/',
+            $output,
+        );
+        $this->assertMatchesRegularExpression(
+            '/<td>default_charset<\/td><td>UTF-8<\/td><td>UTF-8<\/td><td>UTF-8<\/td><td><\/td>/',
+            $output,
+        );
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFCookieRandomizeTokenTest.php b/tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFCookieRandomizeTokenTest.php
index 459de0a47fa7..3d528e92f564 100644
--- a/tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFCookieRandomizeTokenTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFCookieRandomizeTokenTest.php
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ public function testTokenIsReadFromCookie(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             $this->randomizedToken,
-            $security->getHash()
+            $security->getHash(),
         );
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionRandomizeTokenTest.php b/tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionRandomizeTokenTest.php
index 255e82ea2720..619f55829712 100644
--- a/tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionRandomizeTokenTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionRandomizeTokenTest.php
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ public function testHashIsReadFromSession(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             $this->randomizedToken,
-            $security->getHash()
+            $security->getHash(),
         );
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/system/Security/SecurityTest.php b/tests/system/Security/SecurityTest.php
index f8799230e056..6bc975d16c22 100644
--- a/tests/system/Security/SecurityTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Security/SecurityTest.php
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Test\Mock\MockSecurity;
 use Config\Security as SecurityConfig;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\BackupGlobals;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 
 /**
@@ -42,13 +43,23 @@ protected function setUp(): void
         $this->resetServices();
     }
 
-    private function createMockSecurity(?SecurityConfig $config = null): MockSecurity
+    private static function createMockSecurity(SecurityConfig $config = new SecurityConfig()): MockSecurity
     {
-        $config ??= new SecurityConfig();
-
         return new MockSecurity($config);
     }
 
+    private static function createIncomingRequest(): IncomingRequest
+    {
+        $config = new MockAppConfig();
+
+        return new IncomingRequest(
+            $config,
+            new SiteURI($config),
+            null,
+            new UserAgent(),
+        );
+    }
+
     public function testBasicConfigIsSaved(): void
     {
         $security = $this->createMockSecurity();
@@ -67,7 +78,7 @@ public function testHashIsReadFromCookie(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             '8b9218a55906f9dcc1dc263dce7f005a',
-            $security->getHash()
+            $security->getHash(),
         );
     }
 
@@ -108,18 +119,6 @@ public function testCSRFVerifyPostThrowsExceptionOnNoMatch(): void
         $security->verify($request);
     }
 
-    private function createIncomingRequest(): IncomingRequest
-    {
-        $config = new MockAppConfig();
-
-        return new IncomingRequest(
-            $config,
-            new SiteURI($config),
-            null,
-            new UserAgent()
-        );
-    }
-
     public function testCSRFVerifyPostReturnsSelfOnMatch(): void
     {
         $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD']   = 'POST';
@@ -176,7 +175,7 @@ public function testCSRFVerifyJsonThrowsExceptionOnNoMatch(): void
         $request  = $this->createIncomingRequest();
 
         $request->setBody(
-            '{"csrf_test_name":"8b9218a55906f9dcc1dc263dce7f005a"}'
+            '{"csrf_test_name":"8b9218a55906f9dcc1dc263dce7f005a"}',
         );
 
         $this->expectException(SecurityException::class);
@@ -192,7 +191,7 @@ public function testCSRFVerifyJsonReturnsSelfOnMatch(): void
         $request  = $this->createIncomingRequest();
 
         $request->setBody(
-            '{"csrf_test_name":"8b9218a55906f9dcc1dc263dce7f005a","foo":"bar"}'
+            '{"csrf_test_name":"8b9218a55906f9dcc1dc263dce7f005a","foo":"bar"}',
         );
 
         $this->assertInstanceOf(Security::class, $security->verify($request));
@@ -210,7 +209,7 @@ public function testCSRFVerifyPutBodyThrowsExceptionOnNoMatch(): void
         $request  = $this->createIncomingRequest();
 
         $request->setBody(
-            'csrf_test_name=8b9218a55906f9dcc1dc263dce7f005a'
+            'csrf_test_name=8b9218a55906f9dcc1dc263dce7f005a',
         );
 
         $this->expectException(SecurityException::class);
@@ -226,7 +225,7 @@ public function testCSRFVerifyPutBodyReturnsSelfOnMatch(): void
         $request  = $this->createIncomingRequest();
 
         $request->setBody(
-            'csrf_test_name=8b9218a55906f9dcc1dc263dce7f005a&foo=bar'
+            'csrf_test_name=8b9218a55906f9dcc1dc263dce7f005a&foo=bar',
         );
 
         $this->assertInstanceOf(Security::class, $security->verify($request));
@@ -315,4 +314,73 @@ public function testGetters(): void
         $this->assertIsString($security->getCookieName());
         $this->assertIsBool($security->shouldRedirect());
     }
+
+    public function testGetPostedTokenReturnsTokenFromPost(): void
+    {
+        $_POST['csrf_test_name'] = '8b9218a55906f9dcc1dc263dce7f005a';
+        $request                 = $this->createIncomingRequest();
+        $method                  = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->createMockSecurity(), 'getPostedToken');
+
+        $this->assertSame('8b9218a55906f9dcc1dc263dce7f005a', $method($request));
+    }
+
+    public function testGetPostedTokenReturnsTokenFromHeader(): void
+    {
+        $_POST   = [];
+        $request = $this->createIncomingRequest()->setHeader('X-CSRF-TOKEN', '8b9218a55906f9dcc1dc263dce7f005a');
+        $method  = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->createMockSecurity(), 'getPostedToken');
+
+        $this->assertSame('8b9218a55906f9dcc1dc263dce7f005a', $method($request));
+    }
+
+    public function testGetPostedTokenReturnsTokenFromJsonBody(): void
+    {
+        $_POST    = [];
+        $jsonBody = json_encode(['csrf_test_name' => '8b9218a55906f9dcc1dc263dce7f005a']);
+        $request  = $this->createIncomingRequest()->setBody($jsonBody);
+        $method   = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->createMockSecurity(), 'getPostedToken');
+
+        $this->assertSame('8b9218a55906f9dcc1dc263dce7f005a', $method($request));
+    }
+
+    public function testGetPostedTokenReturnsTokenFromFormBody(): void
+    {
+        $_POST    = [];
+        $formBody = 'csrf_test_name=8b9218a55906f9dcc1dc263dce7f005a';
+        $request  = $this->createIncomingRequest()->setBody($formBody);
+        $method   = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->createMockSecurity(), 'getPostedToken');
+
+        $this->assertSame('8b9218a55906f9dcc1dc263dce7f005a', $method($request));
+    }
+
+    #[DataProvider('provideGetPostedTokenReturnsNullForInvalidInputs')]
+    public function testGetPostedTokenReturnsNullForInvalidInputs(string $case, IncomingRequest $request): void
+    {
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->createMockSecurity(), 'getPostedToken');
+
+        $this->assertNull(
+            $method($request),
+            sprintf('Failed asserting that %s returns null on invalid input.', $case),
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return iterable<string, array{string, IncomingRequest}>
+     */
+    public static function provideGetPostedTokenReturnsNullForInvalidInputs(): iterable
+    {
+        $testCases = [
+            'empty_post'            => self::createIncomingRequest(),
+            'invalid_post_data'     => self::createIncomingRequest()->setGlobal('post', ['csrf_test_name' => ['invalid' => 'data']]),
+            'empty_header'          => self::createIncomingRequest()->setHeader('X-CSRF-TOKEN', ''),
+            'invalid_json_data'     => self::createIncomingRequest()->setBody(json_encode(['csrf_test_name' => ['invalid' => 'data']])),
+            'invalid_json'          => self::createIncomingRequest()->setBody('{invalid json}'),
+            'missing_token_in_body' => self::createIncomingRequest()->setBody('other=value&another=test'),
+            'invalid_form_data'     => self::createIncomingRequest()->setBody('csrf_test_name[]=invalid'),
+        ];
+
+        foreach ($testCases as $case => $request) {
+            yield $case => [$case, $request];
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/AbstractHandlerTestCase.php b/tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/AbstractHandlerTestCase.php
index 4f6143493479..842824c4a76a 100644
--- a/tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/AbstractHandlerTestCase.php
+++ b/tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/AbstractHandlerTestCase.php
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ protected function setUp(): void
         }
     }
 
-    abstract protected function getInstance($options = []);
+    abstract protected function getInstance($options = []): DatabaseHandler;
 
     public function testOpen(): void
     {
@@ -97,13 +97,13 @@ public function testWriteUpdate(): void
         $this->setPrivateProperty($handler, 'sessionID', '1f5o06b43phsnnf8if6bo33b635e4p2o');
         $this->setPrivateProperty($handler, 'rowExists', true);
 
-        $lockSession = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($handler, 'lockSession');
+        $lockSession = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($handler, 'lockSession');
         $lockSession('1f5o06b43phsnnf8if6bo33b635e4p2o');
 
         $data = '__ci_last_regenerate|i:1624650854;_ci_previous_url|s:40:\"http://localhost/index.php/home/index\";';
         $this->assertTrue($handler->write('1f5o06b43phsnnf8if6bo33b635e4p2o', $data));
 
-        $releaseLock = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($handler, 'releaseLock');
+        $releaseLock = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($handler, 'releaseLock');
         $releaseLock();
 
         $row = $this->db->table('ci_sessions')
diff --git a/tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/MySQLiHandlerTest.php b/tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/MySQLiHandlerTest.php
index 0b364c7f6559..281ac419c5f5 100644
--- a/tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/MySQLiHandlerTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/MySQLiHandlerTest.php
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ protected function setUp(): void
         }
     }
 
-    protected function getInstance($options = [])
+    protected function getInstance($options = []): MySQLiHandler
     {
         $defaults = [
             'driver'            => $this->sessionDriver,
diff --git a/tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/PostgreHandlerTest.php b/tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/PostgreHandlerTest.php
index 21fb96b96244..80ec37fbc240 100644
--- a/tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/PostgreHandlerTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/PostgreHandlerTest.php
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ protected function setUp(): void
         }
     }
 
-    protected function getInstance($options = [])
+    protected function getInstance($options = []): PostgreHandler
     {
         $defaults = [
             'driver'            => $this->sessionDriver,
diff --git a/tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/RedisHandlerTest.php b/tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/RedisHandlerTest.php
index f7e3a5558a13..19efb98cd50d 100644
--- a/tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/RedisHandlerTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/RedisHandlerTest.php
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ final class RedisHandlerTest extends CIUnitTestCase
     private string $sessionSavePath = 'tcp://127.0.0.1:6379';
     private string $userIpAddress   = '127.0.0.1';
 
-    protected function getInstance($options = [])
+    protected function getInstance($options = []): RedisHandler
     {
         $defaults = [
             'driver'            => $this->sessionDriver,
diff --git a/tests/system/Session/SessionTest.php b/tests/system/Session/SessionTest.php
index 0e6b3415149a..78aec295b718 100644
--- a/tests/system/Session/SessionTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Session/SessionTest.php
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ protected function setUp(): void
         $_SESSION = [];
     }
 
-    protected function getInstance($options = [])
+    protected function getInstance($options = []): MockSession
     {
         $defaults = [
             'driver'            => FileHandler::class,
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ public function testGetAsProperty(): void
 
         $session->set('foo', 'bar');
 
-        $this->assertSame('bar', $session->foo);
+        $this->assertSame('bar', $session->foo); // @phpstan-ignore property.notFound
     }
 
     public function testGetAsNormal(): void
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ public function testIssetReturnsTrueOnSuccess(): void
         $session->start();
         $_SESSION['foo'] = 'bar';
 
-        $issetReturn = isset($session->foo);
+        $issetReturn = isset($session->foo); // @phpstan-ignore property.notFound
 
         $this->assertTrue($issetReturn);
     }
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ public function testIssetReturnsFalseOnNotFound(): void
         $session->start();
         $_SESSION['foo'] = 'bar';
 
-        $issetReturn = isset($session->bar);
+        $issetReturn = isset($session->bar); // @phpstan-ignore property.notFound
 
         $this->assertFalse($issetReturn);
     }
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ public function testPushNewValueIntoArraySessionValue(): void
                 'cooking' => 'baking',
                 'sport'   => 'tennis',
             ],
-            $session->get('hobbies')
+            $session->get('hobbies'),
         );
     }
 
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ public function testSetMagicMethod(): void
         $session = $this->getInstance();
         $session->start();
 
-        $session->foo = 'bar';
+        $session->foo = 'bar'; // @phpstan-ignore property.notFound
 
         $this->assertArrayHasKey('foo', $_SESSION);
         $this->assertSame('bar', $_SESSION['foo']);
@@ -344,6 +344,20 @@ public function testCanFlashData(): void
         $this->assertFalse($session->has('foo'));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @see https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9535#discussion_r2052022296
+     */
+    public function testMarkAsFlashdataFailsWhenAtLeastOneKeyIsNotInSession(): void
+    {
+        $session = $this->getInstance();
+        $session->start();
+
+        $session->set(['foo1' => 'bar1', 'foo2' => 'bar2']);
+
+        $this->assertFalse($session->markAsFlashdata(['foo1', 'foo2', 'foo3']));
+        $this->assertArrayNotHasKey('__ci_vars', $_SESSION);
+    }
+
     public function testCanFlashArray(): void
     {
         $session = $this->getInstance();
@@ -462,6 +476,37 @@ public function testSetTempDataArraySingleTTL(): void
         $this->assertLessThanOrEqual($_SESSION['__ci_vars']['baz'], $time + 200);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @see https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/issues/9534
+     */
+    public function testSetTempDataOnArrayData(): void
+    {
+        $session = $this->getInstance();
+        $session->start();
+
+        $time = time();
+
+        $session->setTempdata(['foo1' => 'bar1'], null, 200);
+        $session->setTempdata('foo2', 'bar2', 200);
+
+        $this->assertLessThanOrEqual($_SESSION['__ci_vars']['foo1'], $time + 200);
+        $this->assertLessThanOrEqual($_SESSION['__ci_vars']['foo2'], $time + 200);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @see https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/9536#discussion_r2051798869
+     */
+    public function testMarkAsTempdataFailsWhenAtLeastOneKeyIsNotInSession(): void
+    {
+        $session = $this->getInstance();
+        $session->start();
+
+        $session->set(['foo1' => 'bar1', 'foo2' => 'bar2']);
+
+        $this->assertFalse($session->markAsTempdata(['foo1', 'foo2', 'foo3'], 200));
+        $this->assertArrayNotHasKey('__ci_vars', $_SESSION);
+    }
+
     public function testGetTestDataReturnsAll(): void
     {
         $session = $this->getInstance();
diff --git a/tests/system/SparkTest.php b/tests/system/SparkTest.php
index 19f5b9934db9..c480196cf410 100644
--- a/tests/system/SparkTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/SparkTest.php
@@ -28,6 +28,6 @@ public function testCanUseOption(): void
         passthru('php spark list --simple');
         $output = ob_get_clean();
 
-        $this->assertStringContainsString('cache:clear', $output);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('cache:clear', (string) $output);
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Test/BootstrapFCPATHTest.php b/tests/system/Test/BootstrapFCPATHTest.php
index d58bb847360d..2af9b87b560d 100644
--- a/tests/system/Test/BootstrapFCPATHTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Test/BootstrapFCPATHTest.php
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 
 /**
- * Class BootstrapFCPATHTest
- *
  * This test confirms that the bootstrap.php
  * will set the correct FCPATH regardless of the current directory
  *
@@ -57,7 +55,7 @@ public function testSetFCPATH(): void
         $this->assertSame($correctPath, $result1);
     }
 
-    private function correctFCPATH()
+    private function correctFCPATH(): string
     {
         return realpath(__DIR__ . '/../../../public') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
     }
@@ -88,7 +86,7 @@ private function deleteFiles(): void
         }
     }
 
-    private function fileContents()
+    private function fileContents(): string
     {
         $fileContents = '';
         $fileContents .= '<?php' . PHP_EOL;
@@ -99,10 +97,10 @@ private function fileContents()
         $fileContents .= "include_once '" . $this->currentDir . "' . '/../../../system/Test/bootstrap.php';" . PHP_EOL;
         $fileContents .= '// return value of FCPATH' . PHP_EOL;
 
-        return $fileContents . ('echo FCPATH;' . PHP_EOL);
+        return $fileContents . 'echo FCPATH;' . PHP_EOL;
     }
 
-    private function readOutput(string $file)
+    private function readOutput(string $file): false|string
     {
         ob_start();
         system('php -f ' . $file);
diff --git a/tests/system/Test/ControllerTestTraitTest.php b/tests/system/Test/ControllerTestTraitTest.php
index 22d320a1e139..44301afa376d 100644
--- a/tests/system/Test/ControllerTestTraitTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Test/ControllerTestTraitTest.php
@@ -16,10 +16,12 @@
 use App\Controllers\Home;
 use App\Controllers\NeverHeardOfIt;
 use CodeIgniter\Controller;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\Log\Logger;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\Mock\MockLogger as LoggerConfig;
 use Config\App;
-use Exception;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\PreserveGlobalState;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\RunTestsInSeparateProcesses;
@@ -47,19 +49,21 @@ protected function setUp(): void
 
     public function testBadController(): void
     {
-        $this->expectException('InvalidArgumentException');
+        $this->expectException(InvalidArgumentException::class);
+
         $logger = new Logger(new LoggerConfig());
-        $this->withURI('http://example.com')
+        $this->withUri('http://example.com')
             ->withLogger($logger)
-            ->controller(NeverHeardOfIt::class)
+            ->controller(NeverHeardOfIt::class) // @phpstan-ignore class.notFound
             ->execute('index');
     }
 
     public function testBadControllerMethod(): void
     {
-        $this->expectException('InvalidArgumentException');
+        $this->expectException(InvalidArgumentException::class);
+
         $logger = new Logger(new LoggerConfig());
-        $this->withURI('http://example.com')
+        $this->withUri('http://example.com')
             ->withLogger($logger)
             ->controller(Home::class)
             ->execute('nothere');
@@ -68,7 +72,7 @@ public function testBadControllerMethod(): void
     public function testController(): void
     {
         $logger = new Logger(new LoggerConfig());
-        $result = $this->withURI('http://example.com')
+        $result = $this->withUri('http://example.com')
             ->withLogger($logger)
             ->controller(Home::class)
             ->execute('index');
@@ -78,7 +82,7 @@ public function testController(): void
 
     public function testControllerWithoutLogger(): void
     {
-        $result = $this->withURI('http://example.com')
+        $result = $this->withUri('http://example.com')
             ->controller(Home::class)
             ->execute('index');
 
@@ -88,7 +92,7 @@ public function testControllerWithoutLogger(): void
     public function testPopcornIndex(): void
     {
         $logger = new Logger(new LoggerConfig());
-        $result = $this->withURI('http://example.com')
+        $result = $this->withUri('http://example.com')
             ->withLogger($logger)
             ->controller(Popcorn::class)
             ->execute('index');
@@ -99,7 +103,7 @@ public function testPopcornIndex(): void
     public function testPopcornIndex2(): void
     {
         $logger = new Logger(new LoggerConfig());
-        $result = $this->withURI('http://example.com')
+        $result = $this->withUri('http://example.com')
             ->withLogger($logger)
             ->controller(Popcorn::class)
             ->execute('index');
@@ -111,7 +115,7 @@ public function testPopcornIndex2(): void
     public function testPopcornFailure(): void
     {
         $logger = new Logger(new LoggerConfig());
-        $result = $this->withURI('http://example.com')
+        $result = $this->withUri('http://example.com')
             ->withLogger($logger)
             ->controller(Popcorn::class)
             ->execute('pop');
@@ -122,7 +126,7 @@ public function testPopcornFailure(): void
     public function testPopcornException(): void
     {
         $logger = new Logger(new LoggerConfig());
-        $result = $this->withURI('http://example.com')
+        $result = $this->withUri('http://example.com')
             ->withLogger($logger)
             ->controller(Popcorn::class)
             ->execute('popper');
@@ -136,7 +140,7 @@ public function testPopcornIndexWithSupport(): void
         $config = new App();
         $body   = '';
 
-        $result = $this->withURI('http://example.com')
+        $result = $this->withUri('http://example.com')
             ->withConfig($config)
             ->withRequest(service('request', $config))
             ->withResponse(service('response', $config))
@@ -152,19 +156,20 @@ public function testPopcornIndexWithSupport(): void
     public function testRequestPassthrough(): void
     {
         $logger = new Logger(new LoggerConfig());
-        $result = $this->withURI('http://example.com')
+        $result = $this->withUri('http://example.com')
             ->withLogger($logger)
             ->controller(Popcorn::class)
             ->execute('popper');
 
         $req = $result->request();
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(RequestInterface::class, $req);
         $this->assertSame('GET', $req->getMethod());
     }
 
     public function testFailureResponse(): void
     {
         $logger = new Logger(new LoggerConfig());
-        $result = $this->withURI('http://example.com')
+        $result = $this->withUri('http://example.com')
             ->withLogger($logger)
             ->controller(Popcorn::class)
             ->execute('oops');
@@ -176,7 +181,7 @@ public function testFailureResponse(): void
     public function testEmptyResponse(): void
     {
         $logger = new Logger(new LoggerConfig());
-        $result = $this->withURI('http://example.com')
+        $result = $this->withUri('http://example.com')
             ->withLogger($logger)
             ->controller(Popcorn::class)
             ->execute('weasel');
@@ -189,7 +194,7 @@ public function testEmptyResponse(): void
     public function testRedirect(): void
     {
         $logger = new Logger(new LoggerConfig());
-        $result = $this->withURI('http://example.com')
+        $result = $this->withUri('http://example.com')
             ->withLogger($logger)
             ->controller(Popcorn::class)
             ->execute('goaway');
@@ -200,7 +205,7 @@ public function testRedirect(): void
     public function testDOMParserForward(): void
     {
         $logger = new Logger(new LoggerConfig());
-        $result = $this->withURI('http://example.com')
+        $result = $this->withUri('http://example.com')
             ->withLogger($logger)
             ->controller(Popcorn::class)
             ->execute('index');
@@ -211,7 +216,7 @@ public function testDOMParserForward(): void
     public function testFailsForward(): void
     {
         $logger = new Logger(new LoggerConfig());
-        $result = $this->withURI('http://example.com')
+        $result = $this->withUri('http://example.com')
             ->withLogger($logger)
             ->controller(Popcorn::class)
             ->execute('index');
@@ -225,7 +230,7 @@ public function testFailsForward(): void
      */
     public function testResponseOverriding(): void
     {
-        $result = $this->withURI('http://example.com/rest/')
+        $result = $this->withUri('http://example.com/rest/')
             ->controller(Popcorn::class)
             ->execute('index3');
 
@@ -258,12 +263,12 @@ public function testUsesRequestBody(): void
         $this->controller = new class () extends Controller {
             public function throwsBody(): never
             {
-                throw new Exception($this->request->getBody());
+                throw new RuntimeException($this->request->getBody());
             }
         };
         $this->controller->initController($this->request, $this->response, $this->logger);
 
-        $this->expectException(Exception::class);
+        $this->expectException(RuntimeException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage('banana');
 
         $this->withBody('banana')->execute('throwsBody');
@@ -271,7 +276,7 @@ public function throwsBody(): never
 
     public function testWithUriUpdatesUriStringAndCurrentUrlValues(): void
     {
-        $result = $this->withURI('http://example.com/foo/bar/1/2/3')
+        $result = $this->withUri('http://example.com/foo/bar/1/2/3')
             ->controller(Newautorouting::class)
             ->execute('postSave', '1', '2', '3');
 
diff --git a/tests/system/Test/DOMParserTest.php b/tests/system/Test/DOMParserTest.php
index 31d9b65342a4..ce43f2863cc6 100644
--- a/tests/system/Test/DOMParserTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Test/DOMParserTest.php
@@ -83,15 +83,6 @@ public function testParseSelectorWithAttribute(): void
         $this->assertSame(['href' => 'http://example.com'], $selector['attr']);
     }
 
-    public static function provideText(): iterable
-    {
-        return [
-            'en' => ['Hello World'],
-            'sv' => ['Hej, världen'],
-            'ja' => ['こんにちは、世界'],
-        ];
-    }
-
     /**
      * @param string $text
      */
@@ -153,6 +144,15 @@ public function testSeeElement($text): void
         $this->assertTrue($dom->see($text, 'h1'));
     }
 
+    public static function provideText(): iterable
+    {
+        return [
+            'en' => ['Hello World'],
+            'sv' => ['Hej, världen'],
+            'ja' => ['こんにちは、世界'],
+        ];
+    }
+
     public function testSeeElementPartialText(): void
     {
         $dom = new DOMParser();
diff --git a/tests/system/Test/FabricatorTest.php b/tests/system/Test/FabricatorTest.php
index c8ae1a7a1db6..46ab9441dd74 100644
--- a/tests/system/Test/FabricatorTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Test/FabricatorTest.php
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ public function testConstructorSetsFormatters(): void
 
     public function testConstructorGuessesFormatters(): void
     {
-        $fabricator = new Fabricator(UserModel::class, null);
+        $fabricator = new Fabricator(UserModel::class);
 
         $this->assertSame($this->formatters, $fabricator->getFormatters());
     }
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ public function testDetectFormattersDetectsFormatters(): void
         $formatters = ['boo' => 'hiss'];
         $fabricator = new Fabricator(UserModel::class, $formatters);
 
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($fabricator, 'detectFormatters');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($fabricator, 'detectFormatters');
 
         $method();
 
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ public function testGuessFormattersReturnsActual(): void
     {
         $fabricator = new Fabricator(UserModel::class);
 
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($fabricator, 'guessFormatter');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($fabricator, 'guessFormatter');
 
         $field     = 'catchPhrase';
         $formatter = $method($field);
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ public function testGuessFormattersFieldReturnsDateFormat(): void
     {
         $fabricator = new Fabricator(UserModel::class);
 
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($fabricator, 'guessFormatter');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($fabricator, 'guessFormatter');
 
         $field     = 'created_at';
         $formatter = $method($field);
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ public function testGuessFormattersPrimaryReturnsNumberBetween(): void
     {
         $fabricator = new Fabricator(UserModel::class);
 
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($fabricator, 'guessFormatter');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($fabricator, 'guessFormatter');
 
         $field     = 'id';
         $formatter = $method($field);
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ public function testGuessFormattersMatchesPartial(): void
     {
         $fabricator = new Fabricator(UserModel::class);
 
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($fabricator, 'guessFormatter');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($fabricator, 'guessFormatter');
 
         $field     = 'business_email';
         $formatter = $method($field);
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ public function testGuessFormattersFallback(): void
     {
         $fabricator = new Fabricator(UserModel::class);
 
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($fabricator, 'guessFormatter');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($fabricator, 'guessFormatter');
 
         $field     = 'zaboomafoo';
         $formatter = $method($field);
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ public function testOptionalSetsOutOptionalFieldValues(): void
 
         $this->assertLessThan(
             count($result),
-            count(array_filter($result))
+            count(array_filter($result)),
         );
     }
 
@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ public function testValidSetsOutValidValuesUsingCallback(): void
             $this->assertSame(
                 0,
                 $digit % 2,
-                sprintf('Failed asserting that %s is even.', number_format($digit))
+                sprintf('Failed asserting that %s is even.', number_format($digit)),
             );
         }
     }
diff --git a/tests/system/Test/FeatureTestTraitTest.php b/tests/system/Test/FeatureTestTraitTest.php
index 47aaea07d1d6..c0e2e2c873d1 100644
--- a/tests/system/Test/FeatureTestTraitTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Test/FeatureTestTraitTest.php
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Response;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\Mock\MockCodeIgniter;
 use Config\App;
+use Config\Feature;
 use Config\Routing;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
@@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ public function testCallGet(): void
             [
                 'GET',
                 'home',
-                static fn () => 'Hello World',
+                static fn (): string => 'Hello World',
             ],
         ]);
         $response = $this->get('home');
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ public function testCallGetAndUriString(): void
             [
                 'GET',
                 'foo/bar/1/2/3',
-                static fn () => 'Hello World',
+                static fn (): string => 'Hello World',
             ],
         ]);
         $response = $this->get('foo/bar/1/2/3');
@@ -90,7 +91,7 @@ public function testCallGetAndFilterReturnsResponse(): void
             [
                 'GET',
                 'admin',
-                static fn () => 'Admin Area',
+                static fn (): string => 'Admin Area',
                 ['filter' => 'test-redirectfilter'],
             ],
         ]);
@@ -123,7 +124,7 @@ public function testCallPost(): void
             [
                 'POST',
                 'home',
-                static fn () => 'Hello Mars',
+                static fn (): string => 'Hello Mars',
             ],
         ]);
         $response = $this->post('home');
@@ -137,7 +138,7 @@ public function testCallPostWithBody(): void
             [
                 'POST',
                 'home',
-                static fn () => 'Hello ' . service('request')->getPost('foo') . '!',
+                static fn (): string => 'Hello ' . service('request')->getPost('foo') . '!',
             ],
         ]);
         $response = $this->post('home', ['foo' => 'Mars']);
@@ -181,7 +182,7 @@ public function testCallPut(): void
             [
                 'PUT',
                 'home',
-                static fn () => 'Hello Pluto',
+                static fn (): string => 'Hello Pluto',
             ],
         ]);
         $response = $this->put('home');
@@ -195,7 +196,7 @@ public function testCallPatch(): void
             [
                 'PATCH',
                 'home',
-                static fn () => 'Hello Jupiter',
+                static fn (): string => 'Hello Jupiter',
             ],
         ]);
         $response = $this->patch('home');
@@ -209,7 +210,7 @@ public function testCallOptions(): void
             [
                 'OPTIONS',
                 'home',
-                static fn () => 'Hello George',
+                static fn (): string => 'Hello George',
             ],
         ]);
         $response = $this->options('home');
@@ -223,7 +224,7 @@ public function testCallDelete(): void
             [
                 'DELETE',
                 'home',
-                static fn () => 'Hello Wonka',
+                static fn (): string => 'Hello Wonka',
             ],
         ]);
         $response = $this->delete('home');
@@ -237,7 +238,7 @@ public function testSession(): void
             [
                 'GET',
                 'home',
-                static fn () => 'Home',
+                static fn (): string => 'Home',
             ],
         ])->withSession([
             'fruit'    => 'apple',
@@ -259,7 +260,7 @@ public function testWithSessionNull(): void
             [
                 'GET',
                 'home',
-                static fn () => 'Home',
+                static fn (): string => 'Home',
             ],
         ])->withSession()->get('home');
 
@@ -327,6 +328,33 @@ public function testCallZeroAsPathGot404(): void
         $this->get('0');
     }
 
+    private function disableAutoRoutesImproved(): void
+    {
+        $featureConfig                     = config(Feature::class);
+        $featureConfig->autoRoutesImproved = false;
+    }
+
+    #[DataProvider('provideOpenCliRoutesFromHttpGot404')]
+    public function testOpenCliRoutesFromHttpGot404(string $from, string $to, string $httpGet): void
+    {
+        $this->expectException(PageNotFoundException::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessage('Cannot access CLI Route: ');
+
+        $this->disableAutoRoutesImproved();
+        $collection = service('routes');
+        $collection->setAutoRoute(true);
+        $collection->setDefaultNamespace('Tests\Support\Controllers');
+
+        $this->withRoutes([
+            [
+                'CLI',
+                $from,
+                $to,
+            ],
+        ]);
+        $this->get($httpGet);
+    }
+
     public static function provideOpenCliRoutesFromHttpGot404(): iterable
     {
         return [
@@ -358,31 +386,6 @@ public static function provideOpenCliRoutesFromHttpGot404(): iterable
         ];
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @param mixed $from
-     * @param mixed $to
-     * @param mixed $httpGet
-     */
-    #[DataProvider('provideOpenCliRoutesFromHttpGot404')]
-    public function testOpenCliRoutesFromHttpGot404($from, $to, $httpGet): void
-    {
-        $this->expectException(PageNotFoundException::class);
-        $this->expectExceptionMessage('Cannot access CLI Route: ');
-
-        $collection = service('routes');
-        $collection->setAutoRoute(true);
-        $collection->setDefaultNamespace('Tests\Support\Controllers');
-
-        $this->withRoutes([
-            [
-                'CLI',
-                $from,
-                $to,
-            ],
-        ]);
-        $this->get($httpGet);
-    }
-
     /**
      * @see https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/issues/3072
      */
@@ -423,7 +426,7 @@ public function testCallGetWithParams(): void
         $this->assertStringContainsString(
             // All GET values will be strings.
             '{"true":"1","false":"","int":"2","null":"","float":"1.23","string":"foo"}',
-            $response->getBody()
+            $response->getBody(),
         );
     }
 
@@ -450,7 +453,7 @@ public function testCallGetWithParamsAndREQUEST(): void
         $this->assertStringContainsString(
             // All GET values will be strings.
             '{"true":"1","false":"","int":"2","null":"","float":"1.23","string":"foo"}',
-            $response->getBody()
+            $response->getBody(),
         );
     }
 
@@ -477,7 +480,7 @@ public function testCallPostWithParams(): void
         $this->assertStringContainsString(
             // All POST values will be strings.
             '{"true":"1","false":"","int":"2","null":"","float":"1.23","string":"foo"}',
-            $response->getBody()
+            $response->getBody(),
         );
     }
 
@@ -504,7 +507,7 @@ public function testCallPostWithParamsAndREQUEST(): void
         $this->assertStringContainsString(
             // All POST values will be strings.
             '{"true":"1","false":"","int":"2","null":"","float":"1.23","string":"foo"}',
-            $response->getBody()
+            $response->getBody(),
         );
     }
 
@@ -619,11 +622,11 @@ public function testSetupJSONRequestBodyWithBody(): void
 
         $this->assertJsonStringEqualsJsonString(
             json_encode(['foo1' => 'bar1']),
-            $request->getBody()
+            $request->getBody(),
         );
         $this->assertSame(
             'application/json',
-            $request->header('Content-Type')->getValue()
+            $request->header('Content-Type')->getValue(),
         );
     }
 
@@ -660,6 +663,7 @@ public function testSetupRequestBodyWithBody(): void
 
     public function testAutoRoutingLegacy(): void
     {
+        $this->disableAutoRoutesImproved();
         $config            = config(Routing::class);
         $config->autoRoute = true;
         Factories::injectMock('config', Routing::class, $config);
diff --git a/tests/system/Test/ReflectionHelperTest.php b/tests/system/Test/ReflectionHelperTest.php
index 59afc3411f61..e110a4820422 100644
--- a/tests/system/Test/ReflectionHelperTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Test/ReflectionHelperTest.php
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ public function testGetPrivatePropertyWithStatic(): void
     {
         $actual = $this->getPrivateProperty(
             TestForReflectionHelper::class,
-            'static_private'
+            'static_private',
         );
         $this->assertSame('xyz', $actual);
     }
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ public function testSetPrivatePropertyWithObject(): void
         $this->setPrivateProperty(
             $obj,
             'private',
-            'open'
+            'open',
         );
         $this->assertSame('open', $obj->getPrivate());
     }
@@ -61,36 +61,36 @@ public function testSetPrivatePropertyWithStatic(): void
         $this->setPrivateProperty(
             TestForReflectionHelper::class,
             'static_private',
-            'abc'
+            'abc',
         );
         $this->assertSame(
             'abc',
-            TestForReflectionHelper::getStaticPrivate()
+            TestForReflectionHelper::getStaticPrivate(),
         );
     }
 
     public function testGetPrivateMethodInvokerWithObject(): void
     {
         $obj    = new TestForReflectionHelper();
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker(
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker(
             $obj,
-            'privateMethod'
+            'privateMethod',
         );
         $this->assertSame(
             'private param1param2',
-            $method('param1', 'param2')
+            $method('param1', 'param2'),
         );
     }
 
     public function testGetPrivateMethodInvokerWithStatic(): void
     {
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker(
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker(
             TestForReflectionHelper::class,
-            'privateStaticMethod'
+            'privateStaticMethod',
         );
         $this->assertSame(
             'private_static param1param2',
-            $method('param1', 'param2')
+            $method('param1', 'param2'),
         );
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Validation/CreditCardRulesTest.php b/tests/system/Validation/CreditCardRulesTest.php
index 5ec30d144af5..e578c0b4d980 100644
--- a/tests/system/Validation/CreditCardRulesTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Validation/CreditCardRulesTest.php
@@ -13,8 +13,7 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Validation;
 
-use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
-use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
+use CodeIgniter\Validation\StrictRules\CreditCardRulesTest as StrictCreditCardRulesTest;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 use Tests\Support\Validation\TestRules;
 
@@ -22,10 +21,14 @@
  * @internal
  */
 #[Group('Others')]
-final class CreditCardRulesTest extends CIUnitTestCase
+final class CreditCardRulesTest extends StrictCreditCardRulesTest
 {
-    private Validation $validation;
-    private array $config = [
+    protected Validation $validation;
+
+    /**
+     * @var array<string, array<int|string, array<string, string>|string>>
+     */
+    protected array $config = [
         'ruleSets' => [
             Rules::class,
             FormatRules::class,
@@ -42,1203 +45,4 @@ final class CreditCardRulesTest extends CIUnitTestCase
             ],
         ],
     ];
-
-    protected function setUp(): void
-    {
-        parent::setUp();
-        $this->validation = new Validation((object) $this->config, service('renderer'));
-        $this->validation->reset();
-    }
-
-    #[DataProvider('provideValidCCNumber')]
-    public function testValidCCNumber(string $type, ?string $number, bool $expected): void
-    {
-        $data = ['cc' => $number];
-        $this->validation->setRules(['cc' => "valid_cc_number[{$type}]"]);
-        $this->assertSame($expected, $this->validation->run($data));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Cards shown are test cards found around the web.
-     *
-     * @see https://www.paypalobjects.com/en_US/vhelp/paypalmanager_help/credit_card_numbers.htm
-     */
-    public static function provideValidCCNumber(): iterable
-    {
-        yield from [
-            'null_test' => [
-                'amex',
-                null,
-                false,
-            ],
-            'random_test' => [
-                'amex',
-                self::generateCardNumber(37, 16),
-                false,
-            ],
-            'invalid_type' => [
-                'shorty',
-                '1111 1111 1111 1111',
-                false,
-            ],
-            'invalid_length' => [
-                'amex',
-                '',
-                false,
-            ],
-            'not_numeric' => [
-                'amex',
-                'abcd efgh ijkl mnop',
-                false,
-            ],
-            'bad_length' => [
-                'amex',
-                '3782 8224 6310 0051',
-                false,
-            ],
-            'bad_prefix' => [
-                'amex',
-                '3582 8224 6310 0051',
-                false,
-            ],
-            'amex1' => [
-                'amex',
-                '3782 8224 6310 005',
-                true,
-            ],
-            'amex2' => [
-                'amex',
-                '3714 4963 5398 431',
-                true,
-            ],
-            'dinersclub1' => [
-                'dinersclub',
-                '3056 9309 0259 04',
-                true,
-            ],
-            'dinersculb2' => [
-                'dinersclub',
-                '3852 0000 0232 37',
-                true,
-            ],
-            'discover1' => [
-                'discover',
-                '6011 1111 1111 1117',
-                true,
-            ],
-            'discover2' => [
-                'discover',
-                '6011 0009 9013 9424',
-                true,
-            ],
-            'jcb8' => [
-                'jcb',
-                '3530 1113 3330 0000',
-                true,
-            ],
-            'jcb9' => [
-                'jcb',
-                '3566 0020 2036 0505',
-                true,
-            ],
-            'mastercard12' => [
-                'mastercard',
-                '5555 5555 5555 4444',
-                true,
-            ],
-            'mastercard13' => [
-                'mastercard',
-                '5105 1051 0510 5100',
-                true,
-            ],
-            'visa4' => [
-                'visa',
-                '4111 1111 1111 1111',
-                true,
-            ],
-            'visa5' => [
-                'visa',
-                '4012 8888 8888 1881',
-                true,
-            ],
-            'visa6' => [
-                'visa',
-                '4222 2222 2222 2',
-                true,
-            ],
-            'dankort5' => [
-                'dankort',
-                '5019 7170 1010 3742',
-                true,
-            ],
-            'unionpay1' => [
-                'unionpay',
-                self::generateCardNumber(62, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'unionpay2' => [
-                'unionpay',
-                self::generateCardNumber(62, 17),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'unionpay3' => [
-                'unionpay',
-                self::generateCardNumber(62, 18),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'unionpay4' => [
-                'unionpay',
-                self::generateCardNumber(62, 19),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'unionpay5' => [
-                'unionpay',
-                self::generateCardNumber(63, 19),
-                false,
-            ],
-            'carteblanche1' => [
-                'carteblanche',
-                self::generateCardNumber(300, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'carteblanche2' => [
-                'carteblanche',
-                self::generateCardNumber(301, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'carteblanche3' => [
-                'carteblanche',
-                self::generateCardNumber(302, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'carteblanche4' => [
-                'carteblanche',
-                self::generateCardNumber(303, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'carteblanche5' => [
-                'carteblanche',
-                self::generateCardNumber(304, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'carteblanche6' => [
-                'carteblanche',
-                self::generateCardNumber(305, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'carteblanche7' => [
-                'carteblanche',
-                self::generateCardNumber(306, 14),
-                false,
-            ],
-            'dinersclub3' => [
-                'dinersclub',
-                self::generateCardNumber(300, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'dinersclub4' => [
-                'dinersclub',
-                self::generateCardNumber(301, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'dinersclub5' => [
-                'dinersclub',
-                self::generateCardNumber(302, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'dinersclub6' => [
-                'dinersclub',
-                self::generateCardNumber(303, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'dinersclub7' => [
-                'dinersclub',
-                self::generateCardNumber(304, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'dinersclub8' => [
-                'dinersclub',
-                self::generateCardNumber(305, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'dinersclub9' => [
-                'dinersclub',
-                self::generateCardNumber(309, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'dinersclub10' => [
-                'dinersclub',
-                self::generateCardNumber(36, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'dinersclub11' => [
-                'dinersclub',
-                self::generateCardNumber(38, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'dinersclub12' => [
-                'dinersclub',
-                self::generateCardNumber(39, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'dinersclub13' => [
-                'dinersclub',
-                self::generateCardNumber(54, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'dinersclub14' => [
-                'dinersclub',
-                self::generateCardNumber(55, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'dinersclub15' => [
-                'dinersclub',
-                self::generateCardNumber(300, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'dinersclub16' => [
-                'dinersclub',
-                self::generateCardNumber(301, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'dinersclub17' => [
-                'dinersclub',
-                self::generateCardNumber(302, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'dinersclub18' => [
-                'dinersclub',
-                self::generateCardNumber(303, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'dinersclub19' => [
-                'dinersclub',
-                self::generateCardNumber(304, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'dinersclub20' => [
-                'dinersclub',
-                self::generateCardNumber(305, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'dinersclub21' => [
-                'dinersclub',
-                self::generateCardNumber(309, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'dinersclub22' => [
-                'dinersclub',
-                self::generateCardNumber(36, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'dinersclub23' => [
-                'dinersclub',
-                self::generateCardNumber(38, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'dinersclub24' => [
-                'dinersclub',
-                self::generateCardNumber(39, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'dinersclub25' => [
-                'dinersclub',
-                self::generateCardNumber(54, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'dinersclub26' => [
-                'dinersclub',
-                self::generateCardNumber(55, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'discover3' => [
-                'discover',
-                self::generateCardNumber(6011, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'discover4' => [
-                'discover',
-                self::generateCardNumber(622, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'discover5' => [
-                'discover',
-                self::generateCardNumber(644, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'discover6' => [
-                'discover',
-                self::generateCardNumber(645, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'discover7' => [
-                'discover',
-                self::generateCardNumber(656, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'discover8' => [
-                'discover',
-                self::generateCardNumber(647, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'discover9' => [
-                'discover',
-                self::generateCardNumber(648, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'discover10' => [
-                'discover',
-                self::generateCardNumber(649, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'discover11' => [
-                'discover',
-                self::generateCardNumber(65, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'discover12' => [
-                'discover',
-                self::generateCardNumber(6011, 19),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'discover13' => [
-                'discover',
-                self::generateCardNumber(622, 19),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'discover14' => [
-                'discover',
-                self::generateCardNumber(644, 19),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'discover15' => [
-                'discover',
-                self::generateCardNumber(645, 19),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'discover16' => [
-                'discover',
-                self::generateCardNumber(656, 19),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'discover17' => [
-                'discover',
-                self::generateCardNumber(647, 19),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'discover18' => [
-                'discover',
-                self::generateCardNumber(648, 19),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'discover19' => [
-                'discover',
-                self::generateCardNumber(649, 19),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'discover20' => [
-                'discover',
-                self::generateCardNumber(65, 19),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'interpayment1' => [
-                'interpayment',
-                self::generateCardNumber(4, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'interpayment2' => [
-                'interpayment',
-                self::generateCardNumber(4, 17),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'interpayment3' => [
-                'interpayment',
-                self::generateCardNumber(4, 18),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'interpayment4' => [
-                'interpayment',
-                self::generateCardNumber(4, 19),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'jcb1' => [
-                'jcb',
-                self::generateCardNumber(352, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'jcb2' => [
-                'jcb',
-                self::generateCardNumber(353, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'jcb3' => [
-                'jcb',
-                self::generateCardNumber(354, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'jcb4' => [
-                'jcb',
-                self::generateCardNumber(355, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'jcb5' => [
-                'jcb',
-                self::generateCardNumber(356, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'jcb6' => [
-                'jcb',
-                self::generateCardNumber(357, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'jcb7' => [
-                'jcb',
-                self::generateCardNumber(358, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro1' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(50, 12),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro2' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(56, 12),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro3' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(57, 12),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro4' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(58, 12),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro5' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(59, 12),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro6' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(60, 12),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro7' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(61, 12),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro8' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(62, 12),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro9' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(63, 12),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro10' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(64, 12),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro11' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(65, 12),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro12' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(66, 12),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro13' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(67, 12),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro14' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(68, 12),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro15' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(69, 12),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro16' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(50, 13),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro17' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(56, 13),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro18' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(57, 13),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro19' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(58, 13),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro20' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(59, 13),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro21' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(60, 13),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro22' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(61, 13),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro23' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(62, 13),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro24' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(63, 13),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro25' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(64, 13),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro26' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(65, 13),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro27' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(66, 13),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro28' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(67, 13),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro29' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(68, 13),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro30' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(69, 13),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro31' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(50, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro32' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(56, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro33' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(57, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro34' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(58, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro35' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(59, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro36' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(60, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro37' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(61, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro38' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(62, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro39' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(63, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro40' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(64, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro41' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(65, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro42' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(66, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro43' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(67, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro44' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(68, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro45' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(69, 14),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro46' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(50, 15),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro47' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(56, 15),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro48' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(57, 15),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro49' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(58, 15),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro50' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(59, 15),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro51' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(60, 15),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro52' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(61, 15),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro53' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(62, 15),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro54' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(63, 15),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro55' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(64, 15),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro56' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(65, 15),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro57' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(66, 15),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro58' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(67, 15),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro59' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(68, 15),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro60' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(69, 15),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro61' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(50, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro62' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(56, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro63' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(57, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro64' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(58, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro65' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(59, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro66' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(60, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro67' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(61, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro68' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(62, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro69' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(63, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro70' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(64, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro71' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(65, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro72' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(66, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro73' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(67, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro74' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(68, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro75' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(69, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro91' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(50, 18),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro92' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(56, 18),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro93' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(57, 18),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro94' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(58, 18),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro95' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(59, 18),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro96' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(60, 18),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro97' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(61, 18),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro98' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(62, 18),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro99' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(63, 18),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro100' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(64, 18),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro101' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(65, 18),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro102' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(66, 18),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro103' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(67, 18),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro104' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(68, 18),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro105' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(69, 18),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro106' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(50, 19),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro107' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(56, 19),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro108' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(57, 19),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro109' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(58, 19),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro110' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(59, 19),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro111' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(60, 19),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro112' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(61, 19),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro113' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(62, 19),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro114' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(63, 19),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro115' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(64, 19),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro116' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(65, 19),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro117' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(66, 19),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro118' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(67, 19),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro119' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(68, 19),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'maestro120' => [
-                'maestro',
-                self::generateCardNumber(69, 19),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'dankort1' => [
-                'dankort',
-                self::generateCardNumber(5019, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'dankort2' => [
-                'dankort',
-                self::generateCardNumber(4175, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'dankort3' => [
-                'dankort',
-                self::generateCardNumber(4571, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'dankort4' => [
-                'dankort',
-                self::generateCardNumber(4, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'mir1' => [
-                'mir',
-                self::generateCardNumber(2200, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'mir2' => [
-                'mir',
-                self::generateCardNumber(2201, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'mir3' => [
-                'mir',
-                self::generateCardNumber(2202, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'mir4' => [
-                'mir',
-                self::generateCardNumber(2203, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'mir5' => [
-                'mir',
-                self::generateCardNumber(2204, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'mastercard1' => [
-                'mastercard',
-                self::generateCardNumber(51, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'mastercard2' => [
-                'mastercard',
-                self::generateCardNumber(52, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'mastercard3' => [
-                'mastercard',
-                self::generateCardNumber(53, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'mastercard4' => [
-                'mastercard',
-                self::generateCardNumber(54, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'mastercard5' => [
-                'mastercard',
-                self::generateCardNumber(55, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'mastercard6' => [
-                'mastercard',
-                self::generateCardNumber(22, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'mastercard7' => [
-                'mastercard',
-                self::generateCardNumber(23, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'mastercard8' => [
-                'mastercard',
-                self::generateCardNumber(24, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'mastercard9' => [
-                'mastercard',
-                self::generateCardNumber(25, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'mastercard10' => [
-                'mastercard',
-                self::generateCardNumber(26, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'mastercard11' => [
-                'mastercard',
-                self::generateCardNumber(27, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'visa1' => [
-                'visa',
-                self::generateCardNumber(4, 13),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'visa2' => [
-                'visa',
-                self::generateCardNumber(4, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'visa3' => [
-                'visa',
-                self::generateCardNumber(4, 19),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'uatp' => [
-                'uatp',
-                self::generateCardNumber(1, 15),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'verve1' => [
-                'verve',
-                self::generateCardNumber(506, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'verve2' => [
-                'verve',
-                self::generateCardNumber(650, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'verve3' => [
-                'verve',
-                self::generateCardNumber(506, 19),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'verve4' => [
-                'verve',
-                self::generateCardNumber(650, 19),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'cibc1' => [
-                'cibc',
-                self::generateCardNumber(4506, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'rbc1' => [
-                'rbc',
-                self::generateCardNumber(45, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'tdtrust' => [
-                'tdtrust',
-                self::generateCardNumber(589297, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'scotia1' => [
-                'scotia',
-                self::generateCardNumber(4536, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'bmoabm1' => [
-                'bmoabm',
-                self::generateCardNumber(500, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'hsbc1' => [
-                'hsbc',
-                self::generateCardNumber(56, 16),
-                true,
-            ],
-            'hsbc2' => [
-                'hsbc',
-                self::generateCardNumber(57, 16),
-                false,
-            ],
-        ];
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Generate a fake credit card number that still passes the Luhn algorithm.
-     */
-    private static function generateCardNumber(int $prefix, int $length): string
-    {
-        $prefix = (string) $prefix;
-        $cursor = strlen($prefix);
-
-        $digits = str_split($prefix);
-        $digits = array_pad($digits, $length, '0');
-
-        while ($cursor < $length - 1) {
-            $digits[$cursor++] = (string) random_int(0, 9);
-        }
-
-        $digits[$length - 1] = (string) self::calculateLuhnChecksum($digits, $length);
-
-        return implode('', $digits);
-    }
-
-    private static function calculateLuhnChecksum(array $digits, int $length): int
-    {
-        $parity = $length % 2;
-
-        $sum = 0;
-
-        for ($i = $length - 1; $i >= 0; $i--) {
-            $current = $digits[$i];
-
-            if ($i % 2 === $parity) {
-                $current *= 2;
-
-                if ($current > 9) {
-                    $current -= 9;
-                }
-            }
-
-            $sum += $current;
-        }
-
-        return ($sum * 9) % 10;
-    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Validation/DatabaseRelatedRulesTest.php b/tests/system/Validation/DatabaseRelatedRulesTest.php
index d683320e968b..1b6445c47f08 100644
--- a/tests/system/Validation/DatabaseRelatedRulesTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Validation/DatabaseRelatedRulesTest.php
@@ -23,6 +23,13 @@
 #[Group('DatabaseLive')]
 final class DatabaseRelatedRulesTest extends StrictDatabaseRelatedRulesTest
 {
+    /**
+     * @var array{
+     *   ruleSets: list<class-string>,
+     *   groupA: array<string, string>,
+     *   groupA_errors: array<string, array<string, string>>,
+     * }
+     */
     protected array $config = [
         'ruleSets' => [
             Rules::class,
@@ -41,7 +48,7 @@ final class DatabaseRelatedRulesTest extends StrictDatabaseRelatedRulesTest
         ],
     ];
 
-    protected function createRules()
+    protected function createRules(): object
     {
         return new Rules();
     }
diff --git a/tests/system/Validation/FileRulesTest.php b/tests/system/Validation/FileRulesTest.php
index 7c077523e8f0..2b43768e1ac8 100644
--- a/tests/system/Validation/FileRulesTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Validation/FileRulesTest.php
@@ -13,8 +13,7 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Validation;
 
-use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
+use CodeIgniter\Validation\StrictRules\FileRulesTest as StrictFileRulesTest;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 use Tests\Support\Validation\TestRules;
 
@@ -22,10 +21,14 @@
  * @internal
  */
 #[Group('Others')]
-final class FileRulesTest extends CIUnitTestCase
+final class FileRulesTest extends StrictFileRulesTest
 {
-    private Validation $validation;
-    private array $config = [
+    protected Validation $validation;
+
+    /**
+     * @var array<string, array<int|string, array<string, string>|string>>
+     */
+    protected array $config = [
         'ruleSets' => [
             Rules::class,
             FormatRules::class,
@@ -42,258 +45,4 @@ final class FileRulesTest extends CIUnitTestCase
             ],
         ],
     ];
-
-    protected function setUp(): void
-    {
-        $this->resetServices();
-        parent::setUp();
-
-        $this->validation = new Validation((object) $this->config, service('renderer'));
-        $this->validation->reset();
-
-        $_FILES = [
-            'avatar' => [
-                'tmp_name' => TESTPATH . '_support/Validation/uploads/phpUxc0ty',
-                'name'     => 'my-avatar.png',
-                'size'     => 4614,
-                'type'     => 'image/png',
-                'error'    => 0,
-                'width'    => 640,
-                'height'   => 400,
-            ],
-            'bigfile' => [
-                'tmp_name' => TESTPATH . '_support/Validation/uploads/phpUxc0ty',
-                'name'     => 'my-big-file.png',
-                'size'     => 1_024_000,
-                'type'     => 'image/png',
-                'error'    => UPLOAD_ERR_OK,
-                'width'    => 640,
-                'height'   => 400,
-            ],
-            'photo' => [
-                'tmp_name' => TESTPATH . '_support/Validation/uploads/phpUxc0ty',
-                'name'     => 'my-photo.png',
-                'size'     => 4614,
-                'type'     => 'image/png',
-                'error'    => UPLOAD_ERR_INI_SIZE,
-                'width'    => 640,
-                'height'   => 400,
-            ],
-            'images' => [
-                'tmp_name' => [
-                    TESTPATH . '_support/Validation/uploads/phpUxc0ty',
-                    TESTPATH . '_support/Validation/uploads/phpUxc0ty',
-                ],
-                'name' => [
-                    'my_avatar.png',
-                    'my_bigfile.png',
-                ],
-                'size' => [
-                    4614,
-                    1_024_000,
-                ],
-                'type' => [
-                    'image/png',
-                    'image/png',
-                ],
-                'error' => [
-                    UPLOAD_ERR_OK,
-                    UPLOAD_ERR_OK,
-                ],
-                'width' => [
-                    640,
-                    640,
-                ],
-                'height' => [
-                    400,
-                    400,
-                ],
-            ],
-            'photos' => [
-                'tmp_name' => [
-                    TESTPATH . '_support/Validation/uploads/phpUxc0ty',
-                    TESTPATH . '_support/Validation/uploads/phpUxc0ty',
-                ],
-                'name' => [
-                    'my_avatar.png',
-                    'my_bigfile.png',
-                ],
-                'size' => [
-                    4614,
-                    1_024_000,
-                ],
-                'type' => [
-                    'image/png',
-                    'image/png',
-                ],
-                'error' => [
-                    UPLOAD_ERR_INI_SIZE,
-                    UPLOAD_ERR_OK,
-                ],
-                'width' => [
-                    640,
-                    640,
-                ],
-                'height' => [
-                    400,
-                    400,
-                ],
-            ],
-        ];
-    }
-
-    public function testUploadedTrue(): void
-    {
-        $this->validation->setRules(['avatar' => 'uploaded[avatar]']);
-        $this->assertTrue($this->validation->run([]));
-    }
-
-    public function testUploadedFalse(): void
-    {
-        $this->validation->setRules(['avatar' => 'uploaded[userfile]']);
-        $this->assertFalse($this->validation->run([]));
-    }
-
-    public function testUploadedArrayReturnsTrue(): void
-    {
-        $this->validation->setRules(['images' => 'uploaded[images]']);
-        $this->assertTrue($this->validation->run([]));
-    }
-
-    public function testUploadedArrayReturnsFalse(): void
-    {
-        $this->validation->setRules(['photos' => 'uploaded[photos]']);
-        $this->assertFalse($this->validation->run([]));
-    }
-
-    public function testMaxSize(): void
-    {
-        $this->validation->setRules(['avatar' => 'max_size[avatar,100]']);
-        $this->assertTrue($this->validation->run([]));
-    }
-
-    public function testMaxSizeBigFile(): void
-    {
-        $this->validation->setRules(['bigfile' => 'max_size[bigfile,9999]']);
-        $this->assertTrue($this->validation->run([]));
-    }
-
-    public function testMaxSizeFail(): void
-    {
-        $this->validation->setRules(['avatar' => 'max_size[avatar,4]']);
-        $this->assertFalse($this->validation->run([]));
-    }
-
-    public function testMaxSizeFailDueToUploadMaxFilesizeExceededInPhpIni(): void
-    {
-        $this->validation->setRules(['photo' => 'max_size[photo,100]']);
-        $this->assertFalse($this->validation->run([]));
-    }
-
-    public function testMaxSizeBigFileFail(): void
-    {
-        $this->validation->setRules(['bigfile' => 'max_size[bigfile,10]']);
-        $this->assertFalse($this->validation->run([]));
-    }
-
-    public function testMaxSizeBad(): void
-    {
-        $this->validation->setRules(['avatar' => 'max_size[userfile,50]']);
-        $this->assertFalse($this->validation->run([]));
-    }
-
-    public function testMaxSizeInvalidParam(): void
-    {
-        $this->expectException(InvalidArgumentException::class);
-        $this->expectExceptionMessage('Invalid max_size parameter: "avatar.100"');
-
-        $this->validation->setRules(['avatar' => 'max_size[avatar.100]']);
-        $this->validation->run([]);
-    }
-
-    public function testMaxDims(): void
-    {
-        $this->validation->setRules(['avatar' => 'max_dims[avatar,640,480]']);
-        $this->assertTrue($this->validation->run([]));
-    }
-
-    public function testMaxDimsFail(): void
-    {
-        $this->validation->setRules(['avatar' => 'max_dims[avatar,600,480]']);
-        $this->assertFalse($this->validation->run([]));
-    }
-
-    public function testMaxDimsBad(): void
-    {
-        $this->validation->setRules(['avatar' => 'max_dims[unknown,640,480]']);
-        $this->assertFalse($this->validation->run([]));
-    }
-
-    public function testIsImage(): void
-    {
-        $this->validation->setRules(['avatar' => 'is_image[avatar]']);
-        $this->assertTrue($this->validation->run([]));
-    }
-
-    public function testIsntImage(): void
-    {
-        $_FILES['stuff'] = [
-            'tmp_name' => TESTPATH . '_support/Validation/uploads/abc77tz',
-            'name'     => 'address.book',
-            'size'     => 12345,
-            'type'     => 'application/address',
-            'error'    => UPLOAD_ERR_OK,
-        ];
-
-        $this->validation->setRules(['avatar' => 'is_image[stuff]']);
-        $this->assertFalse($this->validation->run([]));
-    }
-
-    public function testAlsoIsntImage(): void
-    {
-        $this->validation->setRules(['avatar' => 'is_image[unknown]']);
-        $this->assertFalse($this->validation->run([]));
-    }
-
-    public function testMimeTypeOk(): void
-    {
-        $this->validation->setRules([
-            'avatar' => 'mime_in[avatar,image/jpg,image/jpeg,image/gif,image/png]',
-        ]);
-        $this->assertTrue($this->validation->run([]));
-    }
-
-    public function testMimeTypeNotOk(): void
-    {
-        $this->validation->setRules([
-            'avatar' => 'mime_in[avatar,application/xls,application/doc,application/ppt]',
-        ]);
-        $this->assertFalse($this->validation->run([]));
-    }
-
-    public function testMimeTypeImpossible(): void
-    {
-        $this->validation->setRules([
-            'avatar' => 'mime_in[unknown,application/xls,application/doc,application/ppt]',
-        ]);
-        $this->assertFalse($this->validation->run([]));
-    }
-
-    public function testExtensionOk(): void
-    {
-        $this->validation->setRules(['avatar' => 'ext_in[avatar,jpg,jpeg,gif,png]']);
-        $this->assertTrue($this->validation->run([]));
-    }
-
-    public function testExtensionNotOk(): void
-    {
-        $this->validation->setRules(['avatar' => 'ext_in[avatar,xls,doc,ppt]']);
-        $this->assertFalse($this->validation->run([]));
-    }
-
-    public function testExtensionImpossible(): void
-    {
-        $this->validation->setRules(['avatar' => 'ext_in[unknown,xls,doc,ppt]']);
-        $this->assertFalse($this->validation->run([]));
-    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Validation/FormatRulesTest.php b/tests/system/Validation/FormatRulesTest.php
index aa59e1b0f5ae..be2e7c01ed6a 100644
--- a/tests/system/Validation/FormatRulesTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Validation/FormatRulesTest.php
@@ -31,6 +31,10 @@ class FormatRulesTest extends CIUnitTestCase
     public const ALPHANUMERIC = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHLIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789';
 
     protected Validation $validation;
+
+    /**
+     * @var array<string, array<int|string, array<string, string>|string>>
+     */
     protected array $config = [
         'ruleSets' => [
             Rules::class,
@@ -114,19 +118,6 @@ public function testValidURLStrict(?string $url, bool $isLoose, bool $isStrict):
         $this->assertSame($isStrict, $this->validation->run($data));
     }
 
-    public function testValidURLStrictWithSchema(): void
-    {
-        $data = [
-            'foo' => 'http://www.codeigniter.com',
-        ];
-
-        $this->validation->setRules([
-            'foo' => 'valid_url_strict[https]',
-        ]);
-
-        $this->assertFalse($this->validation->run($data));
-    }
-
     public static function provideValidUrl(): iterable
     {
         yield from [
@@ -226,29 +217,28 @@ public static function provideValidUrl(): iterable
         ];
     }
 
-    #[DataProvider('provideValidEmail')]
-    public function testValidEmail(?string $email, bool $expected): void
+    public function testValidURLStrictWithSchema(): void
     {
         $data = [
-            'foo' => $email,
+            'foo' => 'http://www.codeigniter.com',
         ];
 
         $this->validation->setRules([
-            'foo' => 'valid_email',
+            'foo' => 'valid_url_strict[https]',
         ]);
 
-        $this->assertSame($expected, $this->validation->run($data));
+        $this->assertFalse($this->validation->run($data));
     }
 
-    #[DataProvider('provideValidEmails')]
-    public function testValidEmails(?string $email, bool $expected): void
+    #[DataProvider('provideValidEmail')]
+    public function testValidEmail(?string $email, bool $expected): void
     {
         $data = [
             'foo' => $email,
         ];
 
         $this->validation->setRules([
-            'foo' => 'valid_emails',
+            'foo' => 'valid_email',
         ]);
 
         $this->assertSame($expected, $this->validation->run($data));
@@ -272,6 +262,20 @@ public static function provideValidEmail(): iterable
         ];
     }
 
+    #[DataProvider('provideValidEmails')]
+    public function testValidEmails(?string $email, bool $expected): void
+    {
+        $data = [
+            'foo' => $email,
+        ];
+
+        $this->validation->setRules([
+            'foo' => 'valid_emails',
+        ]);
+
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $this->validation->run($data));
+    }
+
     public static function provideValidEmails(): iterable
     {
         yield from [
@@ -789,7 +793,7 @@ public function testIntegerWithInvalidTypeData($value, bool $expected): void
         $data = [
             'foo' => $value,
         ];
-        $this->assertsame($expected, $this->validation->run($data));
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $this->validation->run($data));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -807,7 +811,7 @@ public function testNumericWithInvalidTypeData($value, bool $expected): void
         $data = [
             'foo' => $value,
         ];
-        $this->assertsame($expected, $this->validation->run($data));
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $this->validation->run($data));
     }
 
     public static function provideInvalidIntegerType(): iterable
@@ -1053,6 +1057,10 @@ public static function provideBase64(): iterable
                 'FA08GG',
                 false,
             ],
+            [
+                'dGVszdA==',
+                false,
+            ],
             [
                 null,
                 false,
diff --git a/tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php b/tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
index a7e3e985de87..8bb6cab3ce77 100644
--- a/tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
@@ -29,6 +29,10 @@
 class RulesTest extends CIUnitTestCase
 {
     protected Validation $validation;
+
+    /**
+     * @var array<string, array<int|string, array<string, string>|string>>
+     */
     protected array $config = [
         'ruleSets' => [
             Rules::class,
@@ -119,7 +123,7 @@ public static function provideIfExist(): iterable
             ],
             // Testing with closure
             [
-                ['foo' => ['if_exist', static fn ($value) => true]],
+                ['foo' => ['if_exist', static fn ($value): bool => true]],
                 ['foo' => []],
                 true,
             ],
@@ -299,7 +303,7 @@ public static function providePermitEmpty(): iterable
             ],
             [
                 // Testing with closure
-                ['foo' => ['permit_empty', static fn ($value) => true]],
+                ['foo' => ['permit_empty', static fn ($value): bool => true]],
                 ['foo' => ''],
                 true,
             ],
@@ -375,18 +379,10 @@ public function testMatchesWithDotArrayFail(): void
         $this->assertFalse($this->validation->run($data));
         $this->assertSame(
             ['alias.0' => 'The alias.* field does not match the name field.'],
-            $this->validation->getErrors()
+            $this->validation->getErrors(),
         );
     }
 
-    public static function provideMatchesNestedCases(): iterable
-    {
-        yield from [
-            [['nested' => ['foo' => 'match', 'bar' => 'match']], true],
-            [['nested' => ['foo' => 'match', 'bar' => 'nope']], false],
-        ];
-    }
-
     #[DataProvider('provideDiffers')]
     public function testDiffers(array $data, bool $expected): void
     {
@@ -416,6 +412,14 @@ public function testDiffersNested(array $data, bool $expected): void
         $this->assertSame(! $expected, $this->validation->run($data));
     }
 
+    public static function provideMatchesNestedCases(): iterable
+    {
+        yield from [
+            [['nested' => ['foo' => 'match', 'bar' => 'match']], true],
+            [['nested' => ['foo' => 'match', 'bar' => 'nope']], false],
+        ];
+    }
+
     public function testDiffersWithDotArrayPass(): void
     {
         $rules = [
@@ -456,7 +460,7 @@ public function testDiffersWithDotArrayFail(): void
         $this->assertFalse($this->validation->run($data));
         $this->assertSame(
             ['alias.1' => 'The alias.* field must differ from the name field.'],
-            $this->validation->getErrors()
+            $this->validation->getErrors(),
         );
     }
 
@@ -1007,7 +1011,7 @@ public function testFieldExistsErrorMessage(): void
         $this->assertFalse($this->validation->run($data));
         $this->assertSame(
             ['fiz.*.baz' => 'The fiz.*.baz field must exist.'],
-            $this->validation->getErrors()
+            $this->validation->getErrors(),
         );
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/CreditCardRulesTest.php b/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/CreditCardRulesTest.php
index 2f58041fb267..a1bc09aa6c0f 100644
--- a/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/CreditCardRulesTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/CreditCardRulesTest.php
@@ -21,12 +21,18 @@
 
 /**
  * @internal
+ *
+ * @no-final
  */
 #[Group('Others')]
-final class CreditCardRulesTest extends CIUnitTestCase
+class CreditCardRulesTest extends CIUnitTestCase
 {
-    private Validation $validation;
-    private array $config = [
+    protected Validation $validation;
+
+    /**
+     * @var array<string, array<int|string, array<string, string>|string>>
+     */
+    protected array $config = [
         'ruleSets' => [
             Rules::class,
             FormatRules::class,
@@ -1203,7 +1209,7 @@ public static function provideValidCCNumber(): iterable
     /**
      * Generate a fake credit card number that still passes the Luhn algorithm.
      */
-    private static function generateCardNumber(int $prefix, int $length): string
+    protected static function generateCardNumber(int $prefix, int $length): string
     {
         $prefix = (string) $prefix;
         $cursor = strlen($prefix);
@@ -1220,7 +1226,10 @@ private static function generateCardNumber(int $prefix, int $length): string
         return implode('', $digits);
     }
 
-    private static function calculateLuhnChecksum(array $digits, int $length): int
+    /**
+     * @param array<int, int|string> $digits
+     */
+    protected static function calculateLuhnChecksum(array $digits, int $length): int
     {
         $parity = $length % 2;
 
diff --git a/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/DatabaseRelatedRulesTest.php b/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/DatabaseRelatedRulesTest.php
index 9b05e8f18c85..43e25d8e7a8a 100644
--- a/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/DatabaseRelatedRulesTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/DatabaseRelatedRulesTest.php
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Validation\StrictRules;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\DatabaseTestTrait;
 use CodeIgniter\Validation\Validation;
 use Config\Database;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 use LogicException;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 use Tests\Support\Validation\TestRules;
@@ -33,6 +33,14 @@ class DatabaseRelatedRulesTest extends CIUnitTestCase
     use DatabaseTestTrait;
 
     protected Validation $validation;
+
+    /**
+     * @var array{
+     *   ruleSets: list<class-string>,
+     *   groupA: array<string, string>,
+     *   groupA_errors: array<string, array<string, string>>,
+     * }
+     */
     protected array $config = [
         'ruleSets' => [
             Rules::class,
@@ -58,7 +66,7 @@ protected function setUp(): void
         $this->validation->reset();
     }
 
-    protected function createRules()
+    protected function createRules(): object
     {
         return new Rules();
     }
@@ -96,6 +104,29 @@ public function testIsUniqueWithDBConnection(): void
         $this->assertTrue($result);
     }
 
+    public function testIsUniqueWithDBConnectionAsParameter(): void
+    {
+        $this->validation->setRules(['email' => 'is_unique[tests.user.email]']);
+
+        $data = ['email' => 'derek@world.co.uk'];
+
+        $result = $this->validation->run($data);
+
+        $this->assertTrue($result);
+    }
+
+    public function testIsUniqueWrongParametersThrowInvalidArgumentException(): void
+    {
+        $this->validation->setRules(['email' => 'is_unique[invalid_parameters]']);
+
+        $data = ['email' => 'derek@world.co.uk'];
+
+        $this->expectException(\InvalidArgumentException::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessage('The field must be in the format "table.field" or "dbGroup.table.field".');
+
+        $this->validation->run($data);
+    }
+
     public function testIsUniqueWithInvalidDBGroup(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(InvalidArgumentException::class);
@@ -295,4 +326,31 @@ public function testIsNotUniqueByManualRun(): void
 
         $this->assertTrue($this->createRules()->is_not_unique('deva@example.com', 'user.email,id,{id}', []));
     }
+
+    public function testIsNotUniqueWithDBConnectionAsParameter(): void
+    {
+        Database::connect()
+            ->table('user')
+            ->insert([
+                'name'    => 'Derek Travis',
+                'email'   => 'derek@world.com',
+                'country' => 'Elbonia',
+            ]);
+
+        $data = ['email' => 'derek@world.com'];
+        $this->validation->setRules(['email' => 'is_not_unique[tests.user.email]']);
+        $this->assertTrue($this->validation->run($data));
+    }
+
+    public function testIsNotUniqueWrongParametersThrowInvalidArgumentException(): void
+    {
+        $this->validation->setRules(['email' => 'is_not_unique[invalid_parameters]']);
+
+        $data = ['email' => 'derek@world.co.uk'];
+
+        $this->expectException(\InvalidArgumentException::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessage('The field must be in the format "table.field" or "dbGroup.table.field".');
+
+        $this->validation->run($data);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/FileRulesTest.php b/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/FileRulesTest.php
index 59587ddfd776..5bb259b254ea 100644
--- a/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/FileRulesTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/FileRulesTest.php
@@ -13,20 +13,26 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Validation\StrictRules;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use CodeIgniter\Validation\Validation;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 use Tests\Support\Validation\TestRules;
 
 /**
  * @internal
+ *
+ * @no-final
  */
 #[Group('Others')]
-final class FileRulesTest extends CIUnitTestCase
+class FileRulesTest extends CIUnitTestCase
 {
-    private Validation $validation;
-    private array $config = [
+    protected Validation $validation;
+
+    /**
+     * @var array<string, array<int|string, array<string, string>|string>>
+     */
+    protected array $config = [
         'ruleSets' => [
             Rules::class,
             FormatRules::class,
@@ -230,6 +236,24 @@ public function testMaxDimsBad(): void
         $this->assertFalse($this->validation->run([]));
     }
 
+    public function testMinDims(): void
+    {
+        $this->validation->setRules(['avatar' => 'min_dims[avatar,320,240]']);
+        $this->assertTrue($this->validation->run([]));
+    }
+
+    public function testMinDimsFail(): void
+    {
+        $this->validation->setRules(['avatar' => 'min_dims[avatar,800,600]']);
+        $this->assertFalse($this->validation->run([]));
+    }
+
+    public function testMinDimsBad(): void
+    {
+        $this->validation->setRules(['avatar' => 'min_dims[unknown,640,480]']);
+        $this->assertFalse($this->validation->run([]));
+    }
+
     public function testIsImage(): void
     {
         $this->validation->setRules(['avatar' => 'is_image[avatar]']);
diff --git a/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/FormatRulesTest.php b/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/FormatRulesTest.php
index 998f8f324a16..92d12ad8ad1a 100644
--- a/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/FormatRulesTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/FormatRulesTest.php
@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@
 #[Group('Others')]
 final class FormatRulesTest extends TraditionalFormatRulesTest
 {
+    /**
+     * @var array<string, array<int|string, array<string, string>|string>>
+     */
     protected array $config = [
         'ruleSets' => [
             Rules::class,
diff --git a/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/RulesTest.php b/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/RulesTest.php
index 7589360d0efe..fc9a771715c8 100644
--- a/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/RulesTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/RulesTest.php
@@ -26,6 +26,10 @@
 final class RulesTest extends TraditionalRulesTest
 {
     protected Validation $validation;
+
+    /**
+     * @var array<string, array<int|string, array<string, string>|string>>
+     */
     protected array $config = [
         'ruleSets' => [
             Rules::class,
@@ -91,7 +95,7 @@ public static function providePermitEmptyStrict(): iterable
             ],
             // Testing with closure
             [
-                ['foo' => ['permit_empty', static fn ($value) => true]],
+                ['foo' => ['permit_empty', static fn ($value): bool => true]],
                 ['foo' => ''],
                 true,
             ],
diff --git a/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/ValidationTest.php b/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/ValidationTest.php
index ca0160ee44e2..9473cd9f6b32 100644
--- a/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/ValidationTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/ValidationTest.php
@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@
 #[Group('Others')]
 final class ValidationTest extends TraditionalValidationTest
 {
+    /**
+     * @var array<string, array<int|string, array<string, array<string, string>|string>|string>|string>
+     */
     protected static array $config = [
         'ruleSets' => [
             Rules::class,
diff --git a/tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php b/tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php
index 5906e2ac5465..b015ab50f363 100644
--- a/tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Validation;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\SiteURI;
@@ -20,13 +21,11 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use CodeIgniter\Validation\Exceptions\ValidationException;
 use Config\App;
-use Generator;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\ExpectationFailedException;
 use Tests\Support\Validation\TestRules;
 use Throwable;
-use TypeError;
 
 /**
  * @internal
@@ -37,6 +36,10 @@
 class ValidationTest extends CIUnitTestCase
 {
     protected Validation $validation;
+
+    /**
+     * @var array<string, array<int|string, array<string, array<string, string>|string>|string>|string>
+     */
     protected static array $config = [
         'ruleSets' => [
             Rules::class,
@@ -197,7 +200,7 @@ public function testSetRuleOverwritesRuleReverse(): void
     public function testSetRuleRulesFormat(bool $expected, $rules): void
     {
         if (! $expected) {
-            $this->expectException(TypeError::class);
+            $this->expectException(InvalidArgumentException::class);
             $this->expectExceptionMessage('$rules must be of type string|array');
         }
 
@@ -250,12 +253,12 @@ public function testRuleClassesInstantiatedOnce(): void
         $this->validation->setRules([]);
         $this->validation->run([]);
         $count1 = count(
-            $this->getPrivateProperty($this->validation, 'ruleSetInstances')
+            $this->getPrivateProperty($this->validation, 'ruleSetInstances'),
         );
 
         $this->validation->run([]);
         $count2 = count(
-            $this->getPrivateProperty($this->validation, 'ruleSetInstances')
+            $this->getPrivateProperty($this->validation, 'ruleSetInstances'),
         );
 
         $this->assertSame($count1, $count2);
@@ -284,7 +287,7 @@ public function testClosureRule(): void
     {
         $this->validation->setRules(
             [
-                'foo' => ['required', static fn ($value) => $value === 'abc'],
+                'foo' => ['required', static fn ($value): bool => $value === 'abc'],
             ],
             [
                 // Errors
@@ -301,7 +304,7 @@ public function testClosureRule(): void
         $this->assertFalse($result);
         $this->assertSame(
             ['foo' => 'The value is not "abc"'],
-            $this->validation->getErrors()
+            $this->validation->getErrors(),
         );
         $this->assertSame([], $this->validation->getValidated());
     }
@@ -329,7 +332,7 @@ static function ($value, $data, &$error, $field): bool {
         $this->assertFalse($result);
         $this->assertSame(
             ['foo' => 'The foo value is not "abc"'],
-            $this->validation->getErrors()
+            $this->validation->getErrors(),
         );
         $this->assertSame([], $this->validation->getValidated());
     }
@@ -339,7 +342,7 @@ public function testClosureRuleWithLabel(): void
         $this->validation->setRules([
             'secret' => [
                 'label'  => 'シークレット',
-                'rules'  => ['required', static fn ($value) => $value === 'abc'],
+                'rules'  => ['required', static fn ($value): bool => $value === 'abc'],
                 'errors' => [
                     // Specify the array key for the closure rule.
                     1 => 'The {field} is invalid',
@@ -353,7 +356,7 @@ public function testClosureRuleWithLabel(): void
         $this->assertFalse($result);
         $this->assertSame(
             ['secret' => 'The シークレット is invalid'],
-            $this->validation->getErrors()
+            $this->validation->getErrors(),
         );
     }
 
@@ -362,7 +365,7 @@ public function testClosureRuleWithLabel(): void
      *
      * @param mixed $value
      */
-    public function rule1($value)
+    public function rule1($value): bool
     {
         return $value === 'abc';
     }
@@ -388,17 +391,15 @@ public function testCallableRule(): void
         $this->assertFalse($result);
         $this->assertSame(
             ['foo' => 'The value is not "abc"'],
-            $this->validation->getErrors()
+            $this->validation->getErrors(),
         );
         $this->assertSame([], $this->validation->getValidated());
     }
 
     /**
-     * Validation rule1
-     *
-     * @param mixed $value
+     * Validation rule2
      */
-    public function rule2($value, array $data, ?string &$error, string $field)
+    public function rule2(mixed $value, array $data, ?string &$error, string $field): bool
     {
         if ($value !== 'abc') {
             $error = 'The ' . $field . ' value is not "abc"';
@@ -424,7 +425,7 @@ public function testCallableRuleWithParamError(): void
         $this->assertFalse($result);
         $this->assertSame(
             ['foo' => 'The foo value is not "abc"'],
-            $this->validation->getErrors()
+            $this->validation->getErrors(),
         );
         $this->assertSame([], $this->validation->getValidated());
     }
@@ -448,7 +449,7 @@ public function testCallableRuleWithLabel(): void
         $this->assertFalse($result);
         $this->assertSame(
             ['secret' => 'The シークレット is invalid'],
-            $this->validation->getErrors()
+            $this->validation->getErrors(),
         );
     }
 
@@ -589,13 +590,13 @@ public function testSetRuleWithCustomErrors(): void
             'foo',
             'Foo',
             ['foo'        => 'is_numeric'],
-            ['is_numeric' => 'Nope. Not a number.']
+            ['is_numeric' => 'Nope. Not a number.'],
         );
         $this->validation->setRule(
             'bar',
             'Bar',
             ['bar'        => 'is_numeric'],
-            ['is_numeric' => 'Nope. Not a number.']
+            ['is_numeric' => 'Nope. Not a number.'],
         );
         $result = $this->validation->run($data);
 
@@ -733,7 +734,7 @@ public function testRunWithCustomErrorsAndAsteriskField(): void
         ];
         $this->validation->setRules(
             ['foo.*.bar' => ['label' => 'foo bar', 'rules' => 'required']],
-            ['foo.*.bar' => ['required' => 'Required']]
+            ['foo.*.bar' => ['required' => 'Required']],
         );
         $this->validation->run($data);
         $this->assertSame([
@@ -1078,14 +1079,14 @@ public function testSplitRulesFalse(): void
      */
     public function testSplitNotRegex(): void
     {
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->validation, 'splitRules');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->validation, 'splitRules');
         $result = $method('uploaded[avatar]|max_size[avatar,1024]');
         $this->assertSame('uploaded[avatar]', $result[0]);
     }
 
     public function testSplitRegex(): void
     {
-        $method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->validation, 'splitRules');
+        $method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->validation, 'splitRules');
         $result = $method('required|regex_match[/^[0-9]{4}[\-\.\[\/][0-9]{2}[\-\.\[\/][0-9]{2}/]|max_length[10]');
         $this->assertSame('regex_match[/^[0-9]{4}[\-\.\[\/][0-9]{2}[\-\.\[\/][0-9]{2}/]', $result[1]);
     }
@@ -1097,7 +1098,7 @@ public function testTagReplacement(): void
             ['Username' => 'min_length[6]'],
             ['Username' => [
                 'min_length' => 'Supplied value ({value}) for {field} must have at least {param} characters.',
-            ]]
+            ]],
         );
         $result = $this->validation->run($data);
 
@@ -1277,11 +1278,11 @@ public function testRulesForSingleRuleWithAsteriskWillReturnError(): void
         $this->assertSame(
             "The name_user.* field may only contain alphabetical characters.\n"
             . 'The name_user.* field may only contain alphabetical characters.',
-            $this->validation->getError('name_user.*')
+            $this->validation->getError('name_user.*'),
         );
         $this->assertSame(
             'The contacts.friends.*.name field is required.',
-            $this->validation->getError('contacts.friends.*.name')
+            $this->validation->getError('contacts.friends.*.name'),
         );
     }
 
@@ -1385,7 +1386,7 @@ public function testTranslatedLabelTagReplacement(): void
             ]],
             ['Username' => [
                 'min_length' => 'Foo.bar.min_length2',
-            ]]
+            ]],
         );
         $result = $this->validation->run($data);
 
@@ -1531,7 +1532,7 @@ public static function provideValidationOfArrayData(): iterable
     #[DataProvider('provideSplittingOfComplexStringRules')]
     public function testSplittingOfComplexStringRules(string $input, array $expected): void
     {
-        $splitter = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->validation, 'splitRules');
+        $splitter = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->validation, 'splitRules');
         $this->assertSame($expected, $splitter($input));
     }
 
@@ -1597,10 +1598,10 @@ protected function placeholderReplacementResultDetermination(string $placeholder
             $data = [$placeholder => '12'];
         }
 
-        $validationRules = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->validation, 'fillPlaceholders')($this->validation->getRules(), $data);
+        $validationRules = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->validation, 'fillPlaceholders')($this->validation->getRules(), $data);
         $fieldRules      = $validationRules['foo']['rules'] ?? $validationRules['foo'];
         if (is_string($fieldRules)) {
-            $fieldRules = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->validation, 'splitRules')($fieldRules);
+            $fieldRules = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($this->validation, 'splitRules')($fieldRules);
         }
 
         // loop all rules for this field
@@ -1620,7 +1621,7 @@ public function testPlaceholderReplacementTestFails(): void
         // to test if placeholderReplacementResultDetermination() works we provoke and expect an exception
         $this->expectException(ExpectationFailedException::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage(
-            'Failed asserting that \'filter[{id}]\' [ASCII](length: 12) does not contain "{id}" [ASCII](length: 4).'
+            'Failed asserting that \'filter[{id}]\' [ASCII](length: 12) does not contain "{id}" [ASCII](length: 4).',
         );
 
         $this->validation->setRule('foo', 'foo-label', 'required|filter[{id}]');
@@ -1801,7 +1802,7 @@ public function testRequireWithoutWithAsterisk(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             'The a.*.c field is required when a.*.b is not present.',
-            $this->validation->getError('a.1.c')
+            $this->validation->getError('a.1.c'),
         );
     }
 
@@ -1827,7 +1828,7 @@ public function testRuleWithAsteriskToMultiDimensionalArray(): void
         ];
 
         $this->validation->setRules(
-            ['contacts.just.friends.*.name' => 'required|max_length[1]']
+            ['contacts.just.friends.*.name' => 'required|max_length[1]'],
         );
         $this->assertFalse($this->validation->run($data));
         $this->assertSame(
@@ -1835,19 +1836,19 @@ public function testRuleWithAsteriskToMultiDimensionalArray(): void
                 'contacts.just.friends.0.name' => 'The contacts.just.friends.*.name field cannot exceed 1 characters in length.',
                 'contacts.just.friends.1.name' => 'The contacts.just.friends.*.name field cannot exceed 1 characters in length.',
             ],
-            $this->validation->getErrors()
+            $this->validation->getErrors(),
         );
 
         $this->validation->reset();
         $this->validation->setRules(
-            ['contacts.*.name' => 'required|max_length[1]']
+            ['contacts.*.name' => 'required|max_length[1]'],
         );
         $this->assertFalse($this->validation->run($data));
         $this->assertSame(
             // The data for `contacts.*.name` does not exist. So it is interpreted
             // as `null`, and this error message returns.
             ['contacts.*.name' => 'The contacts.*.name field is required.'],
-            $this->validation->getErrors()
+            $this->validation->getErrors(),
         );
     }
 
@@ -1858,12 +1859,12 @@ public function testRuleWithAsteriskToMultiDimensionalArray(): void
      *
      * @see https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/issues/9219
      */
-    #[DataProvider('provideMultipleAsterisk')]
+    #[DataProvider('provideRuleWithMultipleAsterisk')]
     public function testRuleWithMultipleAsterisk(
         array $data = [],
         array $rules = [],
         bool $expectedCheck = false,
-        array $expectedData = []
+        array $expectedData = [],
     ): void {
         $this->validation->setRules($rules);
 
@@ -1871,7 +1872,15 @@ public function testRuleWithMultipleAsterisk(
         $this->assertSame($expectedData, $this->validation->getValidated());
     }
 
-    public static function provideMultipleAsterisk(): Generator
+    /**
+     * @return iterable<string, array{
+     *     0: array<string, mixed>,
+     *     1: array<string, string>,
+     *     2: bool,
+     *     3: array<string, mixed>
+     * }>
+     */
+    public static function provideRuleWithMultipleAsterisk(): iterable
     {
         yield 'success' => [
             [
diff --git a/tests/system/View/CellTest.php b/tests/system/View/CellTest.php
index 64796d119c50..85016018fef3 100644
--- a/tests/system/View/CellTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/View/CellTest.php
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ public function testCallInitControllerIfMethodExists(): void
     {
         $this->assertSame(
             Response::class,
-            $this->cell->render('\Tests\Support\View\SampleClassWithInitController::index')
+            $this->cell->render('\Tests\Support\View\SampleClassWithInitController::index'),
         );
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/system/View/ControlledCellTest.php b/tests/system/View/ControlledCellTest.php
index 8448aed22ced..96e3be2e3115 100644
--- a/tests/system/View/ControlledCellTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/View/ControlledCellTest.php
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\View;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\LogicException;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use CodeIgniter\View\Exceptions\ViewException;
-use LogicException;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
 use Tests\Support\View\Cells\AdditionCell;
 use Tests\Support\View\Cells\AwesomeCell;
diff --git a/tests/system/View/ParserFilterTest.php b/tests/system/View/ParserFilterTest.php
index 5cd7ae8f7042..5761d0fbb74b 100644
--- a/tests/system/View/ParserFilterTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/View/ParserFilterTest.php
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ public function testDefault(): void
         $parser->setData($data);
         $this->assertSame(
             'foo bar baz test { undef|default(far) }',
-            $parser->renderString($template)
+            $parser->renderString($template),
         );
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/system/View/ParserPluginTest.php b/tests/system/View/ParserPluginTest.php
index 7c23759fbca3..440c0146b393 100644
--- a/tests/system/View/ParserPluginTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/View/ParserPluginTest.php
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ public function testValidationErrorsList(): void
         $this->assertSame($this->setHints($this->validator->listErrors()), $this->setHints($this->parser->renderString($template)));
     }
 
-    public function setHints($output)
+    public function setHints(string $output): string
     {
         return preg_replace('/(<!-- DEBUG-VIEW+) (\w+) (\d+)/', '${1}', $output);
     }
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ public function testCspScriptNonceWithCspEnabled(): void
 
         $this->assertMatchesRegularExpression(
             '/aaa nonce="[0-9a-z]{24}" bbb/',
-            $this->parser->renderString($template)
+            $this->parser->renderString($template),
         );
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/View/ParserTest.php b/tests/system/View/ParserTest.php
index 33ff7880f893..5d81e177ee66 100644
--- a/tests/system/View/ParserTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/View/ParserTest.php
@@ -425,6 +425,19 @@ public function testMismatchedVarPair(): void
         $this->assertSame($result, $this->parser->renderString($template));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @param mixed      $value
+     * @param mixed|null $expected
+     */
+    #[DataProvider('provideEscHandling')]
+    public function testEscHandling($value, $expected = null): void
+    {
+        if ($expected === null) {
+            $expected = $value;
+        }
+        $this->assertSame($expected, \esc($value));
+    }
+
     public static function provideEscHandling(): iterable
     {
         return [
@@ -479,19 +492,6 @@ public static function provideEscHandling(): iterable
         ];
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @param mixed      $value
-     * @param mixed|null $expected
-     */
-    #[DataProvider('provideEscHandling')]
-    public function testEscHandling($value, $expected = null): void
-    {
-        if ($expected === null) {
-            $expected = $value;
-        }
-        $this->assertSame($expected, \esc($value));
-    }
-
     /**
      * @see https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/issues/3726
      */
@@ -787,7 +787,7 @@ public function testParserPluginNoMatches(): void
 
     public function testParserPluginNoParams(): void
     {
-        $this->parser->addPlugin('hit:it', static fn ($str) => str_replace('here', 'Hip to the Hop', $str), true);
+        $this->parser->addPlugin('hit:it', static fn (string $str): string => str_replace('here', 'Hip to the Hop', $str), true);
 
         $template = '{+ hit:it +} stuff here {+ /hit:it +}';
 
@@ -797,7 +797,7 @@ public function testParserPluginNoParams(): void
     public function testParserPluginClosure(): void
     {
         $config                   = $this->config;
-        $config->plugins['hello'] = static fn (array $params = []) => 'Hello, ' . trim($params[0]);
+        $config->plugins['hello'] = static fn (array $params = []): string => 'Hello, ' . trim($params[0]);
 
         $this->parser = new Parser($config, $this->viewsDir, $this->loader);
 
@@ -828,7 +828,7 @@ public function testParserPluginParams(): void
 
     public function testParserSingleTag(): void
     {
-        $this->parser->addPlugin('hit:it', static fn () => 'Hip to the Hop', false);
+        $this->parser->addPlugin('hit:it', static fn (): string => 'Hip to the Hop', false);
 
         $template = '{+ hit:it +}';
 
@@ -837,7 +837,7 @@ public function testParserSingleTag(): void
 
     public function testParserSingleTagWithParams(): void
     {
-        $this->parser->addPlugin('hit:it', static fn (array $params = []) => "{$params['first']} to the {$params['last']}", false);
+        $this->parser->addPlugin('hit:it', static fn (array $params = []): string => "{$params['first']} to the {$params['last']}", false);
 
         $template = '{+ hit:it first=foo last=bar +}';
 
@@ -846,7 +846,7 @@ public function testParserSingleTagWithParams(): void
 
     public function testParserSingleTagWithSingleParams(): void
     {
-        $this->parser->addPlugin('hit:it', static fn (array $params = []) => "{$params[0]} to the {$params[1]}", false);
+        $this->parser->addPlugin('hit:it', static fn (array $params = []): string => "{$params[0]} to the {$params[1]}", false);
 
         $template = '{+ hit:it foo bar +}';
 
diff --git a/tests/system/View/TableTest.php b/tests/system/View/TableTest.php
index 97fb1e2ed1a9..4ce6522fd4af 100644
--- a/tests/system/View/TableTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/View/TableTest.php
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ public function testSetHeading(): void
                 ['data' => 'color'],
                 ['data' => 'size'],
             ],
-            $this->table->heading
+            $this->table->heading,
         );
     }
 
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ public function testSetFooting(): void
                 ['data' => 'Subtotal'],
                 ['data' => $subtotal],
             ],
-            $this->table->footing
+            $this->table->footing,
         );
     }
 
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ public function testSetHeadingWithStyle(): void
                     'style' => $this->styleTableOne,
                 ],
             ],
-            $this->table->heading
+            $this->table->heading,
         );
     }
 
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ public function testSetFootingWithStyle(): void
                     'style' => $this->styleTableTwo,
                 ],
             ],
-            $this->table->footing
+            $this->table->footing,
         );
     }
 
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ public function testAddRow(): void
                 ['data' => 'pony'],
                 ['data' => 'stinks'],
             ],
-            $this->table->rows[1]
+            $this->table->rows[1],
         );
     }
 
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ public function testPrepArgs(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             $expected,
-            $this->table->prepArgs(['name', 'color', 'size'])
+            $this->table->prepArgs(['name', 'color', 'size']),
         );
 
         // with cell attributes
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ public function testPrepArgs(): void
 
         $this->assertSame(
             $expected,
-            $this->table->prepArgs(['name', 'color', 'size', ['data' => 'weight', 'class' => 'awesome']])
+            $this->table->prepArgs(['name', 'color', 'size', ['data' => 'weight', 'class' => 'awesome']]),
         );
     }
 
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ public function testMakeColumns(): void
         // No column count - no changes to the array
         $this->assertSame(
             $fiveValues,
-            $this->table->makeColumns($fiveValues)
+            $this->table->makeColumns($fiveValues),
         );
 
         // Column count of 3 leaves us with one &nbsp;
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ public function testMakeColumns(): void
                 ['Laura', 'Red', '15'],
                 ['Katie', 'Blue', '&nbsp;'],
             ],
-            $this->table->makeColumns($fiveValues, 3)
+            $this->table->makeColumns($fiveValues, 3),
         );
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/system/View/ViewTest.php b/tests/system/View/ViewTest.php
index 5f8c109b447b..b15e603408d8 100644
--- a/tests/system/View/ViewTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/View/ViewTest.php
@@ -14,11 +14,11 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\View;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Autoloader\FileLocatorInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use CodeIgniter\View\Exceptions\ViewException;
 use Config;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
-use RuntimeException;
 
 /**
  * @internal
@@ -389,6 +389,13 @@ public function testRenderNestedSections(): void
         $this->assertStringContainsString('<p>Third</p>', $content);
     }
 
+    public function testRenderSectionReturnsEmptyStringToNonExistentSection(): void
+    {
+        $view = new View($this->config, $this->viewsDir, $this->loader);
+
+        $this->assertSame('', $view->renderSection('does_not_exist'));
+    }
+
     public function testRenderSectionSavingData(): void
     {
         $view     = new View($this->config, $this->viewsDir, $this->loader);
@@ -398,4 +405,12 @@ public function testRenderSectionSavingData(): void
         $view->setVar('testString', 'Hello World');
         $this->assertStringContainsString($expected, $view->render('extend_reuse_section'));
     }
+
+    public function testViewExcerpt(): void
+    {
+        $view = new View($this->config, $this->viewsDir, $this->loader);
+
+        $this->assertSame('CodeIgniter is a PHP full-stack web framework...', $view->excerpt('CodeIgniter is a PHP full-stack web framework that is light, fast, flexible and secure.', 48));
+        $this->assertSame('CodeIgniter - это полнофункциональный веб-фреймворк...', $view->excerpt('CodeIgniter - это полнофункциональный веб-фреймворк на PHP, который является легким, быстрым, гибким и безопасным.', 54));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/index.rst b/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/index.rst
index a4d102ada233..70892e3f2900 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/index.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/index.rst
@@ -12,6 +12,14 @@ See all the changes.
 .. toctree::
     :titlesonly:
 
+    v4.6.5
+    v4.6.4
+    v4.6.3
+    v4.6.2
+    v4.6.1
+    v4.6.0
+    v4.5.8
+    v4.5.7
     v4.5.6
     v4.5.5
     v4.5.4
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.4.0.rst b/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.4.0.rst
index 59092ccd9860..df0b712f3f35 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.4.0.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.4.0.rst
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ Others
     - If a controller is found that corresponds to a URI segment and that controller
       does not have a method defined for the URI segment, the default method will
       now be executed. This addition allows for more flexible handling of URIs in
-      auto routing. See :ref:`controller-default-method-fallback` for details.
+      auto routing. See :ref:`auto-routing-improved-default-method-fallback` for details.
 - **Filters:** Now you can use Filter Arguments with :ref:`$filters property <filters-filters-filter-arguments>`.
 - **Request:** Added ``IncomingRequest::setValidLocales()`` method to set valid locales.
 - **Table:** Added ``Table::setSyncRowsWithHeading()`` method to synchronize row columns with headings. See :ref:`table-sync-rows-with-headings` for details.
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.5.0.rst b/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.5.0.rst
index 1f978a4dcfc6..97cfe9ec10b0 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.5.0.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.5.0.rst
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ Routing
 
 - **AutoRouting Improved:** The ``$translateUriToCamelCase`` option has been added
   that allows using CamelCase controller and method names. See
-  :ref:`controller-translate-uri-to-camelcase`.
+  :ref:`translate-uri-to-camelcase`.
 - **Others:**
     - Added option ``$multipleSegmentsOneParam``. When this option is
       enabled, a placeholder that matches multiple segments, such as ``(:any)``, will
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.5.6.rst b/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.5.6.rst
index 9490e62e4e80..b282c2029476 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.5.6.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.5.6.rst
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 Version 4.5.6
 #############
 
-Release Date: Unreleased
+Release Date: December 28, 2024
 
 **4.5.6 release of CodeIgniter4**
 
@@ -10,22 +10,6 @@ Release Date: Unreleased
     :local:
     :depth: 3
 
-********
-BREAKING
-********
-
-***************
-Message Changes
-***************
-
-*******
-Changes
-*******
-
-************
-Deprecations
-************
-
 **********
 Bugs Fixed
 **********
@@ -38,10 +22,11 @@ Bugs Fixed
 - **DownloadResponse:** Fixed a bug that prevented setting custom cache headers. We can now also use the ``setCache()`` method.
 - **DownloadResponse:** Fixed a bug involving sending a custom "Expires-Disposition" header.
 - **Routing:** Fixed a TypeError in `str_replace()` when `Routing::$translateURIDashes` is set to `true` and a route is defined using a closure.
-
 - **Validation:** Fixed a bug where complex language strings were not properly handled.
 - **CURLRequest:** Added support for handling proxy responses using HTTP versions other than 1.1.
 - **Database:** Fixed a bug that caused ``Postgre\Connection::reconnect()`` method to throw an error when the connection had not yet been established.
+- **Model:** Fixed a bug that caused the ``Model::getIdValue()`` method to not correctly recognize the primary key in the ``Entity`` object if a data mapping for the primary key was used.
+- **Database:** Fixed a bug in prepared statement to correctly handle binary data.
 
 See the repo's
 `CHANGELOG.md <https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/blob/develop/CHANGELOG.md>`_
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.5.7.rst b/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.5.7.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b57dea4abca4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.5.7.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#############
+Version 4.5.7
+#############
+
+Release Date: December 31, 2024
+
+**4.5.7 release of CodeIgniter4**
+
+.. contents::
+    :local:
+    :depth: 3
+
+**********
+Bugs Fixed
+**********
+
+- **Common:** Fixed a bug where the ``helper()`` method may throw `FileNotFoundException` on valid namespaced helper.
+- **Forge:** Fixed an issue where `SQLite3`'s Forge always returns `false` when calling ``dropColumn()``.
+
+See the repo's
+`CHANGELOG.md <https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/blob/develop/CHANGELOG.md>`_
+for a complete list of bugs fixed.
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.5.8.rst b/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.5.8.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0fed2aaffefc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.5.8.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#############
+Version 4.5.8
+#############
+
+Release Date: January 19, 2025
+
+**4.5.8 release of CodeIgniter4**
+
+.. contents::
+    :local:
+    :depth: 3
+
+********
+SECURITY
+********
+
+- **Header:** *Validation of header name and value* was fixed.
+  See the `Security advisory GHSA-x5mq-jjr3-vmx6 <https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/security/advisories/GHSA-x5mq-jjr3-vmx6>`_
+  for more information.
+
+**********
+Bugs Fixed
+**********
+
+- **Database:** Fixed a bug where ``Builder::affectedRows()`` threw an error when the previous query call failed in ``Postgre`` and ``SQLSRV`` drivers.
+- **Security:** Fixed a bug where the CSRF token validation could fail on malformed input, causing a generic HTTP 500 status code instead of handling the input gracefully.
+
+See the repo's
+`CHANGELOG.md <https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/blob/develop/CHANGELOG.md>`_
+for a complete list of bugs fixed.
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.6.0.rst b/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.6.0.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e452483ce872
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.6.0.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+#############
+Version 4.6.0
+#############
+
+Release Date: January 19, 2025
+
+**4.6.0 release of CodeIgniter4**
+
+.. contents::
+    :local:
+    :depth: 3
+
+********
+BREAKING
+********
+
+Behavior Changes
+================
+
+.. _v460-behavior-changes-exceptions:
+
+Exceptions
+----------
+
+The exception class has been redesigned. See :ref:`exception-design` for details.
+The following breaking changes have been made accordingly:
+
+- ``Validation::setRule()`` now throws ``CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException``
+  instead of ``TypeError``.
+- ``CriticalError`` now extends ``CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException``
+  instead of ``Error``.
+- ``DatabaseException`` now extends ``CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException``
+  instead of ``Error``.
+- ``ConfigException`` now extends ``CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException``
+  instead of ``CodeIgniter\Exceptions\CriticalError``.
+- ``TestException`` now extends ``CodeIgniter\Exceptions\LogicException``
+  instead of ``CodeIgniter\Exceptions\CriticalError``.
+
+Filters Changes
+---------------
+
+The ``Filters`` class has been changed to allow multiple runs of the same filter
+with different arguments in before or after. See
+:ref:`Upgrading Guide <upgrade-460-filters-changes>` for details.
+
+Registrars
+----------
+
+Added check to prevent Auto-Discovery of Registrars from running twice. If it is
+executed twice, an exception will be thrown. See
+:ref:`upgrade-460-registrars-with-dirty-hack`.
+
+Time::createFromTimestamp()
+---------------------------
+
+``Time::createFromTimestamp()`` handles timezones differently. If ``$timezone``
+is not explicitly passed then the instance has timezone set to UTC unlike earlier
+where the currently set default timezone was used.
+See :ref:`Upgrading Guide <upgrade-460-time-create-from-timestamp>` for details.
+
+Time with Microseconds
+----------------------
+
+Fixed bugs that some methods in ``Time`` to lose microseconds have been fixed.
+See :ref:`Upgrading Guide <upgrade-460-time-keeps-microseconds>` for details.
+
+Time::setTimestamp()
+--------------------
+
+``Time::setTimestamp()`` behavior has been fixed.
+See :ref:`Upgrading Guide <upgrade-460-time-set-timestamp>` for details.
+
+Error Reporting to Non-HTML Requests
+------------------------------------
+
+In previous versions, when a request does not accept HTML, CodeIgniter showed
+error details only in the ``development`` and ``testing`` environments.
+
+But because it is not possible to display error details when using a custom
+environment, this behavior has been fixed so that error details are displayed if
+``display_errors`` in PHP ini setting is enabled.
+
+With this fix, the error details are now displayed under the same conditions for
+both HTML requests and non-HTML requests.
+
+Session ID (SID)
+----------------
+
+Now ``Session`` library forces to use the PHP default 32 character SIDs, with 4
+bits of entropy per character.
+See :ref:`Upgrading Guide <upgrade-460-sid-change>` for details.
+
+.. _v460-interface-changes:
+
+Headers
+-------
+
+The headers set by the ``Response`` class replace those that can be set by the PHP
+``header()`` function.
+
+In previous versions, headers set by the ``Response`` class were added to existing
+ones - giving no options to change them. That could lead to unexpected behavior when
+the same headers were set with mutually exclusive directives.
+
+For example, session will automatically set headers with the ``header()`` function:
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+    Expires: Thu, 19 Nov 1981 08:52:00 GMT
+    Cache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate
+    Pragma: no-cache
+
+So if we set **Expires** header one more time we will end up with a duplicated header:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    $response->removeHeader('Expires'); // has no effect
+    return $response->setHeader('Expires', 'Sun, 17 Nov 2024 14:17:37 GMT');
+
+Response headers:
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+    Expires: Thu, 19 Nov 1981 08:52:00 GMT
+    // ...
+    Expires: Sun, 17 Nov 2024 14:17:37 GMT
+
+Now, we don't know which one will be picked by the browser or which header is the correct one.
+With changes in this version our previous header will be overridden:
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+    Cache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate
+    Pragma: no-cache
+    Expires: Sun, 17 Nov 2024 14:17:37 GMT
+
+Interface Changes
+=================
+
+.. note:: As long as you have not extended the relevant CodeIgniter core classes
+    or implemented these interfaces, all these changes are backward compatible
+    and require no intervention.
+
+- **Router:** The following methods have been added in ``RouteCollectionInterface``:
+
+    - ``getDefaultNamespace()``
+    - ``getRoutesOptions()``
+    - ``setHTTPVerb()``
+    - ``isFiltered()``
+    - ``getFiltersForRoute()``
+
+.. _v460-method-signature-changes:
+
+Method Signature Changes
+========================
+
+- **Router:** The constructor of the ``DefinedRouteCollector`` has been
+  changed. The ``RouteCollection`` typehint has been changed to ``RouteCollectionInterface``.
+- **View:** The return type of the ``renderSection()`` method has been
+  changed to ``string``, and now the method does not call ``echo``.
+- **Time:** The first parameter type of the ``createFromTimestamp()`` has been
+  changed from ``int`` to ``int|float``, and the return type ``static`` has been
+  added.
+- **Helpers:** ``character_limiter()`` parameter names have been updated. If you use named arguments, you need to update the function calls.
+
+Removed Type Definitions
+------------------------
+
+- **Database:**
+    - The type ``string`` of the first parameter in
+      ``BaseConnection::escapeIdentifier()`` has been removed.
+    - The type ``string`` of the first parameter in
+      ``BaseConnection::getFieldNames()`` and ``SQLite3\Connection::getFieldNames()``
+      have been removed.
+    - The type ``string`` of the first parameter in
+      ``BaseConnection::_listColumns()`` and ``MySQLi\Connection::_listColumns()``
+      and ``OCI8\Connection::_listColumns()``
+      and ``Postgre\Connection::_listColumns()``
+      and ``SQLSRV\Connection::_listColumns()``
+      and ``SQLite3\Connection::_listColumns()`` have been removed.
+
+.. _v460-removed-deprecated-items:
+
+Removed Deprecated Items
+========================
+
+- **API:** The deprecated ``failValidationError()`` method in ``CodeIgniter\API\ResponseTrait``
+  has been removed. Use ``failValidationErrors()`` instead.
+- **HTTP:** The deprecated ``getReason()`` method in ``CodeIgniter\HTTP\Response``
+  and ``ResponseInterface`` has been removed. Use ``getReasonPhrase()`` instead.
+- **Logger:** The deprecated ``CodeIgniter\Log\Logger::cleanFilenames()`` and
+  ``CodeIgniter\Test\TestLogger::cleanup()`` have been removed. Use the
+  ``clean_path()`` function instead.
+- **Router:** The deprecated ``CodeIgniter\Router\Exceptions\RedirectException`` has been removed. Use ``CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\RedirectException`` instead.
+- **Constants:** The deprecated constants ``EVENT_PRIORITY_*`` in has been removed. Use the class constants ``CodeIgniter\Events\Events::PRIORITY_LOW``, ``CodeIgniter\Events\Events::PRIORITY_NORMAL`` and ``CodeIgniter\Events\Events::PRIORITY_HIGH`` instead.
+- **View:** The deprecated property ``CodeIgniter\View\View::$currentSection`` has been removed.
+- **Config:** The deprecated property ``Config\Cache::$storePath`` has been removed. Use ``Config\Cache::$file['storePath']`` instead.
+- **Formatter:** The deprecated ``Config\Format::getFormatter()`` has been removed. Use ``CodeIgniter\Format\Format::getFormatter()`` instead.
+- **Security:** ``Config\Security::$samesite`` has been removed. Use ``Config\Cookie::$samesite`` instead.
+- **Cookie:** Methods ``dispatch()``, ``setRawCookie()``, ``setCookie()`` in ``CodeIgniter\Cookie\CookieStore`` has been removed. They are now part of ``CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseTrait``.
+
+************
+Enhancements
+************
+
+Publisher
+=========
+
+- ``Publisher::discover()`` now accepts a second parameter (``namespace``) specifying the namespace in which publishers should be searched. See :ref:`discovery-in-a-specific-namespace` for the details.
+
+Exceptions
+==========
+
+The exception class has been redesigned. See :ref:`exception-design` for details.
+The following new Exception classes have been added accordingly:
+
+- ``CodeIgniter\Exceptions\LogicException``
+- ``CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException``
+- ``CodeIgniter\Exceptions\BadFunctionCallException``
+- ``CodeIgniter\Exceptions\BadMethodCallException``
+- ``CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException``
+
+The following new Exception interfaces have been added:
+
+- ``CodeIgniter\Files\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface``
+- ``CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface``
+- ``CodeIgniter\Router\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface``
+
+Displaying exceptions for non-HTML responses now rely on the PHP ``display_errors`` setting instead of hardcoded environments.
+
+Commands
+========
+
+- The ``spark routes`` and ``spark filter:check`` commands now display filter
+  arguments.
+- The ``spark filter:check`` command now displays filter classnames.
+- The ``spark lang:sync`` command to synchronize translation files. See :ref:`sync-translations-command`
+- The ``spark phpini:check`` command now has an optional ``opcache`` argument,
+  which when used will display information about opcache settings.
+
+Routing
+=======
+
+- Now you can specify multiple hostnames when restricting routes.
+
+Negotiator
+==========
+
+- Added a feature flag ``Feature::$strictLocaleNegotiation`` to enable strict locale comparision.
+  Previously, response with language headers ``Accept-language: en-US,en-GB;q=0.9`` returned the first allowed language ``en`` could instead of the exact language ``en-US`` or ``en-GB``.
+  Set the value to ``true`` to enable comparison not only by language code ('en' - ISO 639-1) but also by regional code ('en-US' - ISO 639-1 plus ISO 3166-1 alpha).
+
+Pagination
+==========
+
+- Added a new feature to get the total and the range number of items of the current page.
+  See :ref:`Displaying the Number of Items on the Page <displaying-the-number-of-items-on-the-page>` for more details.
+
+Database
+========
+
+Others
+------
+
+- Added a new configuration ``foundRows`` for MySQLi to use ``MYSQLI_CLIENT_FOUND_ROWS``.
+- Added the ``BaseConnection::resetTransStatus()`` method to reset the transaction
+  status. See :ref:`transactions-resetting-transaction-status` for details.
+- SQLite3 has a new Config item ``synchronous`` to adjust how strict SQLite is at flushing
+  to disk during transactions. Modifying this can be useful if we use journal mode set to ``WAL``.
+
+Libraries
+=========
+
+- **File:** Added ``getSizeByBinaryUnit()`` and ``getSizeByMetricUnit()`` to ``File`` class.
+  See :ref:`File::getSizeByBinaryUnit() <file-get-size-by-binary-unit>` and :ref:`File::getSizeByMetricUnit() <file-get-size-by-metric-unit>`.
+- **FileCollection:** Added ``retainMultiplePatterns()`` to ``FileCollection`` class.
+  See :ref:`FileCollection::retainMultiplePatterns() <file-collections-retain-multiple-patterns>`.
+- **Validation:** Added ``min_dims`` validation rule to ``FileRules`` class. See
+  :ref:`Validation <rules-for-file-uploads>`.
+- **Validation:** Rules: ``is_unique`` and ``is_not_unique`` now accept the optional
+  ``dbGroup`` as part of the first parameter. See :ref:`Validation <rules-for-general-use>`.
+
+Others
+======
+
+- **Filters:** Now you can execute a filter more than once with the different
+  arguments in before or after.
+- **Services:** Added ``BaseService::resetServicesCache()`` method to reset
+  the services cache. See :ref:`resetting-services-cache`.
+- **Errors:** Added a default error page for "400 Bad Request".
+
+***************
+Message Changes
+***************
+
+- Added ``Validation.min_dims`` message
+- Added ``Errors.badRequest`` and ``Errors.sorryBadRequest``
+
+*******
+Changes
+*******
+
+Exceptions
+==========
+
+The exception classes have been redesigned. See :ref:`exception-design` for details.
+The following changes have been made accordingly:
+
+- The ``deleteMatching()`` method in Cache Handler classes now throws
+  ``CodeIgniter\Exceptions\BadMethodCallException`` instead of ``Exception``.
+- ``Cache\ResponseCache::get()`` now throws ``CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException``
+  instead of ``Exception``.
+- Classes that threw ``RuntimeException`` have been changed to throw
+  ``CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException``.
+- Classes that threw ``InvalidArgumentException`` have been changed to throw
+  ``CodeIgniter\Exceptions\InvalidArgumentException``.
+- Classes that threw ``LogicException`` have been changed to throw
+  ``CodeIgniter\Exceptions\LogicException``.
+- Classes that threw ``BadMethodCallException`` have been changed to throw
+  ``CodeIgniter\Exceptions\BadMethodCallException``.
+- Classes that threw ``BadFunctionCallException`` have been changed to throw
+  ``CodeIgniter\Exceptions\BadFunctionCallException``.
+- ``RedirectException`` now extends ``CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException``
+  instead of ``Exception``.
+- ``PageNotFoundException`` now extends ``CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException``
+  instead of ``OutOfBoundsException``.
+
+************
+Deprecations
+************
+
+- **Filters:**
+    - The properties ``$arguments`` and ``$argumentsClass`` of ``Filters`` have
+      been deprecated. No longer used.
+    - The ``Filters::getArguments()`` method has been deprecated. No longer used.
+- **File:**
+    - The function ``getSizeByUnit()`` of ``File`` has been deprecated.
+      Use either ``getSizeByBinaryUnit()`` or ``getSizeByMetricUnit()`` instead.
+
+**********
+Bugs Fixed
+**********
+
+- **Response:**
+    - Headers set using the ``Response`` class are now prioritized and replace headers
+      that can be set manually using the PHP ``header()`` function.
+- **View:** Added support for multibyte strings for ``View::excerpt()``.
+- **Helpers:** Added support for multibyte strings for ``excerpt()``.
+
+See the repo's
+`CHANGELOG.md <https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/blob/develop/CHANGELOG.md>`_
+for a complete list of bugs fixed.
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.6.1.rst b/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.6.1.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0b082c328bb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.6.1.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#############
+Version 4.6.1
+#############
+
+Release Date: May 2, 2025
+
+**4.6.1 release of CodeIgniter4**
+
+.. contents::
+    :local:
+    :depth: 3
+
+*******
+Changes
+*******
+- **Mimes**: Added the ``model/stl`` and ``application/octet-stream`` mime types for the ``stl`` extension inside the ``Config\Mimes`` class.
+
+************
+Deprecations
+************
+
+- **Cache:** The ``FileHandler::writeFile()`` method is deprecated. Use ``write_file()`` instead.
+- **Cache:** The ``FileHandler::deleteFiles()`` method is deprecated. Use ``delete_files()`` instead.
+- **Cache:** The ``FileHandler::getDirFileInfo()`` method is deprecated. Use ``get_dir_file_info()`` instead.
+- **Cache:** The ``FileHandler::getFileInfo()`` method is deprecated. Use ``get_file_info()`` instead.
+
+**********
+Bugs Fixed
+**********
+
+- **CURLRequest:** Fixed an issue where multiple header sections appeared in the CURL response body during multiple redirects from the target server.
+- **Cors:** Fixed a bug in the Cors filter that caused the appropriate headers to not be added when another filter returned a response object in the ``before`` filter.
+- **Database:** Fixed a bug in ``Postgre`` and ``SQLite3`` handlers where composite unique keys were not fully taken into account for ``upsert`` type of queries.
+- **Database:** Fixed a bug in the ``OCI8`` and ``SQLSRV`` drivers where ``getVersion()`` returned an empty string when the database connection was not yet established.
+- **Logger:** Fixed a bug where the ``{line}`` variable couldn't be used without specifying the ``{file}`` variable when logging the message.
+- **Session:** Fixed a bug where ``Session::markAsTempdata()`` would give the wrong TTL when array data is supplied to ``Session::setTempdata()``.
+- **Toolbar:** Fixed a bug where setting ``maxHistory`` to ``0`` would produce a JavaScript error in the Debug Toolbar.
+- **Toolbar:** Fixed a bug where setting ``maxHistory`` to ``0`` prevented log files from being properly cleared.
+
+See the repo's
+`CHANGELOG.md <https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/blob/develop/CHANGELOG.md>`_
+for a complete list of bugs fixed.
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.6.2.rst b/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.6.2.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..57582732f747
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.6.2.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#############
+Version 4.6.2
+#############
+
+Release Date: July 26, 2025
+
+**4.6.2 release of CodeIgniter4**
+
+.. contents::
+    :local:
+    :depth: 3
+
+********
+SECURITY
+********
+
+- **ImageMagick Handler:** *Command Injection Vulnerability in ImageMagick Handler* was fixed.
+  See the `Security advisory GHSA-9952-gv64-x94c <https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/security/advisories/GHSA-9952-gv64-x94c>`_
+  for more information.
+
+*******
+Changes
+*******
+
+- **Security:** The ``sanitize_filename()`` function from the Security helper now supports a second parameter to control whether relative paths are allowed.
+
+************
+Deprecations
+************
+
+- **Security:** The ``Security::sanitizeFilename()`` method is deprecated. Use ``sanitize_filename()`` instead.
+- **Security:** The ``SecurityInterface::sanitizeFilename()`` method is deprecated.
+
+**********
+Bugs Fixed
+**********
+
+- **Cache:** Fixed a bug where a corrupted or unreadable cache file could cause an unhandled exception in ``FileHandler::getItem()``.
+- **Commands:** Fixed a bug in ``make:test`` where it would always error on Windows.
+- **Commands:** Fixed a bug in ``make:test`` where the generated test file would not end with ``Test.php``.
+- **Commands:** Fixed a bug in ``make:test`` where input prompt would display for three times after not entering a class name.
+- **CURLRequest:** Fixed a bug where intermediate HTTP responses were not properly removed from the response chain in certain scenarios, causing incorrect status codes and headers to be returned instead of the final response.
+- **Database:** Fixed a bug where ``when()`` and ``whenNot()`` in ``ConditionalTrait`` incorrectly evaluated certain falsy values (such as ``[]``, ``0``, ``0.0``, and ``'0'``) as truthy, causing callbacks to be executed unexpectedly. These methods now cast the condition to a boolean using ``(bool)`` to ensure consistent behavior with PHP's native truthiness.
+- **Database:** Fixed encapsulation violation in ``BasePreparedQuery`` when accessing ``BaseConnection::transStatus`` protected property.
+- **DownloadResponse:** Fixed a bug where ``filename`` parameters were missing from ``Content-Disposition`` headers when using inline disposition, causing browsers to use the last URL segment for filenames instead of the intended filename.
+- **Email:** Fixed a bug where ``Email::getHostname()`` failed to use ``$_SERVER['SERVER_ADDR']`` when ``$_SERVER['SERVER_NAME']`` was not set.
+- **Security:** Fixed a bug where the ``sanitize_filename()`` function from the Security helper would throw an error when used in CLI requests.
+- **Session:** Fixed a bug where using the ``DatabaseHandler`` with an unsupported database driver (such as ``SQLSRV``, ``OCI8``, or ``SQLite3``) did not throw an appropriate error.
+- **SiteURI:** Fixed a bug in ``SiteURIFactory::parseRequestURI()`` where serving the app from a subfolder using ``mod_rewrite`` while preserving the ``index.php`` file would cause incorrect route path detection.
+- **SiteURI:** Fixed a bug in ``SiteURIFactory::parseRequestURI()`` where folder names containing multibyte (non-ASCII) characters were not correctly resolved when the application was served from a subfolder.
+- **URI:** Fixed a bug in ``URI::getAuthority()`` where schemes without defined default ports (like ``rtsp://``) would cause issues due to missing array key handling.
+
+See the repo's
+`CHANGELOG.md <https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/blob/develop/CHANGELOG.md>`_
+for a complete list of bugs fixed.
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.6.3.rst b/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.6.3.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..90d0f8f42b37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.6.3.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#############
+Version 4.6.3
+#############
+
+Release Date: August 2, 2025
+
+**4.6.3 release of CodeIgniter4**
+
+.. contents::
+    :local:
+    :depth: 3
+
+**********
+Bugs Fixed
+**********
+
+- **Email:** Fixed a bug with CID check when building email attachments.
+- **Email:** Fixed a bug with SMTP connection resource validation in the class destructor.
+
+See the repo's
+`CHANGELOG.md <https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/blob/develop/CHANGELOG.md>`_
+for a complete list of bugs fixed.
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.6.4.rst b/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.6.4.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..740a3ecd0044
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.6.4.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+#############
+Version 4.6.4
+#############
+
+Release Date: December 12, 2025
+
+**4.6.4 release of CodeIgniter4**
+
+.. contents::
+    :local:
+    :depth: 3
+
+***************
+Message Changes
+***************
+
+- Added ``Honeypot.noTemplate``, ``Honeypot.noNameField``, ``Honeypot.theClientIsABot``.
+
+*******
+Changes
+*******
+
+- **Config:** Added the ``synchronous`` key for ``Config\Database::$tests``. For SQLite3 driver only.
+
+************
+Deprecations
+************
+
+- **Exception:**
+    - The ``CodeIgniter\Honeypot\Exceptions\HoneypotException::forNoHiddenValue()`` method has been deprecated. Never used.
+
+**********
+Bugs Fixed
+**********
+
+- **Cache:** Fixed a bug in ``PredisHandler::deleteMatching()`` causing Redis error when no keys match the pattern.
+- **Cache:** Fixed a bug in ``RedisHandler::deleteMatching()`` returning ``false`` instead of ``int`` when no keys match the pattern.
+- **Database:** Fixed a bug in ``Database::connect()`` which was causing to store non-shared connection instances in shared cache.
+- **Database:** Fixed a bug in ``Connection::getFieldData()`` for ``SQLSRV`` and ``OCI8`` where extra characters were returned in column default values (specific to those handlers), instead of following the convention used by other drivers.
+- **Database:** Fixed a bug in ``BaseBuilder::compileOrderBy()`` where the method could overwrite ``QBOrderBy`` with a string instead of keeping it as an array, causing type errors and preventing additional ``ORDER BY`` clauses from being appended.
+- **Database:** Fixed a bug in ``SQLite3`` where the password parameter was ignored unless it was an empty string.
+- **Debug:** Fixed a bug in ``ExceptionHandler`` where JSON encoding would fail when exception traces contained resources (e.g., database connections), closures, or circular references.
+- **Forge:** Fixed a bug in ``Postgre`` and ``SQLSRV`` where changing a column's default value using ``Forge::modifyColumn()`` method produced incorrect SQL syntax.
+- **Migrations:** Fixed a bug in the session table migration template where the ``timestamp`` field name conflicted with reserved keywords in MySQL/MariaDB.
+- **Model:** Fixed a bug in ``Model::replace()`` where ``created_at`` field (when available) wasn't set correctly.
+- **Model:** Fixed a bug in ``Model::insertBatch()`` and ``Model::updateBatch()`` where casts were not applied to inserted or updated values.
+- **Toolbar:** Fixed bugs in ``Collectors\Logs`` that were preventing the "Logs" tab from appearing on the Debug Toolbar.
+- **Toolbar:** Fixed bugs in ``toolbar.js`` which caused "Uncaught TypeError" in some scenarios.
+- **Validation:** Fixed a bug in the ``FormatRules::valid_base64()`` validation rule that caused a TypeError when checking invalid base64 strings.
+
+See the repo's
+`CHANGELOG.md <https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/blob/develop/CHANGELOG.md>`_
+for a complete list of bugs fixed.
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.6.5.rst b/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.6.5.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0ae6d47fe1be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.6.5.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#############
+Version 4.6.5
+#############
+
+Release Date: Unreleased
+
+**4.6.5 release of CodeIgniter4**
+
+.. contents::
+    :local:
+    :depth: 3
+
+********
+BREAKING
+********
+
+***************
+Message Changes
+***************
+
+*******
+Changes
+*******
+
+************
+Deprecations
+************
+
+**********
+Bugs Fixed
+**********
+
+See the repo's
+`CHANGELOG.md <https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/blob/develop/CHANGELOG.md>`_
+for a complete list of bugs fixed.
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/cli/cli_library/017.php b/user_guide_src/source/cli/cli_library/017.php
index 095e21c279ec..7ef298711d75 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/cli/cli_library/017.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/cli/cli_library/017.php
@@ -21,11 +21,11 @@
         substr(
             $titles[$i] . str_repeat(' ', $maxlen + 3),
             0,
-            $maxlen + 3
+            $maxlen + 3,
         ) .
         // Wrap the descriptions in a right-hand column
         // with its left side 3 characters wider than
         // the longest item on the left.
-        CLI::wrap($descriptions[$i], 40, $maxlen + 3)
+        CLI::wrap($descriptions[$i], 40, $maxlen + 3),
     );
 }
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/concepts/services.rst b/user_guide_src/source/concepts/services.rst
index 92eec136e1c8..55809de99796 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/concepts/services.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/concepts/services.rst
@@ -173,3 +173,20 @@ would simply use the framework's ``Config\Services`` class to grab your service:
 .. literalinclude:: services/012.php
 
 .. note:: If multiple Services files have the same method name, the first one found will be the instance returned.
+
+.. _resetting-services-cache:
+
+Resetting Services Cache
+========================
+
+.. versionadded:: 4.6.0
+
+When the Services class is first called fairly early in the framework initialization
+process, the Services classes discovered by auto-discovery are cached in a property,
+and it will not be updated.
+
+If modules are dynamically loaded later, and there are Services in the modules,
+the cache must be updated.
+
+This can be done by running ``Config\Services::resetServicesCache()``. This will
+clear the cache, and force the service discovery again when needed.
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/conf.py b/user_guide_src/source/conf.py
index fea4122185a2..a7df339b0799 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/conf.py
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/conf.py
@@ -23,10 +23,10 @@
 copyright = '2019-' + str(year_now) + ' CodeIgniter Foundation'
 
 # The short X.Y version.
-version = '4.5'
+version = '4.6'
 
 # The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
-release = '4.5.5'
+release = '4.6.4'
 
 # -- General configuration ---------------------------------------------------
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/database/configuration.rst b/user_guide_src/source/database/configuration.rst
index 86155dea0803..3d523bcbf3d9 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/database/configuration.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/database/configuration.rst
@@ -178,7 +178,10 @@ Description of Values
                      See `SQLite documentation <https://www.sqlite.org/pragma.html#pragma_foreign_keys>`_.
                      To enforce Foreign Key constraint, set this config item to true.
 **busyTimeout**  (``SQLite3`` only) milliseconds (int) - Sleeps for a specified amount of time when a table is locked.
+**synchronous**  (``SQLite3`` only) flag (int) - How strict SQLite will be at flushing to disk during transactions.
+                 Use `null` to stay with the default setting. This can be used since v4.6.0.
 **numberNative** (``MySQLi`` only) true/false (boolean) - Whether to enable MYSQLI_OPT_INT_AND_FLOAT_NATIVE.
+**foundRows**    (``MySQLi`` only) true/false (boolean) - Whether to enable MYSQLI_CLIENT_FOUND_ROWS.
 **dateFormat**   The default date/time formats as PHP's `DateTime format`_.
                  * ``date``        - date format
                  * ``datetime``    - date and time format
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/database/events/001.php b/user_guide_src/source/database/events/001.php
index ed2bb1fcec43..973690ee35c1 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/database/events/001.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/database/events/001.php
@@ -14,5 +14,5 @@
     'DBQuery',
     static function (\CodeIgniter\Database\Query $query) {
         log_message('info', (string) $query);
-    }
+    },
 );
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/database/queries.rst b/user_guide_src/source/database/queries.rst
index b4cc0f978ff9..4a07b4ba8295 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/database/queries.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/database/queries.rst
@@ -246,6 +246,8 @@ array through in the second parameter:
 
 .. literalinclude:: queries/018.php
 
+.. note:: Currently, the only database that actually uses the array of option is SQLSRV.
+
 Executing the Query
 ===================
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/database/queries/016.php b/user_guide_src/source/database/queries/016.php
index f674f7c7ccce..61c743fdfd06 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/database/queries/016.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/database/queries/016.php
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 <?php
 
-$pQuery = $db->prepare(static function ($db) {
-    return $db->table('user')->insert([
-        'name'    => 'x',
-        'email'   => 'y',
-        'country' => 'US',
-    ]);
-});
+$pQuery = $db->prepare(static fn ($db) => $db->table('user')->insert([
+    'name'    => 'x',
+    'email'   => 'y',
+    'country' => 'US',
+]));
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/database/queries/019.php b/user_guide_src/source/database/queries/019.php
index 28729f2e484a..8157a5d0f4a9 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/database/queries/019.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/database/queries/019.php
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 <?php
 
 // Prepare the Query
-$pQuery = $db->prepare(static function ($db) {
-    return $db->table('user')->insert([
-        'name'    => 'x',
-        'email'   => 'y',
-        'country' => 'US',
-    ]);
-});
+$pQuery = $db->prepare(static fn ($db) => $db->table('user')->insert([
+    'name'    => 'x',
+    'email'   => 'y',
+    'country' => 'US',
+]));
 
 // Collect the Data
 $name    = 'John Doe';
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/database/query_builder.rst b/user_guide_src/source/database/query_builder.rst
index 454fc56c6bbf..e901869fb5f7 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/database/query_builder.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/database/query_builder.rst
@@ -937,6 +937,10 @@ constraint by default. Here is an example using an array:
 
 .. literalinclude:: query_builder/112.php
 
+.. note:: For databases other than MySQL, if a table has multiple keys (primary or unique),
+    the primary key will be prioritized by default when handling constraints. If you prefer
+    to use a different unique key instead of the primary key, use the ``onConstraint()`` method.
+
 The first parameter is an associative array of values.
 
 Here is an example using an object:
@@ -1268,9 +1272,10 @@ $builder->when()
 .. versionadded:: 4.3.0
 
 This allows modifying the query based on a condition without breaking out of the
-query builder chain. The first parameter is the condition, and it should evaluate
-to a boolean. The second parameter is a callable that will be ran
-when the condition is true.
+query builder chain. The first parameter is the condition, and it is evaluated
+using PHP's native boolean logic - meaning that values like ``false``, ``null``,
+``0``, ``'0'``, ``0.0``, empty string ``''`` and empty array ``[]`` will be considered false.
+The second parameter is a callable that will be ran when the condition is true.
 
 For example, you might only want to apply a given WHERE statement based on the
 value sent within an HTTP request:
@@ -1870,7 +1875,7 @@ Class Reference
         :param array $set: Data to insert
         :param bool $escape: Whether to escape values
         :param int $batch_size: Count of rows to insert at once
-        :returns: Number of rows inserted or ``false`` on failure
+        :returns: Number of rows inserted or ``false`` on no data to perform an insert operation
         :rtype:    int|false
 
         Compiles and executes batch ``INSERT`` statements.
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/database/results.rst b/user_guide_src/source/database/results.rst
index 85e57c3be70e..846bca15bc9f 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/database/results.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/database/results.rst
@@ -287,9 +287,9 @@ Class Reference
 
         Usage: see `Getting an Array of stdClass`_.
 
-    .. php:method:: getCustomResultObject($class_name)
+    .. php:method:: getCustomResultObject($className)
 
-        :param    string    $class_name: Class name for the resulting rows
+        :param    string    $className: Class name for the resulting rows
         :returns:    Array containing the fetched rows
         :rtype:    array
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/database/transactions.rst b/user_guide_src/source/database/transactions.rst
index 4fe44c8929e5..5c48f2806240 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/database/transactions.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/database/transactions.rst
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ transactions.
 
 .. contents::
     :local:
-    :depth: 2
+    :depth: 3
 
 CodeIgniter's Approach to Transactions
 ======================================
@@ -52,16 +52,33 @@ or failure of any given query.
 Strict Mode
 ===========
 
-By default, CodeIgniter runs all transactions in Strict Mode. When strict
-mode is enabled, if you are running multiple groups of transactions, if
-one group fails all subsequent groups will be rolled back. If strict mode is
-disabled, each group is treated independently, meaning a failure of one
-group will not affect any others.
+By default, CodeIgniter runs all transactions in Strict Mode.
+
+When strict mode is enabled, if you are running multiple groups of transactions,
+if one group fails all subsequent groups will be rolled back.
+
+If strict mode is disabled, each group is treated independently, meaning a failure
+of one group will not affect any others.
 
 Strict Mode can be disabled as follows:
 
 .. literalinclude:: transactions/002.php
 
+.. _transactions-resetting-transaction-status:
+
+Resetting Transaction Status
+----------------------------
+
+.. versionadded:: 4.6.0
+
+When strict mode is enabled, if one transaction fails, all subsequent transactions
+will be rolled back.
+
+If you wan to restart transactions after a failure, you can reset the transaction
+status:
+
+.. literalinclude:: transactions/009.php
+
 .. _transactions-managing-errors:
 
 Managing Errors
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/database/transactions/009.php b/user_guide_src/source/database/transactions/009.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6b92adf1793f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/database/transactions/009.php
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+<?php
+
+$this->db->resetTransStatus();
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/dbmgmt/forge.rst b/user_guide_src/source/dbmgmt/forge.rst
index 00915a5dae81..ed31afdebcc3 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/dbmgmt/forge.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/dbmgmt/forge.rst
@@ -493,10 +493,10 @@ Class Reference
 
         Creates a new table. Usage: See `Creating a Table`_.
 
-    .. php:method:: dropColumn($table, $column_name)
+    .. php:method:: dropColumn($table, $columnNames)
 
         :param    string    $table: Table name
-        :param    mixed    $column_names: Comma-delimited string or an array of column names
+        :param    mixed    $columnNames: Comma-delimited string or an array of column names
         :returns:    true on success, false on failure
         :rtype:    bool
 
@@ -563,10 +563,10 @@ Class Reference
 
         Modifies a table column. Usage: See `Modifying a Field in a Table`_.
 
-    .. php:method:: renameTable($table_name, $new_table_name)
+    .. php:method:: renameTable($tableName, $newTableName)
 
-        :param    string    $table: Current of the table
-        :param    string    $new_table_name: New name of the table
+        :param    string    $tableName: Current of the table
+        :param    string    $newTableName: New name of the table
         :returns:  Query object on success, false on failure
         :rtype:    mixed
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/extending/composer_packages.rst b/user_guide_src/source/extending/composer_packages.rst
index 5f79b6ae2deb..75c5487f149f 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/extending/composer_packages.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/extending/composer_packages.rst
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Here's a typical directory structure for a Composer package::
     ├── README.md
     ├── composer.json
     ├── src/
-    │   └── YourClass.php
+    │   └── YourClass.php
     └── tests/
         └── YourClassTest.php
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/extending/events.rst b/user_guide_src/source/extending/events.rst
index 966200248143..b628247e1dbe 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/extending/events.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/extending/events.rst
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ but you might find they aid readability:
 
 .. literalinclude:: events/004.php
 
-.. important:: The constants ``EVENT_PRIORITY_LOW``, ``EVENT_PRIORITY_NORMAL`` and ``EVENT_PRIORITY_HIGH`` are deprecated, and the definitions are moved to ``app/Config/Constants.php``. These will be removed in future releases.
+.. important:: The constants ``EVENT_PRIORITY_LOW``, ``EVENT_PRIORITY_NORMAL`` and ``EVENT_PRIORITY_HIGH`` has been removed in v4.6.0.
 
 Once sorted, all subscribers are executed in order. If any subscriber returns a boolean false value, then execution of
 the subscribers will stop.
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/extending/events/006.php b/user_guide_src/source/extending/events/006.php
index a6574b254598..f1dbe307a4f1 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/extending/events/006.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/extending/events/006.php
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\Events\Events;
 
-Events::trigger('some_events', $foo, $bar, $baz);
+Events::trigger('some_event', $foo, $bar, $baz);
 
 Events::on('some_event', static function ($foo, $bar, $baz) {
     // ...
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/general/common_functions.rst b/user_guide_src/source/general/common_functions.rst
index d0a23758e348..1745b0e732e1 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/general/common_functions.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/general/common_functions.rst
@@ -293,9 +293,9 @@ Miscellaneous Functions
     .. note:: This function is also used when you set
         ``Config\App:$forceGlobalSecureRequests`` to true.
 
-.. php:function:: function_usable($function_name)
+.. php:function:: function_usable($functionName)
 
-    :param string $function_name: Function to check for
+    :param string $functionName: Function to check for
     :returns: true if the function exists and is safe to call, false otherwise.
     :rtype: bool
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/general/common_functions/011.php b/user_guide_src/source/general/common_functions/011.php
index 0bea6d6d3293..7ffb08080267 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/general/common_functions/011.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/general/common_functions/011.php
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 $routes->add(
     '{locale}/users/(:num)/gallery/(:num)',
     'Galleries::showUserGallery/$1/$2',
-    ['as' => 'user_gallery']
+    ['as' => 'user_gallery'],
 );
 
 ?>
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/general/errors.rst b/user_guide_src/source/general/errors.rst
index 8d307de0bd5a..2a79f5a33425 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/general/errors.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/general/errors.rst
@@ -57,8 +57,12 @@ Configuration
 Error Reporting
 ---------------
 
-By default, CodeIgniter will display a detailed error report with all errors in the ``development`` and ``testing`` environments, and will not
-display any errors in the ``production`` environment.
+When ``display_errors`` in PHP ini setting is enabled, CodeIgniter will display
+a detailed error report with all errors
+
+So by default, CodeIgniter will display a detailed error report in the ``development``
+and ``testing`` environments, and will not display any errors in the ``production``
+environment.
 
 .. image:: ../images/error.png
 
@@ -136,7 +140,35 @@ setting the environment variable ``CODEIGNITER_SCREAM_DEPRECATIONS`` to a truthy
 Framework Exceptions
 ====================
 
-The following framework exceptions are available:
+.. _exception-design:
+
+Exception Design
+----------------
+
+Staring with v4.6.0, all Exception classes that the framework throws:
+
+- implement ``CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface``
+- extend ``CodeIgniter\Exceptions\LogicException`` or ``CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException``
+
+.. note:: The framework only throws the above kind of exception classes, but PHP
+    or other libraries that are used may throw other exceptions.
+
+There are two base Exception classes that the framework throws:
+
+LogicException
+--------------
+
+``CodeIgniter\Exceptions\LogicException`` extends ``\LogicException``.
+This exception represents error in the program logic. This kind of exception
+should lead directly to a fix in your code.
+
+RuntimeException
+----------------
+
+``CodeIgniter\Exceptions\RuntimeException`` extends ``\RuntimeException``.
+This exception is thrown if an error which can only be found on runtime occurs.
+
+The following framework exceptions are also available:
 
 PageNotFoundException
 ---------------------
@@ -177,7 +209,7 @@ RedirectException
 
 .. note:: Since v4.4.0, the namespace of ``RedirectException`` has been changed.
     Previously it was ``CodeIgniter\Router\Exceptions\RedirectException``. The
-    previous class is deprecated.
+    previous class has been removed in v4.6.0.
 
 This exception is a special case allowing for overriding of all other response routing and
 forcing a redirect to a specific URI:
@@ -223,7 +255,7 @@ the **error_404.php** in the **app/Views/errors/cli** folder.
 If there is no view file corresponding to the HTTP status code, **production.php**
 or **error_exception.php** will be displayed.
 
-.. note:: If ``display_errors`` is on in the PHP INI configuration,
+.. note:: If ``display_errors`` is on in the PHP ini setting,
     **error_exception.php** is selected and a detailed error report is displayed.
 
 You should customize all of the error views in the **app/Views/errors/html** folder
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/general/errors/015.php b/user_guide_src/source/general/errors/015.php
index ea3a531a6f23..21fc4b19fee3 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/general/errors/015.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/general/errors/015.php
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ public function handle(
         RequestInterface $request,
         ResponseInterface $response,
         int $statusCode,
-        int $exitCode
+        int $exitCode,
     ): void {
         $this->render($exception, $statusCode, $this->viewPath . "error_{$statusCode}.php");
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/helpers/html_helper/014.php b/user_guide_src/source/helpers/html_helper/014.php
index e61c2db89e12..f7936d29488a 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/helpers/html_helper/014.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/helpers/html_helper/014.php
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
     'http://www.codeigniter.com/test.mp4',
     'Your browser does not support the video tag.',
     'controls',
-    $tracks
+    $tracks,
 );
 
 echo video(
@@ -23,5 +23,5 @@
     ],
     'Your browser does not support the video tag.',
     'class="test" controls',
-    $tracks
+    $tracks,
 );
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/helpers/html_helper/017.php b/user_guide_src/source/helpers/html_helper/017.php
index 1ff7fb45ba01..da3ee54b366f 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/helpers/html_helper/017.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/helpers/html_helper/017.php
@@ -9,5 +9,5 @@
     [
         param('foo', 'bar', 'ref', 'class="test"'),
         param('hello', 'world', 'ref', 'class="test"'),
-    ]
+    ],
 );
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/helpers/security_helper.rst b/user_guide_src/source/helpers/security_helper.rst
index 500b7fd85b11..405a6e489051 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/helpers/security_helper.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/helpers/security_helper.rst
@@ -20,15 +20,15 @@ Available Functions
 
 The following functions are available:
 
-.. php:function:: sanitize_filename($filename)
+.. php:function:: sanitize_filename($filename[, $relativePath = false])
 
     :param    string    $filename: Filename
+    :param    bool      $relativePath: Whether the relative path is acceptable (available since v4.6.2)
     :returns:    Sanitized file name
     :rtype:    string
 
     Provides protection against directory traversal.
 
-    This function is an alias for ``\CodeIgniter\Security::sanitizeFilename()``.
     For more info, please see the :doc:`Security Library <../libraries/security>`
     documentation.
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/helpers/text_helper.rst b/user_guide_src/source/helpers/text_helper.rst
index de836253b190..d5966347f2ef 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/helpers/text_helper.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/helpers/text_helper.rst
@@ -166,11 +166,11 @@ The following functions are available:
 
     .. literalinclude:: text_helper/012.php
 
-.. php:function:: word_limiter($str[, $limit = 100[, $end_char = '&#8230;']])
+.. php:function:: word_limiter($str[, $limit = 100[, $endChar = '&#8230;']])
 
     :param    string    $str: Input string
     :param    int    $limit: Limit
-    :param    string    $end_char: End character (usually an ellipsis)
+    :param    string    $endChar: End character (usually an ellipsis)
     :returns:    Word-limited string
     :rtype:    string
 
@@ -181,11 +181,11 @@ The following functions are available:
     The third parameter is an optional suffix added to the string. By
     default it adds an ellipsis.
 
-.. php:function:: character_limiter($str[, $n = 500[, $end_char = '&#8230;']])
+.. php:function:: character_limiter($string[, $limit = 500[, $endChar = '&#8230;']])
 
-    :param    string    $str: Input string
-    :param    int    $n: Number of characters
-    :param    string    $end_char: End character (usually an ellipsis)
+    :param    string    $string: Input string
+    :param    int    $limit: Number of characters
+    :param    string    $endChar: End character (usually an ellipsis)
     :returns:    Character-limited string
     :rtype:    string
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/helpers/url_helper/025.php b/user_guide_src/source/helpers/url_helper/025.php
index 6cabfff15bc1..17ab40240ee9 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/helpers/url_helper/025.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/helpers/url_helper/025.php
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 $routes->add(
     '{locale}/users/(:num)/gallery/(:num)',
     'Galleries::showUserGallery/$1/$2',
-    ['as' => 'user_gallery']
+    ['as' => 'user_gallery'],
 );
 
 ?>
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/auto_routing_improved.rst b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/auto_routing_improved.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1ed1cb304c6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/auto_routing_improved.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,500 @@
+.. _auto-routing-improved:
+
+#######################
+Auto Routing (Improved)
+#######################
+
+.. versionadded:: 4.2.0
+
+.. contents::
+    :local:
+    :depth: 3
+
+*********************************
+What is Auto Routing (Improved) ?
+*********************************
+
+By default, all routes must be :ref:`defined <defined-route-routing>` in the
+configuration file.
+
+However, with **Auto Routing (Improved)**, you can define the controller name and
+its method name according to the convention and it will be automatically routed.
+In other words, there is no need to define routes manually.
+
+If you enable Auto Routing (Improved), when no defined route is found that matches
+the URI, the system will attempt to match that URI against the controllers and
+methods.
+
+.. important:: For security reasons, if a controller is used in the defined routes,
+    Auto Routing (Improved) does not route to the controller.
+
+.. note:: Auto Routing (Improved) is disabled by default. To use it, see
+    :ref:`enabled-auto-routing-improved`.
+
+**************************************
+Differences from Auto Routing (Legacy)
+**************************************
+
+:ref:`auto-routing-legacy` is a routing system from CodeIgniter 3. If you are not
+familiar with it, go to the next section.
+
+If you know it well, these are some changes in **Auto Routing (Improved)**:
+
+- A controller method needs HTTP verb prefix like ``getIndex()``, ``postCreate()``.
+    - Since developers always know the HTTP method, a request with an unexpected
+      HTTP method will never execute the controller.
+- The Default Controller (``Home`` by default) and the Default Method (``index`` by default) must be omitted in the URI.
+    - It restricts one-to-one correspondence between controller methods and URIs.
+    - E.g. by default, you can access ``/``, but ``/home`` and ``/home/index``
+      will be 404 Not Found.
+- It checks method parameter count.
+    - If there are more parameters in the URI than the method parameters, it results
+      in 404 Not Found.
+- It does not support ``_remap()`` method.
+    - It restricts one-to-one correspondence between controller methods and URIs.
+    - But it has the :ref:`auto-routing-improved-default-method-fallback` feature
+      instead.
+- Can't access controllers in Defined Routes.
+    - It completely separates controllers accessible via **Auto Routing** from
+      those accessible via **Defined Routes**.
+
+.. _enabled-auto-routing-improved:
+
+******************************
+Enable Auto Routing (Improved)
+******************************
+
+To use it, you need to change the setting ``$autoRoute`` option to ``true`` in
+**app/Config/Routing.php**::
+
+    public bool $autoRoute = true;
+
+And you need to change the property ``$autoRoutesImproved`` to ``true`` in
+**app/Config/Feature.php**::
+
+    public bool $autoRoutesImproved = true;
+
+.. important:: When you use Auto Routing (Improved), you must remove the line
+    ``$routes->get('/', 'Home::index');``  in **app/Config/Routes.php**. Because
+    defined routes take precedence over Auto Routing, and controllers defined in
+    the defined routes are denied access by Auto Routing (Improved) for security
+    reasons.
+
+************
+URI Segments
+************
+
+The segments in the URL, in following with the Model-View-Controller approach,
+usually represent::
+
+    http://example.com/{class}/{method}/{param1}
+
+1. The first segment represents the controller **class** that should be invoked.
+2. The second segment represents the class **method** that should be called.
+3. The third, and any additional segments, represent any **parameters** that will be passed to the controller method.
+
+Consider this URI::
+
+    http://example.com/hello-world/hello/1
+
+In the above example, when you send an HTTP request with **GET** method,
+Auto Routing (Improved) would attempt to find a controller named
+``App\Controllers\HelloWorld`` and executes ``getHello()`` method with passing
+``'1'`` as the first parameter.
+
+.. note:: A controller method that will be executed by Auto Routing (Improved)
+    needs HTTP verb (``get``, ``post``, ``put``, etc.) prefix like ``getIndex()``,
+    ``postCreate()``.
+
+.. note:: When a controller's short name matches the first segment of a URI, it
+    will be loaded.
+
+**************************
+Let's try it: Hello World!
+**************************
+
+Let's create a simple controller so you can see it in action.
+
+Create a Controller
+===================
+
+Using your text editor, create a file called **HelloWorld.php** in your
+**app/Controllers** directory, and put the following code in it.
+
+.. literalinclude:: auto_routing_improved/020.php
+
+.. important:: The file must be called **HelloWorld.php**. When you use Auto
+    Routing (Improved), controller class names MUST be CamelCase.
+
+You will notice that the ``HelloWorld`` Controller is extending the ``BaseController``.
+You can also extend the ``CodeIgniter\Controller`` if you do not need the functionality
+of the BaseController.
+
+The BaseController provides a convenient place for loading components and performing
+functions that are needed by all your controllers. You can extend this class in
+any new controller.
+
+.. important:: A controller method that will be executed by Auto Routing (Improved)
+    needs HTTP verb (``get``, ``post``, ``put``, etc.) prefix like ``getIndex()``,
+    ``postCreate()``.
+
+Check the Routes
+================
+
+You can check your routes with the ``spark routes`` command.
+
+.. code-block:: console
+
+    php spark routes
+
+If you did it right, you should see:
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+    +-----------+-------------+------+---------------------------------------+----------------+---------------+
+    | Method    | Route       | Name | Handler                               | Before Filters | After Filters |
+    +-----------+-------------+------+---------------------------------------+----------------+---------------+
+    | GET(auto) | hello-world |      | \App\Controllers\HelloWorld::getIndex |                |               |
+    +-----------+-------------+------+---------------------------------------+----------------+---------------+
+
+See :ref:`routing-spark-routes` for the output details.
+
+Visit Your Site
+===============
+
+Now visit your site using a URL similar to this::
+
+    http://example.com/hello-world
+
+The system automatically translates URI with dashes (``-``) to CamelCase in the
+controller and method URI segments.
+
+For example, the URI ``sub-dir/hello-controller/some-method`` will execute the
+``SubDir\HelloController::getSomeMethod()`` method.
+
+If you did it right, you should see::
+
+    Hello World!
+
+****************************
+Examples of Controller Names
+****************************
+
+The following is an valid controller name. Because ``App\Controllers\HelloWorld``
+is CamelCase.
+
+.. literalinclude:: auto_routing_improved/009.php
+
+The following is **not** valid. Because the first letter (``h``) is not capital.
+
+.. literalinclude:: auto_routing_improved/010.php
+
+The following is also **not** valid. Because the first letter (``h``) is not capital.
+
+.. literalinclude:: auto_routing_improved/011.php
+
+******************
+Controller Methods
+******************
+
+Method Visibility
+=================
+
+When you define a method that is executable via HTTP request, the method must be
+declared as ``public``.
+
+.. warning:: For security reasons be sure to declare any new utility methods as
+    ``protected`` or ``private``.
+
+Default Method
+==============
+
+In the above example, the method name is ``getIndex()``. The method
+(HTTP verb + ``Index()``) is called the **Default Method**, and is loaded if the
+**second segment** of the URI is empty.
+
+Normal Methods
+==============
+
+The second segment of the URI determines which method in the controller gets called.
+
+Let's try it. Add a new method to your controller:
+
+.. literalinclude:: auto_routing_improved/021.php
+
+Now load the following URL to see the ``getComment()`` method::
+
+    http://example.com/hello-world/comment/
+
+You should see your new message.
+
+************************************
+Passing URI Segments to Your Methods
+************************************
+
+If your URI contains more than two segments they will be passed to your
+method as parameters.
+
+For example, let's say you have a URI like this::
+
+    http://example.com/products/shoes/sandals/123
+
+Your method will be passed URI segments 3 and 4 (``'sandals'`` and ``'123'``):
+
+.. literalinclude:: auto_routing_improved/022.php
+
+.. note:: If there are more parameters in the URI than the method parameters,
+    Auto Routing (Improved) does not execute the method, and it results in 404
+    Not Found.
+
+******************
+Default Controller
+******************
+
+The **Default Controller** is a special controller that is used when a URI ends
+with a directory name or when a URI is not present, as will be the case when only
+your site root URL is requested.
+
+By default, the Default Controller is ``Home``.
+
+.. note:: Define only the default method (``getIndex()`` for GET requests)
+    in the default controller. If you define any other public method, that method
+    will not be executed.
+
+For more information, please refer to the
+:ref:`routing-auto-routing-improved-configuration-options`.
+
+.. _auto-routing-improved-default-method-fallback:
+
+***********************
+Default Method Fallback
+***********************
+
+.. versionadded:: 4.4.0
+
+If the controller method corresponding to the URI segment of the method name
+does not exist, and if the default method is defined, the remaining URI segments
+are passed to the default method for execution.
+
+.. literalinclude:: controllers/024.php
+
+Load the following URL::
+
+    http://example.com/product/15/edit
+
+The method will be passed URI segments 2 and 3 (``'15'`` and ``'edit'``):
+
+.. important:: If there are more parameters in the URI than the method parameters,
+    Auto Routing (Improved) does not execute the method, and it results in 404
+    Not Found.
+
+Fallback to Default Controller
+==============================
+
+If the controller corresponding to the URI segment of the controller name
+does not exist, and if the default controller (``Home`` by default) exists in
+the directory, the remaining URI segments are passed to the default controller's
+default method.
+
+For example, when you have the following default controller ``Home`` in the
+**app/Controllers/News** directory:
+
+.. literalinclude:: controllers/025.php
+
+Load the following URL::
+
+    http://example.com/news/101
+
+The ``News\Home`` controller and the default ``getIndex()`` method will be found.
+So the default method will get the second URI segment (``'101'``):
+
+.. note:: If there is ``App\Controllers\News`` controller, it takes precedence.
+    The URI segments are searched sequentially and the first controller found
+    is used.
+
+.. note:: If there are more parameters in the URI than the method parameters,
+    Auto Routing (Improved) does not execute the method, and it results in 404
+    Not Found.
+
+************************************************
+Organizing Your Controllers into Sub-directories
+************************************************
+
+If you are building a large application you might want to hierarchically
+organize or structure your controllers into sub-directories. CodeIgniter
+permits you to do this.
+
+Simply create sub-directories under the main **app/Controllers**,
+and place your controller classes within them.
+
+.. important:: Directory names MUST start with an uppercase letter and be CamelCase.
+
+When using this feature the first segment of your URI must
+specify the directory. For example, let's say you have a controller located here::
+
+    app/Controllers/Products/Shoes.php
+
+To call the above controller your URI will look something like this::
+
+    http://example.com/products/shoes/show/123
+
+.. note:: You cannot have directories with the same name in **app/Controllers**
+    and **public**.
+    This is because if there is a directory, the web server will search for it and
+    it will not be routed to CodeIgniter.
+
+Each of your sub-directories may contain a default controller which will be
+called if the URL contains *only* the sub-directory. Simply put a controller
+in there that matches the name of your default controller as specified in
+your **app/Config/Routing.php** file.
+
+***************************************
+Examples of Controller/Methods and URIs
+***************************************
+
+In the case of a **GET** request with the default configuration, the mapping
+between controller/methods and URIs is as follows:
+
+============================ ============================ =============================================
+Controller/Method            URI                          Description
+============================ ============================ =============================================
+``Home::getIndex()``         /                            The default controller and the default method.
+``Blog::getIndex()``         /blog                        The default method.
+``UserProfile::getIndex()``  /user-profile                The default method.
+``Blog::getTags()``          /blog/tags
+``Blog::getNews($id)``       /blog/news/123
+``Blog\Home::getIndex()``    /blog                        Sub-directory ``Blog`` and the default
+                                                          controller and the default method. If there
+                                                          is ``Blog`` controller, it takes precedence.
+``Blog\Tags::getIndex()``    /blog/tags                   Sub-directory ``Blog`` and the default
+                                                          method. If there is ``Blog`` controller, it
+                                                          takes precedence.
+``Blog\News::getIndex($id)`` /blog/news/123               Sub-directory ``Blog`` and the default method
+                                                          fallback. If there is ``Blog`` controller, it
+                                                          takes precedence.
+============================ ============================ =============================================
+
+****************
+Applying Filters
+****************
+
+Applying controller filters allows you to add processing before and after the
+controller method execution. This is especially handy during authentication or
+api logging.
+
+If you use Auto Routing, set the filters to be applied in **app/Config/Filters.php**.
+See :doc:`Controller Filters <filters>` for more information on setting up filters.
+
+.. _routing-auto-routing-improved-configuration-options:
+
+*********************
+Configuration Options
+*********************
+
+These options are available in the **app/Config/Routing.php** file.
+
+Default Controller
+==================
+
+For Site Root URI
+-----------------
+
+When a user visits the root of your site (i.e., **http://example.com**) the controller
+to use is determined by the value set to the ``$defaultController`` property,
+unless a route exists for it explicitly.
+
+The default value for this is ``Home`` which matches the controller at
+**app/Controllers/Home.php**::
+
+    public string $defaultController = 'Home';
+
+For Directory URI
+-----------------
+
+The default controller is also used when no matching route has been found, and
+the URI would point to a directory in the controllers directory. For example, if
+the user visits **http://example.com/admin**, if a controller was found at
+**app/Controllers/Admin/Home.php**, it would be used.
+
+.. important:: You cannot access the default controller with the URI of the
+    controller name. When the default controller is ``Home``, you can access
+    **http://example.com/**, but if you access **http://example.com/home**, it
+    will be not found.
+
+.. _routing-auto-routing-improved-default-method:
+
+Default Method
+==============
+
+This works similar to the default controller setting, but is used to determine
+the default method that is used when a controller is found that matches the URI,
+but no segment exists for the method. The default value is ``index``.
+
+In this example, if the user were to visit **example.com/products**, and a ``Products``
+controller existed, the ``Products::getListAll()`` method would be executed::
+
+    public string $defaultMethod = 'listAll';
+
+.. important:: You cannot access the controller with the URI of the default method
+    name. In the example above, you can access **example.com/products**, but if
+    you access **example.com/products/listall**, it will be not found.
+
+.. _translate-uri-to-camelcase:
+
+Translate URI To CamelCase
+==========================
+
+.. versionadded:: 4.5.0
+
+.. note:: Since v4.6.0, the ``$translateUriToCamelCase`` option is enabled by
+    default.
+
+Since v4.5.0, the ``$translateUriToCamelCase`` option has been implemented,
+which works well with the current CodeIgniter's coding standards.
+
+This option enables you to automatically translate URI with dashes (``-``) to
+CamelCase in the controller and method URI segments.
+
+For example, the URI ``sub-dir/hello-controller/some-method`` will execute the
+``SubDir\HelloController::getSomeMethod()`` method.
+
+.. note:: When this option is enabled, the ``$translateURIDashes`` option is
+    ignored.
+
+Disable Translate URI To CamelCase
+----------------------------------
+
+.. note:: The option to disable "Translate URI To CamelCase" exists only for
+    backward compatibility. We don't recommend to disable it.
+
+To disable it, you need to change the setting ``$translateUriToCamelCase`` option
+to ``false`` in **app/Config/Routing.php**::
+
+    public bool $translateUriToCamelCase = false;
+
+.. _auto-routing-improved-module-routing:
+
+**************
+Module Routing
+**************
+
+.. versionadded:: 4.4.0
+
+You can use auto routing even if you use :doc:`../general/modules` and place
+the controllers in a different namespace.
+
+To route to a module, the ``$moduleRoutes`` property in **app/Config/Routing.php**
+must be set::
+
+    public array $moduleRoutes = [
+        'blog' => 'Acme\Blog\Controllers',
+    ];
+
+The key is the first URI segment for the module, and the value is the controller
+namespace. In the above configuration, **http://localhost:8080/blog/foo/bar**
+will be routed to ``Acme\Blog\Controllers\Foo::getBar()``.
+
+.. note:: If you define ``$moduleRoutes``, the routing for the module takes
+    precedence. In the above example, even if you have the ``App\Controllers\Blog``
+    controller, **http://localhost:8080/blog** will be routed to the default
+    controller ``Acme\Blog\Controllers\Home``.
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/auto_routing_improved/009.php b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/auto_routing_improved/009.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7615eecaeba0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/auto_routing_improved/009.php
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Controllers;
+
+class HelloWorld extends BaseController
+{
+    // ...
+}
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/auto_routing_improved/010.php b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/auto_routing_improved/010.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5248ba4b2bdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/auto_routing_improved/010.php
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Controllers;
+
+class helloworld extends BaseController
+{
+    // ...
+}
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/auto_routing_improved/011.php b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/auto_routing_improved/011.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..831e8767ba97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/auto_routing_improved/011.php
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Controllers;
+
+class helloWorld extends BaseController
+{
+    // ...
+}
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/controllers/020.php b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/auto_routing_improved/020.php
similarity index 73%
rename from user_guide_src/source/incoming/controllers/020.php
rename to user_guide_src/source/incoming/auto_routing_improved/020.php
index ff485a0327a5..5d030db4a1ec 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/controllers/020.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/auto_routing_improved/020.php
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 namespace App\Controllers;
 
-class Helloworld extends BaseController
+class HelloWorld extends BaseController
 {
     public function getIndex()
     {
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/controllers/021.php b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/auto_routing_improved/021.php
similarity index 82%
rename from user_guide_src/source/incoming/controllers/021.php
rename to user_guide_src/source/incoming/auto_routing_improved/021.php
index 633a89ac8965..3e961d1c6942 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/controllers/021.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/auto_routing_improved/021.php
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 namespace App\Controllers;
 
-class Helloworld extends BaseController
+class HelloWorld extends BaseController
 {
     public function getIndex()
     {
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/controllers/022.php b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/auto_routing_improved/022.php
similarity index 54%
rename from user_guide_src/source/incoming/controllers/022.php
rename to user_guide_src/source/incoming/auto_routing_improved/022.php
index 9e4646596e18..09d1ffce3039 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/controllers/022.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/auto_routing_improved/022.php
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 
 class Products extends BaseController
 {
-    public function getShoes($sandals, $id)
+    public function getShoes($type, $id)
     {
-        return $sandals . $id;
+        return $type . $id;
     }
 }
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/content_negotiation.rst b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/content_negotiation.rst
index 702bb40afe64..ba176feaebda 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/content_negotiation.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/content_negotiation.rst
@@ -102,6 +102,49 @@ and German you would do something like:
 In this example, 'en' would be returned as the current language. If no match is found, it will return the first element
 in the ``$supported`` array, so that should always be the preferred language.
 
+Strict Locale Negotiation
+-------------------------
+
+.. versionadded:: 4.6.0
+
+By default, locale is determined on a lossy comparison basis. So only the first part of the locale string is taken
+into account (language). This is usually sufficient. But sometimes we want to be able to distinguish between regional versions such as
+``en-US`` and ``en-GB`` to serve different content.
+
+For such cases, we have introduced a new setting that can be enabled via ``Config\Feature::$strictLocaleNegotiation``. This will ensure
+that the strict comparison will be made in the first place.
+
+.. note::
+
+    CodeIgniter comes with translations only for primary language tags ('en', 'fr', etc.). So if you enable this feature and your
+    settings in ``Config\App::$supportedLocales`` include regional language tags ('en-US', 'fr-FR', etc.), then keep in mind that
+    if you have your own translation files, you **must also change** the folder names for CodeIgniter's translation files to match
+    what you put in the ``$supportedLocales`` array.
+
+Now let's consider the below example. The browser's preferred language will be set as this::
+
+    GET /foo HTTP/1.1
+    Accept-Language: fr; q=1.0, en-GB; q=0.5
+
+In this example, the browser would prefer French, with a second choice of English (United Kingdom). Your website on another hand
+supports German and English (United States):
+
+.. literalinclude:: content_negotiation/008.php
+
+In this example, 'en-US' would be returned as the current language. If no match is found, it will return the first element
+in the ``$supported`` array. Here is how exactly the locale selection process works.
+
+Even though the 'fr' is preferred by the browser it is not in our ``$supported`` array. The same problem occurs with 'en-GB', but here
+we will be able to search for variants. First, we will fallback to the most general locale (in this case 'en') which again is not in our
+array. Then we will search for the regional locale 'en-'. And that's when our value from the ``$supported`` array will be matched.
+We will return 'en-US'.
+
+So the process of selecting a locale is as follows:
+
+#. strict match ('en-GB') - ISO 639-1 plus ISO 3166-1 alpha-2
+#. general locale match ('en') - ISO 639-1
+#. regional locale match ('en-') - ISO 639-1 plus "wildcard" for ISO 3166-1 alpha-2
+
 Encoding
 ========
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/content_negotiation/008.php b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/content_negotiation/008.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2b4a67f1a6d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/content_negotiation/008.php
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<?php
+
+$supported = [
+    'de',
+    'en-US',
+];
+
+$lang = $request->negotiate('language', $supported);
+// or
+$lang = $negotiate->language($supported);
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/controllers.rst b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/controllers.rst
index bd1f011df78b..4eefc3d0d7b8 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/controllers.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/controllers.rst
@@ -182,283 +182,9 @@ Auto Routing (Improved)
 
 .. versionadded:: 4.2.0
 
-Since v4.2.0, the new more secure Auto Routing has been introduced.
-
-.. note:: If you are familiar with Auto Routing, which was enabled by default
-    from CodeIgniter 3.x through 4.1.x, you can see the differences in
-    :ref:`ChangeLog v4.2.0 <v420-new-improved-auto-routing>`.
-
-This section describes the functionality of the new auto-routing.
-It automatically routes an HTTP request, and executes the corresponding controller method
-without route definitions.
-
-Since v4.2.0, the auto-routing is disabled by default. To use it, see :ref:`enabled-auto-routing-improved`.
-
-Consider this URI::
-
-    example.com/index.php/helloworld/
-
-In the above example, CodeIgniter would attempt to find a controller named ``App\Controllers\Helloworld`` and load it, when auto-routing is enabled.
-
-.. note:: When a controller's short name matches the first segment of a URI, it will be loaded.
-
-Let's try it: Hello World!
-==========================
-
-Let's create a simple controller so you can see it in action. Using your text editor, create a file called **Helloworld.php**,
-and put the following code in it. You will notice that the ``Helloworld`` Controller is extending the ``BaseController``. you can
-also extend the ``CodeIgniter\Controller`` if you do not need the functionality of the BaseController.
-
-The BaseController provides a convenient place for loading components and performing functions that are needed by all your
-controllers. You can extend this class in any new controller.
-
-.. literalinclude:: controllers/020.php
-
-Then save the file to your **app/Controllers** directory.
-
-.. important:: The file must be called **Helloworld.php**, with a capital ``H``. When you use Auto Routing, Controller class names MUST start with an uppercase letter and ONLY the first character can be uppercase.
-
-    Since v4.5.0, if you enable the ``$translateUriToCamelCase`` option, you can
-    use CamelCase classnames. See :ref:`controller-translate-uri-to-camelcase`
-    for details.
-
-.. important:: A controller method that will be executed by Auto Routing (Improved) needs HTTP verb (``get``, ``post``, ``put``, etc.) prefix like ``getIndex()``, ``postCreate()``.
-
-Now visit your site using a URL similar to this::
-
-    example.com/index.php/helloworld
-
-If you did it right you should see::
-
-    Hello World!
-
-This is valid:
-
-.. literalinclude:: controllers/009.php
-
-This is **not** valid:
-
-.. literalinclude:: controllers/010.php
-
-This is **not** valid:
-
-.. literalinclude:: controllers/011.php
-
-.. note:: Since v4.5.0, if you enable the ``$translateUriToCamelCase`` option,
-    you can use CamelCase classnames like above. See
-    :ref:`controller-translate-uri-to-camelcase` for details.
-
-Also, always make sure your controller extends the parent controller
-class so that it can inherit all its methods.
-
-.. note::
-    The system will attempt to match the URI against Controllers by matching each segment against
-    directories/files in **app/Controllers**, when a match wasn't found against defined routes.
-    That's why your directories/files MUST start with a capital letter and the rest MUST be lowercase.
-
-    If you want another naming convention you need to manually define it using the
-    :ref:`Defined Route Routing <defined-route-routing>`.
-    Here is an example based on PSR-4 Autoloader:
-
-    .. literalinclude:: controllers/012.php
-
-Methods
-=======
-
-Method Visibility
------------------
-
-When you define a method that is executable via HTTP request, the method must be
-declared as ``public``.
-
-.. warning:: For security reasons be sure to declare any new utility methods as ``protected`` or ``private``.
-
-Default Method
---------------
-
-In the above example, the method name is ``getIndex()``.
-The method (HTTP verb + ``Index()``) is called the **default method**, and is loaded if the **second segment** of the URI is empty.
-
-Normal Methods
---------------
-
-The second segment of the URI determines which method in the
-controller gets called.
-
-Let's try it. Add a new method to your controller:
-
-.. literalinclude:: controllers/021.php
-
-Now load the following URL to see the ``getComment()`` method::
-
-    example.com/index.php/helloworld/comment/
-
-You should see your new message.
-
-Passing URI Segments to Your Methods
-====================================
-
-If your URI contains more than two segments they will be passed to your
-method as parameters.
-
-For example, let's say you have a URI like this::
-
-    example.com/index.php/products/shoes/sandals/123
-
-Your method will be passed URI segments 3 and 4 (``'sandals'`` and ``'123'``):
-
-.. literalinclude:: controllers/022.php
-
-Default Controller
-==================
-
-The Default Controller is a special controller that is used when a URI ends with
-a directory name or when a URI is not present, as will be the case when only your
-site root URL is requested.
-
-Defining a Default Controller
------------------------------
-
-Let's try it with the ``Helloworld`` controller.
-
-To specify a default controller open your **app/Config/Routing.php**
-file and set this property::
-
-    public string $defaultController = 'Helloworld';
-
-Where ``Helloworld`` is the name of the controller class you want to be used.
-
-And comment out the line in **app/Config/Routes.php**:
-
-.. literalinclude:: controllers/016.php
-    :lines: 2-
-
-If you now browse to your site without specifying any URI segments you'll
-see the "Hello World" message.
-
-.. important:: When you use Auto Routing (Improved), you must remove the line
-    ``$routes->get('/', 'Home::index');``. Because defined routes take
-    precedence over Auto Routing, and controllers defined in the defined routes
-    are denied access by Auto Routing (Improved) for security reasons.
-
-For more information, please refer to the
-:ref:`routing-auto-routing-improved-configuration-options` documentation.
-
-.. _controller-default-method-fallback:
-
-Default Method Fallback
-=======================
-
-.. versionadded:: 4.4.0
-
-If the controller method corresponding to the URI segment of the method name
-does not exist, and if the default method is defined, the remaining URI segments
-are passed to the default method for execution.
-
-.. literalinclude:: controllers/024.php
-
-Load the following URL::
-
-    example.com/index.php/product/15/edit
-
-The method will be passed URI segments 2 and 3 (``'15'`` and ``'edit'``):
-
-.. important:: If there are more parameters in the URI than the method parameters,
-    Auto Routing (Improved) does not execute the method, and it results in 404
-    Not Found.
-
-Fallback to Default Controller
-------------------------------
-
-If the controller corresponding to the URI segment of the controller name
-does not exist, and if the default controller (``Home`` by default) exists in
-the directory, the remaining URI segments are passed to the default controller's
-default method.
-
-For example, when you have the following default controller ``Home`` in the
-**app/Controllers/News** directory:
-
-.. literalinclude:: controllers/025.php
-
-Load the following URL::
-
-    example.com/index.php/news/101
-
-The ``News\Home`` controller and the default ``getIndex()`` method will be found.
-So the default method will be passed URI segments 2 (``'101'``):
-
-.. note:: If there is ``App\Controllers\News`` controller, it takes precedence.
-    The URI segments are searched sequentially and the first controller found
-    is used.
-
-.. note:: If there are more parameters in the URI than the method parameters,
-    Auto Routing (Improved) does not execute the method, and it results in 404
-    Not Found.
-
-Organizing Your Controllers into Sub-directories
-================================================
-
-If you are building a large application you might want to hierarchically
-organize or structure your controllers into sub-directories. CodeIgniter
-permits you to do this.
-
-Simply create sub-directories under the main **app/Controllers**,
-and place your controller classes within them.
-
-.. important:: Directory names MUST start with an uppercase letter and ONLY the first character can be uppercase.
-
-    Since v4.5.0, if you enable the ``$translateUriToCamelCase`` option, you can
-    use CamelCase directory names. See :ref:`controller-translate-uri-to-camelcase`
-    for details.
-
-When using this feature the first segment of your URI must
-specify the directory. For example, let's say you have a controller located here::
-
-    app/Controllers/Products/Shoes.php
-
-To call the above controller your URI will look something like this::
-
-    example.com/index.php/products/shoes/show/123
-
-.. note:: You cannot have directories with the same name in **app/Controllers**
-    and **public**.
-    This is because if there is a directory, the web server will search for it and
-    it will not be routed to CodeIgniter.
-
-Each of your sub-directories may contain a default controller which will be
-called if the URL contains *only* the sub-directory. Simply put a controller
-in there that matches the name of your default controller as specified in
-your **app/Config/Routing.php** file.
-
-CodeIgniter also permits you to map your URIs using its :ref:`Defined Route Routing <defined-route-routing>`..
-
-.. _controller-translate-uri-to-camelcase:
-
-Translate URI To CamelCase
-==========================
-
-.. versionadded:: 4.5.0
-
-Since v4.5.0, the ``$translateUriToCamelCase`` option has been implemented,
-which works well with the current CodeIgniter's coding standards.
-
-This option enables you to automatically translate URI with dashes (``-``) to
-CamelCase in the controller and method URI segments.
-
-For example, the URI ``sub-dir/hello-controller/some-method`` will execute the
-``SubDir\HelloController::getSomeMethod()`` method.
-
-.. note:: When this option is enabled, the ``$translateURIDashes`` option is
-    ignored.
-
-Enable Translate URI To CamelCase
----------------------------------
-
-To enable it, you need to change the setting ``$translateUriToCamelCase`` option
-to ``true`` in **app/Config/Routing.php**::
-
-    public bool $translateUriToCamelCase = true;
+Auto Routing (Improved) is a new, more secure automatic routing system.
 
+See :doc:`auto_routing_improved` for details.
 
 .. _controller-auto-routing-legacy:
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/controllers/023.php b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/controllers/023.php
index 365ba7492d34..ed1fde5b4f47 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/controllers/023.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/controllers/023.php
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class Product extends BaseController
     public function initController(
         RequestInterface $request,
         ResponseInterface $response,
-        LoggerInterface $logger
+        LoggerInterface $logger,
     ) {
         parent::initController($request, $response, $logger);
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/filters.rst b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/filters.rst
index 14b110e34a12..8da3e31baab1 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/filters.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/filters.rst
@@ -232,6 +232,9 @@ will be passed in ``$arguments`` to the ``group`` filter's ``before()`` methods.
 When the URI matches ``admin/users/*'``, the array ``['users.manage']``
 will be passed in ``$arguments`` to the ``permission`` filter's ``before()`` methods.
 
+.. note:: Prior to v4.6.0, the same filter cannot be run multiple times with
+    different arguments.
+
 .. _filter-execution-order:
 
 Filter Execution Order
@@ -277,11 +280,19 @@ The output is like the following:
 
 .. code-block:: none
 
-    +--------+-------+----------------+---------------+
-    | Method | Route | Before Filters | After Filters |
-    +--------+-------+----------------+---------------+
-    | GET    | /     |                | toolbar       |
-    +--------+-------+----------------+---------------+
+    +--------+-------+----------------------+-------------------------------+
+    | Method | Route | Before Filters       | After Filters                 |
+    +--------+-------+----------------------+-------------------------------+
+    | GET    | /     | forcehttps pagecache | pagecache performance toolbar |
+    +--------+-------+----------------------+-------------------------------+
+
+    Before Filter Classes:
+    CodeIgniter\Filters\ForceHTTPS → CodeIgniter\Filters\PageCache
+    After Filter Classes:
+    CodeIgniter\Filters\PageCache → CodeIgniter\Filters\PerformanceMetrics → CodeIgniter\Filters\DebugToolbar
+
+.. note:: Since v4.6.0, filter arguments have been displayed in the output table.
+    Also, the actual filter classnames have been displayed in the end.
 
 You can also see the routes and filters by the ``spark routes`` command,
 but it might not show accurate filters when you use regular expressions for routes.
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/incomingrequest.rst b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/incomingrequest.rst
index 0b6f3daab39e..e22c4ce37773 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/incomingrequest.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/incomingrequest.rst
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ getVar()
     in new projects. Even if you are already using it, we recommend that you use
     another, more appropriate method.
 
-The ``getVar()`` method will pull from ``$_REQUEST``, so will return any data from ``$_GET``, ``$POST``, or ``$_COOKIE`` (depending on php.ini `request-order <https://www.php.net/manual/en/ini.core.php#ini.request-order>`_).
+The ``getVar()`` method will pull from ``$_REQUEST``, so will return any data from ``$_GET``, ``$_POST``, or ``$_COOKIE`` (depending on php.ini `request-order <https://www.php.net/manual/en/ini.core.php#ini.request-order>`_).
 
 .. warning:: If you want to validate POST data only, don't use ``getVar()``.
     Newer values override older values. POST values may be overridden by the
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ Filtering Input Data
 To maintain security of your application, you will want to filter all input as you access it. You can
 pass the type of filter to use as the second parameter of any of these methods. The native ``filter_var()``
 function is used for the filtering. Head over to the PHP manual for a list of `valid
-filter types <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.filters.php>`_.
+filter types <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filters.php>`_.
 
 Filtering a POST variable would look like this:
 
@@ -366,9 +366,9 @@ The methods provided by the parent classes that are available are:
 
         :param  string  $index: The name of the variable/key to look for.
         :param  int     $filter: The type of filter to apply. A list of filters can be found in
-                        `Types of filters <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.filters.php>`__.
+                        `Types of filters <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filters.php>`__.
         :param  int     $flags: Flags to apply. A list of flags can be found in
-                        `Filter flags <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.filters.flags.php>`__.
+                        `Filter flags <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.constants.php#filter.constants.flags.generic>`__.
         :returns:   ``$_REQUEST`` if no parameters supplied, otherwise the REQUEST value if found, or null if not
         :rtype: array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
 
@@ -382,9 +382,9 @@ The methods provided by the parent classes that are available are:
 
         :param  string  $index: The name of the variable/key to look for.
         :param  int     $filter: The type of filter to apply. A list of filters can be found in
-                        `Types of filters <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.filters.php>`__.
+                        `Types of filters <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filters.php>`__.
         :param  int     $flags: Flags to apply. A list of flags can be found in
-                        `Filter flags <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.filters.flags.php>`__.
+                        `Filter flags <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.constants.php#filter.constants.flags.generic>`__.
         :returns:       ``$_GET`` if no parameters supplied, otherwise the GET value if found, or null if not
         :rtype: array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
 
@@ -421,9 +421,9 @@ The methods provided by the parent classes that are available are:
 
         :param  string  $index: The name of the variable/key to look for.
         :param  int     $filter: The type of filter to apply. A list of filters can be
-                        found `here <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.filters.php>`__.
+                        found `here <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filters.php>`__.
         :param  int     $flags: Flags to apply. A list of flags can be found
-                        `here <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.filters.flags.php>`__.
+                        `here <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.constants.php#filter.constants.flags.generic>`__.
         :returns:       ``$_POST`` if no parameters supplied, otherwise the POST value if found, or null if not
         :rtype: array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
 
@@ -433,9 +433,9 @@ The methods provided by the parent classes that are available are:
 
         :param  string  $index: The name of the variable/key to look for.
         :param  int     $filter: The type of filter to apply. A list of filters can be found in
-                        `Types of filters <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.filters.php>`__.
+                        `Types of filters <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filters.php>`__.
         :param  int     $flags: Flags to apply. A list of flags can be found in
-                        `Filter flags <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.filters.flags.php>`__.
+                        `Filter flags <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.constants.php#filter.constants.flags.generic>`__.
         :returns:       ``$_POST`` and ``$_GET`` combined if no parameters specified (prefer POST value on conflict),
                         otherwise looks for POST value, if nothing found looks for GET value, if no value found returns null
         :rtype: array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
@@ -453,9 +453,9 @@ The methods provided by the parent classes that are available are:
 
         :param  string  $index: The name of the variable/key to look for.
         :param  int     $filter: The type of filter to apply. A list of filters can be found in
-                        `Types of filters <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.filters.php>`__.
+                        `Types of filters <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filters.php>`__.
         :param  int     $flags: Flags to apply. A list of flags can be found in
-                        `Filter flags <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.filters.flags.php>`__.
+                        `Filter flags <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.constants.php#filter.constants.flags.generic>`__.
         :returns:       ``$_GET`` and ``$_POST`` combined if no parameters specified (prefer GET value on conflict),
                         otherwise looks for GET value, if nothing found looks for POST value, if no value found returns null
         :rtype: array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
@@ -473,9 +473,9 @@ The methods provided by the parent classes that are available are:
 
         :param  array|string|null    $index: COOKIE name
         :param  int     $filter: The type of filter to apply. A list of filters can be found in
-                        `Types of filters <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.filters.php>`__.
+                        `Types of filters <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filters.php>`__.
         :param  int     $flags: Flags to apply. A list of flags can be found in
-                        `Filter flags <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.filters.flags.php>`__.
+                        `Filter flags <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.constants.php#filter.constants.flags.generic>`__.
         :returns:        ``$_COOKIE`` if no parameters supplied, otherwise the COOKIE value if found or null if not
         :rtype: array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
 
@@ -495,9 +495,9 @@ The methods provided by the parent classes that are available are:
 
         :param  array|string|null    $index: Value name
         :param  int     $filter: The type of filter to apply. A list of filters can be found in
-                        `Types of filters <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.filters.php>`__.
+                        `Types of filters <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filters.php>`__.
         :param  int     $flags: Flags to apply. A list of flags can be found in
-                        `Filter flags <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.filters.flags.php>`__.
+                        `Filter flags <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.constants.php#filter.constants.flags.generic>`__.
         :returns:        ``$_SERVER`` item value if found, null if not
         :rtype: array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/index.rst b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/index.rst
index b4399e18d1ba..d8faf0a869b5 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/index.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/index.rst
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ Controllers handle incoming requests.
     routing
     controllers
     filters
+    auto_routing_improved
     message
     request
     incomingrequest
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/request.rst b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/request.rst
index 9e7bf899917a..64c427f1b0d3 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/request.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/request.rst
@@ -86,8 +86,8 @@ Class Reference
     .. php:method:: getServer([$index = null[, $filter = null[, $flags = null]]])
 
         :param    mixed     $index: Value name
-        :param    int       $filter: The type of filter to apply. A list of filters can be found in `PHP manual <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.filters.php>`__.
-        :param    int|array $flags: Flags to apply. A list of flags can be found in `PHP manual <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.filters.flags.php>`__.
+        :param    int       $filter: The type of filter to apply. A list of filters can be found in `PHP manual <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filters.php>`__.
+        :param    int|array $flags: Flags to apply. A list of flags can be found in `PHP manual <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.constants.php#filter.constants.flags.generic>`__.
         :returns: ``$_SERVER`` item value if found, null if not
         :rtype:   mixed
 
@@ -107,8 +107,8 @@ Class Reference
             :php:func:`env()` instead.
 
         :param    mixed     $index: Value name
-        :param    int       $filter: The type of filter to apply. A list of filters can be found in `PHP manual <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.filters.php>`__.
-        :param    int|array $flags: Flags to apply. A list of flags can be found in `PHP manual <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.filters.flags.php>`__.
+        :param    int       $filter: The type of filter to apply. A list of filters can be found in `PHP manual <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filters.php>`__.
+        :param    int|array $flags: Flags to apply. A list of flags can be found in `PHP manual <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.constants.php#filter.constants.flags.generic>`__.
         :returns: ``$_ENV`` item value if found, null if not
         :rtype:   mixed
 
@@ -135,8 +135,8 @@ Class Reference
 
         :param    string    $method: Input filter constant
         :param    mixed     $index: Value name
-        :param    int       $filter: The type of filter to apply. A list of filters can be found in `PHP manual <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.filters.php>`__.
-        :param    int|array $flags: Flags to apply. A list of flags can be found in `PHP manual <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.filters.flags.php>`__.
+        :param    int       $filter: The type of filter to apply. A list of filters can be found in `PHP manual <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filters.php>`__.
+        :param    int|array $flags: Flags to apply. A list of flags can be found in `PHP manual <https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.constants.php#filter.constants.flags.generic>`__.
         :rtype:   mixed
 
         Fetches one or more items from a global, like cookies, get, post, etc.
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/routing.rst b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/routing.rst
index 73d2e7642bcd..4f4afce136f5 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/routing.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/routing.rst
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ Placeholders Description
 ============ ===========================================================================================================
 (:any)       will match all characters from that point to the end of the URI. This may include multiple URI segments.
 (:segment)   will match any character except for a forward slash (``/``) restricting the result to a single segment.
-(:num)       will match any integer.
+(:num)       will match any positive integer.
 (:alpha)     will match any string of alphabetic characters
 (:alphanum)  will match any string of alphabetic characters or integers, or any combination of the two.
 (:hash)      is the same as ``(:segment)``, but can be used to easily see which routes use hashed ids.
@@ -476,6 +476,15 @@ by passing the "hostname" option along with the desired domain to allow it on as
 This example would only allow the specified hosts to work if the domain exactly matched **accounts.example.com**.
 It would not work under the main site at **example.com**.
 
+Restrict by Multiple Hostnames
+------------------------------
+
+.. versionadded:: 4.6.0
+
+Also you can restrict by multiple hostnames, e.g:
+
+.. literalinclude:: routing/073.php
+
 Limit to Subdomains
 ===================
 
@@ -534,6 +543,14 @@ with the name of the route:
 
 This has the added benefit of making the views more readable, too.
 
+.. note:: By default, all defined routes have names matching their paths, with placeholders replaced by their corresponding
+    regular expressions. For example, if you define a route like ``$routes->get('edit/(:num)', 'PostController::edit/$1');``,
+    you can generate the corresponding URL using ``route_to('edit/([0-9]+)', 12)``.
+
+.. warning:: According to :ref:`routing-priority`, if a not-named route is defined first (e.g., ``$routes->get('edit', 'PostController::edit');``)
+    and another named route is defined later with the same name as the path of the first route (e.g., ``$routes->get('edit/(:num)', 'PostController::edit/$1', ['as' => 'edit']);``),
+    the second route will not be registered because its name will conflict with the automatically assigned name of the first route.
+
 Grouping Routes
 ***************
 
@@ -593,7 +610,8 @@ The ``filter`` option passed to the outer ``group()`` are merged with the inner
 The above code runs ``myfilter1:config`` for the route ``admin``, and ``myfilter1:config``
 and ``myfilter2:region`` for the route ``admin/users/list``.
 
-.. note:: The same filter cannot be run multiple times with different arguments.
+.. note:: Prior to v4.6.0, the same filter cannot be run multiple times with
+    different arguments.
 
 Any other overlapping options passed to the inner ``group()`` will overwrite their values.
 
@@ -770,140 +788,14 @@ will match **product/123**, **product/123/456**, **product/123/456/789** and so
 And if the URI is **product/123/456**, ``123/456`` will be passed to the first
 parameter of the ``Catalog::productLookup()`` method.
 
-.. _auto-routing-improved:
-
 Auto Routing (Improved)
 ***********************
 
 .. versionadded:: 4.2.0
 
-Since v4.2.0, the new more secure Auto Routing has been introduced.
-
-.. note:: If you are familiar with Auto Routing, which was enabled by default
-    from CodeIgniter 3.x through 4.1.x, you can see the differences in
-    :ref:`ChangeLog v4.2.0 <v420-new-improved-auto-routing>`.
-
-When no defined route is found that matches the URI, the system will attempt to match that URI against the controllers and methods when Auto Routing is enabled.
-
-.. important:: For security reasons, if a controller is used in the defined routes, Auto Routing (Improved) does not route to the controller.
-
-Auto Routing can automatically route HTTP requests based on conventions
-and execute the corresponding controller methods.
-
-.. note:: Auto Routing (Improved) is disabled by default. To use it, see below.
-
-.. _enabled-auto-routing-improved:
-
-Enable Auto Routing
-===================
-
-To use it, you need to change the setting ``$autoRoute`` option to ``true`` in **app/Config/Routing.php**::
-
-    public bool $autoRoute = true;
-
-And you need to change the property ``$autoRoutesImproved`` to ``true`` in **app/Config/Feature.php**::
-
-    public bool $autoRoutesImproved = true;
-
-URI Segments
-============
-
-The segments in the URL, in following with the Model-View-Controller approach, usually represent::
-
-    example.com/class/method/ID
-
-1. The first segment represents the controller **class** that should be invoked.
-2. The second segment represents the class **method** that should be called.
-3. The third, and any additional segments, represent the ID and any variables that will be passed to the controller.
-
-Consider this URI::
-
-    example.com/index.php/helloworld/hello/1
-
-In the above example, when you send an HTTP request with **GET** method,
-Auto Routing would attempt to find a controller named ``App\Controllers\Helloworld``
-and executes ``getHello()`` method with passing ``'1'`` as the first argument.
-
-.. note:: A controller method that will be executed by Auto Routing (Improved) needs HTTP verb (``get``, ``post``, ``put``, etc.) prefix like ``getIndex()``, ``postCreate()``.
-
-See :ref:`Auto Routing in Controllers <controller-auto-routing-improved>` for more info.
-
-.. _routing-auto-routing-improved-configuration-options:
-
-Configuration Options
-=====================
-
-These options are available in the **app/Config/Routing.php** file.
-
-Default Controller
-------------------
+Auto Routing (Improved) is a new, more secure automatic routing system.
 
-For Site Root URI
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-When a user visits the root of your site (i.e., **example.com**) the controller
-to use is determined by the value set to the ``$defaultController`` property,
-unless a route exists for it explicitly.
-
-The default value for this is ``Home`` which matches the controller at
-**app/Controllers/Home.php**::
-
-    public string $defaultController = 'Home';
-
-For Directory URI
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-The default controller is also used when no matching route has been found, and the URI would point to a directory
-in the controllers directory. For example, if the user visits **example.com/admin**, if a controller was found at
-**app/Controllers/Admin/Home.php**, it would be used.
-
-.. important:: You cannot access the default controller with the URI of the controller name.
-    When the default controller is ``Home``, you can access **example.com/**, but if you access **example.com/home**, it will be not found.
-
-See :ref:`Auto Routing in Controllers <controller-auto-routing-improved>` for more info.
-
-.. _routing-auto-routing-improved-default-method:
-
-Default Method
---------------
-
-This works similar to the default controller setting, but is used to determine the default method that is used
-when a controller is found that matches the URI, but no segment exists for the method. The default value is
-``index``.
-
-In this example, if the user were to visit **example.com/products**, and a ``Products``
-controller existed, the ``Products::getListAll()`` method would be executed::
-
-    public string $defaultMethod = 'listAll';
-
-.. important:: You cannot access the controller with the URI of the default method name.
-    In the example above, you can access **example.com/products**, but if you access **example.com/products/listall**, it will be not found.
-
-.. _auto-routing-improved-module-routing:
-
-Module Routing
-==============
-
-.. versionadded:: 4.4.0
-
-You can use auto routing even if you use :doc:`../general/modules` and place
-the controllers in a different namespace.
-
-To route to a module, the ``$moduleRoutes`` property in **app/Config/Routing.php**
-must be set::
-
-    public array $moduleRoutes = [
-        'blog' => 'Acme\Blog\Controllers',
-    ];
-
-The key is the first URI segment for the module, and the value is the controller
-namespace. In the above configuration, **http://localhost:8080/blog/foo/bar**
-will be routed to ``Acme\Blog\Controllers\Foo::getBar()``.
-
-.. note:: If you define ``$moduleRoutes``, the routing for the module takes
-    precedence. In the above example, even if you have the ``App\Controllers\Blog``
-    controller, **http://localhost:8080/blog** will be routed to the default
-    controller ``Acme\Blog\Controllers\Home``.
+See :doc:`auto_routing_improved` for details.
 
 .. _auto-routing-legacy:
 
@@ -1160,3 +1052,12 @@ This method returns a list of filters that are currently active for the route be
 .. note:: The ``getFilters()`` method returns only the filters defined for the specific route.
      It does not include global filters or those specified in the **app/Config/Filters.php** file.
 
+Getting Matched Route Options for the Current Route
+===================================================
+
+When we're defining routes, they may have optional parameters: ``filter``, ``namespace``, ``hostname``, ``subdomain``, ``offset``, ``priority``, ``as``. All of them were described earlier above.
+Additionally, if we use ``addRedirect()`` we can also expect the ``redirect`` key.
+To access the values of these parameters, we can call ``Router::getMatchedRouteOptions()``. Here is an example of the returned array:
+
+.. literalinclude:: routing/074.php
+
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/routing/073.php b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/routing/073.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b8c42b0ad7d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/routing/073.php
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+<?php
+
+$routes->get('from', 'to', ['hostname' => ['s1.example.com', 's2.example.com']]);
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/routing/074.php b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/routing/074.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..74eaeaf7e353
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/routing/074.php
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?php
+
+// Get the router instance.
+/** @var \CodeIgniter\Router\Router $router */
+$router  = service('router');
+$options = $router->getMatchedRouteOptions();
+
+echo 'Route name: ' . $options['as'];
+
+print_r($options);
+
+// Route name: api:auth
+//
+// Array
+// (
+//     [filter] => api-auth
+//     [namespace] => App\API\v1
+//     [hostname] => example.com
+//     [subdomain] => api
+//     [offset] => 1
+//     [priority] => 1
+//     [as] => api:auth
+// )
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/installation/running.rst b/user_guide_src/source/installation/running.rst
index 919173c3e050..0fbc6fdc9c11 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/installation/running.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/installation/running.rst
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ Adding Host Alias
 -----------------
 
 Add a host alias in your "hosts" file, typically **/etc/hosts** on unix-type platforms,
-or **c:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts** on Windows.
+or **c:\\Windows\\System32\\drivers\\etc\\hosts** on Windows.
 
 Add a line to the file.
 This could be ``myproject.local`` or ``myproject.test``, for instance::
@@ -501,10 +501,15 @@ See :ref:`Deployment <deployment-to-shared-hosting-services>`.
 Bootstrapping the App
 *********************
 
-In some scenarios you will want to load the framework without actually running the whole
+In some scenarios, you will want to load the framework without actually running the whole
 application. This is particularly useful for unit testing your project, but may also be
 handy for using third-party tools to analyze and modify your code. The framework comes
-with a separate bootstrap script specifically for this scenario: **system/Test/bootstrap.php**.
+with two separate bootstrap scripts specifically for these scenarios:
+
+- **system/Test/bootstrap.php**: This script is used primarily for unit testing.
+- **system/util_bootstrap.php**: This script is used for other scripts that need access to the
+  framework. It is recommended for use in scripts that are not part for testing as this will NOT
+  fail gracefully if an exception is thrown.
 
 Most of the paths to your project are defined during the bootstrap process. You may use
 pre-defined constants to override these, but when using the defaults be sure that your
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_444/001.php b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_444/001.php
index 9bcc6412141f..0c7c3622a84e 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_444/001.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_444/001.php
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 ];
 
 $validation->setRules(
-    ['contacts.*.name' => 'required|max_length[8]']
+    ['contacts.*.name' => 'required|max_length[8]'],
 );
 
 $validation->run($data); // false
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_456.rst b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_456.rst
index d0764f3ff6ee..15b638d94d69 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_456.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_456.rst
@@ -12,18 +12,6 @@ Please refer to the upgrade instructions corresponding to your installation meth
     :local:
     :depth: 2
 
-**********************
-Mandatory File Changes
-**********************
-
-****************
-Breaking Changes
-****************
-
-*********************
-Breaking Enhancements
-*********************
-
 *************
 Project Files
 *************
@@ -35,21 +23,14 @@ these files being outside of the **system** scope they will not be changed witho
     with merging changes to the project space:
     `Explore on Packagist <https://packagist.org/explore/?query=codeigniter4%20updates>`_.
 
-Content Changes
-===============
-
-The following files received significant changes (including deprecations or visual adjustments)
-and it is recommended that you merge the updated versions with your application:
-
-Config
-------
-
-- @TODO
-
 All Changes
 ===========
 
 This is a list of all files in the **project space** that received changes;
 many will be simple comments or formatting that have no effect on the runtime:
 
-- @TODO
+- app/Config/Events.php
+- app/Config/Format.php
+- app/Controllers/BaseController.php
+- app/Views/errors/cli/error_exception.php
+- app/Views/errors/html/error_exception.php
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_457.rst b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_457.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d919c81871f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_457.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#############################
+Upgrading from 4.5.6 to 4.5.7
+#############################
+
+Please refer to the upgrade instructions corresponding to your installation method.
+
+- :ref:`Composer Installation App Starter Upgrading <app-starter-upgrading>`
+- :ref:`Composer Installation Adding CodeIgniter4 to an Existing Project Upgrading <adding-codeigniter4-upgrading>`
+- :ref:`Manual Installation Upgrading <installing-manual-upgrading>`
+
+.. contents::
+    :local:
+    :depth: 2
+
+*************
+Project Files
+*************
+
+Some files in the **project space** (root, app, public, writable) received updates. Due to
+these files being outside of the **system** scope they will not be changed without your intervention.
+
+.. note:: There are some third-party CodeIgniter modules available to assist
+    with merging changes to the project space:
+    `Explore on Packagist <https://packagist.org/explore/?query=codeigniter4%20updates>`_.
+
+All Changes
+===========
+
+This is a list of all files in the **project space** that received changes;
+many will be simple comments or formatting that have no effect on the runtime:
+
+- app/Views/errors/cli/error_exception.php
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_458.rst b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_458.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e24c98ac38c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_458.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#############################
+Upgrading from 4.5.7 to 4.5.8
+#############################
+
+Please refer to the upgrade instructions corresponding to your installation method.
+
+- :ref:`Composer Installation App Starter Upgrading <app-starter-upgrading>`
+- :ref:`Composer Installation Adding CodeIgniter4 to an Existing Project Upgrading <adding-codeigniter4-upgrading>`
+- :ref:`Manual Installation Upgrading <installing-manual-upgrading>`
+
+.. contents::
+    :local:
+    :depth: 2
+
+*************
+Project Files
+*************
+
+Some files in the **project space** (root, app, public, writable) received updates. Due to
+these files being outside of the **system** scope they will not be changed without your intervention.
+
+.. note:: There are some third-party CodeIgniter modules available to assist
+    with merging changes to the project space:
+    `Explore on Packagist <https://packagist.org/explore/?query=codeigniter4%20updates>`_.
+
+Content Changes
+===============
+
+The following files received significant changes (including deprecations or visual adjustments)
+and it is recommended that you merge the updated versions with your application:
+
+All Changes
+===========
+
+This is a list of all files in the **project space** that received changes;
+many will be simple comments or formatting that have no effect on the runtime:
+
+- preload.php
+- public/index.php
+- spark
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_460.rst b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_460.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..354d542e3cc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_460.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+#############################
+Upgrading from 4.5.8 to 4.6.0
+#############################
+
+Please refer to the upgrade instructions corresponding to your installation method.
+
+- :ref:`Composer Installation App Starter Upgrading <app-starter-upgrading>`
+- :ref:`Composer Installation Adding CodeIgniter4 to an Existing Project Upgrading <adding-codeigniter4-upgrading>`
+- :ref:`Manual Installation Upgrading <installing-manual-upgrading>`
+
+.. contents::
+    :local:
+    :depth: 2
+
+****************
+Breaking Changes
+****************
+
+Exception Changes
+=================
+
+Some classes have changed the exception classes that are thrown. Some exception
+classes have changed parent classes.
+See :ref:`ChangeLog <v460-behavior-changes-exceptions>` for details.
+
+If you have code that catches these exceptions, change the exception classes.
+
+.. _upgrade-460-time-create-from-timestamp:
+
+Time::createFromTimestamp() Timezone Change
+===========================================
+
+When you do not explicitly pass a timezone, now
+:ref:`Time::createFromTimestamp() <time-createfromtimestamp>` returns a Time
+instance with **UTC**. In v4.4.6 to prior to v4.6.0, a Time instance with the
+currently set default timezone was returned.
+
+This behavior change normalizes behavior with changes in PHP 8.4 which adds a
+new ``DateTimeInterface::createFromTimestamp()`` method.
+
+If you want to keep the default timezone, you need to pass the timezone as the
+second parameter::
+
+    use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+
+    $time = Time::createFromTimestamp(1501821586, date_default_timezone_get());
+
+.. _upgrade-460-time-keeps-microseconds:
+
+Time keeps Microseconds
+=======================
+
+In previous versions, :doc:`Time <../libraries/time>` lost microseconds in some
+cases. But the bugs have been fixed.
+
+The results of the ``Time`` comparison may differ due to these fixes:
+
+.. literalinclude:: upgrade_460/006.php
+   :lines: 2-
+
+In a such case, you need to remove the microseconds:
+
+.. literalinclude:: upgrade_460/007.php
+   :lines: 2-
+
+The following cases now keeps microseconds:
+
+.. literalinclude:: upgrade_460/002.php
+   :lines: 2-
+
+.. literalinclude:: upgrade_460/003.php
+   :lines: 2-
+
+Note that ``Time`` with the current time has been holding microseconds since before.
+
+.. literalinclude:: upgrade_460/004.php
+   :lines: 2-
+
+Also, methods that returns an ``int`` still lose the microseconds.
+
+.. literalinclude:: upgrade_460/005.php
+   :lines: 2-
+
+.. _upgrade-460-time-set-timestamp:
+
+Time::setTimestamp() Behavior Fix
+=================================
+
+In previous versions, if you call ``Time::setTimestamp()`` on a Time instance with
+a timezone other than the default timezone might return a Time instance with the
+wrong date/time.
+
+This bug has been fixed, and it now behaves in the same way as ``DateTimeImmutable``:
+
+.. literalinclude:: upgrade_460/008.php
+   :lines: 2-
+
+Note that if you use the default timezone, the behavior is not changed:
+
+.. literalinclude:: upgrade_460/009.php
+   :lines: 2-
+
+.. _upgrade-460-registrars-with-dirty-hack:
+
+Registrars with Dirty Hack
+==========================
+
+To prevent Auto-Discovery of :ref:`registrars` from running twice, when a registrar
+class is loaded or instantiated, if it instantiates a Config class (which extends
+``CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig``), ``ConfigException`` will be raised.
+
+This is because if Auto-Discovery of Registrars is performed twice, duplicate
+values may be added to properties of Config classes.
+
+All registrar classes (**Config/Registrar.php** in all namespaces) must be modified
+so that they do not instantiate any Config class when loaded or instantiated.
+
+If the packages/modules you are using provide such registrar classes, the registrar
+classes in the packages/modules need to be fixed.
+
+The following is an example of code that will no longer work:
+
+.. literalinclude:: upgrade_460/001.php
+
+.. _upgrade-460-sid-change:
+
+Session ID (SID) Change
+=======================
+
+Now :doc:`../libraries/sessions` forces to use the PHP default 32 character SIDs,
+with 4 bits of entropy per character. This change is to match the behavior of
+PHP 9.
+
+In other words, the following settings are always used:
+
+.. code-block:: ini
+
+    session.sid_bits_per_character = 4
+    session.sid_length = 32
+
+In previous versions, the PHP ini settings was respected. So this change may
+change your SID length.
+
+If you cannot accept this change, customize the Session library.
+
+Interface Changes
+=================
+
+Some interface changes have been made. Classes that implement them should update
+their APIs to reflect the changes. See :ref:`ChangeLog <v460-interface-changes>`
+for details.
+
+Method Signature Changes
+========================
+
+Some method signature changes have been made. Classes that extend them should
+update their APIs to reflect the changes. See :ref:`ChangeLog <v460-method-signature-changes>`
+for details.
+
+Removed Deprecated Items
+========================
+
+Some deprecated items have been removed. If you are still using these items, or
+extending these classes, upgrade your code.
+See :ref:`ChangeLog <v460-removed-deprecated-items>` for details.
+
+*********************
+Breaking Enhancements
+*********************
+
+.. _upgrade-460-filters-changes:
+
+Filters Changes
+===============
+
+The ``Filters`` class has been changed to allow multiple runs of the same filter
+with different arguments in before or after.
+
+If you are extending ``Filters``, you will need to modify it to conform to the
+following changes:
+
+- The structure of the array properties ``$filters`` and ``$filtersClasses`` have
+  been changed.
+- The properties ``$arguments`` and ``$argumentsClass`` are no longer used.
+- ``Filters`` has been changed so that the same filter class is not instantiated
+  multiple times. If a filter class is used both before and after, the same instance
+  is used.
+
+*************
+Project Files
+*************
+
+Some files in the **project space** (root, app, public, writable) received updates. Due to
+these files being outside of the **system** scope they will not be changed without your intervention.
+
+There are some third-party CodeIgniter modules available to assist with merging changes to
+the project space: `Explore on Packagist <https://packagist.org/explore/?query=codeigniter4%20updates>`_.
+
+Content Changes
+===============
+
+The following files received significant changes (including deprecations or visual adjustments)
+and it is recommended that you merge the updated versions with your application:
+
+Config
+------
+
+- app/Config/Feature.php
+    - ``Config\Feature::$autoRoutesImproved`` has been changed to ``true``.
+    - ``Config\Feature::$strictLocaleNegotiation`` has been added.
+- app/Config/Routing.php
+    - ``Config\Routing::$translateUriToCamelCase`` has been changed to ``true``.
+- app/Config/Kint.php
+    - ``Config\Kint::$richSort`` has been removed. Kint in v6 no longer uses ``AbstractRenderer::SORT_FULL``. Leaving this property in your code will cause a runtime error due to the undefined constant.
+
+All Changes
+===========
+
+This is a list of all files in the **project space** that received changes;
+many will be simple comments or formatting that have no effect on the runtime:
+
+- app/Config/Cache.php
+- app/Config/Constants.php
+- app/Config/Database.php
+- app/Config/Feature.php
+- app/Config/Format.php
+- app/Config/Kint.php
+- app/Config/Routing.php
+- app/Config/Security.php
+- app/Views/errors/html/debug.css
+- app/Views/errors/html/error_400.php
+- preload.php
+- public/index.php
+- spark
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_460/001.php b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_460/001.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6d55ef67d336
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_460/001.php
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Shield\Config;
+
+use Config\App;
+
+class Registrar
+{
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        $config = new App(); // Bad. When this class is instantiated, Config\App will be instantiated.
+
+        // Does something.
+    }
+
+    public static function Pager(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'templates' => [
+                'module_pager' => 'MyModule\Views\Pager',
+            ],
+        ];
+    }
+
+    public static function hack(): void
+    {
+        $config = config('Cache');
+
+        // Does something.
+    }
+}
+
+Registrar::hack(); // Bad. When this class is loaded, Config\Cache will be instantiated.
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_460/002.php b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_460/002.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..91747d7b5464
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_460/002.php
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<?php
+
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+
+$time = Time::createFromFormat('Y-m-d H:i:s.u', '2024-07-09 09:13:34.654321');
+echo $time->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u');
+// Before: 2024-07-09 09:13:34.000000
+//  After: 2024-07-09 09:13:34.654321
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_460/003.php b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_460/003.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..65914ece9c7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_460/003.php
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<?php
+
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+
+$time = new Time('1 hour ago');
+echo $time->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u');
+// Before: 2024-07-26 21:05:57.000000
+//  After: 2024-07-26 21:05:57.857235
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_460/004.php b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_460/004.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..dab6489fd68b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_460/004.php
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<?php
+
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+
+$time = Time::now();
+echo $time->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u');
+// Before: 2024-07-26 21:39:32.249072
+//  After: 2024-07-26 21:39:32.249072
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_460/005.php b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_460/005.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a5e80c09b778
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_460/005.php
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<?php
+
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+
+$time1 = new Time('2024-01-01 12:00:00');
+echo $time1->getTimestamp(); // 1704110400
+
+$time2 = new Time('2024-01-01 12:00:00.654321');
+echo $time2->getTimestamp(); // 1704110400
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_460/006.php b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_460/006.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..316d802ada48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_460/006.php
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<?php
+
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+
+$time1 = new Time('2024-01-01 12:00:00.654321');
+$time2 = new Time('2024-01-01 12:00:00');
+
+$time1->equals($time2);
+// Before: true
+//  After: false
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_460/007.php b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_460/007.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d6b6e78e6c38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_460/007.php
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<?php
+
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+
+$time1 = new Time('2024-01-01 12:00:00.654321');
+$time2 = new Time('2024-01-01 12:00:00');
+
+// Removes the microseconds.
+$time1 = Time::createFromFormat(
+    'Y-m-d H:i:s',
+    $time1->format('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
+    $time1->getTimezone(),
+);
+
+$time1->equals($time2);
+// Before: true
+//  After: true
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_460/008.php b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_460/008.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5a778de09c53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_460/008.php
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<?php
+
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+
+// The Application Timezone is "UTC".
+
+// Set $time1 timezone to "America/Chicago".
+$time1 = Time::parse('2024-08-20', 'America/Chicago');
+
+// The timestamp is "2024-08-20 00:00" in "UTC".
+$stamp = strtotime('2024-08-20'); // 1724112000
+
+// But $time2 timezone is "America/Chicago".
+$time2 = $time1->setTimestamp($stamp);
+
+echo $time2->format('Y-m-d H:i:s P');
+// Before: 2024-08-20 00:00:00 -05:00
+//  After: 2024-08-19 19:00:00 -05:00
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_460/009.php b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_460/009.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f00daa0b63b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_460/009.php
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<?php
+
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+
+// The Application Timezone is "America/Chicago".
+
+// $time1 timezone is "America/Chicago".
+$time1 = Time::parse('2024-08-20');
+
+// The timestamp is "2024-08-20 00:00" in "America/Chicago".
+$stamp = strtotime('2024-08-20'); // 1724130000
+
+// $time2 timezone is also "America/Chicago".
+$time2 = $time1->setTimestamp($stamp);
+
+echo $time2->format('Y-m-d H:i:s P');
+// Before: 2024-08-20 00:00:00 -05:00
+//  After: 2024-08-20 00:00:00 -05:00
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_461.rst b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_461.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c100b676c6b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_461.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#############################
+Upgrading from 4.6.0 to 4.6.1
+#############################
+
+Please refer to the upgrade instructions corresponding to your installation method.
+
+- :ref:`Composer Installation App Starter Upgrading <app-starter-upgrading>`
+- :ref:`Composer Installation Adding CodeIgniter4 to an Existing Project Upgrading <adding-codeigniter4-upgrading>`
+- :ref:`Manual Installation Upgrading <installing-manual-upgrading>`
+
+.. contents::
+    :local:
+    :depth: 2
+
+*************
+Project Files
+*************
+
+Some files in the **project space** (root, app, public, writable) received updates. Due to
+these files being outside of the **system** scope they will not be changed without your intervention.
+
+.. note:: There are some third-party CodeIgniter modules available to assist
+    with merging changes to the project space:
+    `Explore on Packagist <https://packagist.org/explore/?query=codeigniter4%20updates>`_.
+
+Content Changes
+===============
+
+The following files received significant changes (including deprecations or visual adjustments)
+and it is recommended that you merge the updated versions with your application:
+
+Config
+------
+
+- app/Config/Mimes.php
+    - ``Config\Mimes::$mimes`` has been updated to include the ``application/octet-stream`` and
+        ``model/stl`` MIME types for the ``.stl`` file extension.
+
+All Changes
+===========
+
+This is a list of all files in the **project space** that received changes;
+many will be simple comments or formatting that have no effect on the runtime:
+
+- app/Config/Autoload.php
+- app/Config/Cache.php
+- app/Config/DocTypes.php
+- app/Config/Mimes.php
+- app/Config/Modules.php
+- app/Config/Optimize.php
+- app/Config/Paths.php
+- app/Views/errors/html/debug.css
+- preload.php
+- public/index.php
+- spark
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_462.rst b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_462.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6604a65e27b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_462.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#############################
+Upgrading from 4.6.1 to 4.6.2
+#############################
+
+Please refer to the upgrade instructions corresponding to your installation method.
+
+- :ref:`Composer Installation App Starter Upgrading <app-starter-upgrading>`
+- :ref:`Composer Installation Adding CodeIgniter4 to an Existing Project Upgrading <adding-codeigniter4-upgrading>`
+- :ref:`Manual Installation Upgrading <installing-manual-upgrading>`
+
+.. contents::
+    :local:
+    :depth: 2
+
+*************
+Project Files
+*************
+
+Some files in the **project space** (root, app, public, writable) received updates. Due to
+these files being outside of the **system** scope they will not be changed without your intervention.
+
+.. note:: There are some third-party CodeIgniter modules available to assist
+    with merging changes to the project space:
+    `Explore on Packagist <https://packagist.org/explore/?query=codeigniter4%20updates>`_.
+
+Content Changes
+===============
+
+The following files received significant changes (including deprecations or visual adjustments)
+and it is recommended that you merge the updated versions with your application:
+
+Config
+------
+
+- app/Config/Autoload.php
+- app/Config/Cache.php
+- app/Config/Cookie.php
+- app/Config/DocTypes.php
+- app/Config/Logger.php
+- app/Config/Mimes.php
+- app/Config/Modules.php
+- app/Config/Optimize.php
+- app/Config/Paths.php
+
+All Changes
+===========
+
+This is a list of all files in the **project space** that received changes;
+many will be simple comments or formatting that have no effect on the runtime:
+
+- app/Config/Autoload.php
+- app/Config/Cache.php
+- app/Config/Cookie.php
+- app/Config/DocTypes.php
+- app/Config/Logger.php
+- app/Config/Mimes.php
+- app/Config/Modules.php
+- app/Config/Optimize.php
+- app/Config/Paths.php
+- app/Views/errors/html/debug.css
+- app/Views/errors/html/error_exception.php
+- preload.php
+- public/index.php
+- spark
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_463.rst b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_463.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..cbadc5ee89b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_463.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#############################
+Upgrading from 4.6.2 to 4.6.3
+#############################
+
+Please refer to the upgrade instructions corresponding to your installation method.
+
+- :ref:`Composer Installation App Starter Upgrading <app-starter-upgrading>`
+- :ref:`Composer Installation Adding CodeIgniter4 to an Existing Project Upgrading <adding-codeigniter4-upgrading>`
+- :ref:`Manual Installation Upgrading <installing-manual-upgrading>`
+
+.. contents::
+    :local:
+    :depth: 2
+
+*************
+Project Files
+*************
+
+Some files in the **project space** (root, app, public, writable) received updates. Due to
+these files being outside of the **system** scope they will not be changed without your intervention.
+
+.. note:: There are some third-party CodeIgniter modules available to assist
+    with merging changes to the project space:
+    `Explore on Packagist <https://packagist.org/explore/?query=codeigniter4%20updates>`_.
+
+Content Changes
+===============
+
+The following files received significant changes (including deprecations or visual adjustments)
+and it is recommended that you merge the updated versions with your application:
+
+Config
+------
+
+- app/Config/Filters.php
+
+All Changes
+===========
+
+This is a list of all files in the **project space** that received changes;
+many will be simple comments or formatting that have no effect on the runtime:
+
+- app/Config/Filters.php
+- preload.php
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_464.rst b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_464.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4eb21db37f9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_464.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+#############################
+Upgrading from 4.6.3 to 4.6.4
+#############################
+
+Please refer to the upgrade instructions corresponding to your installation method.
+
+- :ref:`Composer Installation App Starter Upgrading <app-starter-upgrading>`
+- :ref:`Composer Installation Adding CodeIgniter4 to an Existing Project Upgrading <adding-codeigniter4-upgrading>`
+- :ref:`Manual Installation Upgrading <installing-manual-upgrading>`
+
+.. contents::
+    :local:
+    :depth: 2
+
+*************
+Project Files
+*************
+
+Some files in the **project space** (root, app, public, writable) received updates. Due to
+these files being outside of the **system** scope they will not be changed without your intervention.
+
+.. note:: There are some third-party CodeIgniter modules available to assist
+    with merging changes to the project space:
+    `Explore on Packagist <https://packagist.org/explore/?query=codeigniter4%20updates>`_.
+
+Content Changes
+===============
+
+The following files received significant changes (including deprecations or visual adjustments)
+and it is recommended that you merge the updated versions with your application:
+
+Config
+------
+
+- app/Config/Database.php
+    - Added the ``synchronous`` key for ``Config\Database::$tests``.
+
+All Changes
+===========
+
+This is a list of all files in the **project space** that received changes;
+many will be simple comments or formatting that have no effect on the runtime:
+
+- app/Config/Database.php
+- app/Controllers/BaseController.php
+- preload.php
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_465.rst b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_465.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..abf6d7ca5b47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_465.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#############################
+Upgrading from 4.6.4 to 4.6.5
+#############################
+
+Please refer to the upgrade instructions corresponding to your installation method.
+
+- :ref:`Composer Installation App Starter Upgrading <app-starter-upgrading>`
+- :ref:`Composer Installation Adding CodeIgniter4 to an Existing Project Upgrading <adding-codeigniter4-upgrading>`
+- :ref:`Manual Installation Upgrading <installing-manual-upgrading>`
+
+.. contents::
+    :local:
+    :depth: 2
+
+**********************
+Mandatory File Changes
+**********************
+
+****************
+Breaking Changes
+****************
+
+*********************
+Breaking Enhancements
+*********************
+
+*************
+Project Files
+*************
+
+Some files in the **project space** (root, app, public, writable) received updates. Due to
+these files being outside of the **system** scope they will not be changed without your intervention.
+
+.. note:: There are some third-party CodeIgniter modules available to assist
+    with merging changes to the project space:
+    `Explore on Packagist <https://packagist.org/explore/?query=codeigniter4%20updates>`_.
+
+Content Changes
+===============
+
+The following files received significant changes (including deprecations or visual adjustments)
+and it is recommended that you merge the updated versions with your application:
+
+Config
+------
+
+- @TODO
+
+All Changes
+===========
+
+This is a list of all files in the **project space** that received changes;
+many will be simple comments or formatting that have no effect on the runtime:
+
+- @TODO
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrading.rst b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrading.rst
index 0b489abb9101..2f37b8bfb9f9 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrading.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrading.rst
@@ -16,6 +16,14 @@ See also :doc:`./backward_compatibility_notes`.
 
     backward_compatibility_notes
 
+    upgrade_465
+    upgrade_464
+    upgrade_463
+    upgrade_462
+    upgrade_461
+    upgrade_460
+    upgrade_458
+    upgrade_457
     upgrade_456
     upgrade_455
     upgrade_454
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/intro/requirements.rst b/user_guide_src/source/intro/requirements.rst
index db01ef5fb002..c90cb9c8a7eb 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/intro/requirements.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/intro/requirements.rst
@@ -19,9 +19,16 @@ PHP and Required Extensions
 .. warning::
     - The end of life date for PHP 7.4 was November 28, 2022.
     - The end of life date for PHP 8.0 was November 26, 2023.
-    - If you are still using PHP 7.4 or 8.0, you should upgrade immediately.
+    - **If you are still using PHP 7.4 or 8.0, you should upgrade immediately.**
     - The end of life date for PHP 8.1 will be December 31, 2025.
 
+.. note::
+    - PHP 8.4 requires CodeIgniter 4.6.0 or later.
+    - PHP 8.3 requires CodeIgniter 4.4.4 or later.
+    - PHP 8.2 requires CodeIgniter 4.2.11 or later.
+    - PHP 8.1 requires CodeIgniter 4.1.6 or later.
+    - **Note that we only maintain the latest version.**
+
 ***********************
 Optional PHP Extensions
 ***********************
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies.rst b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies.rst
index c6ac80706829..00239b0911f7 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies.rst
@@ -228,9 +228,7 @@ the instance with the modified instance.
 Dispatching Cookies in Store
 ============================
 
-.. deprecated:: 4.1.6
-
-.. important:: This method is deprecated. It will be removed in future releases.
+.. important:: This method was deprecated as of version 4.1.6 and was removed in 4.6.0.
 
 More often than not, you do not need to concern yourself in manually sending cookies. CodeIgniter will do this
 for you. However, if you really need to manually send cookies, you can use the ``dispatch`` method. Just like
@@ -369,9 +367,7 @@ Class Reference
 
     .. php:method:: withNeverExpiring()
 
-        .. deprecated:: 4.2.6
-
-        .. important:: This method is deprecated. It will be removed in future releases.
+        .. important:: This method was deprecated as of version 4.2.6 and was removed in 4.6.0.
 
         :param string $name:
         :rtype: ``Cookie``
@@ -484,6 +480,8 @@ Class Reference
 
     .. php:method:: dispatch(): void
 
+        .. important:: This method was deprecated as of version 4.1.6 and was removed in 4.6.0.
+
         :rtype: void
 
         Dispatches all cookies in store.
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/001.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/001.php
index 777e74f111f5..f415b17d827e 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/001.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/001.php
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
         'httponly' => true,
         'raw'      => false,
         'samesite' => Cookie::SAMESITE_LAX,
-    ]
+    ],
 );
 
 // Supplying a Set-Cookie header string
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/004.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/004.php
index 7804d276b2f6..e39854766db1 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/004.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/004.php
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
         'httponly' => true,
         'raw'      => false,
         'samesite' => Cookie::SAMESITE_LAX,
-    ]
+    ],
 );
 
 $cookie->getName();             // 'remember_token'
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/013.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/013.php
index 80052c7c9218..d27b248662cd 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/013.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/013.php
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 <?php
 
-cookies()->get(); // array of Cookie objects
-
-// alternatively, you can use the display method
-cookies()->display();
+cookies()->display(); // array of Cookie objects
 
 // or even from the Response
 service('response')->getCookies();
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/017.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/017.php
index 4cc1fe4a67a6..e7efef05135a 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/017.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/017.php
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
     'f699c7fd18a8e082d0228932f3acd40e1ef5ef92efcedda32842a211d62f0aa6',
     [
         'max-age' => 3600 * 2, // Expires in 2 hours
-    ]
+    ],
 );
 
 $response->setCookie($cookie);
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/018.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/018.php
index 41dff8d6a2f5..1e6353d45387 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/018.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/018.php
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
     'f699c7fd18a8e082d0228932f3acd40e1ef5ef92efcedda32842a211d62f0aa6',
     [
         'max-age' => 3600 * 2, // Expires in 2 hours
-    ]
+    ],
 );
 
 set_cookie($cookie);
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest.rst b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest.rst
index 1e06b69cc484..49540613e1cc 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest.rst
@@ -364,6 +364,15 @@ is true:
 
 .. _curlrequest-version:
 
+force_ip_resolve
+================
+
+.. versionadded:: 4.6.0
+
+To set the HTTP handlers to use ``v4`` only ipv4 protocol or ``v6`` for ipv6 protocol:
+
+.. literalinclude:: curlrequest/036.php
+
 version
 =======
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/004.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/004.php
index 654d72d2687f..a3bd961b68f8 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/004.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/004.php
@@ -6,5 +6,5 @@
     config(App::class),
     new \CodeIgniter\HTTP\URI(),
     new \CodeIgniter\HTTP\Response(config(App::class)),
-    $options
+    $options,
 );
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/035.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/035.php
index a729f9f3be22..2b2344a1d628 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/035.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/035.php
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@
 $client->request(
     'GET',
     'http://example.com',
-    ['proxy' => 'http://localhost:3128']
+    ['proxy' => 'http://localhost:3128'],
 );
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/036.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/036.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a02787d184bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/036.php
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+<?php
+
+// Force ipv4 resolve
+$client->request('GET', '/', ['force_ip_resolve' => 'v4']); // v4 or v6
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/file_collections.rst b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/file_collections.rst
index 0e7b7b46a362..77c046005f62 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/file_collections.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/file_collections.rst
@@ -118,6 +118,18 @@ Examples:
 
 .. literalinclude:: files/015.php
 
+
+.. _file-collections-retain-multiple-patterns:
+
+retainMultiplePatterns(array $pattern, string $scope = null)
+============================================================
+
+Provides the same functionality as ``retainPattern()`` but accepts an array of patterns to retain files from all patterns.
+
+Example:
+
+.. literalinclude:: files/016.php
+
 ****************
 Retrieving Files
 ****************
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/files.rst b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/files.rst
index 1622c3345c51..df9f2f4b89dc 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/files.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/files.rst
@@ -56,14 +56,50 @@ A ``RuntimeException`` will be thrown if the file does not exist or an error occ
 getSizeByUnit()
 ===============
 
+.. deprecated:: 4.6.0
+
 Returns the size of the file default in bytes. You can pass in either ``'kb'`` or ``'mb'`` as the first parameter to get
-the results in kilobytes or megabytes, respectively:
+the results in kibibytes or mebibytes, respectively:
 
 .. literalinclude:: files/005.php
     :lines: 2-
 
 A ``RuntimeException`` will be thrown if the file does not exist or an error occurs.
 
+
+.. _file-get-size-by-binary-unit:
+
+getSizeByBinaryUnit()
+=====================
+
+.. versionadded:: 4.6.0
+
+Returns the size of the file default in bytes. You can pass in different FileSizeUnit values as the first parameter to get
+the results in kibibytes, mebibytes etc. respectively. You can pass in a precision value as the second parameter to define
+the amount of decimal places.
+
+.. literalinclude:: files/017.php
+    :lines: 4-
+
+A ``RuntimeException`` will be thrown if the file does not exist or an error occurs.
+
+
+.. _file-get-size-by-metric-unit:
+
+getSizeByMetricUnit()
+=====================
+
+.. versionadded:: 4.6.0
+
+Returns the size of the file default in bytes. You can pass in different FileSizeUnit values as the first parameter to get
+the results in kilobytes, megabytes etc. respectively. You can pass in a precision value as the second parameter to define
+the amount of decimal places.
+
+.. literalinclude:: files/018.php
+    :lines: 4-
+
+A ``RuntimeException`` will be thrown if the file does not exist or an error occurs.
+
 getMimeType()
 =============
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/files/016.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/files/016.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b40498cf5786
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/files/016.php
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+<?php
+
+$files->retainMultiplePatterns(['*.css', '*.js']); // Would keep only *.css and *.js files
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/files/017.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/files/017.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ad4d89476180
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/files/017.php
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+<?php
+
+use CodeIgniter\Files\FileSizeUnit;
+
+$bytes     = $file->getSizeByBinaryUnit(); // 256901
+$kibibytes = $file->getSizeByBinaryUnit(FileSizeUnit::KB); // 250.880
+$mebibytes = $file->getSizeByBinaryUnit(FileSizeUnit::MB); // 0.245
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/files/018.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/files/018.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..07521b4bbe1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/files/018.php
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+<?php
+
+use CodeIgniter\Files\FileSizeUnit;
+
+$bytes     = $file->getSizeByMetricUnit(); // 256901
+$kilobytes = $file->getSizeByMetricUnit(FileSizeUnit::KB); // 256.901
+$megabytes = $file->getSizeByMetricUnit(FileSizeUnit::MB); // 0.256
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination.rst b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination.rst
index ed5567372324..f718bab28fc6 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination.rst
@@ -340,3 +340,30 @@ getPageCount()
 --------------
 
 This method returns total number of pages.
+
+.. _displaying-the-number-of-items-on-the-page:
+
+Displaying the Number of Items on the Page
+==========================================
+
+.. versionadded:: 4.6.0
+
+When paginating items, it’s often helpful to display the total number of items and the range of items shown on the current page. To simplify this task, new methods have been added. These methods make it easier to manage and display pagination details. Here's an example:
+
+.. literalinclude:: pagination/019.php
+
+getTotal()
+----------
+Returns the total items of the page.
+
+getPerPage()
+------------
+Returns the number of items to be displayed on the page.
+
+getPerPageStart()
+-----------------
+Returns the number of items the page starts with.
+
+getPerPageEnd()
+---------------
+Returns the number of items the page ends with.
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination/019.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination/019.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..91c514948111
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination/019.php
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+<?php $pager->setSurroundCount(1) ?>
+
+<p>
+    Showing <span class="font-medium"><?= $pager->getPerPageStart() ?></span>
+    to <span class="font-medium"><?= $pager->getPerPageEnd() ?></span>
+    of <span class="font-medium"><?= $pager->getTotal() ?></span> results
+</p>
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher.rst b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher.rst
index 99531eacca5b..69b5df6c9f0c 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher.rst
@@ -75,6 +75,31 @@ Most of the time you will not need to handle your own discovery, just use the pr
 By default on your class extension ``publish()`` will add all files from your ``$source`` and merge them
 out to your destination, overwriting on collision.
 
+.. _discovery-in-a-specific-namespace:
+
+Discovery in a specific namespace
+---------------------------------
+
+.. versionadded:: 4.6.0
+
+Since v4.6.0, you can also scan a specific namespace. This not only reduces the number of files to be scanned,
+but also avoids the need to rerun a Publisher. All you need to do is specify the desired root namespace in the
+second parameter of the ``discover()`` method.
+
+.. literalinclude:: publisher/016.php
+
+The specified namespace must be known to CodeIgniter. You can check the list of all namespaces using the "spark namespaces" command:
+
+.. code-block:: console
+
+    php spark namespaces
+
+The "publish" command also offers the ``--namespace`` option to define the namespace when searching for Publishers that might come from a library.
+
+.. code-block:: console
+
+    php spark publish --namespace Namespace\Vendor\Package
+
 Security
 ========
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher/005.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher/005.php
index d369073dd6df..8984c56f0011 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher/005.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher/005.php
@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@
     $result = $publisher->publish();
 
     if ($result === false) {
-        CLI::error(get_class($publisher) . ' failed to publish!', 'red');
+        CLI::error($publisher::class . ' failed to publish!', 'red');
     }
 }
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher/013.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher/013.php
index a48935497f5e..a4838c99bfee 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher/013.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher/013.php
@@ -12,5 +12,5 @@
     [
         'use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;' . "\n" => '',
         'class App extends BaseConfig'              => 'class App extends \Some\Package\SomeConfig',
-    ]
+    ],
 );
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher/014.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher/014.php
index 06acbe1313cb..eadecf59944b 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher/014.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher/014.php
@@ -10,5 +10,5 @@
 $publisher->addLineAfter(
     $file,
     '    public int $myOwnConfig = 1000;', // Adds this line
-    'public bool $CSPEnabled = false;'     // After this line
+    'public bool $CSPEnabled = false;',     // After this line
 );
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher/015.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher/015.php
index 28cb609d4d0b..af00d5c65451 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher/015.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher/015.php
@@ -10,5 +10,5 @@
 $publisher->addLineBefore(
     $file,
     '    public int $myOwnConfig = 1000;', // Add this line
-    'public bool $CSPEnabled = false;'     // Before this line
+    'public bool $CSPEnabled = false;',     // Before this line
 );
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher/016.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher/016.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..54f2beca5701
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher/016.php
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+<?php
+
+use CodeIgniter\Publisher\Publisher;
+
+$memePublishers = Publisher::discover('Publishers', 'Namespace\Vendor\Package');
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/security.rst b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/security.rst
index 07e2e8756d18..8fc49d646b1a 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/security.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/security.rst
@@ -241,3 +241,5 @@ If it is acceptable for the user input to include relative paths, e.g., **file/i
 the second optional parameter, ``$relativePath`` to ``true``.
 
 .. literalinclude:: security/010.php
+
+This method is an alias for the ``sanitize_filename()`` function from the Security helper.
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/sessions.rst b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/sessions.rst
index 03c2bbe81fc2..d98ece664243 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/sessions.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/sessions.rst
@@ -344,6 +344,13 @@ intend to reuse that same key in the same request, you'd want to use
 
 .. literalinclude:: sessions/036.php
 
+Changing the Session Key Type
+=============================
+
+Since session data values like Flashdata and Tempdata are differentiated only by internal flags, you can change a value's type without rewriting its data.
+
+.. literalinclude:: sessions/045.php
+
 Closing a Session
 =================
 
@@ -507,7 +514,8 @@ Have it in mind though, every driver has different caveats, so be sure to
 get yourself familiar with them (below) before you make that choice.
 
 .. note:: The ArrayHandler is used during testing and stores all data within
-    a PHP array, while preventing the data from being persisted.
+    a PHP array, while preventing the data from being persisted. See
+    :doc:`Testing Sessions </testing/session_testing>`.
 
 FileHandler Driver (the default)
 ================================
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/sessions/045.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/sessions/045.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b9327e133172
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/sessions/045.php
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+<?php
+
+session()->setFlashdata('alerts', 'Operation successful!');
+
+/*
+ * Get flash value 'Operation successful!' in another controller.
+ *
+ * echo session()->getFlashdata('alerts');
+ */
+
+// You can switch the session key type from Flashdata to Tempdata like this:
+session()->markAsTempdata('alerts');
+
+// Or simply rewrite it directly
+session()->setTempdata('alerts', 'Operation successful!');
+
+/*
+ * Get temp value 'Operation successful!' in another controller.
+ *
+ * echo session()->getTempdata('alerts');
+ *
+ * But flash value will be empty 'null'.
+ *
+ * echo session()->getFlashdata('alerts');
+ */
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/time.rst b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/time.rst
index b18e56350403..17af069c8c5f 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/time.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/time.rst
@@ -122,12 +122,18 @@ and returns a ``Time`` instance, instead of DateTimeImmutable:
 createFromTimestamp()
 =====================
 
-This method takes a UNIX timestamp and, optionally, the timezone and locale, to create a new Time instance:
+This method takes a UNIX timestamp and, optionally, the timezone and locale, to
+create a new Time instance:
 
 .. literalinclude:: time/012.php
 
-.. note:: Due to a bug, prior to v4.4.6, this method returned a Time instance
-    in timezone UTC when you do not specify a timezone.
+If you do not explicitly pass a timezone, it returns a Time instance with **UTC**.
+
+.. note:: We recommend to always call ``createFromTimestamp()`` with 2 parameters
+    (i.e. explicitly pass a timezone) unless using UTC as the default timezone.
+
+.. note:: In v4.4.6 to prior to v4.6.0, this method returned a Time instance
+    with the default timezone when you do not specify a timezone.
 
 createFromInstance()
 ====================
@@ -308,6 +314,9 @@ Returns a new instance with the date set to the new timestamp:
 
 .. literalinclude:: time/030.php
 
+.. note:: Prior to v4.6.0, due to a bug, this method might return incorrect
+    date/time. See :ref:`Upgrading Guide <upgrade-460-time-set-timestamp>` for details.
+
 Modifying the Value
 ===================
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/time/030.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/time/030.php
index 1e22876e9883..5ca37d326925 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/time/030.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/time/030.php
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
 
-$time  = Time::parse('May 10, 2017', 'America/Chicago');
+// The Application Timezone is "America/Chicago".
+
+$time  = Time::parse('May 10, 2017');
 $time2 = $time->setTimestamp(strtotime('April 1, 2017'));
 
 echo $time->toDateTimeString();  // 2017-05-10 00:00:00
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/typography.rst b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/typography.rst
index 111287d0c366..9e8755ed69c5 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/typography.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/typography.rst
@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ Available static functions
 
 The following functions are available:
 
-.. php:function:: autoTypography($str[, $reduce_linebreaks = false])
+.. php:function:: autoTypography($str[, $reduceLinebreaks = false])
 
     :param    string    $str: Input string
-    :param    bool    $reduce_linebreaks: Whether to reduce multiple instances of double newlines to two
+    :param    bool    $reduceLinebreaks: Whether to reduce multiple instances of double newlines to two
     :returns:    HTML-formatted typography-safe string
     :rtype: string
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation.rst b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation.rst
index 2d3b75297ce0..9046c1ff5275 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation.rst
@@ -900,14 +900,14 @@ The following is a list of all the native rules that are available to use:
 Rule                    Parameter  Description                                   Example
 ======================= ========== ============================================= ===================================================
 alpha                   No         Fails if field has anything other than
-                                   alphabetic characters in ASCII.
+                                   alphabetic characters in ASCII or is empty.
 alpha_dash              No         Fails if field contains anything other than
                                    alphanumeric characters, underscores or
-                                   dashes in ASCII.
+                                   dashes in ASCII or is empty.
 alpha_numeric           No         Fails if field contains anything other than
-                                   alphanumeric characters in ASCII.
+                                   alphanumeric characters in ASCII or is empty.
 alpha_numeric_punct     No         Fails if field contains anything other than
-                                   alphanumeric, space, or this limited set of
+                                   alphanumeric, space, this limited set of
                                    punctuation characters: ``~`` (tilde),
                                    ``!`` (exclamation), ``#`` (number),
                                    ``$`` (dollar), ``%`` (percent),
@@ -915,11 +915,13 @@ alpha_numeric_punct     No         Fails if field contains anything other than
                                    ``*`` (asterisk), ``-`` (dash),
                                    ``_`` (underscore), ``+`` (plus),
                                    ``=`` (equals), ``|`` (vertical bar),
-                                   ``:`` (colon), ``.`` (period).
+                                   ``:`` (colon), ``.`` (period) or is empty.
 alpha_numeric_space     No         Fails if field contains anything other than
-                                   alphanumeric or space characters in ASCII.
+                                   alphanumeric or space characters in ASCII or
+                                   is empty.
 alpha_space             No         Fails if field contains anything other than
-                                   alphabetic characters or spaces in ASCII.
+                                   alphabetic characters or spaces in ASCII or
+                                   is empty.
 decimal                 No         Fails if field contains anything other than
                                    a decimal number. Also accepts a ``+`` or
                                    ``-`` sign for the number.
@@ -949,13 +951,16 @@ is_natural              No         Fails if field contains anything other than
 is_natural_no_zero      No         Fails if field contains anything other than
                                    a natural number, except zero: ``1``, ``2``,
                                    ``3``, etc.
-is_not_unique           Yes        Checks the database to see if the given value ``is_not_unique[table.field,where_field,where_value]``
+is_not_unique           Yes        Checks the database to see if the given value ``is_not_unique[table.field,where_field,where_value]`` or ``is_not_unique[dbGroup.table.field,where_field,where_value]``
                                    exists. Can ignore records by field/value to
                                    filter (currently accept only one filter).
-is_unique               Yes        Checks if this field value exists in the      ``is_unique[table.field,ignore_field,ignore_value]``
+                                   (Since v4.6.0, you can optionally pass
+                                   the dbGroup as a parameter)
+is_unique               Yes        Checks if this field value exists in the      ``is_unique[table.field,ignore_field,ignore_value]`` or ``is_unique[dbGroup.table.field,ignore_field,ignore_value]``
                                    database. Optionally set a column and value
                                    to ignore, useful when updating records to
-                                   ignore itself.
+                                   ignore itself. (Since v4.6.0, you can
+                                   optionally pass the dbGroup as a parameter)
 less_than               Yes        Fails if field is greater than or equal to    ``less_than[8]``
                                    the parameter value or not numeric.
 less_than_equal_to      Yes        Fails if field is greater than the parameter  ``less_than_equal_to[8]``
@@ -971,7 +976,9 @@ not_in_list             Yes        Fails if field is within a predetermined
 numeric                 No         Fails if field contains anything other than
                                    numeric characters.
 permit_empty            No         Allows the field to receive an empty array,
-                                   empty string, null or false.
+                                   empty string, null or false. On success, it
+                                   skips all other validation rules except for
+                                   required_with and required_without.
 regex_match             Yes        Fails if field does not match the regular     ``regex_match[/regex/]``
                                    expression.
 required                No         Fails if the field is an empty array, empty
@@ -1089,6 +1096,13 @@ max_dims                Yes         Fails if the maximum width and height of an
                                     the width, and the third is the height. Will
                                     also fail if the file cannot be determined
                                     to be an image.
+min_dims                Yes         Fails if the minimum width and height of an  ``min_dims[field_name,300,150]``
+                                    uploaded image not meet values. The first
+                                    parameter is the field name. The second is
+                                    the width, and the third is the height. Will
+                                    also fail if the file cannot be determined
+                                    to be an image. (This rule was added in
+                                    v4.6.0.)
 mime_in                 Yes         Fails if the file's mime type is not one     ``mime_in[field_name,image/png,image/jpeg]``
                                     listed in the parameters.
 ext_in                  Yes         Fails if the file's extension is not one     ``ext_in[field_name,png,jpg,gif]``
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation/023.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation/023.php
index 85fd02e5b8c7..eaea12a57c7d 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation/023.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation/023.php
@@ -12,5 +12,5 @@
         'password' => [
             'min_length' => 'Your password is too short. You want to get hacked?',
         ],
-    ]
+    ],
 );
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/license.rst b/user_guide_src/source/license.rst
index a1e9297ab0c9..07dcc9b16d1a 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/license.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/license.rst
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ The MIT License (MIT)
 #####################
 
 | Copyright (c) 2014-2019 British Columbia Institute of Technology
-| Copyright (c) 2019-2024 CodeIgniter Foundation
+| Copyright (c) 2019-present CodeIgniter Foundation
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/models/entities.rst b/user_guide_src/source/models/entities.rst
index ce5313f4115d..05afeae947b8 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/models/entities.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/models/entities.rst
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Assume you have a database table named ``users`` that has the following schema::
     password    - string
     created_at  - datetime
 
-.. important:: ``attributes`` is a reserved word for internal use. If you use it as a column name, the Entity does not work correctly.
+.. important:: ``attributes`` is a reserved word for internal use. Prior to v4.4.0, if you use it as a column name, the Entity does not work correctly.
 
 Create the Entity Class
 =======================
@@ -118,6 +118,21 @@ Using the raw version will bypass magic "getter" methods and casts. Both methods
 to specify whether returned values should be filtered by those that have changed, and a boolean final parameter to
 make the method recursive, in case of nested Entities.
 
+Hidden properties
+=================
+
+An Entity may have hidden attributes - their names start with an underscore (``_``). By default, these hidden properties
+are not included when you call ``toArray()``. However, you can still access them directly if needed.
+
+If you want hidden properties to appear in the ``toArray()`` output, you'll need to use the ``datamap`` feature - it makes
+those properties "visible".
+
+Keep in mind that the smart ``__get()`` and ``__set()`` methods (described in the next section)  ignore leading underscores
+in property names. This means that two attributes with the same name (one starting with ``_`` and one without) will both use
+the same getter and setter, so you have to choose which one to handle by default.
+
+.. literalinclude:: entities/028.php
+
 ***********************
 Handling Business Logic
 ***********************
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/models/entities/028.php b/user_guide_src/source/models/entities/028.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c45bbb8597c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/models/entities/028.php
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Entities;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Entity\Entity;
+
+class User extends Entity
+{
+    protected $datamap = [
+        '_role' => '_role',
+    ];
+
+    protected $attributes = [
+        '__secure' => 'On',
+        '_role'    => 'user',
+        'about'    => '',
+    ];
+}
+
+$user = new User(['__secure' => 'Off', 'about' => 'Hi, I am John!', '_role' => 'admin']);
+
+echo 'Secure: ' . $user->__secure;
+print_r($user->toArray());
+print_r($user->toRawArray());
+
+/**
+ * Output:
+ *
+ * Secure: Off
+ * Array
+ * (
+ *     [about] => Hi, I am John!
+ *     [_role] => admin
+ * )
+ * Array
+ * (
+ *     [__secure] => Off
+ *     [_role] => admin
+ *     [about] => Hi, I am John!
+ * )
+ */
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/models/model.rst b/user_guide_src/source/models/model.rst
index cde852039442..57fb52a024c3 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/models/model.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/models/model.rst
@@ -395,6 +395,24 @@ The datetime format is set in the ``dateFormat`` array of the
 :ref:`database configuration <database-config-explanation-of-values>` in the
 **app/Config/Database.php** file.
 
+.. note::
+    When you set ``ms`` or ``us`` as a parameter, **Model** takes care of second's
+    fractional part of the Time. But **Query Builder** does not. So you still need
+    to use the ``format()`` method when you pass the Time to Query Builder's methods
+    like ``where()``:
+
+    .. literalinclude:: model/063.php
+        :lines: 2-
+
+.. note:: Prior to v4.6.0, you cannot use ``ms`` or ``us`` as a parameter.
+    Because the second's fractional part of Time was lost due to bugs.
+
+timestamp
+---------
+
+The timezone of the ``Time`` instance created will be the default timezone
+(app's timezone), not UTC.
+
 Custom Casting
 ==============
 
@@ -469,7 +487,7 @@ Returns null or an indexed array of column values:
 
 .. literalinclude:: model/008.php
 
-``$column_name`` should be a name of single column else you will get the ``DataException``.
+``$columnName`` should be a name of single column else you will get the ``DataException``.
 
 findAll()
 ---------
@@ -998,9 +1016,9 @@ beforeFind        The name of the calling **method**, whether a **singleton** wa
 - ``findAll()``   **limit** = the number of rows to find.
                   **offset** = the number of rows to skip during the search.
 afterFind         Same as **beforeFind** but including the resulting row(s) of data, or null if no result found.
-beforeDelete      **id** = primary key of row being passed to the ``delete()`` method.
+beforeDelete      **id** = an array of primary key rows being passed to the ``delete()`` method.
                   **purge** = boolean whether soft-delete rows should be hard deleted.
-afterDelete       **id** = primary key of row being passed to the ``delete()`` method.
+afterDelete       **id** = an array of primary key rows being passed to the ``delete()`` method.
                   **purge** = boolean whether soft-delete rows should be hard deleted.
                   **result** = the result of the ``delete()`` call on the Query Builder.
                   **data** = unused.
@@ -1014,6 +1032,15 @@ afterUpdateBatch  **data** = the key/value pairs being updated.
                   **result** = the results of the ``updateBatch()`` method used through the Query Builder.
 ================= =========================================================================================================
 
+.. note:: When using the ``paginate()`` method in combination with the ``beforeFind`` event to modify the query,
+   the results may not behave as expected.
+
+   This is because the ``beforeFind`` event only affects the actual retrieval of the results (``findAll()``),
+   but **not** the query used to count the total number of rows for pagination.
+
+   As a result, the total row count used for generating pagination links may not reflect the modified query conditions,
+   leading to inconsistencies in pagination.
+
 Modifying Find* Data
 ====================
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/models/model/006.php b/user_guide_src/source/models/model/006.php
index c4440cf78e59..12f1364bdd28 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/models/model/006.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/models/model/006.php
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 <?php
 
-$user = $userModel->find($user_id);
+$user = $userModel->find($userId);
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/models/model/008.php b/user_guide_src/source/models/model/008.php
index 981f887120e3..1b7b52fe25ff 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/models/model/008.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/models/model/008.php
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 <?php
 
-$user = $userModel->findColumn($column_name);
+$user = $userModel->findColumn($columnName);
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/models/model/046.php b/user_guide_src/source/models/model/046.php
index 13b84dc5d71c..909db8e9594d 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/models/model/046.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/models/model/046.php
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 <?php
 
-$user_name = $userModel->escape($name);
+$userName = $userModel->escape($name);
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/models/model/058.php b/user_guide_src/source/models/model/058.php
index 35ba857fd04e..b30d216fc688 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/models/model/058.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/models/model/058.php
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class CastBase64 extends BaseCast
     public static function get(
         mixed $value,
         array $params = [],
-        ?object $helper = null
+        ?object $helper = null,
     ): string {
         if (! is_string($value)) {
             self::invalidTypeValueError($value);
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ public static function get(
     public static function set(
         mixed $value,
         array $params = [],
-        ?object $helper = null
+        ?object $helper = null,
     ): string {
         if (! is_string($value)) {
             self::invalidTypeValueError($value);
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/models/model/060.php b/user_guide_src/source/models/model/060.php
index 7405f894d48b..b0c9107d7930 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/models/model/060.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/models/model/060.php
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ class CastBase64 extends BaseCast
     public static function get(
         mixed $value,
         array $params = [],
-        ?object $helper = null
+        ?object $helper = null,
     ): string {
         if (! is_string($value)) {
             self::invalidTypeValueError($value);
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/models/model/062.php b/user_guide_src/source/models/model/062.php
index ebf86828edbc..5a3496b6aae3 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/models/model/062.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/models/model/062.php
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ class SomeHandler extends BaseCast
     public static function get(
         mixed $value,
         array $params = [],
-        ?object $helper = null
+        ?object $helper = null,
     ): mixed {
         var_dump($params);
         /*
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/models/model/063.php b/user_guide_src/source/models/model/063.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..cc75d0648421
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/models/model/063.php
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<?php
+
+$model = model('SomeModel');
+
+$now = \CodeIgniter\I18n\Time::now();
+
+// The following code passes the microseconds to Query Builder.
+$model->where('my_dt_field', $now->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u'))->findAll();
+// Generates: SELECT * FROM `my_table` WHERE `my_dt_field` = '2024-07-28 18:57:58.900326'
+
+// But the following code loses the microseconds.
+$model->where('my_dt_field', $now)->findAll();
+// Generates: SELECT * FROM `my_table` WHERE `my_dt_field` = '2024-07-28 18:57:58'
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/api_responses.rst b/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/api_responses.rst
index 8b5564aa1e98..74ed2399a518 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/api_responses.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/api_responses.rst
@@ -116,8 +116,12 @@ Class Reference
     response status. Not every client will respect the custom codes, though, and will use the IANA standards
     that match the status code.
 
-    The response is an array with two elements: ``error`` and ``messages``. The ``error`` element contains the status
-    code of the error. The ``messages`` element contains an array of error messages. It would look something like:
+    The response is an array with three elements: ``status``, ``code``, and ``messages``.
+    - The ``status`` element contains the status code of the error.
+    - The ``code`` element contains a custom, API-specific error code.
+    - The ``messages`` element contains an array of error messages.
+
+    Depending on the number of error messages, the response would look something like:
 
     .. literalinclude:: api_responses/006.php
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/api_responses/006.php b/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/api_responses/006.php
index 3c910d6566b5..854473a9657d 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/api_responses/006.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/api_responses/006.php
@@ -1,10 +1,20 @@
 <?php
 
+// Example response with a single error message
+$response = [
+    'status'   => 400,
+    'code'     => '321',
+    'messages' => [
+        'error' => 'An error occurred',
+    ],
+];
+
+// Example response with multiple error messages per field
 $response = [
     'status'   => 400,
     'code'     => '321a',
     'messages' => [
-        'Error message 1',
-        'Error message 2',
+        'foo' => 'Error message 1',
+        'bar' => 'Error message 2',
     ],
 ];
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/localization.rst b/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/localization.rst
index c5fba00adbc5..4d9facce4bfa 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/localization.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/localization.rst
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ In this example, if the user tried to visit **http://example.com/fr/books**, the
 set to ``fr``, assuming it was configured as a valid locale.
 
 If the value doesn't match a valid locale as defined in ``$supportedLocales`` in **app/Config/App.php**, the default
-locale will be used in it's place, unless you set to use only the supported locales defined in the App configuration
+locale will be used in its place, unless you set to use only the supported locales defined in the App configuration
 file:
 
 .. literalinclude:: localization/018.php
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ the :doc:`../incoming/incomingrequest`:
     :lines: 2-
 
 Before setting the locale, you must set valid locales. Because any attempt to
-set a locale that are not valid will result in
+set a locale that is not valid will result in
 the :ref:`default locale <setting-the-default-locale>` being set.
 
 By default, the valid locales are defined in ``Config\App::$supportedLocales``
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ Language Locale
 ---------------
 
 The ``Language`` class used in the :php:func:`lang()` function also has the current
-locale. This is set to the ``IncommingRequest`` locale during instantiating.
+locale. This is set to the ``IncomingRequest`` locale during instantiating.
 
 If you want to change the locale after instantiating the language class, use the
 ``Language::setLocale()`` method.
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ Within the file, you would return an array, where each element in the array has
 
 .. note:: You cannot use dots (``.``) at the beginning and end of language keys.
 
-It also support nested definition:
+It also supports nested definition:
 
 .. literalinclude:: localization/008.php
 
@@ -366,3 +366,29 @@ Detailed information can be found by running the command:
 .. code-block:: console
 
     php spark lang:find --help
+
+.. _sync-translations-command:
+
+Synchronization Translation Files via Command
+---------------------------------------------
+
+.. versionadded:: 4.6.0
+
+You may need to create files for another language when you've finished translating for the current language. You can use the spark ``lang:find`` command to help with this. However, it might not detect all translations, particularly those with dynamically set parameters like ``lang('App.status.' . $key, ['payload' => 'John'], 'en')``.
+
+To ensure no translations are missed, it's best to copy the completed language files and translate them manually. This approach preserves any unique keys the command might have overlooked.
+
+All you need to do is execute:
+
+.. code-block:: console
+
+    // Specify the locale for new/updated translations
+    php spark lang:sync --target ru
+
+    // or set the original locale
+    php spark lang:sync --locale en --target ru
+
+As a result, you will receive files with the translation keys.
+If there were duplicate keys in the target locale, they are saved.
+
+.. warning:: Non-matching keys in new translations are deleted!
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/response.rst b/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/response.rst
index c23b44b700fa..034eca9289b6 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/response.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/response.rst
@@ -57,6 +57,10 @@ which can be either a string or an array of values that will be combined correct
 Using these functions instead of using the native PHP functions allows you to ensure that no headers are sent
 prematurely, causing errors, and makes testing possible.
 
+.. important:: Since v4.6.0, if you set a header using PHP's native ``header()``
+    function and then use the ``Response`` class to set the same header, the
+    previous one will be overwritten.
+
 .. note:: This method just sets headers to the response instance. So, if you create
     and return another response instance (e.g., if you call :php:func:`redirect()`),
     the headers set here will not be sent automatically.
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_cells.rst b/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_cells.rst
index e01bdcd53343..a55aa719e737 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_cells.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_cells.rst
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ You can also create a controlled cell via a built in command from the CLI. The c
 Using a Different View
 ======================
 
-You can specify a custom view name by setting the ``view`` property in the class. The view will be located like any view would be normally:
+You can specify a custom view filepath by setting the ``view`` property in the class. The view will be located like any view would be normally:
 
 .. literalinclude:: view_cells/011.php
 
@@ -145,16 +145,19 @@ If you need to perform additional logic for one or more properties you can use c
 
 .. important:: You can't set properties that are declared as private during cell
     initialization.
+    Calling ``getDataProperty()`` and ``getViewProperty()`` methods are not available - they are used only for internal processes.
 
 Presentation Methods
 ====================
 
 Sometimes you need to perform additional logic for the view, but you don't want to pass it as a parameter. You can implement a method that will be called from within the cell's view itself. This can help the readability of your views:
+You may have noticed that not only method calls are allowed in the template: the entire Сell object with public properties is available.
 
 .. literalinclude:: view_cells/016.php
 
 .. literalinclude:: view_cells/017.php
 
+
 Performing Setup Logic
 ======================
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_cells/011.php b/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_cells/011.php
index 75f37da190db..cddb2f7cc31e 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_cells/011.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_cells/011.php
@@ -9,5 +9,5 @@ class AlertMessageCell extends Cell
     public $type;
     public $message;
 
-    protected string $view = 'my/custom/view';
+    protected string $view = APPPATH . 'Views/cells/alerts.php';
 }
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_cells/019.php b/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_cells/019.php
index db1b12b56b54..cb7d231b5346 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_cells/019.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_cells/019.php
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ public function mount(?int $categoryId): void
         $this->posts = model('PostModel')
             ->when(
                 $categoryId,
-                static fn ($query, $categoryId) => $query->where('category_id', $categoryId)
+                static fn ($query, $categoryId) => $query->where('category_id', $categoryId),
             )
             ->orderBy('created_at', 'DESC')
             ->findAll(10);
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_layouts.rst b/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_layouts.rst
index 6e6c672710fd..7173381342c0 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_layouts.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_layouts.rst
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ The ``extend()`` method takes the name of any view file that you wish to use. Si
 be located just like a view. By default, it will look in the application's View directory, but will also scan
 other PSR-4 defined namespaces. You can include a namespace to locate the view in particular namespace View directory::
 
-    <?= $this->extend('Blog\Views\default') ?>
+    <?= $this->extend('Blog\default') ?>
 
 All content within a view that extends a layout must be included within ``section($name)`` and ``endSection()`` method calls.
 Any content between these calls will be inserted into the layout wherever the ``renderSection($name)`` call that
@@ -122,3 +122,15 @@ view to view. When using view layouts you must use ``$this->include()`` to inclu
 
 When calling the ``include()`` method, you can pass it all of the same options that can when rendering a normal view, including
 cache directives, etc.
+
+*********************
+Assign Data to Layers
+*********************
+
+You can pass additional variables to your templates, just like for ``view()``. If you don't use the ``saveData = false`` flag anywhere
+in the templates, then the data will be inherited for each block.
+
+.. note:: When using a loop, passing new variables is required.
+
+.. literalinclude:: view_layouts/002.php
+
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_layouts/002.php b/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_layouts/002.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..64d8afe6aa56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_layouts/002.php
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<?= $this->setVar('title', 'Homepage')->extend('default') ?>
+
+<?= $this->setVar('hideNavbar', true)->section('content') ?>
+    <h1>Items List</h1>
+    <?php foreach ($items as $item): ?>
+    <?= $this->setData(['item' => $item])->include('item_card') ?>
+    <?php endforeach ?>
+<?= $this->endSection() ?>
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_parser.rst b/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_parser.rst
index dc2a702fe000..ad3e6bf5103c 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_parser.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_parser.rst
@@ -464,23 +464,23 @@ Provided Plugins
 
 The following plugins are available when using the parser:
 
-================== ========================= ============================================ ================================================================
+================== ========================= ============================================ ===================================================================
 Plugin             Arguments                 Description                                    Example
-================== ========================= ============================================ ================================================================
-current_url                                  Alias for the current_url helper function.   {+ current_url +}
-previous_url                                 Alias for the previous_url helper function.  {+ previous_url +}
-siteURL                                      Alias for the site_url helper function.      {+ siteURL "login" +}
-mailto             email, title, attributes  Alias for the mailto helper function.        {+ mailto email=foo@example.com title="Stranger Things" +}
-safe_mailto        email, title, attributes  Alias for the safe_mailto helper function.   {+ safe_mailto email=foo@example.com title="Stranger Things" +}
-lang               language string           Alias for the lang helper function.          {+ lang number.terabyteAbbr +}
-validation_errors  fieldname(optional)       Returns either error string for the field    {+ validation_errors +} , {+ validation_errors field="email" +}
+================== ========================= ============================================ ===================================================================
+current_url                                  Alias for the current_url helper function.   ``{+ current_url +}``
+previous_url                                 Alias for the previous_url helper function.  ``{+ previous_url +}``
+siteURL                                      Alias for the site_url helper function.      ``{+ siteURL "login" +}``
+mailto             email, title, attributes  Alias for the mailto helper function.        ``{+ mailto email=foo@example.com title="Stranger Things" +}``
+safe_mailto        email, title, attributes  Alias for the safe_mailto helper function.   ``{+ safe_mailto email=foo@example.com title="Stranger Things" +}``
+lang               language string           Alias for the lang helper function.          ``{+ lang number.terabyteAbbr +}``
+validation_errors  fieldname(optional)       Returns either error string for the field    ``{+ validation_errors +} , {+ validation_errors field="email" +}``
                                              (if specified) or all validation errors.
-route              route name                Alias for the route_to helper function.      {+ route "login" +}
-csp_script_nonce                             Alias for the csp_script_nonce helper        {+ csp_script_nonce +}
+route              route name                Alias for the route_to helper function.      ``{+ route "login" +}``
+csp_script_nonce                             Alias for the csp_script_nonce helper        ``{+ csp_script_nonce +}``
                                              function.
-csp_style_nonce                              Alias for the csp_style_nonce helper         {+ csp_style_nonce +}
+csp_style_nonce                              Alias for the csp_style_nonce helper         ``{+ csp_style_nonce +}``
                                              function.
-================== ========================= ============================================ ================================================================
+================== ========================= ============================================ ===================================================================
 
 Registering a Plugin
 --------------------
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/views.rst b/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/views.rst
index c08a3e61f97f..2b73def3e485 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/views.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/views.rst
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ When doing so you will need to include the directory name loading the view. Exam
 Namespaced Views
 ================
 
-You can store views under a **View** directory that is namespaced, and load that view as if it was namespaced. While
+You can store views under a **Views** directory that is namespaced, and load that view as if it was namespaced. While
 PHP does not support loading non-class files from a namespace, CodeIgniter provides this feature to make it possible
 to package your views together in a module-like fashion for easy re-use or distribution.
 
@@ -99,7 +99,8 @@ If you have **example/blog** directory that has a PSR-4 mapping set up in the :d
 under the namespace ``Example\Blog``, you could retrieve view files as if they were namespaced also.
 
 Following this
-example, you could load the **blog_view.php** file from **example/blog/Views** by prepending the namespace to the view name:
+example, you could load the **blog_view.php** file from **example/blog/Views** by prepending the namespace to the view name
+(specifying the end directory ``Views`` as in ``Example\Blog\Views\`` is not required):
 
 .. literalinclude:: views/005.php
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/views/005.php b/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/views/005.php
index e9ad6a75d7b5..45d762f74dc8 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/views/005.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/views/005.php
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 <?php
 
-return view('Example\Blog\Views\blog_view');
+return view('Example\Blog\blog_view');
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/testing/controllers.rst b/user_guide_src/source/testing/controllers.rst
index 8f38f68c4e3d..d8682e6b9cc5 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/testing/controllers.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/testing/controllers.rst
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ Allows you to provide a **Logger** instance:
 If you do not provide one, a new Logger instance with the default configuration values will be passed
 into your controller.
 
-withURI(string $uri)
+withUri(string $uri)
 --------------------
 
 Allows you to provide a new URI that simulates the URL the client was visiting when this controller was run.
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/testing/controllers/002.php b/user_guide_src/source/testing/controllers/002.php
index 13701910f5e8..f84b1e03aba2 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/testing/controllers/002.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/testing/controllers/002.php
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class ForumControllerTest extends CIUnitTestCase
 
     public function testShowCategories()
     {
-        $result = $this->withURI('http://example.com/categories')
+        $result = $this->withUri('http://example.com/categories')
             ->controller(ForumController::class)
             ->execute('showCategories');
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/testing/controllers/006.php b/user_guide_src/source/testing/controllers/006.php
index 5e101f1bbfbb..17d532269e78 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/testing/controllers/006.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/testing/controllers/006.php
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
     new \Config\App(),
     new \CodeIgniter\HTTP\URI('http://example.com'),
     null,
-    new \CodeIgniter\HTTP\UserAgent()
+    new \CodeIgniter\HTTP\UserAgent(),
 );
 
 $request->setLocale($locale);
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/testing/controllers/009.php b/user_guide_src/source/testing/controllers/009.php
index 711d947b4267..710402481076 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/testing/controllers/009.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/testing/controllers/009.php
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <?php
 
-$results = $this->withURI('http://example.com/forums/categories')
+$results = $this->withUri('http://example.com/forums/categories')
     ->controller(\App\Controllers\ForumController::class)
     ->execute('showCategories');
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/testing/feature.rst b/user_guide_src/source/testing/feature.rst
index 00100f8a7885..67337fa0464c 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/testing/feature.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/testing/feature.rst
@@ -63,6 +63,8 @@ override any existing routes in the system:
 Each of the "routes" is a 3 element array containing the HTTP verb (or "add" for all),
 the URI to match, and the routing destination.
 
+.. _feature-setting-session-values:
+
 Setting Session Values
 ----------------------
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/testing/index.rst b/user_guide_src/source/testing/index.rst
index b6a71055698c..866ef30f5b6f 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/testing/index.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/testing/index.rst
@@ -1,20 +1,21 @@
-#######
-Testing
-#######
-
-CodeIgniter ships with a number of tools to help you test and debug your application thoroughly.
-The following sections should get you quickly testing your applications.
-
-.. toctree::
-    :titlesonly:
-
-    Getting Started <overview>
-    Database <database>
-    Generating Data <fabricator>
-    Controller Testing <controllers>
-    HTTP Testing <feature>
-    response
-    cli
-    Mocking <mocking>
-    benchmark
-    debugging
+#######
+Testing
+#######
+
+CodeIgniter ships with a number of tools to help you test and debug your application thoroughly.
+The following sections should get you quickly testing your applications.
+
+.. toctree::
+    :titlesonly:
+
+    Getting Started <overview>
+    Database <database>
+    Generating Data <fabricator>
+    Controller Testing <controllers>
+    HTTP Testing <feature>
+    response
+    cli
+    Mocking <mocking>
+    benchmark
+    debugging
+    Session Testing <session_testing>
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/testing/overview/013.php b/user_guide_src/source/testing/overview/013.php
index bca1a8513f67..3eedfa9e1144 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/testing/overview/013.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/testing/overview/013.php
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 $obj = new Foo();
 
 // Get the invoker for the 'privateMethod' method.
-$method = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($obj, 'privateMethod');
+$method = self::getPrivateMethodInvoker($obj, 'privateMethod');
 
 // Test the results
 $this->assertEquals('bar', $method('param1', 'param2'));
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/testing/response.rst b/user_guide_src/source/testing/response.rst
index 552133272a28..419df7620782 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/testing/response.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/testing/response.rst
@@ -100,6 +100,8 @@ Asserts that the HTTP status code returned matches $code.
 .. literalinclude:: response/010.php
    :lines: 2-
 
+.. _response-session-assertions:
+
 Session Assertions
 ==================
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/testing/session_testing.rst b/user_guide_src/source/testing/session_testing.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..17f787454fac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/testing/session_testing.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+###############
+Session Testing
+###############
+
+Testing session behavior in your application is made simple with the ArrayHandler session driver.
+Unlike other session drivers, ArrayHandler does not persist data to disk, database, or external storage.
+This allows you to simulate session interactions safely during unit or integration tests, without affecting real session data.
+
+Using this driver, you can set, retrieve, and assert session data entirely in memory, making your tests faster and more isolated.
+While in most production scenarios you would use file, database, or cache-backed sessions, ArrayHandler exists specifically to support testing workflows and prevent side effects.
+
+.. contents::
+   :local:
+   :depth: 2
+
+Initializing Sessions
+=====================
+
+You can initialize a session using the ArrayHandler driver for testing. This example shows how to create a session instance with a proper configuration:
+
+.. literalinclude:: session_testing/001.php
+
+Setting and Retrieving Data
+===========================
+
+Once initialized, you can set session values and retrieve them as usual:
+
+.. literalinclude:: session_testing/002.php
+
+.. note::
+
+   Session data is stored in memory and lasts as long as the ArrayHandler object exists;
+   after the object is destroyed (typically at the end of a request or test), the data is lost.
+
+Example Test Case
+=================
+
+Here's a simple example demonstrating usage of the ArrayHandler in a PHPUnit test:
+
+.. literalinclude:: session_testing/003.php
+
+Session Assertions
+==================
+
+Using PHPUnit Assertions with ArrayHandler
+------------------------------------------
+
+When testing sessions directly with Session and ArrayHandler in a unit test, use standard PHPUnit assertions. 
+``assertSessionHas()`` and ``assertSessionMissing()`` are not available in this context because you are interacting directly with the session object,
+not a response object.
+
+.. literalinclude:: session_testing/004.php
+
+Session Assertions via TestResponse
+-----------------------------------
+
+When testing controllers or HTTP responses, you can use CodeIgniter 4’s session 
+assertion helpers, such as ``assertSessionHas()`` and ``assertSessionMissing()``,
+which are available on the ``TestResponse`` object. These helpers allow you to
+assert the state of the session during the HTTP request/response lifecycle.
+See more: :ref:`Session Assertions <response-session-assertions>`
+
+Custom Session Values
+=====================
+
+In Feature Tests, you can provide custom session data for a single test using the ``withSession()`` method.
+This allows you to simulate session states such as logged-in users or specific roles during the request.
+For full details and examples, see: :ref:`Setting Session Values <feature-setting-session-values>`
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/testing/session_testing/001.php b/user_guide_src/source/testing/session_testing/001.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..01ad520b7ed0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/testing/session_testing/001.php
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<?php
+
+use CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\ArrayHandler;
+use CodeIgniter\Session\Session;
+use Config\Session as SessionConfig;
+
+// Load session config
+$config = config(SessionConfig::class);
+
+// Initialize ArrayHandler with config and optional IP
+$arrayHandler = new ArrayHandler($config, '127.0.0.1');
+
+// Create session instance for testing
+$testSession = new Session($arrayHandler, $config);
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/testing/session_testing/002.php b/user_guide_src/source/testing/session_testing/002.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..29899fb759a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/testing/session_testing/002.php
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<?php
+
+// Set session data
+$testSession->set('framework', 'CodeIgniter4');
+
+// Retrieve session data
+echo $testSession->get('framework'); // outputs 'CodeIgniter4'
+
+// Remove session data
+$testSession->remove('framework');
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/testing/session_testing/003.php b/user_guide_src/source/testing/session_testing/003.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8a9ecaf64b92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/testing/session_testing/003.php
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?php
+
+use CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\ArrayHandler;
+use CodeIgniter\Session\Session;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
+use Config\Session as SessionConfig;
+
+class SessionTest extends CIUnitTestCase
+{
+    protected Session $testSession;
+
+    protected function setUp(): void
+    {
+        parent::setUp();
+
+        // Load session configuration
+        $config = new SessionConfig();
+
+        // Initialize ArrayHandler with config
+        $arrayHandler = new ArrayHandler($config, '127.0.0.1');
+
+        // Create session instance
+        $this->testSession = new Session($arrayHandler, $config);
+    }
+
+    public function testFrameworkNameInSession(): void
+    {
+        // Set a session value
+        $this->testSession->set('framework', 'CodeIgniter');
+
+        // Assert the value exists and is correct
+        $this->assertSame('CodeIgniter', $this->testSession->get('framework'));
+
+        // Remove the session value
+        $this->testSession->remove('framework');
+        $this->assertNull($this->testSession->get('framework'));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/testing/session_testing/004.php b/user_guide_src/source/testing/session_testing/004.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ef7ab12ba472
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/testing/session_testing/004.php
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<?php
+
+// Set a session value
+$testSession->set('framework', 'CodeIgniter4');
+
+// Assert the state of the session using PHPUnit assertions
+$this->assertSame('CodeIgniter4', $testSession->get('framework')); // Value exists
+
+// Not empty
+$this->assertNotEmpty($testSession->get('framework'));
+
+// Remove the value and assert it's gone
+$testSession->remove('framework');
+
+// Should be null
+$this->assertNull($testSession->get('framework'));
diff --git a/utils/check_permission_x.php b/utils/check_permission_x.php
index 219ec5cc64e4..9922174b152d 100644
--- a/utils/check_permission_x.php
+++ b/utils/check_permission_x.php
@@ -13,16 +13,24 @@
 
 namespace Utils;
 
-require __DIR__ . '/../system/Test/bootstrap.php';
+require __DIR__ . '/../system/util_bootstrap.php';
 
 use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+use FilesystemIterator;
 use RecursiveDirectoryIterator;
 use RecursiveIteratorIterator;
 use RuntimeException;
+use SplFileInfo;
 
-function findExecutableFiles($dir)
+/**
+ * @param list<string> $excludeDirs
+ *
+ * @return list<string>
+ */
+function findExecutableFiles(string $dir, array $excludeDirs = []): array
 {
-    $execFileList = [
+    static $execFileList = [
+        '.github/scripts/deploy-userguide',
         'admin/release-userguide',
         'admin/release-deploy',
         'admin/apibot',
@@ -37,23 +45,28 @@ function findExecutableFiles($dir)
 
     $executableFiles = [];
 
-    // Check if the directory exists
     if (! is_dir($dir)) {
         throw new RuntimeException('No such directory: ' . $dir);
     }
 
-    // Create a Recursive Directory Iterator
     $iterator = new RecursiveIteratorIterator(
-        new RecursiveDirectoryIterator($dir)
+        new RecursiveDirectoryIterator($dir, FilesystemIterator::SKIP_DOTS | FilesystemIterator::CURRENT_AS_FILEINFO),
+        RecursiveIteratorIterator::CHILD_FIRST | RecursiveIteratorIterator::LEAVES_ONLY,
     );
 
-    // Iterate over each item in the directory
+    /** @var SplFileInfo $fileinfo */
     foreach ($iterator as $fileinfo) {
-        // Check if the item is a file and is executable
-        if ($fileinfo->isFile() && is_executable($fileinfo->getPathname())) {
-            $filePath = $fileinfo->getPathname();
+        $filePath = $fileinfo->getPathname();
+
+        if ($fileinfo->isFile() && is_executable($filePath)) {
+            $dirPath = dirname($filePath);
+
+            foreach ($excludeDirs as $excludeDir) {
+                if (str_contains($dirPath, $excludeDir)) {
+                    continue 2;
+                }
+            }
 
-            // Check allow list
             if (in_array($filePath, $execFileList, true)) {
                 continue;
             }
@@ -72,12 +85,13 @@ function findExecutableFiles($dir)
 // Main
 chdir(__DIR__ . '/../');
 
-$dirs = ['admin', 'app', 'system', 'tests', 'user_guide_src', 'utils', 'writable'];
+$includeDirs = ['.github', 'admin', 'app', 'public', 'system', 'tests', 'user_guide_src', 'utils', 'writable'];
+$excludeDirs = ['utils/vendor'];
 
 $executableFiles = [];
 
-foreach ($dirs as $dir) {
-    $executableFiles = array_merge($executableFiles, findExecutableFiles($dir));
+foreach ($includeDirs as $dir) {
+    $executableFiles = array_merge($executableFiles, findExecutableFiles($dir, $excludeDirs));
 }
 
 if ($executableFiles !== []) {
diff --git a/utils/check_tabs_in_rst.php b/utils/check_tabs_in_rst.php
index e99d08bf7645..69e8f92de1ee 100644
--- a/utils/check_tabs_in_rst.php
+++ b/utils/check_tabs_in_rst.php
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 namespace Utils;
 
-require __DIR__ . '/../system/Test/bootstrap.php';
+require __DIR__ . '/../system/util_bootstrap.php';
 
 use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
 
diff --git a/utils/composer.json b/utils/composer.json
index a204d68c0214..204483ec6e59 100644
--- a/utils/composer.json
+++ b/utils/composer.json
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
         "php": "^8.1",
         "codeigniter/coding-standard": "^1.7",
         "ergebnis/composer-normalize": "^2.28",
-        "friendsofphp/php-cs-fixer": "^3.63.2",
-        "nexusphp/cs-config": "^3.6",
+        "friendsofphp/php-cs-fixer": "^3.76",
+        "nexusphp/cs-config": "^3.26",
         "phpmetrics/phpmetrics": "^2.8 || ^3.0rc6",
-        "vimeo/psalm": "^5.0"
+        "vimeo/psalm": "^6.14"
     },
     "autoload": {
         "psr-4": {
diff --git a/utils/phpstan-baseline/argument.type.neon b/utils/phpstan-baseline/argument.type.neon
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..eb6ca99573e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/phpstan-baseline/argument.type.neon
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+# total 87 errors
+
+parameters:
+    ignoreErrors:
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#2 \$params of method CodeIgniter\\CLI\\BaseCommand\:\:call\(\) expects array\<int\|string, string\|null\>, array\<int\|string, int\|string\|null\> given\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/Commands/Database/MigrateRefresh.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#3 \.\.\.\$arrays of function array_map expects array, int\|string given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/BaseBuilder.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#3 \.\.\.\$arrays of function array_map expects array, int\|string given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/OCI8/Builder.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#3 \.\.\.\$arrays of function array_map expects array, int\|string given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/Postgre/Builder.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#3 \.\.\.\$arrays of function array_map expects array, int\|string given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/SQLite3/Builder.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#2 \$to of method CodeIgniter\\Router\\RouteCollection\:\:add\(\) expects array\|\(Closure\(mixed \.\.\.\)\: \(CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\ResponseInterface\|string\|void\)\)\|string, Closure\(mixed\)\: \(CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\DownloadResponse\|null\) given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#2 \$to of method CodeIgniter\\Router\\RouteCollection\:\:add\(\) expects array\|\(Closure\(mixed \.\.\.\)\: \(CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\ResponseInterface\|string\|void\)\)\|string, Closure\(mixed\)\: CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\ResponseInterface given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#2 \$to of method CodeIgniter\\Router\\RouteCollection\:\:add\(\) expects array\|\(Closure\(mixed \.\.\.\)\: \(CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\ResponseInterface\|string\|void\)\)\|string, Closure\(mixed\)\: non\-falsy\-string given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#2 \$to of method CodeIgniter\\Router\\RouteCollection\:\:add\(\) expects array\|\(Closure\(mixed \.\.\.\)\: \(CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\ResponseInterface\|string\|void\)\)\|string, Closure\(mixed\)\: void given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#2 \$mock of static method CodeIgniter\\Config\\BaseService\:\:injectMock\(\) expects object, null given\.$#'
+            count: 4
+            path: ../../tests/system/Commands/RoutesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$expected of method PHPUnit\\Framework\\Assert\:\:assertInstanceOf\(\) expects class\-string\<Config\\TestRegistrar\>, string given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#3 \$classname of static method CodeIgniter\\Config\\Factories\:\:define\(\) expects class\-string, string given\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$from of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseBuilder\:\:from\(\) expects array\|string, null given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Builder/FromTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#3 \$subject of function str_replace expects array\<string\>\|string, CodeIgniter\\Database\\ResultInterface given\.$#'
+            count: 10
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Builder/GetTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#3 \$subject of function str_replace expects array\<string\>\|string, CodeIgniter\\Database\\ResultInterface\|false given\.$#'
+            count: 6
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Builder/GetTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$fields of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\Forge\:\:addField\(\) expects array\<string, array\|string\>\|string, array\<int, string\> given\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/ForgeTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$db of class CodeIgniter\\Database\\SQLite3\\Table constructor expects CodeIgniter\\Database\\SQLite3\\Connection, CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/SQLite3/AlterTableTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$set of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseBuilder\:\:updateFields\(\) expects list\<CodeIgniter\\Database\\RawSql\|string\>\|string, array\{0\: ''country'', updated_at\: CodeIgniter\\Database\\RawSql\} given\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/UpdateTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$set of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseBuilder\:\:updateFields\(\) expects list\<CodeIgniter\\Database\\RawSql\|string\>\|string, array\{0\: ''name'', updated_at\: CodeIgniter\\Database\\RawSql\} given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/UpdateTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$set of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseBuilder\:\:updateFields\(\) expects list\<CodeIgniter\\Database\\RawSql\|string\>\|string, array\{updated_at\: CodeIgniter\\Database\\RawSql\} given\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/UpsertTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#2 \$callable of method CodeIgniter\\Debug\\Timer\:\:record\(\) expects callable\(\)\: mixed, ''strlen'' given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Debug/TimerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$value of method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Header\:\:setValue\(\) expects array\<int\|string, array\<string, string\>\|string\>\|string\|null, array\<int, int\|string\> given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/HeaderTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#2 \$value of class CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Header constructor expects array\<int\|string, array\<string, string\>\|string\>\|string\|null, int given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/HeaderTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#2 \$value of class CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Header constructor expects array\<int\|string, array\<string, string\>\|string\>\|string\|null, stdClass given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/HeaderTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#3 \$expire of method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Response\:\:setCookie\(\) expects int, string given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/ResponseSendTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$data of method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Message\:\:setBody\(\) expects string, array\<string, list\<int\>\|string\> given\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/ResponseTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#3 \$expire of method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Response\:\:setCookie\(\) expects int, string given\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/ResponseTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#4 \$scheme of class CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\SiteURI constructor expects ''http''\|''https''\|null, '''' given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURITest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#2 \$value of function form_hidden expects array\|string, null given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/FormHelperTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$num of function number_to_size expects int\|string, float given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/NumberHelperTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$request of method CodeIgniter\\CodeIgniter\:\:setRequest\(\) expects CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\CLIRequest\|CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\IncomingRequest, CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Request given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HomeTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$config of class CodeIgniter\\Filters\\Filters constructor expects Config\\Filters, object\{aliases\: array\<string, string\>, globals\: array\<string, list\<string\>\>\}&stdClass given\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Honeypot/HoneypotTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$data of method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Message\:\:setBody\(\) expects string, null given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Honeypot/HoneypotTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$image of function imagecolorat expects GdImage, resource given\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Images/GDHandlerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$image of function imagecolorsforindex expects GdImage, resource given\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Images/GDHandlerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$filename of function file_get_contents expects string, resource given\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Images/ImageMagickHandlerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#2 \$message of method CodeIgniter\\Log\\Handlers\\ChromeLoggerHandler\:\:handle\(\) expects string, stdClass given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Log/Handlers/ChromeLoggerHandlerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$row of method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:save\(\) expects array\<int\|string, bool\|float\|int\|object\|string\|null\>\|object, array\<string, array\<int, string\>\> given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/DataConverterModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$row of method CodeIgniter\\Model\:\:insert\(\) expects array\<int\|string, bool\|float\|int\|object\|string\|null\>\|object\|null, array\<string, list\<string\>\|string\> given\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/DataConverterModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#2 \$row of method CodeIgniter\\Model\:\:update\(\) expects array\<int\|string, bool\|float\|int\|object\|string\|null\>\|object\|null, array\<string, array\<int, string\>\> given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/DataConverterModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$id of method CodeIgniter\\Model\:\:update\(\) expects array\|int\|string\|null, false\|null given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$format of method CodeIgniter\\RESTful\\ResourceController\:\:setFormat\(\) expects ''json''\|''xml'', ''Nonsense'' given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$config of class CodeIgniter\\Test\\Mock\\MockSecurity constructor expects Config\\Security, CodeIgniter\\Config\\BaseConfig\|null given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionRandomizeTokenTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$request of method CodeIgniter\\CodeIgniter\:\:setRequest\(\) expects CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\CLIRequest\|CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\IncomingRequest, CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Request given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Test/FeatureTestAutoRoutingImprovedTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$request of method CodeIgniter\\CodeIgniter\:\:setRequest\(\) expects CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\CLIRequest\|CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\IncomingRequest, CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Request given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Test/FeatureTestTraitTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$body of method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Response\:\:setJSON\(\) expects array\|object\|string, false given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Test/TestResponseTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$body of method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Response\:\:setJSON\(\) expects array\|object\|string, true given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Test/TestResponseTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#3 \$errors of method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\Validation\:\:check\(\) expects list\<string\>, array\{is_numeric\: ''Nope\. Not a number\.''\} given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#2 \$context of method CodeIgniter\\View\\Parser\:\:setData\(\) expects ''attr''\|''css''\|''html''\|''js''\|''raw''\|''url''\|null, ''unknown'' given\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../tests/system/View/ParserTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$array of method CodeIgniter\\View\\Table\:\:makeColumns\(\) expects list\<string\>, ''invalid_junk'' given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/View/TableTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$connID of class CodeIgniter\\View\\DBResultDummy constructor expects mysqli, null given\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/View/TableTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#2 \$columnLimit of method CodeIgniter\\View\\Table\:\:makeColumns\(\) expects int, string given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/View/TableTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#2 \$resultID of class CodeIgniter\\View\\DBResultDummy constructor expects mysqli_result, null given\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/View/TableTest.php
diff --git a/utils/phpstan-baseline/assign.propertyType.neon b/utils/phpstan-baseline/assign.propertyType.neon
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..813993f45e10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/phpstan-baseline/assign.propertyType.neon
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+# total 28 errors
+
+parameters:
+    ignoreErrors:
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Controller\:\:\$request \(CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\CLIRequest\|CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\IncomingRequest\) does not accept CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\RequestInterface\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Controller.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Commands\\Utilities\\Routes\\FilterFinderTest\:\:\$response \(CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Response\) does not accept CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\ResponseInterface\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterFinderTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Live\\SQLite3\\AlterTableTest\:\:\$forge \(CodeIgniter\\Database\\SQLite3\\Forge\) does not accept CodeIgniter\\Database\\Forge\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/SQLite3/AlterTableTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Live\\SQLite3\\GetIndexDataTest\:\:\$db \(CodeIgniter\\Database\\SQLite3\\Connection\) does not accept CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/SQLite3/GetIndexDataTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Live\\SQLite3\\GetIndexDataTest\:\:\$forge \(CodeIgniter\\Database\\SQLite3\\Forge\) does not accept CodeIgniter\\Database\\Forge\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/SQLite3/GetIndexDataTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Filters\\CSRFTest\:\:\$response \(CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Response\|null\) does not accept CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\ResponseInterface\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Filters/CSRFTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Filters\\DebugToolbarTest\:\:\$response \(CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Response\) does not accept CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\ResponseInterface\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Filters/DebugToolbarTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Filters\\FiltersTest\:\:\$response \(CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Response\) does not accept CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\ResponseInterface\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Filters/FiltersTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Filters\\HoneypotTest\:\:\$response \(CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Response\|null\) does not accept CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\RequestInterface\|CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\ResponseInterface\|string\|null\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Filters/HoneypotTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Filters\\HoneypotTest\:\:\$response \(CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Response\|null\) does not accept CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\ResponseInterface\.$#'
+            count: 4
+            path: ../../tests/system/Filters/HoneypotTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property Config\\App\:\:\$proxyIPs \(array\<string, string\>\) does not accept array\<int, string\>\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property Config\\App\:\:\$proxyIPs \(array\<string, string\>\) does not accept string\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Helpers\\CookieHelperTest\:\:\$response \(CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Response\) does not accept CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\ResponseInterface\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/CookieHelperTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Honeypot\\HoneypotTest\:\:\$response \(CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Response\) does not accept CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\RequestInterface\|CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\ResponseInterface\|string\|null\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Honeypot/HoneypotTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Honeypot\\HoneypotTest\:\:\$response \(CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Response\) does not accept CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\ResponseInterface\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../tests/system/Honeypot/HoneypotTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property Config\\Cookie\:\:\$samesite \(''''\|''Lax''\|''None''\|''Strict''\) does not accept ''Invalid''\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Session/SessionTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Test\\ControllerTestTraitTest\:\:\$uri \(string\) does not accept CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\SiteURI\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Test/ControllerTestTraitTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\View\\ParserPluginTest\:\:\$validator \(CodeIgniter\\Validation\\Validation\) does not accept CodeIgniter\\Validation\\ValidationInterface\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/View/ParserPluginTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\View\\Table\:\:\$function \(\(callable\(\)\: mixed\)\|null\) does not accept ''ticklemyfancy''\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/View/TableTest.php
diff --git a/utils/phpstan-baseline/codeigniter.getReassignArray.neon b/utils/phpstan-baseline/codeigniter.getReassignArray.neon
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b661a9e9d7de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/phpstan-baseline/codeigniter.getReassignArray.neon
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# total 19 errors
+
+parameters:
+    ignoreErrors:
+        -
+            message: '#^Re\-assigning arrays to \$_GET directly is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../tests/system/CommonFunctionsTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Re\-assigning arrays to \$_GET directly is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Filters/InvalidCharsTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Re\-assigning arrays to \$_GET directly is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/CLIRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Re\-assigning arrays to \$_GET directly is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestDetectingTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Re\-assigning arrays to \$_GET directly is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Re\-assigning arrays to \$_GET directly is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/RedirectResponseTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Re\-assigning arrays to \$_GET directly is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/RequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Re\-assigning arrays to \$_GET directly is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Re\-assigning arrays to \$_GET directly is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Re\-assigning arrays to \$_GET directly is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Log/LoggerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Re\-assigning arrays to \$_GET directly is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/PaginateModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Re\-assigning arrays to \$_GET directly is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 5
+            path: ../../tests/system/Pager/PagerTest.php
diff --git a/utils/phpstan-baseline/codeigniter.modelArgumentType.neon b/utils/phpstan-baseline/codeigniter.modelArgumentType.neon
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0bf0d63faeb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/phpstan-baseline/codeigniter.modelArgumentType.neon
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# total 1 error
+
+parameters:
+    ignoreErrors:
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$name of function model expects a valid class string, ''CodeIgniter\\\\Shield\\\\Models\\\\UserModel'' given\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest.php
diff --git a/utils/phpstan-baseline/codeigniter.superglobalAccess.neon b/utils/phpstan-baseline/codeigniter.superglobalAccess.neon
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..00869afc1f4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/phpstan-baseline/codeigniter.superglobalAccess.neon
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+# total 68 errors
+
+parameters:
+    ignoreErrors:
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''ANSICON'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/CLI/CLI.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''NO_COLOR'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/CLI/CLI.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''encryption\.key'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Commands/Encryption/GenerateKey.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''CI_ENVIRONMENT'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../system/Commands/Utilities/Environment.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''HTTP_HOST'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Commands/Utilities/Routes.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''REMOTE_ADDR'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Common.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Common.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset string directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Common.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''CI_ENVIRONMENT'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/Config/AutoloadConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset non\-falsy\-string directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 4
+            path: ../../system/Config/BaseConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset string directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/Config/DotEnv.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''SERVER_PROTOCOL'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Config/Services.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''HTTP_USER_AGENT'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/DownloadResponse.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''HTTPS'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/IncomingRequest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''QUERY_STRING'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/IncomingRequest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''REQUEST_URI'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/IncomingRequest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''SCRIPT_NAME'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 4
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/IncomingRequest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset array\|string directly on \$_GET is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/IncomingRequest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''CONTENT_TYPE'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/Message.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset \(int\|string\) directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/Message.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/Response.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''SERVER_PROTOCOL'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/Response.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''SERVER_SOFTWARE'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/Response.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset mixed directly on \$_GET is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Pager/Pager.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Router/Router.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/Session/Session.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''app\.baseURL'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/CLI/ConsoleTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''encryption\.key'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Commands/GenerateKeyTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''foo'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/CommonFunctionsSendTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''foo'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/CommonFunctionsTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''BAR'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/DotEnvTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''FOO'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/DotEnvTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''NULL'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/DotEnvTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''SPACED'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/DotEnvTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''SimpleConfig_simple_name'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/DotEnvTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''CODEIGNITER_SCREAM_DEPRECATIONS'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Debug/ExceptionsTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''encryption\.key'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Encryption/EncryptionTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''HTTP_USER_AGENT'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/DownloadResponseTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''SERVER_SOFTWARE'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/ResponseTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''QUERY_STRING'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''HTTP_HOST'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''REQUEST_URI'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''page'' directly on \$_GET is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Pager/PagerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''page_foo'' directly on \$_GET is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Pager/PagerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Accessing offset ''CONTENT_TYPE'' directly on \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php
diff --git a/utils/phpstan-baseline/codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign.neon b/utils/phpstan-baseline/codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign.neon
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6a5f6dccbf23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/phpstan-baseline/codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign.neon
@@ -0,0 +1,1033 @@
+# total 459 errors
+
+parameters:
+    ignoreErrors:
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning string directly on offset ''HTTP_HOST'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Commands/Utilities/Routes.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning string directly on offset string of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Config/DotEnv.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning string directly on offset ''QUERY_STRING'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/IncomingRequest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''http\://example\.com/'' directly on offset ''app\.baseURL'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/CLI/ConsoleTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/cannotFound'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/cli'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/example'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 6
+            path: ../../tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/image'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/index\.php'' directly on offset ''SCRIPT_NAME'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 20
+            path: ../../tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/pages/about'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 8
+            path: ../../tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/test'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''CLI'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''GET'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 4
+            path: ../../tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''HTTP/1\.1'' directly on offset ''SERVER_PROTOCOL'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 8
+            path: ../../tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''HTTP/2\.0'' directly on offset ''SERVER_PROTOCOL'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''HTTP/3\.0'' directly on offset ''SERVER_PROTOCOL'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''POST'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''public/index\.php'' directly on offset ''SCRIPT_NAME'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning non\-falsy\-string directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''production'' directly on offset ''CI_ENVIRONMENT'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Commands/EnvironmentCommandTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning string directly on offset ''CI_ENVIRONMENT'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Commands/EnvironmentCommandTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''GET'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 4
+            path: ../../tests/system/CommonFunctionsTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''bar'' directly on offset ''foo'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/CommonFunctionsTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''TT'' directly on offset ''SER_VAR'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/DotEnvTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''1'' directly on offset ''CODEIGNITER_SCREAM_DEPRECATIONS'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Debug/ExceptionsTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''GET'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Filters/DebugToolbarTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''DELETE'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Filters/FiltersTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''GET'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 38
+            path: ../../tests/system/Filters/FiltersTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''POST'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Filters/HoneypotTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning string directly on offset ''val'' of \$_GET is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Filters/InvalidCharsTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''baz'' directly on offset ''bar'' of \$_GET is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/CLIRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''10'' directly on offset ''HTTP_CONTENT_LENGTH'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/CURLRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''en\-US'' directly on offset ''HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/CURLRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''gzip, deflate, br'' directly on offset ''HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/CURLRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''site1\.com'' directly on offset ''HTTP_HOST'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/CURLRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''Mozilla/5\.0 \(Linux; U; Android 2\.0\.3; ja\-jp; SC\-02C Build/IML74K\) AppleWebKit/534\.30 \(KHTML, like Gecko\) Version/4\.0 Mobile Safari/534\.30'' directly on offset ''HTTP_USER_AGENT'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/DownloadResponseTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning '''' directly on offset ''QUERY_STRING'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestDetectingTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestDetectingTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/'' directly on offset ''SCRIPT_NAME'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestDetectingTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/\?/ci/woot'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestDetectingTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/ci/index\.php'' directly on offset ''SCRIPT_NAME'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestDetectingTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/ci/index\.php/popcorn/woot'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestDetectingTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/ci/woot'' directly on offset ''QUERY_STRING'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestDetectingTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/ci/woot\?code\=good'' directly on offset ''QUERY_STRING'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestDetectingTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/index\.php'' directly on offset ''SCRIPT_NAME'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 11
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestDetectingTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/index\.php/woot'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 5
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestDetectingTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/index\.php/woot\?code\=good'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestDetectingTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/index\.php\?'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestDetectingTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/index\.php\?/ci/woot'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestDetectingTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/index\.php\?/ci/woot\?code\=good'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestDetectingTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/sub/example'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestDetectingTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/sub/index\.php'' directly on offset ''SCRIPT_NAME'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestDetectingTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/woot'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestDetectingTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''10\.0\.1\.200'' directly on offset ''REMOTE_ADDR'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''10\.10\.1\.200'' directly on offset ''REMOTE_ADDR'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''123\.123\.123\.123'' directly on offset ''HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 7
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''123\.123\.123\.123'' directly on offset ''REMOTE_ADDR'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''123\.456\.23\.123'' directly on offset ''HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''192\.168\.5\.21'' directly on offset ''REMOTE_ADDR'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''2001\:db8\:1234\:ffff\:ffff\:ffff\:ffff\:ffff'' directly on offset ''REMOTE_ADDR'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''2001\:db8\:1235\:ffff\:ffff\:ffff\:ffff\:ffff'' directly on offset ''REMOTE_ADDR'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''2001\:db8\:\:2\:1'' directly on offset ''REMOTE_ADDR'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''2001\:db8\:\:2\:2'' directly on offset ''REMOTE_ADDR'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''2001\:xyz\:\:1'' directly on offset ''HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''3'' directly on offset ''TEST'' of \$_GET is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''3'' directly on offset ''get'' of \$_GET is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''fr\-FR; q\=1\.0, en; q\=0\.5'' directly on offset ''HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''fr; q\=1\.0, en; q\=0\.5'' directly on offset ''HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''on'' directly on offset ''HTTPS'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning 3 directly on offset ''TEST'' of \$_GET is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning 5 directly on offset ''TEST'' of \$_GET is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning mixed directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning mixed directly on offset ''SCRIPT_NAME'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''GET'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/RedirectResponseTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''http\://somewhere\.com'' directly on offset ''HTTP_REFERER'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/RedirectResponseTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''10\.0\.1\.200'' directly on offset ''REMOTE_ADDR'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/RequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''10\.10\.1\.200'' directly on offset ''REMOTE_ADDR'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/RequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''123\.123\.123\.123'' directly on offset ''HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/RequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''123\.123\.123\.123'' directly on offset ''REMOTE_ADDR'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/RequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''123\.456\.23\.123'' directly on offset ''HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/RequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''192\.168\.5\.21'' directly on offset ''REMOTE_ADDR'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/RequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''baz'' directly on offset ''bar'' of \$_GET is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/RequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''GET'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/ResponseTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''HTTP/1\.1'' directly on offset ''SERVER_PROTOCOL'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/ResponseTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''Microsoft\-IIS'' directly on offset ''SERVER_SOFTWARE'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/ResponseTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''POST'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/ResponseTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning string directly on offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/ResponseTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning string directly on offset ''SERVER_PROTOCOL'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/ResponseTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning string directly on offset ''SERVER_SOFTWARE'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/ResponseTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning '''' directly on offset ''/ci/woot'' of \$_GET is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/'' directly on offset ''SCRIPT_NAME'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/\?/ci/woot'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/candy/snickers'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/ci/index\.php'' directly on offset ''SCRIPT_NAME'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/ci/index\.php/popcorn/woot'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/ci/woot'' directly on offset ''QUERY_STRING'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/ci/woot\?code\=good'' directly on offset ''QUERY_STRING'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/ci431/public/index\.php'' directly on offset ''SCRIPT_NAME'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/ci431/public/index\.php/woot\?code\=good'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/fruits/banana'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/index\.php'' directly on offset ''SCRIPT_NAME'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 13
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/index\.php/fruits/banana'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/index\.php/woot'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 4
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/index\.php/woot\?code\=good'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/index\.php\?'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/index\.php\?/ci/woot'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/index\.php\?/ci/woot\?code\=good'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/sub/example'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/sub/folder/index\.php'' directly on offset ''SCRIPT_NAME'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/sub/folder/index\.php/fruits/banana'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/sub/index\.php'' directly on offset ''SCRIPT_NAME'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/woot'' directly on offset ''PATH_INFO'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/woot'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''good'' directly on offset ''/ci/woot\?code'' of \$_GET is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning string directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning string directly on offset ''SCRIPT_NAME'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryDetectRoutePathTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/index\.php'' directly on offset ''SCRIPT_NAME'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/index\.php/woot\?code\=good'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/woot'' directly on offset ''PATH_INFO'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''code\=good'' directly on offset ''QUERY_STRING'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''good'' directly on offset ''code'' of \$_GET is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''localhost\:8080'' directly on offset ''HTTP_HOST'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''users\.example\.jp'' directly on offset ''HTTP_HOST'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactoryTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning '''' directly on offset ''QUERY_STRING'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/URITest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/ci/v4/controller/method'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/URITest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/ci/v4/index\.php'' directly on offset ''SCRIPT_NAME'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/URITest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/ci/v4/index\.php/controller/method'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/URITest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/controller/method'' directly on offset ''PATH_INFO'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/URITest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''example\.com'' directly on offset ''HTTP_HOST'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/URITest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/assets/image\.jpg'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/foo/public/bar\?baz\=quip'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/foo/public/index\.php'' directly on offset ''SCRIPT_NAME'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/index\.php'' directly on offset ''SCRIPT_NAME'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/public/'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 4
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/public/index\.php'' directly on offset ''SCRIPT_NAME'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/subfolder/assets/image\.jpg'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/subfolder/index\.php'' directly on offset ''SCRIPT_NAME'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''8080'' directly on offset ''SERVER_PORT'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''example\.com'' directly on offset ''HTTP_HOST'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 11
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''invalid\.example\.org'' directly on offset ''HTTP_HOST'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''www\.example\.jp'' directly on offset ''HTTP_HOST'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning non\-falsy\-string directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''example\.com'' directly on offset ''HTTP_HOST'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/MiscUrlTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''http\://example\.com/one\?two'' directly on offset ''HTTP_REFERER'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/MiscUrlTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/ci/v4/x/y'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/public'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/public/index\.php'' directly on offset ''SCRIPT_NAME'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/test'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/test/page'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''example\.com'' directly on offset ''HTTP_HOST'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''www\.example\.jp'' directly on offset ''HTTP_HOST'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''test'' directly on offset ''HTTPS'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HomeTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''POST'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Honeypot/HoneypotTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/ci/v4/index\.php'' directly on offset ''SCRIPT_NAME'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Pager/PagerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/ci/v4/x/y'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Pager/PagerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/index\.php'' directly on offset ''SCRIPT_NAME'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Pager/PagerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''bar'' directly on offset ''foo'' of \$_GET is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Pager/PagerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''example\.com'' directly on offset ''HTTP_HOST'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Pager/PagerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning 2 directly on offset ''page'' of \$_GET is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Pager/PagerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning 2 directly on offset ''page_foo'' of \$_GET is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 5
+            path: ../../tests/system/Pager/PagerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning 3 directly on offset ''page'' of \$_GET is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Pager/PagerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning string directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Pager/PagerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/work'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/work/1'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/work/1/edit'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/work/123'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/work/new'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''DELETE'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''GET'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 4
+            path: ../../tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''HTTP/1\.1'' directly on offset ''SERVER_PROTOCOL'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''PATCH'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''POST'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''PUT'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/work'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/work/create'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/work/delete/123'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/work/edit/1'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/work/new'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/work/remove/123'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/work/show/1'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''/work/update/123'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_URI'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''GET'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 5
+            path: ../../tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''HTTP/1\.1'' directly on offset ''SERVER_PROTOCOL'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''POST'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''adm\.example\.com'' directly on offset ''HTTP_HOST'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 4
+            path: ../../tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''dev\.example\.com'' directly on offset ''HTTP_HOST'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''doc\.domain\.com'' directly on offset ''HTTP_HOST'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 5
+            path: ../../tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''doc\.example\.com'' directly on offset ''HTTP_HOST'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''example\.co\.uk'' directly on offset ''HTTP_HOST'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''example\.com'' directly on offset ''HTTP_HOST'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 5
+            path: ../../tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''www\.example\.com'' directly on offset ''HTTP_HOST'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''POST'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFCookieRandomizeTokenTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''POST'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 10
+            path: ../../tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionRandomizeTokenTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''PUT'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionRandomizeTokenTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''POST'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 8
+            path: ../../tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''PUT'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''GET'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Security/SecurityTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''POST'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 9
+            path: ../../tests/system/Security/SecurityTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''PUT'' directly on offset ''REQUEST_METHOD'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Security/SecurityTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''xmlhttprequest'' directly on offset ''HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Session/SessionTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''test'' directly on offset ''HTTPS'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Test/FeatureTestAutoRoutingImprovedTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''test'' directly on offset ''HTTPS'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Test/FeatureTestTraitTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Assigning ''application/json'' directly on offset ''CONTENT_TYPE'' of \$_SERVER is discouraged\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php
diff --git a/utils/phpstan-baseline/deadCode.unreachable.neon b/utils/phpstan-baseline/deadCode.unreachable.neon
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..fb91b000b9c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/phpstan-baseline/deadCode.unreachable.neon
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# total 1 error
+
+parameters:
+    ignoreErrors:
+        -
+            message: '#^Unreachable statement \- code above always terminates\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php
diff --git a/utils/phpstan-baseline/empty.notAllowed.neon b/utils/phpstan-baseline/empty.notAllowed.neon
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..faf902d5ec10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/phpstan-baseline/empty.notAllowed.neon
@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+# total 237 errors
+
+parameters:
+    ignoreErrors:
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Commands/Database/CreateDatabase.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Commands/Database/MigrateStatus.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Commands/Database/Seed.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/Config/BaseService.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/Config/DotEnv.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Config/Services.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 28
+            path: ../../system/Database/BaseBuilder.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 13
+            path: ../../system/Database/BaseConnection.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../system/Database/BasePreparedQuery.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/Database/BaseResult.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 4
+            path: ../../system/Database/BaseUtils.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/Database/Database.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 12
+            path: ../../system/Database/Forge.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 5
+            path: ../../system/Database/MigrationRunner.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 11
+            path: ../../system/Database/MySQLi/Connection.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 4
+            path: ../../system/Database/MySQLi/Forge.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/MySQLi/Result.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../system/Database/OCI8/Builder.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/Database/OCI8/Connection.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../system/Database/OCI8/Forge.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 7
+            path: ../../system/Database/Postgre/Builder.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/Database/Postgre/Connection.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 4
+            path: ../../system/Database/Postgre/Forge.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/Postgre/Result.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../system/Database/Query.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 9
+            path: ../../system/Database/SQLSRV/Builder.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 6
+            path: ../../system/Database/SQLSRV/Connection.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 5
+            path: ../../system/Database/SQLSRV/Forge.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/SQLSRV/Result.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/Database/SQLite3/Builder.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/SQLite3/Connection.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/Database/SQLite3/Forge.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/Database/SQLite3/Table.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 5
+            path: ../../system/Debug/Timer.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/Debug/Toolbar.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 5
+            path: ../../system/Email/Email.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/Encryption/Encryption.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/Encryption/Handlers/OpenSSLHandler.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/Encryption/Handlers/SodiumHandler.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Entity/Entity.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Files/File.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Filters/Filters.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 10
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/CURLRequest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 6
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/ContentSecurityPolicy.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/IncomingRequest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/Message.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/Request.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/Response.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Helpers/form_helper.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/Helpers/test_helper.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Helpers/url_helper.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Honeypot/Honeypot.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/Images/Handlers/BaseHandler.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 8
+            path: ../../system/Images/Handlers/ImageMagickHandler.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Images/Image.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Pager/Pager.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 4
+            path: ../../system/RESTful/BaseResource.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 6
+            path: ../../system/Router/RouteCollection.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/Router/Router.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/Session/Handlers/DatabaseHandler.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Session/Handlers/FileHandler.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Session/Handlers/MemcachedHandler.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/Session/Handlers/RedisHandler.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 4
+            path: ../../system/Validation/Rules.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/View/Filters.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HomeTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Session/SessionTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Test/FeatureTestAutoRoutingImprovedTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Test/FeatureTestTraitTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Construct empty\(\) is not allowed\. Use more strict comparison\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Test/FilterTestTraitTest.php
diff --git a/utils/phpstan-baseline/loader.neon b/utils/phpstan-baseline/loader.neon
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4aee22070d3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/phpstan-baseline/loader.neon
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# total 2772 errors
+
+includes:
+    - argument.type.neon
+    - assign.propertyType.neon
+    - codeigniter.getReassignArray.neon
+    - codeigniter.modelArgumentType.neon
+    - codeigniter.superglobalAccess.neon
+    - codeigniter.superglobalAccessAssign.neon
+    - deadCode.unreachable.neon
+    - empty.notAllowed.neon
+    - method.alreadyNarrowedType.neon
+    - method.childParameterType.neon
+    - method.childReturnType.neon
+    - method.notFound.neon
+    - missingType.callable.neon
+    - missingType.iterableValue.neon
+    - missingType.parameter.neon
+    - missingType.property.neon
+    - nullCoalesce.property.neon
+    - offsetAccess.notFound.neon
+    - property.defaultValue.neon
+    - property.nonObject.neon
+    - property.notFound.neon
+    - property.phpDocType.neon
+    - staticMethod.notFound.neon
+    - ternary.shortNotAllowed.neon
diff --git a/utils/phpstan-baseline/method.alreadyNarrowedType.neon b/utils/phpstan-baseline/method.alreadyNarrowedType.neon
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f980738a073a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/phpstan-baseline/method.alreadyNarrowedType.neon
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+# total 23 errors
+
+parameters:
+    ignoreErrors:
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to method PHPUnit\\Framework\\Assert\:\:assertTrue\(\) with bool will always evaluate to true\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../admin/starter/tests/unit/HealthTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to method PHPUnit\\Framework\\Assert\:\:assertIsBool\(\) with bool will always evaluate to true\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/CLI/CLITest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to method PHPUnit\\Framework\\Assert\:\:assertIsInt\(\) with int will always evaluate to true\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/CLI/CLITest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to method PHPUnit\\Framework\\Assert\:\:assertTrue\(\) with true will always evaluate to true\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to method PHPUnit\\Framework\\Assert\:\:assertIsBool\(\) with bool will always evaluate to true\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/CommonFunctionsTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to method PHPUnit\\Framework\\Assert\:\:assertIsArray\(\) with array will always evaluate to true\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to method PHPUnit\\Framework\\Assert\:\:assertTrue\(\) with true will always evaluate to true\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/UpdateTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to method PHPUnit\\Framework\\Assert\:\:assertIsArray\(\) with array\{1\: array\{DETAIL\: ''asdf''\}, 2\: array\{DETAIL\: ''sdfg''\}\} will always evaluate to true\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/CLIRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to method PHPUnit\\Framework\\Assert\:\:assertIsArray\(\) with array\{1\: array\{DETAIL\: ''asdf''\}, 2\: array\{DETAIL\: ''sdfg''\}\} will always evaluate to true\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/RequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to method PHPUnit\\Framework\\Assert\:\:assertTrue\(\) with true will always evaluate to true\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/URITest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to method PHPUnit\\Framework\\Assert\:\:assertIsString\(\) with string will always evaluate to true\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/TextHelperTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to method PHPUnit\\Framework\\Assert\:\:assertIsArray\(\) with array will always evaluate to true\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HotReloader/DirectoryHasherTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to method PHPUnit\\Framework\\Assert\:\:assertIsString\(\) with string will always evaluate to true\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Publisher/PublisherSupportTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to method PHPUnit\\Framework\\Assert\:\:assertIsBool\(\) with bool will always evaluate to true\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Security/SecurityTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to method PHPUnit\\Framework\\Assert\:\:assertIsString\(\) with string will always evaluate to true\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../tests/system/Security/SecurityTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to method PHPUnit\\Framework\\Assert\:\:assertIsNumeric\(\) with int will always evaluate to true\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Test/FabricatorTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to method PHPUnit\\Framework\\Assert\:\:assertIsCallable\(\) with Closure will always evaluate to true\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Test/FilterTestTraitTest.php
diff --git a/utils/phpstan-baseline/method.childParameterType.neon b/utils/phpstan-baseline/method.childParameterType.neon
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d6446dcbb7bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/phpstan-baseline/method.childParameterType.neon
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# total 8 errors
+
+parameters:
+    ignoreErrors:
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$params \(array\<string, mixed\>\) of method CodeIgniter\\Commands\\Database\\MigrateStatus\:\:run\(\) should be contravariant with parameter \$params \(array\<int\|string, string\|null\>\) of method CodeIgniter\\CLI\\BaseCommand\:\:run\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Commands/Database/MigrateStatus.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$offset \(string\) of method CodeIgniter\\Cookie\\Cookie\:\:offsetSet\(\) should be contravariant with parameter \$offset \(string\|null\) of method ArrayAccess\<string,bool\|int\|string\>\:\:offsetSet\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Cookie/Cookie.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$className \(class\-string\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseResult\:\:getCustomResultObject\(\) should be contravariant with parameter \$className \(string\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\ResultInterface\<TConnection,TResult\>\:\:getCustomResultObject\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/BaseResult.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$selectOverride \(bool\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\SQLSRV\\Builder\:\:compileSelect\(\) should be contravariant with parameter \$selectOverride \(mixed\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseBuilder\:\:compileSelect\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/SQLSRV/Builder.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$value \(bool\|int\|string\) of method CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Cast\\IntBoolCast\:\:set\(\) should be contravariant with parameter \$value \(array\|bool\|float\|int\|object\|string\|null\) of method CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Cast\\BaseCast\:\:set\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Entity/Cast/IntBoolCast.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$value \(bool\|int\|string\) of method CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Cast\\IntBoolCast\:\:set\(\) should be contravariant with parameter \$value \(array\|bool\|float\|int\|object\|string\|null\) of method CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Cast\\CastInterface\:\:set\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Entity/Cast/IntBoolCast.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$value \(int\) of method CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Cast\\IntBoolCast\:\:get\(\) should be contravariant with parameter \$value \(array\|bool\|float\|int\|object\|string\|null\) of method CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Cast\\BaseCast\:\:get\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Entity/Cast/IntBoolCast.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Parameter \#1 \$value \(int\) of method CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Cast\\IntBoolCast\:\:get\(\) should be contravariant with parameter \$value \(array\|bool\|float\|int\|object\|string\|null\) of method CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Cast\\CastInterface\:\:get\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Entity/Cast/IntBoolCast.php
diff --git a/utils/phpstan-baseline/method.childReturnType.neon b/utils/phpstan-baseline/method.childReturnType.neon
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c48fbca29d99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/phpstan-baseline/method.childReturnType.neon
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+# total 30 errors
+
+parameters:
+    ignoreErrors:
+        -
+            message: '#^Return type \(array\{code\: int\|string\|null, message\: string\|null\}\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection\:\:error\(\) should be covariant with return type \(array\<string, int\|string\>\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\ConnectionInterface\<TConnection,TResult\>\:\:error\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/BaseConnection.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Return type \(array\<string, int\|string\>\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\MySQLi\\Connection\:\:error\(\) should be covariant with return type \(array\{code\: int\|string\|null, message\: string\|null\}\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection\<mysqli,mysqli_result\>\:\:error\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/MySQLi/Connection.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Return type \(mysqli_result\|false\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\MySQLi\\PreparedQuery\:\:_getResult\(\) should be covariant with return type \(object\|resource\|null\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\BasePreparedQuery\<mysqli,mysqli_stmt,mysqli_result\>\:\:_getResult\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/MySQLi/PreparedQuery.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Return type \(mixed\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\OCI8\\Builder\:\:delete\(\) should be covariant with return type \(bool\|string\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseBuilder\:\:delete\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/OCI8/Builder.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Return type \(array\{code\: int\|string\|null, message\: string\|null\}\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\OCI8\\Connection\:\:error\(\) should be covariant with return type \(array\<string, int\|string\>\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\ConnectionInterface\<resource,resource\>\:\:error\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/OCI8/Connection.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Return type \(CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseBuilder\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\Postgre\\Builder\:\:join\(\) should be covariant with return type \(\$this\(CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseBuilder\)\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseBuilder\:\:join\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/Postgre/Builder.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Return type \(CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseBuilder\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\Postgre\\Builder\:\:orderBy\(\) should be covariant with return type \(\$this\(CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseBuilder\)\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseBuilder\:\:orderBy\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/Postgre/Builder.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Return type \(mixed\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\Postgre\\Builder\:\:decrement\(\) should be covariant with return type \(bool\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseBuilder\:\:decrement\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/Postgre/Builder.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Return type \(mixed\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\Postgre\\Builder\:\:delete\(\) should be covariant with return type \(bool\|string\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseBuilder\:\:delete\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/Postgre/Builder.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Return type \(mixed\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\Postgre\\Builder\:\:increment\(\) should be covariant with return type \(bool\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseBuilder\:\:increment\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/Postgre/Builder.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Return type \(mixed\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\Postgre\\Builder\:\:replace\(\) should be covariant with return type \(CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseResult\|CodeIgniter\\Database\\Query\|string\|false\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseBuilder\:\:replace\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/Postgre/Builder.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Return type \(array\<string, int\|string\>\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\Postgre\\Connection\:\:error\(\) should be covariant with return type \(array\{code\: int\|string\|null, message\: string\|null\}\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection\<PgSql\\Connection,PgSql\\Result\>\:\:error\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/Postgre/Connection.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Return type \(CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseBuilder\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\SQLSRV\\Builder\:\:maxMinAvgSum\(\) should be covariant with return type \(\$this\(CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseBuilder\)\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseBuilder\:\:maxMinAvgSum\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/SQLSRV/Builder.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Return type \(mixed\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\SQLSRV\\Builder\:\:delete\(\) should be covariant with return type \(bool\|string\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseBuilder\:\:delete\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/SQLSRV/Builder.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Return type \(mixed\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\SQLSRV\\Builder\:\:replace\(\) should be covariant with return type \(CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseResult\|CodeIgniter\\Database\\Query\|string\|false\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseBuilder\:\:replace\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/SQLSRV/Builder.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Return type \(array\<string, int\|string\>\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\SQLSRV\\Connection\:\:error\(\) should be covariant with return type \(array\{code\: int\|string\|null, message\: string\|null\}\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection\<resource,resource\>\:\:error\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/SQLSRV/Connection.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Return type \(array\<string, int\|string\>\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\SQLite3\\Connection\:\:error\(\) should be covariant with return type \(array\{code\: int\|string\|null, message\: string\|null\}\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection\<SQLite3,SQLite3Result\>\:\:error\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/SQLite3/Connection.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Return type \(SQLite3Result\|false\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\SQLite3\\PreparedQuery\:\:_getResult\(\) should be covariant with return type \(object\|resource\|null\) of method CodeIgniter\\Database\\BasePreparedQuery\<SQLite3,SQLite3Stmt,SQLite3Result\>\:\:_getResult\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/SQLite3/PreparedQuery.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Return type \(CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\DownloadResponse\) of method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\DownloadResponse\:\:sendBody\(\) should be covariant with return type \(\$this\(CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Response\)\) of method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Response\:\:sendBody\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/DownloadResponse.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Return type \(CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\DownloadResponse\) of method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\DownloadResponse\:\:sendBody\(\) should be covariant with return type \(\$this\(CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\ResponseInterface\)\) of method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\ResponseInterface\:\:sendBody\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/DownloadResponse.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Return type \(CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\ResponseInterface\) of method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\DownloadResponse\:\:setContentType\(\) should be covariant with return type \(\$this\(CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Response\)\) of method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Response\:\:setContentType\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/DownloadResponse.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Return type \(CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\ResponseInterface\) of method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\DownloadResponse\:\:setContentType\(\) should be covariant with return type \(\$this\(CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\ResponseInterface\)\) of method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\ResponseInterface\:\:setContentType\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/DownloadResponse.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Return type \(CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Exceptions\\HTTPException\) of method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Exceptions\\HTTPException\:\:forInvalidFile\(\) should be covariant with return type \(static\(CodeIgniter\\Exceptions\\FrameworkException\)\) of method CodeIgniter\\Exceptions\\FrameworkException\:\:forInvalidFile\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/Exceptions/HTTPException.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Return type \(bool\) of method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Files\\UploadedFile\:\:move\(\) should be compatible with return type \(CodeIgniter\\Files\\File\) of method CodeIgniter\\Files\\File\:\:move\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/Files/UploadedFile.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Return type \(CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\URI\|null\) of method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\OutgoingRequest\:\:getUri\(\) should be covariant with return type \(CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\URI\) of method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\OutgoingRequestInterface\:\:getUri\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/OutgoingRequest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Return type \(CodeIgniter\\Images\\Handlers\\BaseHandler\) of method CodeIgniter\\Images\\Handlers\\BaseHandler\:\:fit\(\) should be covariant with return type \(\$this\(CodeIgniter\\Images\\ImageHandlerInterface\)\) of method CodeIgniter\\Images\\ImageHandlerInterface\:\:fit\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Images/Handlers/BaseHandler.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Return type \(CodeIgniter\\Images\\Handlers\\BaseHandler\) of method CodeIgniter\\Images\\Handlers\\BaseHandler\:\:resize\(\) should be covariant with return type \(\$this\(CodeIgniter\\Images\\ImageHandlerInterface\)\) of method CodeIgniter\\Images\\ImageHandlerInterface\:\:resize\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Images/Handlers/BaseHandler.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Return type \(CodeIgniter\\Images\\Handlers\\ImageMagickHandler\) of method CodeIgniter\\Images\\Handlers\\ImageMagickHandler\:\:_resize\(\) should be covariant with return type \(\$this\(CodeIgniter\\Images\\Handlers\\BaseHandler\)\) of method CodeIgniter\\Images\\Handlers\\BaseHandler\:\:_resize\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Images/Handlers/ImageMagickHandler.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Return type \(bool\|CodeIgniter\\Images\\Handlers\\ImageMagickHandler\) of method CodeIgniter\\Images\\Handlers\\ImageMagickHandler\:\:_crop\(\) should be covariant with return type \(\$this\(CodeIgniter\\Images\\Handlers\\BaseHandler\)\) of method CodeIgniter\\Images\\Handlers\\BaseHandler\:\:_crop\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Images/Handlers/ImageMagickHandler.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Return type \(array\|bool\|float\|int\|object\|string\|null\) of method CodeIgniter\\Model\:\:__call\(\) should be covariant with return type \(\$this\(CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\)\|null\) of method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:__call\(\)$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Model.php
diff --git a/utils/phpstan-baseline/method.notFound.neon b/utils/phpstan-baseline/method.notFound.neon
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8bc0b8ae54c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/phpstan-baseline/method.notFound.neon
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+# total 81 errors
+
+parameters:
+    ignoreErrors:
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\Database\\QueryInterface\:\:getOriginalQuery\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/BaseConnection.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\View\\RendererInterface\:\:getData\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Views.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\View\\RendererInterface\:\:getPerformanceData\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Views.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\ResponseInterface\:\:pretend\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\Router\\RouteCollectionInterface\:\:get\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterFinderTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection\:\:escapeLikeStringDirect\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/EscapeTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection\:\:getCursor\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/OCI8/CallStoredProcedureTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection\:\:storedProcedure\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/OCI8/CallStoredProcedureTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\ResponseInterface\:\:pretend\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../tests/system/Debug/ExceptionHandlerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Request\:\:getCookie\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Request\:\:getDefaultLocale\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Request\:\:getFile\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Request\:\:getFileMultiple\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Request\:\:getFiles\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Request\:\:getGet\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Request\:\:getGetPost\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 5
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Request\:\:getLocale\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Request\:\:getOldInput\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 9
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Request\:\:getPost\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Request\:\:getPostGet\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 5
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Request\:\:getVar\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Request\:\:is\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 5
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Request\:\:isAJAX\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Request\:\:isCLI\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Request\:\:isSecure\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Request\:\:negotiate\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 5
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\URI\:\:getRoutePath\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/URITest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method org\\bovigo\\vfs\\visitor\\vfsStreamVisitor\:\:getStructure\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/FilesystemHelperTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\Images\\Handlers\\BaseHandler\:\:getPathname\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Images/BaseHandlerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method org\\bovigo\\vfs\\vfsStreamContent\:\:getContent\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../tests/system/Images/GDHandlerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\Model\:\:getLastQuery\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/FindModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\Model\:\:undefinedMethodCall\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/GeneralModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\ResponseInterface\:\:pretend\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\Test\\TestResponse\:\:ohno\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Test/ControllerTestTraitTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\View\\Table\:\:compileTemplate\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/View/TableTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\View\\Table\:\:defaultTemplate\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/View/TableTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\View\\Table\:\:prepArgs\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/View/TableTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\View\\Table\:\:setFromArray\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/View/TableTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined method CodeIgniter\\View\\Table\:\:setFromDBResult\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/View/TableTest.php
diff --git a/utils/phpstan-baseline/missingType.callable.neon b/utils/phpstan-baseline/missingType.callable.neon
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9429a25441eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/phpstan-baseline/missingType.callable.neon
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# total 12 errors
+
+parameters:
+    ignoreErrors:
+        -
+            message: '#^Class CodeIgniter\\Model has PHPDoc tag @method for method when\(\) parameter \#2 \$callback with no signature specified for callable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Model.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Class CodeIgniter\\Model has PHPDoc tag @method for method when\(\) parameter \#3 \$defaultCallback with no signature specified for callable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Model.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Class CodeIgniter\\Model has PHPDoc tag @method for method whenNot\(\) parameter \#2 \$callback with no signature specified for callable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Model.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Class CodeIgniter\\Model has PHPDoc tag @method for method whenNot\(\) parameter \#3 \$defaultCallback with no signature specified for callable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Model.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Router\\RouteCollection\:\:group\(\) has parameter \$params with no signature specified for callable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Router/RouteCollection.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Router\\RouteCollection\:\:set404Override\(\) has parameter \$callable with no signature specified for callable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Router/RouteCollection.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Router\\RouteCollectionInterface\:\:set404Override\(\) has parameter \$callable with no signature specified for callable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Router/RouteCollectionInterface.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Router\\Router\:\:setMatchedRoute\(\) has parameter \$handler with no signature specified for callable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Router/Router.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\View\\Parser\:\:addPlugin\(\) has parameter \$callback with no signature specified for callable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/View/Parser.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\View\\Table\:\:\$function type has no signature specified for callable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/View/Table.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\DataConverter\\DataConverterTest\:\:createDataConverter\(\) has parameter \$extractor with no signature specified for Closure\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/DataConverter/DataConverterTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\DataConverter\\DataConverterTest\:\:createDataConverter\(\) has parameter \$reconstructor with no signature specified for Closure\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/DataConverter/DataConverterTest.php
diff --git a/utils/phpstan-baseline/missingType.iterableValue.neon b/utils/phpstan-baseline/missingType.iterableValue.neon
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2a2c25c8689b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/phpstan-baseline/missingType.iterableValue.neon
@@ -0,0 +1,6843 @@
+# total 1375 errors
+
+parameters:
+    ignoreErrors:
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:__call\(\) has parameter \$params with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:__get\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:cleanValidationRules\(\) has parameter \$rules with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:cleanValidationRules\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:convertToReturnType\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:doDelete\(\) has parameter \$id with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:doFind\(\) has parameter \$id with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:doFind\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:doFindAll\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:doFindColumn\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:doFirst\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:doInsertBatch\(\) has parameter \$set with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:doProtectFields\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:doProtectFieldsForInsert\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:doUpdate\(\) has parameter \$id with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:doUpdateBatch\(\) has parameter \$set with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:find\(\) has parameter \$id with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:findAll\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:findColumn\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:first\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:getIdValue\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:getValidationMessages\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:getValidationRules\(\) has parameter \$options with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:getValidationRules\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:paginate\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:setAllowedFields\(\) has parameter \$allowedFields with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:setCreatedField\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:setUpdatedField\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:setValidationMessage\(\) has parameter \$fieldMessages with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:setValidationMessages\(\) has parameter \$validationMessages with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:setValidationRule\(\) has parameter \$fieldRules with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:transformDataToArray\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:trigger\(\) has parameter \$eventData with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:trigger\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\BaseModel\:\:update\(\) has parameter \$id with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/BaseModel.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\CLI\\CLI\:\:isZeroOptions\(\) has parameter \$options with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/CLI/CLI.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\CLI\\CLI\:\:printKeysAndValues\(\) has parameter \$options with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/CLI/CLI.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\CLI\\CLI\:\:prompt\(\) has parameter \$validation with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/CLI/CLI.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\CLI\\CLI\:\:promptByKey\(\) has parameter \$options with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/CLI/CLI.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\CLI\\CLI\:\:promptByKey\(\) has parameter \$text with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/CLI/CLI.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\CLI\\CLI\:\:promptByKey\(\) has parameter \$validation with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/CLI/CLI.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\CLI\\CLI\:\:promptByMultipleKeys\(\) has parameter \$options with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/CLI/CLI.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\CLI\\CLI\:\:promptByMultipleKeys\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/CLI/CLI.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\CLI\\CLI\:\:table\(\) has parameter \$tbody with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/CLI/CLI.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\CLI\\CLI\:\:table\(\) has parameter \$thead with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/CLI/CLI.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\CLI\\CLI\:\:validate\(\) has parameter \$rules with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/CLI/CLI.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\CLI\\Console\:\:parseParamsForHelpOption\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/CLI/Console.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\CodeIgniter\:\:getPerformanceStats\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/CodeIgniter.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Commands\\ListCommands\:\:listFull\(\) has parameter \$commands with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Commands/ListCommands.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Commands\\ListCommands\:\:listSimple\(\) has parameter \$commands with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Commands/ListCommands.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Commands\\Translation\\LocalizationFinder\:\:arrayToTableRows\(\) has parameter \$array with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Commands/Translation/LocalizationFinder.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Commands\\Translation\\LocalizationFinder\:\:arrayToTableRows\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Commands/Translation/LocalizationFinder.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Commands\\Translation\\LocalizationFinder\:\:buildMultiArray\(\) has parameter \$fromKeys with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Commands/Translation/LocalizationFinder.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Commands\\Translation\\LocalizationFinder\:\:buildMultiArray\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Commands/Translation/LocalizationFinder.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Commands\\Translation\\LocalizationFinder\:\:findTranslationsInFile\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Commands/Translation/LocalizationFinder.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Commands\\Translation\\LocalizationFinder\:\:templateFile\(\) has parameter \$language with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Commands/Translation/LocalizationFinder.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Commands\\Utilities\\Namespaces\:\:outputAllNamespaces\(\) has parameter \$params with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Commands/Utilities/Namespaces.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Commands\\Utilities\\Namespaces\:\:outputAllNamespaces\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Commands/Utilities/Namespaces.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Commands\\Utilities\\Namespaces\:\:outputCINamespaces\(\) has parameter \$params with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Commands/Utilities/Namespaces.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Commands\\Utilities\\Namespaces\:\:outputCINamespaces\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Commands/Utilities/Namespaces.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Commands\\Utilities\\Routes\\AutoRouterImproved\\AutoRouteCollector\:\:addFilters\(\) has parameter \$routes with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/AutoRouteCollector.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Commands\\Utilities\\Routes\\AutoRouterImproved\\AutoRouteCollector\:\:addFilters\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/AutoRouteCollector.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Commands\\Utilities\\Routes\\AutoRouterImproved\\AutoRouteCollector\:\:generateSampleUri\(\) has parameter \$route with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/AutoRouteCollector.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Commands\\Utilities\\Routes\\AutoRouterImproved\\ControllerMethodReader\:\:getParameters\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/ControllerMethodReader.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Commands\\Utilities\\Routes\\AutoRouterImproved\\ControllerMethodReader\:\:read\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/ControllerMethodReader.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Commands\\Utilities\\Routes\\ControllerMethodReader\:\:getRouteWithoutController\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/ControllerMethodReader.php
+
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+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\FormatRulesTest\:\:provideInvalidIntegerType\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/FormatRulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\FormatRulesTest\:\:provideJson\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/FormatRulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\FormatRulesTest\:\:provideNatural\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/FormatRulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\FormatRulesTest\:\:provideNaturalNoZero\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/FormatRulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\FormatRulesTest\:\:provideNumeric\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/FormatRulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\FormatRulesTest\:\:provideString\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/FormatRulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\FormatRulesTest\:\:provideTimeZone\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/FormatRulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\FormatRulesTest\:\:provideValidDate\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/FormatRulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\FormatRulesTest\:\:provideValidEmail\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/FormatRulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\FormatRulesTest\:\:provideValidEmails\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/FormatRulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\FormatRulesTest\:\:provideValidIP\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/FormatRulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\FormatRulesTest\:\:provideValidUrl\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/FormatRulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:provideDiffers\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:provideEquals\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:provideExactLength\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:provideFieldExists\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:provideGreaterThan\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:provideGreaterThanEqual\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:provideIfExist\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:provideInList\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:provideLessThan\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:provideLessThanEqual\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:provideMatches\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:provideMatchesNestedCases\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:provideMinLengthCases\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:providePermitEmpty\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:provideRequired\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:provideRequiredWith\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:provideRequiredWithAndOtherRuleWithValueZero\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:provideRequiredWithAndOtherRules\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:provideRequiredWithout\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:provideRequiredWithoutMultiple\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:provideRequiredWithoutMultipleWithoutFields\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:testDiffers\(\) has parameter \$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:testDiffersNested\(\) has parameter \$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:testEquals\(\) has parameter \$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:testFieldExists\(\) has parameter \$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:testFieldExists\(\) has parameter \$rules with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:testIfExist\(\) has parameter \$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:testIfExist\(\) has parameter \$rules with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:testMatches\(\) has parameter \$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:testMatchesNested\(\) has parameter \$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:testPermitEmpty\(\) has parameter \$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:testPermitEmpty\(\) has parameter \$rules with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:testRequired\(\) has parameter \$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:testRequiredWithAndOtherRuleWithValueZero\(\) has parameter \$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:testRequiredWithAndOtherRules\(\) has parameter \$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\RulesTest\:\:testRequiredWithoutMultipleWithoutFields\(\) has parameter \$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\StrictRules\\CreditCardRulesTest\:\:provideValidCCNumber\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/CreditCardRulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\StrictRules\\FormatRulesTest\:\:provideAlphaSpace\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/FormatRulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\StrictRules\\FormatRulesTest\:\:provideInvalidIntegerType\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/FormatRulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\StrictRules\\RulesTest\:\:provideDiffers\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\StrictRules\\RulesTest\:\:provideGreaterThanEqualStrict\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\StrictRules\\RulesTest\:\:provideGreaterThanStrict\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\StrictRules\\RulesTest\:\:provideLessEqualThanStrict\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\StrictRules\\RulesTest\:\:provideLessThanStrict\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\StrictRules\\RulesTest\:\:provideMatches\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\StrictRules\\RulesTest\:\:providePermitEmptyStrict\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\StrictRules\\RulesTest\:\:testDiffers\(\) has parameter \$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\StrictRules\\RulesTest\:\:testMatches\(\) has parameter \$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\StrictRules\\RulesTest\:\:testPermitEmptyStrict\(\) has parameter \$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\StrictRules\\RulesTest\:\:testPermitEmptyStrict\(\) has parameter \$rules with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/StrictRules/RulesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\ValidationTest\:\:placeholderReplacementResultDetermination\(\) has parameter \$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\ValidationTest\:\:provideCanValidatetArrayData\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\ValidationTest\:\:provideIfExistRuleWithAsterisk\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\ValidationTest\:\:provideIsIntWithInvalidTypeData\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\ValidationTest\:\:provideRulesForArrayField\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\ValidationTest\:\:provideRulesSetup\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\ValidationTest\:\:provideSetRuleRulesFormat\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\ValidationTest\:\:provideSplittingOfComplexStringRules\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\ValidationTest\:\:provideValidationOfArrayData\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\ValidationTest\:\:rule2\(\) has parameter \$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\ValidationTest\:\:testIfExistRuleWithAsterisk\(\) has parameter \$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\ValidationTest\:\:testIfExistRuleWithAsterisk\(\) has parameter \$rules with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\ValidationTest\:\:testRulesForArrayField\(\) has parameter \$body with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\ValidationTest\:\:testRulesForArrayField\(\) has parameter \$results with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\ValidationTest\:\:testRulesForArrayField\(\) has parameter \$rules with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\ValidationTest\:\:testRulesSetup\(\) has parameter \$errors with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\ValidationTest\:\:testSplittingOfComplexStringRules\(\) has parameter \$expected with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\ValidationTest\:\:testValidationOfArrayData\(\) has parameter \$data with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Validation\\ValidationTest\:\:testValidationOfArrayData\(\) has parameter \$rules with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\View\\ParserTest\:\:provideEscHandling\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/View/ParserTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\View\\DBResultDummy\:\:getFieldNames\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/View/TableTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\View\\DBResultDummy\:\:getResultArray\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/View/TableTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\View\\TableTest\:\:orderedColumnUsecases\(\) return type has no value type specified in iterable type iterable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/View/TableTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\View\\TableTest\:\:testAddRowAndGenerateOrderedColumns\(\) has parameter \$heading with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/View/TableTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\View\\TableTest\:\:testAddRowAndGenerateOrderedColumns\(\) has parameter \$row with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/View/TableTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\View\\TableTest\:\:testGenerateOrderedColumns\(\) has parameter \$heading with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/View/TableTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\View\\TableTest\:\:testGenerateOrderedColumns\(\) has parameter \$row with no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/View/TableTest.php
diff --git a/utils/phpstan-baseline/missingType.parameter.neon b/utils/phpstan-baseline/missingType.parameter.neon
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ec340a803f7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/phpstan-baseline/missingType.parameter.neon
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+# total 36 errors
+
+parameters:
+    ignoreErrors:
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Database\\BasePreparedQuery\:\:execute\(\) has parameter \$data with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/BasePreparedQuery.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Database\\PreparedQueryInterface\:\:execute\(\) has parameter \$data with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/PreparedQueryInterface.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Commands\\Utilities\\Routes\\AutoRouterImproved\\Controllers\\Dash_folder\\Dash_controller\:\:getDash_method\(\) has parameter \$p1 with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/Controllers/Dash_folder/Dash_controller.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Commands\\Utilities\\Routes\\AutoRouterImproved\\Controllers\\Dash_folder\\Dash_controller\:\:getDash_method\(\) has parameter \$p2 with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/Controllers/Dash_folder/Dash_controller.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Commands\\Utilities\\Routes\\AutoRouterImproved\\Controllers\\Dash_folder\\Dash_controller\:\:getSomemethod\(\) has parameter \$p1 with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/Controllers/Dash_folder/Dash_controller.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Commands\\Utilities\\Routes\\AutoRouterImproved\\Controllers\\SubDir\\BlogController\:\:getSomeMethod\(\) has parameter \$first with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/Controllers/SubDir/BlogController.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Config\\FactoriesTest\:\:getFactoriesStaticProperty\(\) has parameter \$params with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Database\\Migrations\\MigrationRunnerTest\:\:resetTables\(\) has parameter \$db with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Migrations/MigrationRunnerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Entity\\EntityTest\:\:getCastEntity\(\) has parameter \$data with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Entity/EntityTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Filters\\FiltersTest\:\:createFilters\(\) has parameter \$request with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Filters/FiltersTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Function CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Files\\is_uploaded_file\(\) has parameter \$filename with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/Files/FileMovingTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Function CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Files\\move_uploaded_file\(\) has parameter \$destination with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/Files/FileMovingTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Function CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Files\\move_uploaded_file\(\) has parameter \$filename with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/Files/FileMovingTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Function CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Files\\rrmdir\(\) has parameter \$src with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/Files/FileMovingTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\IncomingRequestTest\:\:createRequest\(\) has parameter \$body with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/IncomingRequestTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Helpers\\URLHelper\\CurrentUrlTest\:\:createRequest\(\) has parameter \$body with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/CurrentUrlTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Helpers\\URLHelper\\MiscUrlTest\:\:testUrlTo\(\) has parameter \$args with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/MiscUrlTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Helpers\\URLHelper\\SiteUrlTest\:\:createRequest\(\) has parameter \$body with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Router\\Controllers\\BlogController\:\:getSomeMethod\(\) has parameter \$first with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Router/Controllers/BlogController.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Router\\Controllers\\Index\:\:getIndex\(\) has parameter \$p1 with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Router/Controllers/Index.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Router\\Controllers\\Mycontroller\:\:getSomemethod\(\) has parameter \$first with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Router/Controllers/Mycontroller.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Router\\Controllers\\Remap\:\:_remap\(\) has parameter \$params with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Router/Controllers/Remap.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Router\\Controllers\\SubDir\\BlogController\:\:getSomeMethod\(\) has parameter \$first with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Router/Controllers/SubDir/BlogController.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Router\\Controllers\\Subfolder\\Home\:\:getIndex\(\) has parameter \$p1 with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Router/Controllers/Subfolder/Home.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Router\\Controllers\\Subfolder\\Home\:\:getIndex\(\) has parameter \$p2 with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Router/Controllers/Subfolder/Home.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Router\\Controllers\\Subfolder\\Sub\\BlogController\:\:getSomeMethod\(\) has parameter \$first with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Router/Controllers/Subfolder/Sub/BlogController.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Router\\DefinedRouteCollectorTest\:\:createRouteCollection\(\) has parameter \$moduleConfig with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Router/DefinedRouteCollectorTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Router\\RouteCollectionReverseRouteTest\:\:getCollector\(\) has parameter \$moduleConfig with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionReverseRouteTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Router\\RouteCollectionTest\:\:getCollector\(\) has parameter \$moduleConfig with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Security\\SecurityCSRFSessionRandomizeTokenTest\:\:createSession\(\) has parameter \$options with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionRandomizeTokenTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Security\\SecurityCSRFSessionTest\:\:createSession\(\) has parameter \$options with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Session\\Handlers\\Database\\AbstractHandlerTestCase\:\:getInstance\(\) has parameter \$options with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/AbstractHandlerTestCase.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Session\\Handlers\\Database\\MySQLiHandlerTest\:\:getInstance\(\) has parameter \$options with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/MySQLiHandlerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Session\\Handlers\\Database\\PostgreHandlerTest\:\:getInstance\(\) has parameter \$options with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/PostgreHandlerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Session\\Handlers\\Database\\RedisHandlerTest\:\:getInstance\(\) has parameter \$options with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/RedisHandlerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Method CodeIgniter\\Session\\SessionTest\:\:getInstance\(\) has parameter \$options with no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Session/SessionTest.php
diff --git a/utils/phpstan-baseline/missingType.property.neon b/utils/phpstan-baseline/missingType.property.neon
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c124b9b496bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/phpstan-baseline/missingType.property.neon
@@ -0,0 +1,518 @@
+# total 103 errors
+
+parameters:
+    ignoreErrors:
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Database\\OCI8\\Connection\:\:\$resetStmtId has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/OCI8/Connection.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Database\\OCI8\\Connection\:\:\$validDSNs has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/OCI8/Connection.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Postgre\\Connection\:\:\$connect_timeout has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/Postgre/Connection.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Postgre\\Connection\:\:\$options has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/Postgre/Connection.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Postgre\\Connection\:\:\$service has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/Postgre/Connection.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Postgre\\Connection\:\:\$sslmode has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/Postgre/Connection.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Session\\Handlers\\ArrayHandler\:\:\$cache has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Session/Handlers/ArrayHandler.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Config\\Factory@anonymous/tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest\.php\:89\:\:\$widgets has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property RegistrarConfig\:\:\$bar has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/fixtures/RegistrarConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property RegistrarConfig\:\:\$foo has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/fixtures/RegistrarConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property SimpleConfig\:\:\$FOO has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property SimpleConfig\:\:\$QEMPTYSTR has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property SimpleConfig\:\:\$QFALSE has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property SimpleConfig\:\:\$QZERO has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property SimpleConfig\:\:\$QZEROSTR has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property SimpleConfig\:\:\$alpha has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property SimpleConfig\:\:\$bravo has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property SimpleConfig\:\:\$charlie has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property SimpleConfig\:\:\$crew has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property SimpleConfig\:\:\$default has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property SimpleConfig\:\:\$delta has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property SimpleConfig\:\:\$dessert has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property SimpleConfig\:\:\$echo has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property SimpleConfig\:\:\$first has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property SimpleConfig\:\:\$float has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property SimpleConfig\:\:\$foxtrot has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property SimpleConfig\:\:\$fruit has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property SimpleConfig\:\:\$golf has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property SimpleConfig\:\:\$int has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property SimpleConfig\:\:\$longie has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property SimpleConfig\:\:\$one_deep has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property SimpleConfig\:\:\$onedeep has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property SimpleConfig\:\:\$onedeep_value has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property SimpleConfig\:\:\$password has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property SimpleConfig\:\:\$second has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property SimpleConfig\:\:\$shortie has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property SimpleConfig\:\:\$simple has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/fixtures/SimpleConfig.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Live\\ConnectTest\:\:\$group1 has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/ConnectTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Live\\ConnectTest\:\:\$group2 has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/ConnectTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Live\\ConnectTest\:\:\$tests has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/ConnectTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest\.php\:256\:\:\$country has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest\.php\:256\:\:\$created_at has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest\.php\:256\:\:\$deleted_at has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest\.php\:256\:\:\$email has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest\.php\:256\:\:\$id has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest\.php\:256\:\:\$name has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property class@anonymous/tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest\.php\:256\:\:\$updated_at has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Live\\MySQLi\\NumberNativeTest\:\:\$tests has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/MySQLi/NumberNativeTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\.php\:194\:\:\$_options has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\.php\:194\:\:\$country has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\.php\:194\:\:\$created_at has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\.php\:194\:\:\$deleted has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\.php\:194\:\:\$email has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\.php\:194\:\:\$id has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\.php\:194\:\:\$name has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\.php\:194\:\:\$updated_at has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\.php\:288\:\:\$_options has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\.php\:288\:\:\$country has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\.php\:288\:\:\$created_at has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\.php\:288\:\:\$deleted has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\.php\:288\:\:\$email has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\.php\:288\:\:\$id has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\.php\:288\:\:\$name has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest\.php\:288\:\:\$updated_at has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest\.php\:239\:\:\$_options has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest\.php\:239\:\:\$country has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest\.php\:239\:\:\$created_at has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest\.php\:239\:\:\$deleted has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest\.php\:239\:\:\$email has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest\.php\:239\:\:\$id has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest\.php\:239\:\:\$name has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest\.php\:239\:\:\$updated_at has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest\.php\:272\:\:\$_options has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest\.php\:272\:\:\$created_at has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest\.php\:272\:\:\$id has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest\.php\:272\:\:\$name has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest\.php\:272\:\:\$updated_at has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Model@anonymous/tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest\.php\:288\:\:\$name has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\.php\:199\:\:\$_options has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\.php\:199\:\:\$country has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\.php\:199\:\:\$created_at has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\.php\:199\:\:\$deleted has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\.php\:199\:\:\$email has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\.php\:199\:\:\$id has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\.php\:199\:\:\$name has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\.php\:199\:\:\$updated_at has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\.php\:218\:\:\$_options has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\.php\:218\:\:\$country has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\.php\:218\:\:\$created_at has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\.php\:218\:\:\$deleted has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\.php\:218\:\:\$email has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\.php\:218\:\:\$id has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\.php\:218\:\:\$name has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\.php\:218\:\:\$updated_at has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\.php\:351\:\:\$_options has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\.php\:351\:\:\$country has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\.php\:351\:\:\$created_at has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\.php\:351\:\:\$deleted has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\.php\:351\:\:\$email has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\.php\:351\:\:\$id has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\.php\:351\:\:\$name has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Entity\\Entity@anonymous/tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest\.php\:351\:\:\$updated_at has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property Config\\Validation@anonymous/tests/system/Models/ValidationModelTest\.php\:245\:\:\$grouptest has no type specified\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/ValidationModelTest.php
diff --git a/utils/phpstan-baseline/nullCoalesce.property.neon b/utils/phpstan-baseline/nullCoalesce.property.neon
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1dbb4f758a25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/phpstan-baseline/nullCoalesce.property.neon
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# total 16 errors
+
+parameters:
+    ignoreErrors:
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Files\\File\:\:\$size \(int\) on left side of \?\? is not nullable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Files/File.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Files\\UploadedFile\:\:\$error \(int\) on left side of \?\? is not nullable\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/Files/UploadedFile.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Message\:\:\$protocolVersion \(string\) on left side of \?\? is not nullable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/Message.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\URI\:\:\$fragment \(string\) on left side of \?\? is not nullable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/URI.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Images\\Handlers\\BaseHandler\:\:\$height \(int\) on left side of \?\? is not nullable\.$#'
+            count: 4
+            path: ../../system/Images/Handlers/ImageMagickHandler.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Images\\Handlers\\BaseHandler\:\:\$width \(int\) on left side of \?\? is not nullable\.$#'
+            count: 4
+            path: ../../system/Images/Handlers/ImageMagickHandler.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Throttle\\Throttler\:\:\$testTime \(int\) on left side of \?\? is not nullable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Throttle/Throttler.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Test\\FilterTestTraitTest\:\:\$request \(CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\RequestInterface\) on left side of \?\?\= is not nullable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Test/FilterTestTraitTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Test\\FilterTestTraitTest\:\:\$response \(CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\ResponseInterface\) on left side of \?\?\= is not nullable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Test/FilterTestTraitTest.php
diff --git a/utils/phpstan-baseline/offsetAccess.notFound.neon b/utils/phpstan-baseline/offsetAccess.notFound.neon
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ba50b4d14f96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/phpstan-baseline/offsetAccess.notFound.neon
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# total 2 errors
+
+parameters:
+    ignoreErrors:
+        -
+            message: '#^Offset ''_ci_old_input'' does not exist on array\{\}\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/RedirectResponseTest.php
diff --git a/utils/phpstan-baseline/property.defaultValue.neon b/utils/phpstan-baseline/property.defaultValue.neon
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2b8e75c7009c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/phpstan-baseline/property.defaultValue.neon
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# total 1 error
+
+parameters:
+    ignoreErrors:
+        -
+            message: '#^Property CodeIgniter\\Config\\View\:\:\$coreFilters \(array\<string, callable\(mixed\)\: mixed&string\>\) does not accept default value of type array\{abs\: ''\\\\abs'', capitalize\: ''\\\\CodeIgniter\\\\View…'', date\: ''\\\\CodeIgniter\\\\View…'', date_modify\: ''\\\\CodeIgniter\\\\View…'', default\: ''\\\\CodeIgniter\\\\View…'', esc\: ''\\\\CodeIgniter\\\\View…'', excerpt\: ''\\\\CodeIgniter\\\\View…'', highlight\: ''\\\\CodeIgniter\\\\View…'', \.\.\.\}\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Config/View.php
diff --git a/utils/phpstan-baseline/property.nonObject.neon b/utils/phpstan-baseline/property.nonObject.neon
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..33d6299465f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/phpstan-baseline/property.nonObject.neon
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+# total 36 errors
+
+parameters:
+    ignoreErrors:
+        -
+            message: '#^Cannot access property \$insert_id on object\|resource\|false\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Test/Mock/MockConnection.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Cannot access property \$name on array\|object\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/FabricatorLiveTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Cannot access property \$currentRow on CodeIgniter\\Database\\ResultInterface\|false\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Cannot access property \$name on array\|object\.$#'
+            count: 4
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Cannot access property \$resultID on CodeIgniter\\Database\\ResultInterface\|false\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/GetTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Cannot access property \$id on array\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/FindModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Cannot access property \$created_at on array\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/InsertModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Cannot access property \$created_at on array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/MiscellaneousModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Cannot access property \$description on array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/SaveModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Cannot access property \$country on array\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/TimestampModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Cannot access property \$created_at on array\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/TimestampModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Cannot access property \$id on array\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/TimestampModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Cannot access property \$updated_at on array\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/TimestampModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Cannot access property \$value on list\<array\>\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/UpdateModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Cannot access property \$key on array\.$#'
+            count: 7
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/WhenWhenNotModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Cannot access property \$value on array\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/WhenWhenNotModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Cannot access property \$created_at on array\|object\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Test/FabricatorTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Cannot access property \$deleted_at on array\|object\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Test/FabricatorTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Cannot access property \$id on array\|object\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Test/FabricatorTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Cannot access property \$updated_at on array\|object\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Test/FabricatorTest.php
diff --git a/utils/phpstan-baseline/property.notFound.neon b/utils/phpstan-baseline/property.notFound.neon
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3d66f73b98bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/phpstan-baseline/property.notFound.neon
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+# total 51 errors
+
+parameters:
+    ignoreErrors:
+        -
+            message: '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection\<mysqli, mysqli_result\>\:\:\$mysqli\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../system/Database/MySQLi/PreparedQuery.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection\:\:\$schema\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/Database/SQLSRV/Builder.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection\:\:\$schema\.$#'
+            count: 14
+            path: ../../system/Database/SQLSRV/Forge.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Access to an undefined property Config\\Session\:\:\$lockAttempts\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Session/Handlers/RedisHandler.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Access to an undefined property Config\\Session\:\:\$lockWait\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Session/Handlers/RedisHandler.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection\:\:\$mysqli\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/GetVersionTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection\:\:\$foundRows\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/MySQLi/FoundRowsTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection\:\:\$numberNative\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/MySQLi/NumberNativeTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection\:\:\$schema\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/OrderTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection\:\:\$schema\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/PreparedQueryTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection\:\:\$schema\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Migrations/MigrationRunnerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\Encryption\\EncrypterInterface\:\:\$key\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Encryption/EncryptionTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\Encryption\\Encryption\:\:\$bogus\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Encryption/EncryptionTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\Encryption\\EncrypterInterface\:\:\$cipher\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Encryption/Handlers/OpenSSLHandlerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\Encryption\\EncrypterInterface\:\:\$key\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Encryption/Handlers/OpenSSLHandlerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\Encryption\\EncrypterInterface\:\:\$blockSize\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Encryption/Handlers/SodiumHandlerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\Encryption\\EncrypterInterface\:\:\$driver\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Encryption/Handlers/SodiumHandlerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\Encryption\\EncrypterInterface\:\:\$key\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Encryption/Handlers/SodiumHandlerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\I18n\\TimeLegacy\:\:\$foobar\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/I18n/TimeLegacyTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\I18n\\TimeLegacy\:\:\$timezoneName\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/I18n/TimeLegacyTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\I18n\\TimeLegacy\:\:\$weekOfWeek\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/I18n/TimeLegacyTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\I18n\\Time\:\:\$foobar\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/I18n/TimeTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\I18n\\Time\:\:\$timezoneName\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/I18n/TimeTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\I18n\\Time\:\:\$weekOfWeek\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/I18n/TimeTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\Config\\BaseConfig\:\:\$regenerate\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionRandomizeTokenTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\Config\\BaseConfig\:\:\$tokenRandomize\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionRandomizeTokenTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Access to an undefined property CodeIgniter\\Config\\BaseConfig\:\:\$regenerate\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionTest.php
diff --git a/utils/phpstan-baseline/property.phpDocType.neon b/utils/phpstan-baseline/property.phpDocType.neon
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3318d5c97890
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/phpstan-baseline/property.phpDocType.neon
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+# total 44 errors
+
+parameters:
+    ignoreErrors:
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type string of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\MySQLi\\Connection\:\:\$escapeChar is not the same as PHPDoc type array\|string of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection\<mysqli,mysqli_result\>\:\:\$escapeChar\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/MySQLi/Connection.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type string of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\MySQLi\\Forge\:\:\$createDatabaseStr is not the same as PHPDoc type string\|false of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Forge\:\:\$createDatabaseStr\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/MySQLi/Forge.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type string of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\MySQLi\\Utils\:\:\$listDatabases is not the same as PHPDoc type bool\|string of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseUtils\:\:\$listDatabases\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/MySQLi/Utils.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type string of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\MySQLi\\Utils\:\:\$optimizeTable is not the same as PHPDoc type bool\|string of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseUtils\:\:\$optimizeTable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/MySQLi/Utils.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\Database\\OCI8\\Connection of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\OCI8\\Builder\:\:\$db is not the same as PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseBuilder\:\:\$db\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/OCI8/Builder.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type string of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\OCI8\\Connection\:\:\$escapeChar is not the same as PHPDoc type array\|string of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection\<resource,resource\>\:\:\$escapeChar\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/OCI8/Connection.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type false of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\OCI8\\Forge\:\:\$createDatabaseStr is not the same as PHPDoc type string\|false of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Forge\:\:\$createDatabaseStr\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/OCI8/Forge.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type false of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\OCI8\\Forge\:\:\$createTableIfStr is not the same as PHPDoc type bool\|string of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Forge\:\:\$createTableIfStr\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/OCI8/Forge.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type false of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\OCI8\\Forge\:\:\$dropDatabaseStr is not the same as PHPDoc type string\|false of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Forge\:\:\$dropDatabaseStr\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/OCI8/Forge.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type false of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\OCI8\\Forge\:\:\$dropTableIfStr is not the same as PHPDoc type bool\|string of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Forge\:\:\$dropTableIfStr\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/OCI8/Forge.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type string of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\OCI8\\Forge\:\:\$renameTableStr is not the same as PHPDoc type string\|false of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Forge\:\:\$renameTableStr\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/OCI8/Forge.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\Database\\OCI8\\Connection of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\OCI8\\PreparedQuery\:\:\$db is not the same as PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection\<resource, resource\> of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Database\\BasePreparedQuery\<resource,resource,resource\>\:\:\$db\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/OCI8/PreparedQuery.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type string of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\OCI8\\Utils\:\:\$listDatabases is not the same as PHPDoc type bool\|string of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseUtils\:\:\$listDatabases\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/OCI8/Utils.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type string of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Postgre\\Connection\:\:\$escapeChar is not the same as PHPDoc type array\|string of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection\<PgSql\\Connection,PgSql\\Result\>\:\:\$escapeChar\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/Postgre/Connection.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\Database\\Postgre\\Connection of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Postgre\\Forge\:\:\$db is not the same as PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Forge\:\:\$db\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/Postgre/Forge.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type string of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Postgre\\Utils\:\:\$listDatabases is not the same as PHPDoc type bool\|string of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseUtils\:\:\$listDatabases\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/Postgre/Utils.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type string of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Postgre\\Utils\:\:\$optimizeTable is not the same as PHPDoc type bool\|string of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseUtils\:\:\$optimizeTable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/Postgre/Utils.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type string of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\SQLSRV\\Connection\:\:\$escapeChar is not the same as PHPDoc type array\|string of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection\<resource,resource\>\:\:\$escapeChar\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/SQLSRV/Connection.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type array of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\SQLSRV\\Forge\:\:\$unsigned is not the same as PHPDoc type array\|bool of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Forge\:\:\$unsigned\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/SQLSRV/Forge.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type string of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\SQLSRV\\Forge\:\:\$createDatabaseStr is not the same as PHPDoc type string\|false of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Forge\:\:\$createDatabaseStr\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/SQLSRV/Forge.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type string of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\SQLSRV\\Forge\:\:\$createTableIfStr is not the same as PHPDoc type bool\|string of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Forge\:\:\$createTableIfStr\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/SQLSRV/Forge.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type string of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\SQLSRV\\Forge\:\:\$renameTableStr is not the same as PHPDoc type string\|false of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Forge\:\:\$renameTableStr\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/SQLSRV/Forge.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\Database\\SQLSRV\\Connection of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\SQLSRV\\PreparedQuery\:\:\$db is not the same as PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection\<resource, resource\> of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Database\\BasePreparedQuery\<resource,resource,resource\>\:\:\$db\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/SQLSRV/PreparedQuery.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type string of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\SQLSRV\\Utils\:\:\$listDatabases is not the same as PHPDoc type bool\|string of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseUtils\:\:\$listDatabases\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/SQLSRV/Utils.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type string of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\SQLSRV\\Utils\:\:\$optimizeTable is not the same as PHPDoc type bool\|string of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseUtils\:\:\$optimizeTable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/SQLSRV/Utils.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type string of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\SQLite3\\Connection\:\:\$escapeChar is not the same as PHPDoc type array\|string of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection\<SQLite3,SQLite3Result\>\:\:\$escapeChar\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/SQLite3/Connection.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\Database\\SQLite3\\Connection of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\SQLite3\\Forge\:\:\$db is not the same as PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Forge\:\:\$db\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/SQLite3/Forge.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type string of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\SQLite3\\Utils\:\:\$optimizeTable is not the same as PHPDoc type bool\|string of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseUtils\:\:\$optimizeTable\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Database/SQLite3/Utils.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type int of property CodeIgniter\\Exceptions\\PageNotFoundException\:\:\$code is not the same as PHPDoc type mixed of overridden property Exception\:\:\$code\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Exceptions/PageNotFoundException.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type int of property CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Exceptions\\RedirectException\:\:\$code is not the same as PHPDoc type mixed of overridden property Exception\:\:\$code\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/Exceptions/RedirectException.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type string of property CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\Files\\UploadedFile\:\:\$originalMimeType is not the same as PHPDoc type string\|null of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Files\\File\:\:\$originalMimeType\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/Files/UploadedFile.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\URI of property CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\IncomingRequest\:\:\$uri is not the same as PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\URI\|null of overridden property CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\OutgoingRequest\:\:\$uri\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/IncomingRequest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type string\|null of property CodeIgniter\\Images\\Handlers\\ImageMagickHandler\:\:\$resource is not the same as PHPDoc type resource\|null of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Images\\Handlers\\BaseHandler\:\:\$resource\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Images/Handlers/ImageMagickHandler.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type string of property CodeIgniter\\Session\\Handlers\\FileHandler\:\:\$savePath is not the same as PHPDoc type array\|string of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Session\\Handlers\\BaseHandler\:\:\$savePath\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Session/Handlers/FileHandler.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\Test\\Mock\\MockConnection of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Builder\\InsertTest\:\:\$db is not the same as PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Test\\CIUnitTestCase\:\:\$db\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Builder/InsertTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\Test\\Mock\\MockConnection of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Builder\\UnionTest\:\:\$db is not the same as PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Test\\CIUnitTestCase\:\:\$db\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Builder/UnionTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\Test\\Mock\\MockConnection of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Builder\\UpdateTest\:\:\$db is not the same as PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Test\\CIUnitTestCase\:\:\$db\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Builder/UpdateTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\Test\\Mock\\MockConnection of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Builder\\WhenTest\:\:\$db is not the same as PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Test\\CIUnitTestCase\:\:\$db\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Builder/WhenTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\Test\\Mock\\MockConnection of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Builder\\WhereTest\:\:\$db is not the same as PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Test\\CIUnitTestCase\:\:\$db\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Builder/WhereTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\Database\\SQLite3\\Connection of property CodeIgniter\\Database\\Live\\SQLite3\\GetIndexDataTest\:\:\$db is not the same as PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\Database\\BaseConnection of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Test\\CIUnitTestCase\:\:\$db\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Database/Live/SQLite3/GetIndexDataTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\Router\\RouteCollection of property CodeIgniter\\HTTP\\RedirectResponseTest\:\:\$routes is not the same as PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\Router\\RouteCollection\|null of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Test\\CIUnitTestCase\:\:\$routes\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/HTTP/RedirectResponseTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type Tests\\Support\\Models\\EventModel of property CodeIgniter\\Models\\EventsModelTest\:\:\$model is not the same as PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\Model of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Models\\LiveModelTestCase\:\:\$model\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Models/EventsModelTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\Router\\RouteCollection of property CodeIgniter\\RESTful\\ResourceControllerTest\:\:\$routes is not the same as PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\Router\\RouteCollection\|null of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Test\\CIUnitTestCase\:\:\$routes\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/RESTful/ResourceControllerTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\Router\\RouteCollection of property CodeIgniter\\RESTful\\ResourcePresenterTest\:\:\$routes is not the same as PHPDoc type CodeIgniter\\Router\\RouteCollection\|null of overridden property CodeIgniter\\Test\\CIUnitTestCase\:\:\$routes\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenterTest.php
diff --git a/utils/phpstan-baseline/staticMethod.notFound.neon b/utils/phpstan-baseline/staticMethod.notFound.neon
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e8bc56bf5968
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/phpstan-baseline/staticMethod.notFound.neon
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# total 20 errors
+
+parameters:
+    ignoreErrors:
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined static method CodeIgniter\\Config\\Factories\:\:cells\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/View/Cell.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined static method CodeIgniter\\Config\\Factories\:\:cells\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined static method CodeIgniter\\Config\\Factories\:\:tedwigs\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined static method CodeIgniter\\Config\\Factories\:\:widgets\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 13
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined static method Tests\\Support\\Config\\Services\:\:SeSsIoN\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/ServicesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined static method Tests\\Support\\Config\\Services\:\:SeSsIoNs\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/ServicesTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Call to an undefined static method Tests\\Support\\Config\\Services\:\:redirectResponse\(\)\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Config/ServicesTest.php
diff --git a/utils/phpstan-baseline/ternary.shortNotAllowed.neon b/utils/phpstan-baseline/ternary.shortNotAllowed.neon
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d0ed19c4567e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/phpstan-baseline/ternary.shortNotAllowed.neon
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+# total 34 errors
+
+parameters:
+    ignoreErrors:
+        -
+            message: '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/CLI/CLI.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Commands/Utilities/Namespaces.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/Common.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\.$#'
+            count: 4
+            path: ../../system/Cookie/Cookie.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Database.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\.$#'
+            count: 3
+            path: ../../system/Files/File.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/CURLRequest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/HTTP/Response.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/Helpers/filesystem_helper.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/I18n/Time.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/I18n/TimeLegacy.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Pager/Pager.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Router/AutoRouter.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Session/Session.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/Test/Mock/MockCache.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../system/Validation/Validation.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\.$#'
+            count: 2
+            path: ../../system/View/View.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Commands/CellGeneratorTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Commands/CommandGeneratorTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Commands/ControllerGeneratorTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Commands/ModelGeneratorTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Commands/ScaffoldGeneratorTest.php
+
+        -
+            message: '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\.$#'
+            count: 1
+            path: ../../tests/system/Publisher/PublisherSupportTest.php
diff --git a/utils/src/PHPStan/CheckUseStatementsAfterLicenseRule.php b/utils/src/PHPStan/CheckUseStatementsAfterLicenseRule.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 4b23d3204ca1..000000000000
--- a/utils/src/PHPStan/CheckUseStatementsAfterLicenseRule.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-
-declare(strict_types=1);
-
-/**
- * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
- *
- * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
- *
- * For the full copyright and license information, please view
- * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
- */
-
-namespace Utils\PHPStan;
-
-use PhpParser\Comment\Doc;
-use PhpParser\Node;
-use PhpParser\Node\Stmt;
-use PhpParser\Node\Stmt\Use_;
-use PHPStan\Analyser\Scope;
-use PHPStan\Rules\IdentifierRuleError;
-use PHPStan\Rules\Rule;
-use PHPStan\Rules\RuleErrorBuilder;
-
-/**
- * @implements Rule<Node\Stmt>
- */
-final class CheckUseStatementsAfterLicenseRule implements Rule
-{
-    private const ERROR_MESSAGE   = 'Use statement must be located after license docblock';
-    private const COPYRIGHT_REGEX = '/\* \(c\) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter\.com>/m';
-
-    public function getNodeType(): string
-    {
-        return Stmt::class;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param Stmt $node
-     *
-     * @return list<IdentifierRuleError>
-     */
-    public function processNode(Node $node, Scope $scope): array
-    {
-        $comments = $node->getComments();
-
-        if ($comments === []) {
-            return [];
-        }
-
-        foreach ($comments as $comment) {
-            if (! $comment instanceof Doc) {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if (! preg_match(self::COPYRIGHT_REGEX, $comment->getText())) {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            $previous = $node->getAttribute('previous');
-
-            while ($previous) {
-                if ($previous instanceof Use_) {
-                    return [
-                        RuleErrorBuilder::message(self::ERROR_MESSAGE)
-                            ->identifier('codeigniter.useStmtAfterLicense')
-                            ->build(),
-                    ];
-                }
-
-                $previous = $previous->getAttribute('previous');
-            }
-        }
-
-        return [];
-    }
-}
diff --git a/utils/src/PhpCsFixer/CodeIgniterRuleCustomisationPolicy.php b/utils/src/PhpCsFixer/CodeIgniterRuleCustomisationPolicy.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8794f5dc787a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/src/PhpCsFixer/CodeIgniterRuleCustomisationPolicy.php
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace Utils\PhpCsFixer;
+
+use PhpCsFixer\Config\RuleCustomisationPolicyInterface;
+use SplFileInfo;
+
+/**
+ * Rule customisation policy for CodeIgniter coding standard.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+final class CodeIgniterRuleCustomisationPolicy implements RuleCustomisationPolicyInterface
+{
+    public function getPolicyVersionForCache(): string
+    {
+        return hash_file('sha256', __FILE__);
+    }
+
+    public function getRuleCustomisers(): array
+    {
+        $normalisedStrEndsWith = static fn (string $haystack, string $needle): bool => str_ends_with(str_replace('\\', '/', $haystack), $needle);
+
+        return [
+            'native_function_casing' => static fn (SplFileInfo $file): bool => ! $normalisedStrEndsWith(
+                $file->getPathname(),
+                '/tests/system/Database/Live/PreparedQueryTest.php',
+            ),
+            'ordered_imports' => static fn (SplFileInfo $file): bool => ! $normalisedStrEndsWith(
+                $file->getPathname(),
+                '/tests/_support/Commands/Foobar.php',
+            ),
+        ];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/utils/src/Rector/RemoveErrorSuppressInTryCatchStmtsRector.php b/utils/src/Rector/RemoveErrorSuppressInTryCatchStmtsRector.php
index feb697774f6f..db84e7bc4bd7 100644
--- a/utils/src/Rector/RemoveErrorSuppressInTryCatchStmtsRector.php
+++ b/utils/src/Rector/RemoveErrorSuppressInTryCatchStmtsRector.php
@@ -14,11 +14,12 @@
 namespace Utils\Rector;
 
 use PhpParser\Node;
+use PhpParser\Node\Expr;
 use PhpParser\Node\Expr\ErrorSuppress;
 use PhpParser\Node\Stmt\Class_;
 use PhpParser\Node\Stmt\Function_;
 use PhpParser\Node\Stmt\TryCatch;
-use PhpParser\NodeTraverser;
+use PhpParser\NodeVisitor;
 use Rector\Rector\AbstractRector;
 use Symplify\RuleDocGenerator\ValueObject\CodeSample\CodeSample;
 use Symplify\RuleDocGenerator\ValueObject\RuleDefinition;
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ public function getRuleDefinition(): RuleDefinition
                     try {
                     	rmdir($dirname);
                     } catch (Exception $e) {}
-                    CODE_SAMPLE
+                    CODE_SAMPLE,
             ),
         ]);
     }
@@ -60,9 +61,9 @@ public function refactor(Node $node): ?Node
 
         $this->traverseNodesWithCallable(
             $node->stmts,
-            static function (Node $subNode) use (&$hasChanged) {
+            static function (Node $subNode) use (&$hasChanged): int|Expr|null {
                 if ($subNode instanceof Class_ || $subNode instanceof Function_) {
-                    return NodeTraverser::DONT_TRAVERSE_CURRENT_AND_CHILDREN;
+                    return NodeVisitor::DONT_TRAVERSE_CURRENT_AND_CHILDREN;
                 }
 
                 if ($subNode instanceof ErrorSuppress) {
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ static function (Node $subNode) use (&$hasChanged) {
                 }
 
                 return null;
-            }
+            },
         );
 
         if ($hasChanged) {
diff --git a/utils/src/Rector/UnderscoreToCamelCaseVariableNameRector.php b/utils/src/Rector/UnderscoreToCamelCaseVariableNameRector.php
index 25d09fadacb6..070522314ee3 100644
--- a/utils/src/Rector/UnderscoreToCamelCaseVariableNameRector.php
+++ b/utils/src/Rector/UnderscoreToCamelCaseVariableNameRector.php
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 use PhpParser\Node\Stmt\Namespace_;
 use Rector\BetterPhpDocParser\PhpDocInfo\PhpDocInfoFactory;
 use Rector\Php\ReservedKeywordAnalyzer;
-use Rector\PhpParser\Node\CustomNode\FileWithoutNamespace;
+use Rector\PhpParser\Node\FileNode;
 use Rector\Rector\AbstractRector;
 use Symplify\RuleDocGenerator\ValueObject\CodeSample\CodeSample;
 use Symplify\RuleDocGenerator\ValueObject\RuleDefinition;
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ public function run($aB)
                             $someValue = $aB;
                         }
                     }
-                    CODE_SAMPLE
+                    CODE_SAMPLE,
             ),
         ]);
     }
@@ -77,14 +77,19 @@ public function run($aB)
      */
     public function getNodeTypes(): array
     {
-        return [FileWithoutNamespace::class, Namespace_::class];
+        return [FileNode::class, Namespace_::class];
     }
 
     /**
-     * @param ClassMethod|Closure|FileWithoutNamespace|Function_|Namespace_ $node
+     * @param FileNode|Namespace_ $node
      */
     public function refactor(Node $node): ?Node
     {
+        if ($node instanceof FileNode && $node->isNamespaced()) {
+            // handled in Namespace_ node
+            return null;
+        }
+
         if ($node->stmts === null) {
             return null;
         }
@@ -99,7 +104,7 @@ function (Node $subNode) {
                 }
 
                 return null;
-            }
+            },
         );
 
         if ($this->hasChanged) {
@@ -169,7 +174,7 @@ private function updateDocblock(string $variableName, string $camelCaseName, ?Fu
         }
 
         $docComment = $functionLike->getDocComment();
-        if ($docComment === null) {
+        if (! $docComment instanceof Doc) {
             return;
         }
 
@@ -178,7 +183,7 @@ private function updateDocblock(string $variableName, string $camelCaseName, ?Fu
             return;
         }
 
-        if (! preg_match(sprintf(self::PARAM_NAME_REGEX, $variableName), $docCommentText)) {
+        if (preg_match(sprintf(self::PARAM_NAME_REGEX, $variableName), $docCommentText) !== 1) {
             return;
         }