NOTES

ON
JAVA PROGRAMMING
 OOP Concepts

Object Oriented Programming is a paradigm that provides many concepts such as inheritance,
data binding, polymorphism etc.

Simula is considered as the first object-oriented programming language. The programming

paradigm where everything is represented as an object is known as truly object-oriented
programming language.

Smalltalk is considered as the first truly object-oriented programming language.

OOPs (Object Oriented Programming System)

Object means a real word entity such as pen, chair, table etc. Object-Oriented Programming is
a methodology or paradigm to design a program using classes and objects. It simplifies the
software development and maintenance by providing some concepts:

o Object

o Class

o Inheritance

o Polymorphism

o Abstraction

o Encapsulation

Object

Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. For example: chair, pen, table,
keyboard, bike etc. It can be physical and logical.

Class
Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.

Inheritance

When one object acquires all the properties and behaviours of parent object i.e. known as
inheritance. It provides code reusability. It is used to achieve runtime polymorphism.

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 1

 Polymorphism

When one task is performed by different ways i.e. known as polymorphism. For example: to
convince the customer differently, to draw something e.g. shape or rectangle etc.

In java, we use method overloading and method overriding to achieve polymorphism.

Another example can be to speak something e.g. cat speaks meaw, dog barks woof etc.

Abstraction

Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as abstraction. For example: phone
call, we don't know the internal processing.

In java, we use abstract class and interface to achieve abstraction.

Encapsulation

Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit is known as encapsulation.

For example: capsule, it is wrapped with different medicines.

A java class is the example of encapsulation. Java bean is the fully encapsulated class because all
the data members are private here.

Benefits of Inheritance

 One of the key benefits of inheritance is to minimize the amount of duplicate code in an
application by sharing common code amongst several subclasses. Where equivalent code
exists in two related classes, the hierarchy can usually be refactored to move the common
code up to a mutual superclass. This also tends to result in a better organization of code
and smaller, simpler compilation units.

 Inheritance can also make application code more flexible to change because classes that
inherit from a common superclass can be used interchangeably. If the return type of a
method is superclass

 Reusability - facility to use public methods of base class without rewriting the same.

 Extensibility - extending the base class logic as per business logic of the derived class.
JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 2
  Data hiding - base class can decide to keep some data private so that it cannot be

altered by the derived class

PAGE 3
 Java Programming- History of Java

The history of java starts from Green Team. Java team members (also known as
Green Team), initiated a revolutionary task to develop a language for digital
devices such as set-top boxes, televisions etc.

For the green team members, it was an advance concept at that time. But, it was
suited for internet programming. Later, Java technology as incorporated by
Netscape.

Currently, Java is used in internet programming, mobile devices, games, e-business

solutions etc. There are given the major points that describes the history of java.

1) James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java
language project in June 1991. The small team of sun engineers called Green
Team.

2) Originally designed for small, embedded systems in electronic appliances like set-
top boxes.

3) Firstly, it was called "Greentalk" by James Gosling and file extension was .gt.

4) After that, it was called Oak and was developed as a part of the Green
project.

Java Version History

There are many java versions that has been released. Current stable release of Java
is Java SE 8.

1. JDK Alpha and Beta (1995)

2. JDK 1.0 (23rd Jan, 1996)

3. JDK 1.1 (19th Feb, 1997)

4. J2SE 1.2 (8th Dec, 1998)

5. J2SE 1.3 (8th May, 2000)

6. J2SE 1.4 (6th Feb, 2002)

7. J2SE 5.0 (30th Sep, 2004)

8. Java SE 6 (11th Dec, 2006)

9. Java SE 7 (28th July, 2011)

 [Link] SE 8 (18th March, 2014)

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 4

Features of Java
There is given many features of java. They are also known as java buzzwords. The Java
Features given below are simple and easy to understand.

1. Simple

2. Object-Oriented

3. Portable

4. Platform independent

5. Secured

6. Robust

7. Architecture neutral

8. Dynamic

9. Interpreted

10. High Performance

11. Multithreaded

[Link]

Java Comments

The java comments are statements that are not executed by the compiler and interpreter. The
comments can be used to provide information or explanation about the variable, method, class or
any statement. It can also be used to hide program code for specific time.

Types of Java Comments

There are 3 types of comments in java.

1. Single Line Comment

2. Multi Line Comment

3. Documentation Comment

Java Single Line Comment

The single line comment is used to comment only one line.

Syntax:
1. //This is single line comment

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 5

 Example:

public class CommentExample1 {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int i=10;//Here, i is a variable

[Link](i);

Output:

10

Java Multi Line Comment

The multi line comment is used to comment multiple lines of code.

Syntax:

/*

This

is

multi line

comment

*/

Example:

public class CommentExample2 {

public static void main(String[] args) {

/* Let's declare and

print variable in java. */

int i=10;

[Link](i);

} }
Output:

10

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 6

Java Documentation Comment

The documentation comment is used to create documentation API. To create documentation API, you need
to use javadoc tool.

Syntax:

/**

This

is

documentation

comment

*/

Example:

/** The Calculator class provides methods to get addition and subtraction of given 2
numbers.*/ public class Calculator {

/** The add() method returns addition of given numbers.*/

public static int add(int a, int b){return a+b;}

/** The sub() method returns subtraction of given numbers.*/

public static int sub(int a, int b){return a-b;} }

Compile it by javac tool:

javac [Link]

Create Documentation API by javadoc tool:

javadoc [Link]

Now, there will be HTML files created for your Calculator class in the current directory. Open the HTML
files and see the explanation of Calculator class provided through documentation comment.
JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 7
Data Types
Data types represent the different values to be stored in the variable. In java, there are two types of data types:

o Primitive data types

o Non-primitive data types

Data Type Default Value Default size

boolean false 1 bit

char '\u0000' 2 byte

byte 0 1 byte

short 0 2 byte

int 0 4 byte

long 0L 8 byte

float 0.0f 4 byte

double 0.0d 8 byte

Java Variable Example: Add Two Numbers

class Simple{

public static void main(String[] args){

int a=10;
int b=10;
int c=a+b;
[Link](c);
}}

Output:20
JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 8
 Variables and Data Types in Java

Variable is a name of memory location. There are three types of variables in java: local, instance
and static.

There are two types of data types in java: primitive and non-primitive.

Types of Variable

There are three types of variables in java:

o local variable

o instance variable

o static variable

1)Local Variable

A variable which is declared inside the method is called local variable.

2) Instance Variable

A variable which is declared inside the class but outside the method, is called instance variable . It
is not declared as static.

3) Static variable

A variable that is declared as static is called static variable. It cannot be local.

We will have detailed learning of these variables in next chapters.

Example to understand the types of variables in java

class A{
int data=50;//instance variable
static int m=100;//static variable
void method(){
int n=90;//local variable
}
}//end of class

Constants in Java

A constant is a variable which cannot have its value changed after declaration. It uses the 'final'
keyword.

Syntax

modifier final dataType variableName = value; //global constant

modifier static final dataType variableName = value; //constant within a c

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 9
Scope and Life Time of Variables
The scope of a variable defines the section of the code in which the variable is visible. As a
general rule, variables that are defined within a block are not accessible outside that block.
The lifetime of a variable refers to how long the variable exists before it is destroyed.
Destroying variables refers to deallocating the memory that was allotted to the variables when
declaring it. We have written a few classes till now. You might have observed that not all
variables are the same. The ones declared in the body of a method were different from those
that were declared in the class itself. There are three types of variables: instance variables,
formal parameters or local variables and local variables.

Instance variables

Instance variables are those that are defined within a class itself and not in any method or
constructor of the class. They are known as instance variables because every instance of the
class (object) contains a copy of these variables. The scope of instance variables is determined
by the access specifier that is applied to these variables. We have already seen about it earlier.
The lifetime of these variables is the same as the lifetime of the object to which it belongs.
Object once created do not exist for ever. They are destroyed by the garbage collector of Java
when there are no more reference to that object. We shall see about Java's automatic garbage
collector later on.

Argument variables

These are the variables that are defined in the header oaf constructor or a method. The scope
of these variables is the method or constructor in which they are defined. The lifetime is
limited to the time for which the method keeps executing. Once the method finishes
execution, these variables are destroyed.

Local variables

A local variable is the one that is declared within a method or a constructor (not in the
header). The scope and lifetime are limited to the method itself.

One important distinction between these three types of variables is that access specifiers can
be applied to instance variables only and not to argument or local variables.

In addition to the local variables defined in a method, we also have variables that are defined
in bocks life an if block and an else block. The scope and is the same as that of the block
itself.

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 10

Operators in java

Operator in java is a symbol that is used to perform operations. For example: +, -, *, / etc.

There are many types of operators in java which are given below:

o Unary Operator,

o Arithmetic Operator,

o shift Operator,

o Relational Operator,

o Bitwise Operator,

o Logical Operator,

o Ternary Operator and

o Assignment Operator.

Operators Hierarchy
JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 11
EXPRESSIONS
Expressions are essential building blocks of any Java program, usually created to produce a
new value, although sometimes an expression simply assigns a value to a variable. Expressions
are built using values, variables, operators and method calls.

Types of Expressions

While an expression frequently produces a result, it doesn't always. There are three types
of expressions in Java:

 Those that produce a value, i.e. the result of (1 + 1)

 Those that assign a variable, for example (v = 10)

 Those that have no result but might have a "side effect" because an expression can include
a wide range of elements such as method invocations or increment operators that modify
the state (i.e. memory) of a program.

Java Type casting and Type conversion

Widening or Automatic Type Conversion

Widening conversion takes place when two data types are automatically converted. This happens
when:
 The two data types are compatible.
 When we assign value of a smaller data type to a bigger data type.

For Example, in java the numeric data types are compatible with each other but no automatic
conversion is supported from numeric type to char or boolean. Also, char and boolean are not

compatible with each other.

Narrowing or Explicit Conversion

If we want to assign a value of larger data type to a smaller data type we perform explicit type
casting or narrowing.

 This is useful for incompatible data types where automatic conversion cannot be done.
 Here, target-type specifies the desired type to convert the specified value to.


JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 12

Java Enum

Enum in java is a data type that contains fixed set of constants.

It can be used for days of the week (SUNDAY, MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY,
THURSDAY, FRIDAY and SATURDAY) , directions (NORTH, SOUTH, EAST and WEST)
etc. The java enum constants are static and final implicitly. It is available from JDK 1.5.

Java Enums can be thought of as classes that have fixed set of constants.

Simple example of java enum

class EnumExample1{

public enum Season { WINTER, SPRING, SUMMER, FALL }

public static void main(String[] args) {

for (Season s : [Link]())

[Link](s);

}}

Output:
WINTER

SPRING

SUMMER

FALL

Control Flow Statements

The control flow statements in Java allow you to run or skip blocks of code when
special conditions are met.

The “if” Statement

The “if” statement in Java works exactly like in most programming languages. With the help of
“if” you can choose to execute a specific block of code when a predefined condition is met.
The structure of the “if” statement in Java looks like this:

if (condition) {
 // execute this code

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 13

The condition is Boolean. Boolean means it may be true or false. For example you may put
a mathematical equation as condition. Look at this full example:

Creating a Stand-Alone Java Application

1. Write a main method that runs your program. You can write this method anywhere. In
this example, I'll write my main method in a class called Main that has no other methods. For
example:

2. public class Main

3. {
4. public static void main(String[] args)
5. {
6. [Link]();
7. } }
8. Make sure your code is compiled, and that you have tested it thoroughly.

9. If you're using Windows, you will need to set your path to include Java, if you haven't
done so already. This is a delicate operation. Open Explorer, and look inside
C:\ProgramFiles\Java, and you should see some version of the JDK. Open this folder, and
then open the bin folder. Select the complete path from the top of the Explorer window,
and press Ctrl-C to copy it.

Next, find the "My Computer" icon (on your Start menu or desktop), right-click it, and
select properties. Click on the Advanced tab, and then click on the Environment variables
button. Look at the variables listed for all users, and click on the Path variable. Do not delete
the contents of this variable! Instead, edit the contents by moving the cursor to the right end,
entering a semicolon (;), and pressing Ctrl-V to paste the path you copied earlier. Then go
ahead and save your changes. (If you have any Cmd windows open, you will need to close
them.)

10. If you're using Windows, go to the Start menu and type "cmd" to run a program
that brings up a command prompt window. If you're using a Mac or Linux machine,
run the Terminal program to bring up a command prompt.
 11. In Windows, type dir at the command prompt to list the contents of the current directory.
On a Mac or Linux machine, type ls to do this.

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 14

 12. Now we want to change to the directory/folder that contains your compiled code. Look at
the listing of sub-directories within this directory, and identify which one contains your
code. Type cd followed by the name of that directory, to change to that directory. For
example, to change to a directory called Desktop, you would type:

cd Desktop

To change to the parent directory, type:

cd ..

Every time you change to a new directory, list the contents of that directory to see where to go
next. Continue listing and changing directories until you reach the directory that contains your
.class files.

13. If you compiled your program using Java 1.6, but plan to run it on a Mac, you'll need
to recompile your code from the command line, by typing:

javac -target 1.5 *.java

14. Now we'll create a single JAR file containing all of the files needed to run your program.

Arrays

Java provides a data structure, the array, which stores a fixed-size sequential collection of
elements of the same type. An array is used to store a collection of data, but it is often more
useful to think of an array as a collection of variables of the same type.

Instead of declaring individual variables, such as number0, number1, ..., and number99, you
declare one array variable such as numbers and use numbers[0], numbers[1], and ...,
numbers[99] to represent individual variables.

This tutorial introduces how to declare array variables, create arrays, and process arrays using
indexed variables.

Declaring Array Variables:

To use an array in a program, you must declare a variable to reference the array, and you must
specify the type of array the variable can reference. Here is the syntax for declaring an array
variable:

dataType[] arrayRefVar; // preferred way.

or

dataType arrayRefVar[]; // works but not preferred way.

Note: The style dataType[] arrayRefVar is preferred. The style dataType

arrayRefVar[] comes from the C/C++ language and was adopted in Java to accommodate
C/C++ programmers.

Example:
JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 15
The following code snippets are examples of this syntax:

double[] myList; // preferred way.

or
double myList[]; // works but not preferred way.

Creating Arrays:

You can create an array by using the new operator with the following syntax:

arrayRefVar = new dataType[arraySize];

The above statement does two things:

 It creates an array using new dataType[arraySize];

 It assigns the reference of the newly created array to the variable arrayRefVar.

Declaring an array variable, creating an array, and assigning the reference of the array to the
variable can be combined in one statement, as shown below:

dataType[] arrayRefVar = new dataType[arraySize];

Alternatively you can create arrays as follows:

dataType[] arrayRefVar = {value0, value1, ..., valuek};

The array elements are accessed through the index. Array indices are 0-based; that is, they start
from 0 to [Link]-1.

Example:

Following statement declares an array variable, myList, creates an array of 10 elements of double
type and assigns its reference to myList:

double[] myList = new double[10];

Following picture represents array myList. Here, myList holds ten double values and the indices
are from 0 to 9.
JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 16
Processing Arrays:

When processing array elements, we often use either for loop or for each loop because all of the
elements in an array are of the same type and the size of the array is known.

Example:

Here is a complete example of showing how to create, initialize and process arrays:

public class TestArray

public static void main(String[] args) {

double[] myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};

// Print all the array elements for

(int i = 0; i < [Link]; i++) {

[Link](myList[i] + " ");

// Summing all elements

double total = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < [Link]; i++) {

total += myList[i];

[Link]("Total is " + total);

// Finding the largest element

double max = myList[0];
 for (int i = 1; i < [Link]; i++) { if
(myList[i] > max) max = myList[i];

[Link]("Max is " + max);

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 17

This would produce the following result:

1.9

2.9

3.4

3.5

Total is 11.7

Max is 3.5

public class TestArray {

public static void main(String[] args) {

double[] myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};

// Print all the array elements

for (double element: myList) {

[Link](element);

}}}

Java Console Class

The Java Console class is be used to get input from console. It provides methods to read texts and
passwords.

If you read password using Console class, it will not be displayed to the user.

The [Link] class is attached with system console internally. The Console class is
introduced since 1.5.

Let's see a simple example to read text from console.

1. String text=[Link]().readLine();

2. [Link]("Text is: "+text);

Java Console Example

import [Link];

class ReadStringTest{

public static void main(String args[]){

Console c=[Link]();

[Link]("Enter your name: ");

String n=[Link]();

[Link]("Welcome "+n); } }

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 18

 Output

Enter your name: Nakul Jain

Welcome Nakul Jain

Constructors

Constructor in java is a special type of method that is used to initialize the object.

Java constructor is invoked at the time of object creation. It constructs the values i.e. provides
data for the object that is why it is known as constructor.

There are basically two rules defined for the constructor.

1. Constructor name must be same as its class name

2. Constructor must have no explicit return type

Types of java constructors

There are two types of constructors:

1. Default constructor (no-arg constructor)

2. Parameterized constructor

JAVA DEFAULT CONSTRUCTOR

A constructor that have no parameter is known as default constructor.

Syntax of default constructor:

1. <class_name>(){}

Example of default constructor

In this example, we are creating the no-arg constructor in the Bike class. It will be invoked at
the time of object creation.

class Bike1{
Bike1(){[Link]("Bike is created");}
public static void main(String args[]){
Bike1 b=new Bike1();
} }
Output: Bike is created

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 19

 Example of parameterized constructor

In this example, we have created the constructor of Student class that have two parameters. We
can have any number of parameters in the constructor.

class Student4{
int id;
String name;

Student4(int i,String n){

id = i;
name = n;
}
void display(){[Link](id+" "+name);}

public static void main(String args[]){

Student4 s1 = new Student4(111,"Karan");

Student4 s2 = new Student4(222,"Aryan");
[Link]();
[Link]();
} }

Output:

111 Karan
222 Aryan

Constructor Overloading in Java

Constructor overloading is a technique in Java in which a class can have any number of
constructors that differ in parameter [Link] compiler differentiates these constructors by
taking into account the number of parameters in the list and their type.

Example of Constructor Overloading

class Student5{
int id;
String name;
int age;
Student5(int i,String n){
id = i;
name = n;
}

Student5(int i,String n,int a){

id = i;
name = n;
age=a;
}
void display(){[Link](id+" "+name+" "+age);}

public static void main(String args[]){

Student5 s1 = new Student5(111,"Karan");
Student5 s2 = new Student5(222,"Aryan",25);
[Link]();

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 20

 [Link]();
} }

Output:

111 Karan 0
222 Aryan 25

A Java method is a collection of statements that are grouped together to perform an operation.
When you call the [Link]() method, for example, the system actually executes
several statements in order to display a message on the console.

Now you will learn how to create your own methods with or without return values, invoke a
method with or without parameters, and apply method abstraction in the program design.

Creating Method

Considering the following example to explain the syntax of a method −

Syntax

public static int methodName(int a, int b) {

// body

Here,

 public static − modifier

 int − return type

 methodName − name of the method

 a, b − formal parameters

 int a, int b − list of parameters

Method definition consists of a method header and a method body. The same is shown in the
following syntax −

Syntax

modifier returnType nameOfMethod (Parameter List) {

// method body

}
The syntax shown above includes −

 modifier − It defines the access type of the method and it is optional to use.

 returnType − Method may return a value.

 nameOfMethod − This is the method name. The method signature consists of the
method name and the parameter list.

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 22

  Parameter List − The list of parameters, it is the type, order, and number of
parameters of a method. These are optional, method may contain zero parameters.

 method body − The method body defines what the method does with the statements.

Call by Value and Call by Reference in Java

There is only call by value in java, not call by reference. If we call a method passing a value, it

is known as call by value. The changes being done in the called method, is not affected in the

calling method.

Example of call by value in java

In case of call by value original value is not changed. Let's take a simple example:

class Operation{

int data=50;

void change(int data){

data=data+100;//changes will be in the local variable only

public static void main(String args[]){

Operation op=new Operation();

[Link]("before change "+[Link]);

[Link](500);

[Link]("after change "+[Link]);

Output:before change 50

after change 50

In Java, parameters are always passed by value. For example, following program prints
i = 10, j = 20.
// [Link]
class Test {

// swap() doesn't swap i and j

public static void swap(Integer i, Integer j) {
Integer temp = new Integer(i);
i = j;
 j = temp;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Integer i = new Integer(10);
Integer j = new Integer(20);
swap(i, j);
[Link]("i = " + i + ", j = " + j);

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 23

 }
}

Static Fields and Methods

The static keyword in java is used for memory management mainly. We can apply java static
keyword with variables, methods, blocks and nested class. The static keyword belongs to the class
than instance of the class.

The static can be:

1. variable (also known as class variable)

2. method (also known as class method)

3. block

4. nested class

Java static variable

If you declare any variable as static, it is known static variable.

o The static variable can be used to refer the common property of all objects (that is not unique for
each object) e.g. company name of employees,college name of students etc.

o The static variable gets memory only once in class area at the time of class loading.

Advantage of static variable

It makes your program memory efficient (i.e it saves memory).

Understanding problem without static variable

1. class Student{

2. int rollno;

3. String name;

4. String college="ITS";

5. }

Example of static variable

//Program of static variable

class Student8{

int rollno;

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 24

 String name;

static String college ="ITS";

Student8(int r,String n){

rollno = r;

name = n;

void display (){[Link](rollno+" "+name+" +college);}

public static void main(String args[]){ Student8 s1 = new
Student8(111,"Karan");

Student8 s2 = new Student8(222,"Aryan");

[Link]();

[Link]();

} }

Output:111 Karan ITS

222 Aryan ITS

Java static method

If you apply static keyword with any method, it is known as static method.

o A static method belongs to the class rather than object of a class.

o A static method can be invoked without the need for creating an instance of a class.

o static method can access static data member and can change the value of it.

Example of static method

//Program of changing the common property of all objects(static field).

class Student9{

int rollno;

String name;

static String college = "ITS";

static void change(){

college = "BBDIT";

}
Student9(int r, String n){

rollno = r;

name = n;

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 25

 }

void display (){[Link](rollno+" "+name+"

"+college);} public static void main(String args[]){
[Link]();

Student9 s1 = new Student9 (111,"Karan");

Student9 s2 = new Student9 (222,"Aryan");

Student9 s3 = new Student9 (333,"Sonoo");

[Link]();

[Link]();

[Link]();

} }

Output:111 Karan BBDIT

222 Aryan BBDIT

333 Sonoo BBDIT

Java static block

o Is used to initialize the static data member.

o It is executed before main method at the time of class loading.

Example of static block

class A2{

static{[Link]("static block is
invoked");} public static void main(String args[]){
[Link]("Hello main");

} }

Output: static block is invoked

Hello main

Access Control

Access Modifiers in java

There are two types of modifiers in java: access modifiers and non-access modifiers.
The access modifiers in java specifies accessibility (scope) of a data member, method, constructor
or class.

There are 4 types of java access modifiers:

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 26

 1. private

2. default

3. protected

4. public

private access modifier

The private access modifier is accessible only within class.

Simple example of private access modifier

In this example, we have created two classes A and Simple. A class contains private data
member and private method. We are accessing these private members from outside the class,
so there is compile time error.

class A{

private int data=40;

private void msg(){[Link]("Hello java");} }

public class Simple{

public static void main(String args[]){

A obj=new A();

[Link]([Link]);//Compile Time Error

[Link]();//Compile Time Error

} }

2) default access modifier

If you don't use any modifier, it is treated as default bydefault. The default modifier is
accessible only within package.

Example of default access modifier

In this example, we have created two packages pack and mypack. We are accessing the A
class from outside its package, since A class is not public, so it cannot be accessed from outside
the package.

//save by [Link]

package pack;

class A{

void msg(){[Link]("Hello");}
}

//save by [Link]

package mypack;

import pack.*;

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 27

class B{

public static void main(String args[]){

A obj = new A();//Compile Time Error

[Link]();//Compile Time Error } }

In the above example, the scope of class A and its method msg() is default so it cannot be
accessed from outside the package.

3) protected access modifier

The protected access modifier is accessible within package and outside the package but through
inheritance only.

The protected access modifier can be applied on the data member, method and constructor. It
can't be applied on the class.

Example of protected access modifier

In this example, we have created the two packages pack and mypack. The A class of pack
package is public, so can be accessed from outside the package. But msg method of this package
is declared as protected, so it can be accessed from outside the class only through inheritance.

//save by [Link]

package pack;

public class A{

protected void msg(){[Link]("Hello");} }

//save by [Link]

package mypack;

import pack.*;

class B extends A{

public static void main(String args[]){

B obj = new B();

[Link]();

} }

Output:Hello
4) public access modifier

The public access modifier is accessible everywhere. It has the widest scope among all other
modifiers.

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 28

Example of public access modifier

//save by [Link]

package pack;

public class A{

public void msg(){[Link]("Hello");} }

//save by [Link]

package mypack;

import pack.*;

class B{

public static void main(String args[]){

A obj = new A();

[Link]();

} }

Output:Hello

Understanding all java access modifiers

Let's understand the access modifiers by a simple table.

Access within within outside package by outside

Modifier class package subclass only package

Private Y N N N

Default Y Y N N

Protected Y Y Y N

Public Y Y Y Y

this keyword in java

Usage of java this keyword

Here is given the 6 usage of java this keyword.

 1. this can be used to refer current class instance variable.

2. this can be used to invoke current class method (implicitly)

3. this() can be used to invoke current class constructor.

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 29

 4. this can be passed as an argument in the method call.

5. this can be passed as argument in the constructor call.

6. this can be used to return the current class instance from the method.

class Student{
int rollno;
String name;
float fee;

Student(int rollno,String name,float

fee){ [Link]=rollno;

[Link]=name;
[Link]=fee;
}
void display(){[Link](rollno+" "+name+" "+fee);}
}
class TestThis2{

public static void main(String args[]){

Student s1=new Student(111,"ankit",5000f);
Student s2=new
Student(112,"sumit",6000f); [Link]();

[Link]();
}}

Output:

111 ankit 5000

112 sumit 6000

Difference between constructor and method in java

Java Constructor Java Method

Constructor is used to initialize the state of an object. Method is used to expose behaviour

of an object.

Constructor must not have return type. Method must have return type.

Constructor is invoked implicitly. Method is invoked explicitly.

The java compiler provides a default constructor if you Method is not provided by compiler in
don't have any constructor. any case.

Constructor name must be same as the class name. Method name may or may not be

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 30

 same as class name.

There are many differences between constructors and methods. They are given belo

Constructor Overloading in Java

Constructor overloading is a technique in Java in which a class can have any number of
constructors that differ in parameter [Link] compiler differentiates these constructors by
taking into account the number of parameters in the list and their type.

Example of Constructor Overloading

class Student5{

int id;

String name;

int age;

Student5(int i,String n){

id = i;

name = n;

Student5(int i,String n,int a){

id = i;

name = n;

age=a;

void display(){[Link](id+" "+name+" "+age);}

public static void main(String args[]){

Student5 s1 = new Student5(111,"Karan");

Student5 s2 = new Student5(222,"Aryan",25);

[Link]();

[Link]();
 }

Output:

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 31

 111 Karan 0

222 Aryan 25

Method Overloading in java

If a class has multiple methods having same name but different in parameters, it is known as
Method Overloading.

If we have to perform only one operation, having same name of the methods increases the
readability of the program.

Method Overloading: changing no. of arguments

In this example, we have created two methods, first add() method performs addition of two
numbers and second add method performs addition of three numbers.

In this example, we are creating static methods so that we don't need to create instance for calling
methods.

class Adder{

static int add(int a,int b){return a+b;}

static int add(int a,int b,int c){return a+b+c;}

class TestOverloading1{

public static void main(String[] args){

[Link]([Link](11,11));

[Link]([Link](11,11,11));

}}

Output:

22

33

Method Overloading: changing data type of arguments

In this example, we have created two methods that differs in data type. The first add method
receives two integer arguments and second add method receives two double arguments.

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 32

Recursion in Java
Recursion in java is a process in which a method calls itself continuously. A method in java
that calls itself is called recursive method.

Java Recursion Example 1: Factorial Number

public class RecursionExample3 {

static int factorial(int n){

if (n == 1)

return 1;

else

return(n * factorial(n-1));

} }

public static void main(String[] args) {

[Link]("Factorial of 5 is: "+factorial(5));
}}

Output:

Factorial of 5 is: 120

Java Garbage Collection

In java, garbage means unreferenced objects.

Garbage Collection is process of reclaiming the runtime unused memory automatically. In other
words, it is a way to destroy the unused objects.

To do so, we were using free() function in C language and delete() in C++. But, in java it is
performed automatically. So, java provides better memory management.

Advantage of Garbage Collection

o It makes java memory efficient because garbage collector removes the unreferenced
objects from heap memory.

o It is automatically done by the garbage collector(a part of JVM) so we don't need to make
extra efforts.
 gc() method

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 33

 The gc() method is used to invoke the garbage collector to perform cleanup processing.
The gc() is found in System and Runtime classes.

public static void gc(){}

Simple Example of garbage collection in java

public class TestGarbage1{

public void finalize(){[Link]("object is garbage collected");}

public static void main(String args[]){

TestGarbage1 s1=new TestGarbage1();

TestGarbage1 s2=new TestGarbage1();

s1=null;

s2=null;

[Link]();

} }

object is garbage collected

object is garbage collected

Java String
string is basically an object that represents sequence of char values. An array of characters works
same as java string. For example:

1. char[] ch={'j','a','v','a','t','p','o','i','n','t'};
2. String s=new String(ch);

ssame as:

1. String s="javatpoint";

2. Java String class provides a lot of methods to perform operations on string such as

compare(), concat(), equals(), split(), length(), replace(), compareTo(), intern(), substring()

etc.

3. The [Link] class implements Serializable, Comparable and CharSequence

interfaces.
 CharSequence Interface

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 34

 The CharSequence interface is used to represent sequence of characters. It is implemented by
String, StringBuffer and StringBuilder classes. It means, we can create string in java by using
these 3 classes.

The java String is immutable i.e. it cannot be changed. Whenever we change any
string, a new instance is created. For mutable string, you can use StringBuffer and
StringBuilder classes.

There are two ways to create String object:

1. By string literal

2. By new keyword

String Literal

Java String literal is created by using double quotes. For Example:

1. String s="welcome";

Each time you create a string literal, the JVM checks the string constant pool first. If the string
already exists in the pool, a reference to the pooled instance is returned. If string doesn't exist in
the pool, a new string instance is created and placed in the pool. For example:

1. String s1="Welcome";
2. String s2="Welcome";//will not create new instance

By new keyword
1. String s=new String("Welcome");//creates two objects and one reference variable

In such case, JVM will create a new string object in normal (non pool) heap memory and the
literal "Welcome" will be placed in the string constant pool. The variable s will refer to the object
in heap (non pool).

Java String Example

public class StringExample{

public static void main(String args[]){

String s1="java";//creating string by java string literal

char ch[]={'s','t','r','i','n','g','s'};

String s2=new String(ch);//converting char array to string

String s3=new String("example");//creating java string by new keyword
[Link](s1);
[Link](s2);
[Link](s3);
}}

java

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 35

strings
example

Immutable String in Java

In java, string objects are immutable. Immutable simply means unmodifiable or unchangeable.

Once string object is created its data or state can't be changed but a new string object is created.

Let's try to understand the immutability concept by the example given below:

class Testimmutablestring{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s="Sachin";

[Link](" Tendulkar");//concat() method appends the string at the end

[Link](s);//will print Sachin because strings are immutable objects

} }

Output:Sachin

class Testimmutablestring1{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s="Sachin";
s=[Link](" Tendulkar");
[Link](s);
} } Output:Sachin Tendulkar
JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 36

Inheritance in Java
Inheritance in java is a mechanism in which one object acquires all the properties and
behaviors of parent object. Inheritance represents the IS-A relationship, also known as parent-
child relationship.

Why use inheritance in java

o For Method Overriding (so runtime polymorphism can be achieved).

o For Code Reusability.

Syntax of Java Inheritance

1. class Subclass-name extends Superclass-name

2. {
3. //methods and fields
4. }

The extends keyword indicates that you are making a new class that derives from an existing
class. The meaning of "extends" is to increase the functionality.

class Employee{

float salary=40000;
}
class Programmer extends Employee{
int bonus=10000;

public static void main(String args[]){ Programmer

p=new Programmer(); [Link]("Programmer
salary is:"+[Link]); [Link]("Bonus of
Programmer is:"+[Link]);

} }

Programmer salary is:40000.0

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 37

 Bonus of programmer is:10000

Types of inheritance in java

Single Inheritance Example

File: [Link]

class Animal{
void eat(){[Link]("eating...");}
}
class Dog extends Animal{
void bark(){[Link]("barking...");}
}
class TestInheritance{
public static void main(String args[]){
Dog d=new Dog();
[Link]();
[Link]();
}}
Output:

barking...

eating...

Multilevel Inheritance Example

File: [Link]

class Animal{
void eat(){[Link]("eating...");}
}
class Dog extends Animal{
void bark(){[Link]("barking...");}
}
class BabyDog extends Dog{
void weep(){[Link]("weeping...");}
}
class TestInheritance2{

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 38

public static void main(String args[]){
BabyDog d=new BabyDog();
[Link]();
[Link]();
[Link]();
}}

Output:

weeping...
barking...
eating...

Hierarchical Inheritance Example

File: [Link]

class Animal{
void eat(){[Link]("eating...");}
}
class Dog extends Animal{
void bark(){[Link]("barking...");}
}
class Cat extends Animal{
void meow(){[Link]("meowing...");}
}
class TestInheritance3{
public static void main(String args[]){
Cat c=new Cat();
[Link]();
[Link]();
//[Link]();//[Link]
}}

Output:

meowing...
eating...
JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 39
Member access and Inheritance

A subclass includes all of the members of its super class but it cannot access those members of
the super class that have been declared as private. Attempt to access a private variable would
cause compilation error as it causes access violation. The variables declared as private, is only
accessible by other members of its own class. Subclass have no access to it.

super keyword in java

The super keyword in java is a reference variable which is used to refer immediate parent class
object.

Whenever you create the instance of subclass, an instance of parent class is created implicitly
which is referred by super reference variable.

Usage of java super Keyword

1. super can be used to refer immediate parent class instance variable.

2. super can be used to invoke immediate parent class method.

3. super() can be used to invoke immediate parent class constructor.

super is used to refer immediate parent class instance variable.

class Animal{

String color="white";

class Dog extends Animal{

String color="black";

void printColor(){

[Link](color);//prints color of Dog class

[Link]([Link]);//prints color of Animal class

class TestSuper1{
 public static void main(String args[]){

Dog d=new Dog();

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 40

 [Link]();

}}

Output:

black

white

Final Keyword in Java

The final keyword in java is used to restrict the user. The java final keyword can be used in many context.

Final can be:

1. variable

2. method

3. class

The final keyword can be applied with the variables, a final variable that have no value it is called blank
final variable or uninitialized final variable. It can be initialized in the constructor only. The blank final
variable can be static also which will be initialized in the static block only.

Object class in Java

The Object class is the parent class of all the classes in java by default. In other words, it is the
topmost class of java.

The Object class is beneficial if you want to refer any object whose type you don't know. Notice
that parent class reference variable can refer the child class object, know as upcasting.

Let's take an example, there is getObject() method that returns an object but it can be of any type
like Employee,Student etc, we can use Object class reference to refer that object. For example:

1. Object obj=getObject();//we don't know what object will be returned from this method

The Object class provides some common behaviors to all the objects such as object can be
compared, object can be cloned, object can be notified etc.

Method Overriding in Java

If subclass (child class) has the same method as declared in the parent class, it is known
as method overriding in java.
JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 41
 Usage of Java Method Overriding

o Method overriding is used to provide specific implementation of a method that is already

provided by its super class.
o Method overriding is used for runtime polymorphism

Rules for Java Method Overriding

1. method must have same name as in the parent class

2. method must have same parameter as in the parent class.

3. must be IS-A relationship (inheritance).

Example of method overriding

Class Vehicle{
void run(){[Link]("Vehicle is running");}
}
class Bike2 extends Vehicle{

void run(){[Link]("Bike is running safely");}

public static void main(String args[]){ Bike2 obj = new
Bike2();

[Link]();
}

Output:Bike is running safely

1. class Bank{
int getRateOfInterest(){return 0;}
}
class SBI extends Bank{
int getRateOfInterest(){return 8;}
}
class ICICI extends Bank{
int getRateOfInterest(){return 7;}
}
class AXIS extends Bank{
int getRateOfInterest(){return 9;}
}
class Test2{

public static void main(String args[]){

SBI s=new SBI();
ICICI i=new ICICI();
AXIS a=new AXIS();

[Link]("SBI Rate of Interest: "+[Link]());

[Link]("ICICI Rate of Interest: "+[Link]());
[Link]("AXIS Rate of Interest:
"+[Link]()); } }

Output:
SBI Rate of Interest: 8

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 42

 ICICI Rate of Interest: 7
AXIS Rate of Interest: 9

Abstract class in Java

A class that is declared with abstract keyword is known as abstract class in java. It can have

abstract and non-abstract methods (method with body). It needs to be extended and its method

implemented. It cannot be instantiated.

Example abstract class

1. abstract class A{}

abstract method

1. abstract void printStatus();//no body and abstract

Example of abstract class that has abstract method

abstract class Bike{

abstract void run();

class Honda4 extends Bike{

void run(){[Link]("running safely..");}

public static void main(String args[]){

Bike obj = new Honda4();

[Link]();

1. }

running safely..

Interface in Java
An interface in java is a blueprint of a class. It has static constants and abstract methods.

The interface in java is a mechanism to achieve abstraction. There can be only abstract methods
in the java interface not method body. It is used to achieve abstraction and multiple inheritance in
Java.

Java Interface also represents IS-A relationship.

It cannot be instantiated just like abstract class.

There are mainly three reasons to use interface. They are given below.
o It is used to achieve abstraction.
o By interface, we can support the functionality of multiple inheritance.
o It can be used to achieve loose coupling.

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 43

 Internal addition by compiler

Understanding relationship between classes and interfaces

//Interface declaration: by first user

interface Drawable{
void draw();
}
//Implementation: by second user
class Rectangle implements Drawable{
public void draw(){[Link]("drawing rectangle");}
}
class Circle implements Drawable{

public void draw(){[Link]("drawing

circle");} }

//Using interface: by third user

class TestInterface1{
public static void main(String args[]){
Drawable d=new Circle();//In real scenario, object is provided by method e.g. getDrawable()
[Link]();
}}

Output:drawing circle

Multiple inheritance in Java by interface

interface Printable{

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 44

void print();
}
interface Showable{
void show();
}

class A7 implements Printable,Showable{ public

void print(){[Link]("Hello");} public
void show(){[Link]("Welcome");} public
static void main(String args[]){ A7 obj = new A7();

[Link]();
[Link]();
} }

Output:Hello

Welcome

Abstract class Interface

1) Abstract class can have abstract Interface can have only abstract methods. Since
and non-abstract methods. Java 8, it can have default and static
methods also.
2) Abstract class doesn't support Interface supports multiple inheritance.
multiple inheritance.
3) Abstract class can have final, non- Interface has only static and final variables.
final, static and non-static variables.
4) Abstract class can provide the Interface can't provide the implementation of
implementation of interface. abstract class.
5) The abstract keyword is used to The interface keyword is used to declare
declare abstract class. interface.
6) Example: Example:
public abstract class Shape{ public interface Drawable{
public abstract void draw(); void draw();
} }

Java Package
A java package is a group of similar types of classes, interfaces and sub-packages.

Package in java can be categorized in two form, built-in package and user-defined package.

There are many built-in packages such as java, lang, awt, javax, swing, net, io, util, sql etc.

Advantage of Java Package

1) Java package is used to categorize the classes and interfaces so that they can be easily
maintained.
 2) Java package provides access protection.

3) Java package removes naming collision.

package mypack;
public class Simple{
public static void main(String args[]){
[Link]("Welcome to package");
} }

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 46

How to compile java package

If you are not using any IDE, you need to follow the syntax given below:

javac -d directory javafilename

How to run java package program

To Compile: javac -d . [Link]

To Run: java [Link]

Using fully qualified name

Example of package by import fully qualified name

//save by [Link]
package pack;
public class A{

public void msg(){[Link]("Hello");} }

//save by [Link]

package mypack;
class B{
public static void main(String args[]){

pack.A obj = new pack.A();//using fully qualified name

[Link]();

}
}
Output:Hello

JAVA PROGRAMMING

Exception Handling

The exception handling in java is one of the powerful mechanism to handle the runtime errors
so that normal flow of the application can be maintained.

What is exception

In java, exception is an event that disrupts the normal flow of the program. It is an object which is
thrown at runtime.

Advantage of Exception Handling

The core advantage of exception handling is to maintain the normal flow of the application.
Exception normally disrupts the normal flow of the application that is why we use exception
handling.

Types of Exception

There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked where error is considered as
unchecked exception. The sun microsystem says there are three types of exceptions:

1. Checked Exception

2. Unchecked Exception

3. Error

Difference between checked and unchecked exceptions

1) Checked Exception: The classes that extend Throwable class except RuntimeException and Error are
known as checked exceptions [Link], SQLException etc. Checked exceptions are checked at
compile-time.

2) Unchecked Exception: The classes that extend RuntimeException are known as unchecked
exceptions e.g. ArithmeticException, NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException etc.
Unchecked exceptions are not checked at compile-time rather they are checked at runtime.

3) Error: Error is irrecoverable e.g. OutOfMemoryError, VirtualMachineError, AssertionError etc.

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 48
Hierarchy of Java Exception classes

Checked and UnChecked Exceptions

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 49
 Java try block

Java try block is used to enclose the code that might throw an exception. It must be used within
the method.

Java try block must be followed by either catch or finally block.

Syntax of java try-catch

1. try{
2. //code that may throw exception
3. }catch(Exception_class_Name ref){}

Syntax of try-finally block

1. try{
2. //code that may throw exception
3. }finally{}

Java catch block

Java catch block is used to handle the Exception. It must be used after the try block only.

You can use multiple catch block with a single try.

Problem without exception handling

Let's try to understand the problem if we don't use try-catch block.

public class Testtrycatch1{

public static void main(String args[]){
int data=50/0;//may throw exception
[Link]("rest of the code...");
} }

Output:

Exception in thread main [Link]:/ by zero

As displayed in the above example, rest of the code is not executed (in such case, rest of
the code... statement is not printed).

There can be 100 lines of code after exception. So all the code after exception will not be
executed.

Solution by exception handling

Let's see the solution of above problem by java try-catch block.

public class Testtrycatch2{

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 50
 public static void main(String args[]){
try{
int data=50/0;

}catch(ArithmeticException e){[Link](e);}
[Link]("rest of the code...");

} }
1. Output:

Exception in thread main [Link]:/ by

zero rest of the code...

Now, as displayed in the above example, rest of the code is executed i.e. rest of the code...
statement is printed.

Java Multi catch block

If you have to perform different tasks at the occurrence of different Exceptions, use java multi
catch block.

Let's see a simple example of java multi-catch block.

1. public class TestMultipleCatchBlock{

2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. try{
4. int a[]=new int[5];
5. a[5]=30/0;
6. }
7. catch(ArithmeticException e){[Link]("task1 is completed");}
8. catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e){[Link]("task 2 completed");
9. }
10. catch(Exception e){[Link]("common task completed");
11. }
12. [Link]("rest of the code...");
13. } }

Output:task1 completed
rest of the code...

Java nested try example

Let's see a simple example of java nested try block.

class Excep6{
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
try{
[Link]("going to divide");
int b =39/0;
}catch(ArithmeticException e){[Link](e);}

try{
JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 51
 int a[]=new int[5];
a[5]=4;

}catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
e){[Link](e);} [Link]("other statement);

}catch(Exception e){[Link]("handeled");}
[Link]("normal flow..");

}
1. }

Java finally block

Java finally block is a block that is used to execute important code such as closing connection,
stream etc.

Java finally block is always executed whether exception is handled or not.

Java finally block follows try or catch block.

Usage of Java finally

Case 1

Let's see the java finally example where exception doesn't occur.

class TestFinallyBlock{
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
int data=25/5;
[Link](data);
}
catch(NullPointerException e){[Link](e);}

finally{[Link]("finally block is always executed");}

[Link]("rest of the code..."); }

Output:5
finally block is always executed

rest of the code...

Java throw keyword

The Java throw keyword is used to explicitly throw an exception.

We can throw either checked or uncheked exception in java by throw keyword. The throw
keyword is mainly used to throw custom exception. We will see custom exceptions later.

The syntax of java throw keyword is given below.

1. throw exception;

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 52

 Java throw keyword example

In this example, we have created the validate method that takes integer value as a parameter.
If the age is less than 18, we are throwing the ArithmeticException otherwise print a message
welcome to vote.

1. public class TestThrow1{

static void validate(int age){
if(age<18)
throw new ArithmeticException("not valid");
else

[Link]("welcome to vote");
}
public static void main(String args[]){
validate(13);
[Link]("rest of the code...");
} }

Output:

Exception in thread main [Link]:not valid

Java throws keyword

The Java throws keyword is used to declare an exception. It gives an information to the
programmer that there may occur an exception so it is better for the programmer to provide the
exception handling code so that normal flow can be maintained.

Exception Handling is mainly used to handle the checked exceptions. If there occurs any
unchecked exception such as NullPointerException, it is programmers fault that he is not
performing check up before the code being used.

Syntax of java throws

1. return_type method_name() throws exception_class_name{

2. //method code
3. }

4.

Java throws example

Let's see the example of java throws clause which describes that checked exceptions can be
propagated by throws keyword.

import [Link];
class Testthrows1{
void m()throws IOException{
 throw new IOException("device error");//checked exception

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 53

 }
void n()throws IOException{
m();
}
void p(){
try{
n();

}catch(Exception e){[Link]("exception handled");}

}

public static void main(String args[]){

Testthrows1 obj=new Testthrows1();
obj.p();
[Link]("normal flow..."); } }
Output:

exception handled
normal flow...

Java Custom Exception

If you are creating your own Exception that is known as custom exception or user-defined
exception. Java custom exceptions are used to customize the exception according to user need.

By the help of custom exception, you can have your own exception and message.

Let's see a simple example of java custom exception.

class InvalidAgeException extends Exception{

InvalidAgeException(String s){
super(s);
}}
class TestCustomException1{

static void validate(int age)throws InvalidAgeException{

if(age<18)

throw new InvalidAgeException("not valid");

else

[Link]("welcome to vote");
}
public static void main(String args[]){
try{

validate(13);
}catch(Exception m){[Link]("Exception occured: "+m);}

[Link]("rest of the code...");

} }

Output:Exception occured: InvalidAgeException:not valid rest of the code...

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 54
 Multithreading

Multithreading in java is a process of executing multiple threads simultaneously.

Thread is basically a lightweight sub-process, a smallest unit of processing. Multiprocessing and

multithreading, both are used to achieve multitasking.

But we use multithreading than multiprocessing because threads share a common memory area.
They don't allocate separate memory area so saves memory, and context-switching between the
threads takes less time than process.

Java Multithreading is mostly used in games, animation etc.

Advantages of Java Multithreading

1) It doesn't block the user because threads are independent and you can perform multiple
operations at same time.

2) You can perform many operations together so it saves time.

3) Threads are independent so it doesn't affect other threads if exception occur in a single thread.

Life cycle of a Thread (Thread States)

A thread can be in one of the five states. According to sun, there is only 4 states in thread life
cycle in java new, runnable, non-runnable and terminated. There is no running state.

But for better understanding the threads, we are explaining it in the 5 states.

The life cycle of the thread in java is controlled by JVM. The java thread states are as follows:

1. New

2. Runnable

3. Running

4. Non-Runnable (Blocked)

5. Terminated
JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 55
How to create thread

There are two ways to create a thread:

1. By extending Thread class

2. By implementing Runnable interface.

Thread class:

Thread class provide constructors and methods to create and perform operations on a
[Link] class extends Object class and implements Runnable interface.

Commonly used Constructors of Thread class:

o Thread()

o Thread(String name)

o Thread(Runnable r)

o Thread(Runnable r,String name)

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 56
 Commonly used methods of Thread class:

1. public void run(): is used to perform action for a thread.

2. public void start(): starts the execution of the [Link] calls the run() method on the thread.

3. public void sleep(long miliseconds): Causes the currently executing thread to sleep (temporarily
cease execution) for the specified number of milliseconds.

4. public void join(): waits for a thread to die.

5. public void join(long miliseconds): waits for a thread to die for the specified miliseconds.

6. public int getPriority(): returns the priority of the thread.

7. public int setPriority(int priority): changes the priority of the thread.

8. public String getName(): returns the name of the thread.

9. public void setName(String name): changes the name of the thread.

10. public Thread currentThread(): returns the reference of currently executing thread.

11. public int getId(): returns the id of the thread.

12. public [Link] getState(): returns the state of the thread.

13. public boolean isAlive(): tests if the thread is alive.

14. public void yield(): causes the currently executing thread object to temporarily pause and allow
other threads to execute.

15. public void suspend(): is used to suspend the thread(depricated).

16. public void resume(): is used to resume the suspended thread(depricated).

17. public void stop(): is used to stop the thread(depricated).

18. public boolean isDaemon(): tests if the thread is a daemon thread.

19. public void setDaemon(boolean b): marks the thread as daemon or user thread.

20. public void interrupt(): interrupts the thread.

21. public boolean isInterrupted(): tests if the thread has been interrupted.

22. public static boolean interrupted(): tests if the current thread has been interrupted.

Runnable interface:

The Runnable interface should be implemented by any class whose instances are intended to
be executed by a thread. Runnable interface have only one method named run().
 1. public void run(): is used to perform action for a thread.

Starting a thread:

start() method of Thread class is used to start a newly created thread. It performs
following tasks:
o A new thread starts(with new callstack).

o The thread moves from New state to the Runnable state.

o When the thread gets a chance to execute, its target run() method will run.

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 57

 Java Thread Example by extending Thread class

class Multi extends Thread{

public void run(){
[Link]("thread is running...");
}
public static void main(String args[]){
Multi t1=new Multi();
[Link]();
}}

Output:thread is running...

Java Thread Example by implementing Runnable interface

class Multi3 implements Runnable{

public void run(){
[Link]("thread is running...");
}
public static void main(String args[]){
Multi3 m1=new Multi3();
Thread t1 =new Thread(m1);
[Link]();
} }

Output:thread is running...

Priority of a Thread (Thread Priority):

Each thread have a priority. Priorities are represented by a number between 1 and 10. In most
cases, thread schedular schedules the threads according to their priority (known as
preemptive scheduling). But it is not guaranteed because it depends on JVM specification
that which scheduling it chooses.

3 constants defined in Thread class:

1. public static int MIN_PRIORITY

2. public static int NORM_PRIORITY

3. public static int MAX_PRIORITY

Default priority of a thread is 5 (NORM_PRIORITY). The value of MIN_PRIORITY is 1

and the value of MAX_PRIORITY is 10.

Example of priority of a Thread:

class TestMultiPriority1 extends Thread{

public void run(){
 [Link]("running thread name is:"+[Link]().getName());
[Link]("running thread priority is:"+[Link]().getPriority());
}
public static void main(String args[]){

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 58

 TestMultiPriority1 m1=new TestMultiPriority1();
TestMultiPriority1 m2=new TestMultiPriority1();
[Link](Thread.MIN_PRIORITY);
[Link](Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
[Link]();
[Link]();
} }

Output:running thread name is:Thread-0

running thread priority is:10
running thread name is:Thread-1
running thread priority is:1

Java synchronized method

If you declare any method as synchronized, it is known as synchronized method.

Synchronized method is used to lock an object for any shared resource.

When a thread invokes a synchronized method, it automatically acquires the lock for that
object and releases it when the thread completes its task.

Example of inter thread communication in java

Let's see the simple example of inter thread communication.

class Customer{
int amount=10000;
synchronized void withdraw(int amount){
[Link]("going to withdraw...");
if([Link]<amount){

[Link]("Less balance; waiting for

deposit..."); try{wait();}catch(Exception e){} }

[Link]-=amount;
[Link]("withdraw completed...");
}
synchronized void deposit(int amount){
[Link]("going to deposit...");
[Link]+=amount;

[Link]("deposit completed... ");

notify();
}
}
class Test{
public static void main(String args[]){
final Customer c=new Customer();
new Thread(){
public void run(){[Link](15000);}
}.start();
new Thread(){
JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 59
public void run(){[Link](10000);}
}
start();
}}

Output: going to withdraw...

Less balance; waiting for deposit...
going to deposit...
deposit completed...
withdraw completed

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 60

 NETWORKING IN JAVA

[Link]
The term network programming refers to writing programs that execute across multiple devices
(computers), in which the devices are all connected to each other using a network.

The [Link] package of the J2SE APIs contains a collection of classes and interfaces that provide
the low-level communication details, allowing you to write programs that focus on solving the
problem at hand.

The [Link] package provides support for the two common network protocols −

 TCP − TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol, which allows for reliable
communication between two applications. TCP is typically used over the Internet Protocol,
which is referred to as TCP/IP.

 UDP − UDP stands for User Datagram Protocol, a connection-less protocol that allows for
packets of data to be transmitted between applications.

This chapter gives a good understanding on the following two subjects −

 Socket Programming − This is the most widely used concept in Networking and it has
been explained in very detail.

 URL Processing − This would be covered separately.

[Link]

The [Link] package is necessary for every java developer to master because it has a lot of
classes that is helpful in formatting such as dates, numbers, and messages.

[Link] Classes

The following are the classes available for [Link] package

[table]

Class|Description

SimpleDateFormat|is a concrete class that helps in formatting and parsing of dates.

[/table]
JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 61
 vector

ArrayList and Vector both implements List interface and maintains insertion order.

But there are many differences between ArrayList and Vector classes that are given below.

ArrayList Vector

1) ArrayList is not synchronized. Vector is synchronized.

2)ArrayList increments50% of Vector increments 100% means doubles the array

current array size if number of size if total number of element exceeds than its
element exceeds from its capacity. capacity.

3)ArrayList is not a legacy class, Vector is a legacy class.

it is introduced in JDK 1.2.

4) ArrayList is fast because it is Vector is slow because it is synchronized i.e. in

non-synchronized. multithreading environment, it will hold the other

threads in runnable or non-runnable state until
current thread releases the lock of object.

5) ArrayLis tuses Iterator interface Vector uses Enumeration interface to traverse the

to traverse the elements. elements. But it can use Iterator also.

Example of Java Vector

Let's see a simple example of java Vector class that uses Enumeration interface.

1. import [Link].*;

2. class TestVector1{

3. public static void main(String args[]){

4. Vector<String> v=new Vector<String>();//creating vector

5. [Link]("umesh");//method of Collection

6. [Link]("irfan");//method of Vector

7. [Link]("kumar");
8. //traversing elements using Enumeration

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 65

9. Enumeration e=[Link]();

10. while([Link]()){

11. [Link]([Link]());

12. } } }

Output:

umesh

irfan

kumar

Java - Files and I/O

The [Link] package contains nearly every class you might ever need to perform input and output
(I/O) in Java. All these streams represent an input source and an output destination. The stream
in the [Link] package supports many data such as primitives, object, localized characters, etc.

Stream
A stream can be defined as a sequence of data. There are two kinds of Streams −

 InputStream − The InputStream is used to read data from a source.

 OutputStream − The OutputStream is used for writing data to a destination.

Java provides strong but flexible support for I/O related to files and networks but this tutorial
covers very basic functionality related to streams and I/O. We will see the most commonly used

examples one by one −

Byte Streams
Java byte streams are used to perform input and output of 8-bit bytes. Though there are many

classes related to byte streams but the most frequently used classes are, FileInputStream and
FileOutputStream. Following is an example which makes use of these two classes to copy an
input file into an output file −

Example
import [Link].*;

public class CopyFile {

public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {

FileInputStream in = null;

FileOutputStream out = null;

try {

in = new FileInputStream("[Link]");

out = new FileOutputStream("[Link]");

int c;

while ((c = [Link]()) != -1) {

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 77

 [Link](c);

}finally {

if (in != null) {

[Link]();

if (out != null) {

[Link]();

}} }}

Now let's have a file [Link] with the following content −

This is test for copy file.

As a next step, compile the above program and execute it, which will result in creating [Link]
file with the same content as we have in [Link]. So let's put the above code in [Link]

file and do the following −

$javac [Link]

$java CopyFile

Character Streams
Java Byte streams are used to perform input and output of 8-bit bytes, whereas Java Character
streams are used to perform input and output for 16-bit unicode. Though there are many classes
related to character streams but the most frequently used classes are, FileReader and
FileWriter. Though internally FileReader uses FileInputStream and

FileWriter uses FileOutputStream but here the major difference is that FileReader reads two
bytes at a time and FileWriter writes two bytes at a time.

We can re-write the above example, which makes the use of these two classes to copy an input
file (having unicode characters) into an output file −

Example

import [Link].*;

public class CopyFile {

 public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 78
 FileReader in = null;

FileWriter out = null;

try {

in = new FileReader("[Link]");

out = new FileWriter("[Link]");

int c;

while ((c = [Link]()) != -1) {

[Link](c);}

}finally {

if (in != null) {

[Link]();}

if (out != null) {

[Link]();

}} }}

Now let's have a file [Link] with the following content −

This is test for copy file.

As a next step, compile the above program and execute it, which will result in creating [Link]
file with the same content as we have in [Link]. So let's put the above code in [Link]

file and do the following −

$javac [Link]

$java CopyFile

Standard Streams
All the programming languages provide support for standard I/O where the user's program can
take input from a keyboard and then produce an output on the computer screen. Java provides the

following three standard streams −

 Standard Input − This is used to feed the data to user's program and usually a
keyboard is used as standard input stream and represented [Link].
JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 79
  Standard Output − This is used to output the data produced by the user's program and

usually a computer screen is used for standard output stream and represented as
[Link].
used to output the error data produced by the user's program
 Standard Error − This is
screen is used for standard error stream and represented
and usually a computer as
[Link].

Following is a simple program, which creates InputStreamReader to read standard input stream
until the user types a "

Example

import [Link].*;

public class ReadConsole {

public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {

InputStreamReader cin = null;

try {

cin = new InputStreamReader([Link]);

[Link]("Enter characters, 'q' to quit.");

char c;

do {

c = (char) [Link]();

[Link](c);

} while(c != 'q');

}finally {

if (cin != null) {

[Link]();

} }}}

This program continues to read and output the same character until we press 'q' −

$javac [Link]

$java ReadConsole
JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 80
Enter characters, 'q' to quit.

Reading and Writing Files

As described earlier, a stream can be defined as a sequence of data. The InputStream is used to
read data from a source and the OutputStream is used for writing data to a destination.

Here is a hierarchy of classes to deal with Input and Output streams.

The two important streams are FileInputStream and FileOutputStream

FileInputStream
This stream is used for reading data from the files. Objects can be created using the keyword
new and there are several types of constructors available.
Following constructor takes a file name as a string to create an input stream object to read the file
−

InputStream f = new FileInputStream("C:/java/hello");

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 81

Following constructor takes a file object to create an input stream object to read the file. First we
create a file object using File() method as follows −

File f = new File("C:/java/hello");

InputStream f = new FileInputStream(f);

Once you have InputStream object in hand, then there is a list of helper methods which can be
used to read to stream or to do other operations on the stream.

ByteArrayInputStream

DataInputStream

FileOutputStream
FileOutputStream is used to create a file and write data into it. The stream would create a file, if
it doesn't already exist, before opening it for output.

Here are two constructors which can be used to create a FileOutputStream object.

Following constructor takes a file name as a string to create an input stream object to write the
file −

OutputStream f = new FileOutputStream("C:/java/hello")

Following constructor takes a file object to create an output stream object to write the file. First,
we create a file object using File() method as follows −

File f = new File("C:/java/hello");

OutputStream f = new FileOutputStream(f);

Once you have OutputStream object in hand, then there is a list of helper methods, which can be
used to write to stream or to do other operations on the stream.

ByteArrayOutputStream

DataOutputStream

Example

Following is the example to demonstrate InputStream and OutputStream −

import [Link].*;

public class fileStreamTest {

 public static void main(String args[]) {

try {

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 82

 byte bWrite [] = {11,21,3,40,5};

OutputStream os = new FileOutputStream("[Link]");

for(int x = 0; x < [Link] ; x++) {

[Link]( bWrite[x] ); // writes the bytes}

[Link]();

InputStream is = new FileInputStream("[Link]");

int size = [Link]();

for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) {

[Link]((char)[Link]() + " "); }

[Link]();

} catch (IOException e) {

[Link]("Exception");

}}}

[Link] Class
The [Link] class file behaves like a large array of bytes stored in the file
[Link] of this class support both reading and writing to a random access file.

Class declaration
Following is the declaration for [Link] class −

public class RandomAccessFile

extends Object

implements DataOutput, DataInput, Closeable

Class constructors
S.N. Constructor & Description

1
RandomAccessFile(File file, String mode)

This creates a random access file stream to read from, and optionally to write to, the file
specified by the File argument.
JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 83
2
RandomAccessFile(File file, String mode)

This creates a random access file stream to read from, and optionally to write to, a file with
the specified name.

Methods inherited
This class inherits methods from the following classes −

 [Link]

[Link] Class in Java

The File class is Java’s representation of a file or directory path name. Because file and directory
names have different formats on different platforms, a simple string is not adequate to name them.
The File class contains several methods for working with the path name, deleting and renaming
files, creating new directories, listing the contents of a directory, and determining several common
attributes of files and directories.

 It is an abstract representation of file and directory pathnames.

 A pathname, whether abstract or in string form can be either absolute or relative. The parent of
an abstract pathname may be obtained by invoking the getParent() method of this class.

 First of all, we should create the File class object by passing the filename or directory name
to it. A file system may implement restrictions to certain operations on the actual file-
system object, such as reading, writing, and executing. These restrictions are collectively
known as access permissions.

Instances of the File class are immutable; that is, once created, the abstract pathname
represented by a File object will never change.
How to create a File Object?

A File object is created by passing in a String that represents the name of a file, or a String or
another File object. For example,

File a = new File("/usr/local/bin/geeks");

defines an abstract file name for the geeks file in directory /usr/local/bin. This is an absolute
abstract file name.

Program to check if a file or directory physically exist or not.

// In this program, we accepts a file or directory name from

// command line arguments. Then the program will check if
// that file or directory physically exist or not and
// it displays the property of that file or directory.
*import [Link];
// Displaying file property
class fileProperty
{
public static void main(String[] args) {

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 84

 //accept file name or directory name through command line
args String fname =args[0];

//pass the filename or directory name to File

object File f = new File(fname);

//apply File class methods on File object

[Link]("File name :"+[Link]());
[Link]("Path: "+[Link]());
[Link]("Absolute path:"
+[Link]());
[Link]("Parent:"+[Link]());
[Link]("Exists :"+[Link]()); if([Link]())

{
[Link]("Is writeable:"+[Link]());

[Link]("Is readable"+[Link]());
[Link]("Is a directory:"+[Link]());
[Link]("File Size in bytes "+[Link]());
}
}
}

Output:

File name :[Link]

Path: [Link]

Absolute path:C:\Users\akki\IdeaProjects\codewriting\src\[Link]

Parent:null

Exists :true

Is writeable:true

Is readabletrue

Is a directory:false

File Size in bytes 20

Connceting to DB (JDBC – JAVA DABASE CONNECTIVITY )

What is JDBC Driver?

JDBC drivers implement the defined interfaces in the JDBC API, for interacting with your
database server.

For example, using JDBC drivers enable you to open database connections and to interact with it
by sending SQL or database commands then receiving results with Java.
JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 85
The [Link] package that ships with JDK, contains various classes with their behaviours defined
and their actual implementaions are done in third-party drivers. Third party vendors implements
the [Link] interface in their database driver.

JDBC Drivers Types

JDBC driver implementations vary because of the wide variety of operating systems and
hardware platforms in which Java operates. Sun has divided the implementation types into four

categories, Types 1, 2, 3, and 4, which is explained below −

Type 1: JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver

In a Type 1 driver, a JDBC bridge is used to access ODBC drivers installed on each client
machine. Using ODBC, requires configuring on your system a Data Source Name (DSN) that
represents the target database.

When Java first came out, this was a useful driver because most databases only supported ODBC
access but now this type of driver is recommended only for experimental use or when no other
alternative is available.

The JDBC-ODBC Bridge that comes

with JDK 1.2 is a good example of this kind of driver.

Type 2: JDBC-Native API

In a Type 2 driver, JDBC API calls are converted into native C/C++ API calls, which are unique
to the database. These drivers are typically provided by the database vendors and used in the
same manner as the JDBC-ODBC Bridge. The vendor-specific driver must be installed on each
client machine.
JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 86
If we change the Database, we have to change the native API, as it is specific to a database and
they are mostly obsolete now, but you may realize some speed increase with a Type 2 driver,
because it eliminates ODBC's overhead.

The Oracle Call Interface (OCI) driver is an example of a Type 2 driver.

Type 3: JDBC-Net pure Java

In a Type 3 driver, a three-tier approach is used to access databases. The JDBC clients use
standard network sockets to communicate with a middleware application server. The socket
information is then translated by the middleware application server into the call format required
by the DBMS, and forwarded to the database server.

This kind of driver is extremely flexible, since it requires no code installed on the client and a
single driver can actually provide access to multiple databases.
JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 87
You can think of the application server as a JDBC "proxy," meaning that it makes calls for the
client application. As a result, you need some knowledge of the application server's configuration
in order to effectively use this driver type.

Your application server might use a Type 1, 2, or 4 driver to communicate with the database,
understanding the nuances will prove helpful.

Type 4: 100% Pure Java

In a Type 4 driver, a pure Java-based driver communicates directly with the vendor's database
through socket connection. This is the highest performance driver available for the database and
is usually provided by the vendor itself.

This kind of driver is extremely flexible, you don't need to install special software on the client
or server. Further, these drivers can be downloaded dynamically.

MySQL's Connector/J driver is a Type 4 driver. Because of the proprietary nature of their
network protocols, database vendors usually supply type 4 drivers.

Which Driver should be Used?

If you are accessing one type of database, such as Oracle, Sybase, or IBM, the preferred driver
type is 4.

If your Java application is accessing multiple types of databases at the same time, type 3 is the
preferred driver.

Type 2 drivers are useful in situations, where a type 3 or type 4 driver is not available yet for
your database.
JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 88
 The type 1 driver is not considered a deployment-level driver, and is typically used for
development and testing purposes only.

Example to connect to the mysql database in java

For connecting java application with the mysql database, you need to follow 5 steps to perform
database connectivity.

In this example we are using MySql as the database. So we need to know following informations
for the mysql database:

1. Driver class: The driver class for the mysql database is [Link].

2. Connection URL: The connection URL for the mysql database

is jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/sonoo where jdbc is the API, mysql is the database,

localhost is the server name on which mysql is running, we may also use IP address, 3306
is the port number and sonoo is the database name. We may use any database, in such
case, you need to replace the sonoo with your database name.

3. Username: The default username for the mysql database is root.

4. Password: Password is given by the user at the time of installing the mysql database. In
this example, we are going to use root as the password.

Let's first create a table in the mysql database, but before creating table, we need to create
database first.

1. create database sonoo;

2. use sonoo;

3. create table emp(id int(10),name varchar(40),age int(3));

Example to Connect Java Application with mysql database

In this example, sonoo is the database name, root is the username and password.
import [Link].*;
class MysqlCon{

public static void main(String args[]){ try{

[Link]("[Link]"); Connection

con=[Link](

"jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/sonoo","root","root");

//here sonoo is database name, root is username and password

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 89

 Statement stmt=[Link]();

ResultSet rs=[Link]("select * from

emp"); while([Link]())

[Link]([Link](1)+" "+[Link](2)+" "+[Link](3));

[Link]();

}catch(Exception e){ [Link](e);}

} }

The above example will fetch all the records of emp table.

To connect java application with the mysql database [Link] file is required to be
loaded.

Two ways to load the jar file:

1. paste the [Link] file in jre/lib/ext folder

2. set classpath

1) paste the [Link] file in JRE/lib/ext folder:

Download the [Link] file. Go to jre/lib/ext folder and paste the jar file here.

2) set classpath:

There are two ways to set the classpath:

[Link] [Link]

How to set the temporary classpath

open command prompt and write:

1. C:>set classpath=c:\folder\[Link];.;

How to set the permanent classpath

Go to environment variable then click on new tab. In variable name write classpath and in
variable value paste the path to the [Link] file by appending [Link];.; as
C:\folder\[Link];

JDBC-Result Sets

The SQL statements that read data from a database query, return the data in a result set. The
SELECT statement is the standard way to select rows from a database and view them in a result
set. The [Link] interface represents the result set of a database query.
JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 90
A ResultSet object maintains a cursor that points to the current row in the result set. The term
"result set" refers to the row and column data contained in a ResultSet object.

The methods of the ResultSet interface can be broken down into three categories −

 Navigational methods: Used to move the cursor around.

 Get methods: Used to view the data in the columns of the current row being pointed by
the cursor.

 Update methods: Used to update the data in the columns of the current row. The updates
can then be updated in the underlying database as well.

The cursor is movable based on the properties of the ResultSet. These properties are designated
when the corresponding Statement that generates the ResultSet is created.

JDBC provides the following connection methods to create statements with desired ResultSet −

 createStatement(int RSType, int RSConcurrency);

 prepareStatement(String SQL, int RSType, int RSConcurrency);

 prepareCall(String sql, int RSType, int RSConcurrency);

The first argument indicates the type of a ResultSet object and the second argument is one of two
ResultSet constants for specifying whether a result set is read-only or updatable.

Type of ResultSet
The possible RSType are given below. If you do not specify any ResultSet type, you will
automatically get one that is TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY.

Type Description

ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY The cursor can only move forward in the result

set.

ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE The cursor can scroll forward and backward, and

the result set is not sensitive to changes made by
others to the database that occur after the result set
was created.

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 91

ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE. The cursor can scroll forward and backward, and
the result set is sensitive to changes made by
others to the database that occur after the result set
was created.

Concurrency of ResultSet
The possible RSConcurrency are given below. If you do not specify any Concurrency type, you
will automatically get one that is CONCUR_READ_ONLY.

Concurrency Description

ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY Creates a read-only result set. This is the default

ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE Creates an updateable result set.

Viewing a Result Set

The ResultSet interface contains dozens of methods for getting the data of the current row.

There is a get method for each of the possible data types, and each get method has two versions

 One that takes in a column name.

 One that takes in a column index.

For example, if the column you are interested in viewing contains an int, you need to use one of
the getInt() methods of ResultSet −

S.N. Methods & Description

1 public int getInt(String columnName) throws SQLException

Returns the int in the current row in the column named columnName.

2 public int getInt(int columnIndex) throws SQLException

Returns the int in the current row in the specified column index. The column index starts
at 1, meaning the first column of a row is 1, the second column of a row is 2, and so on.
JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 92
Similarly, there are get methods in the ResultSet interface for each of the eight Java primitive
types, as well as common types such as [Link], [Link], and [Link].

There are also methods for getting SQL data types [Link], [Link],
[Link], [Link], and [Link]. Check the documentation for more
information about using these SQL data types.

For a better understanding, let us study Viewing - Example Code.

Updating a Result Set

The ResultSet interface contains a collection of update methods for updating the data of a result
set.

As with the get methods, there are two update methods for each data type −

 One that takes in a column name.

 One that takes in a column index.

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 93
For example, to update a String column of the current row of a result set, you would use one
of the following updateString() methods −

S.N. Methods & Description

1 public void updateString(int columnIndex, String s) throws

SQLException Changes the String in the specified column to the value of

s.

2 public void updateString(String columnName, String s) throws SQLException

Similar to the previous method, except that the column is specified by its name instead
of its index.

There are update methods for the eight primitive data types, as well as String, Object, URL,
and the SQL data types in the [Link] package.

Updating a row in the result set changes the columns of the current row in the ResultSet
object, but not in the underlying database. To update your changes to the row in the database,
you need to invoke one of the following methods.

S.N. Methods & Description

1 public void updateRow()

Updates the current row by updating the corresponding row in the database.

2 public void deleteRow()

Deletes the current row from the database

3 public void refreshRow()

Refreshes the data in the result set to reflect any recent changes in the database.

4 public void cancelRowUpdates()

Cancels any updates made on the current row.

5 public void insertRow()

Inserts a row into the database. This method can only be invoked when the cursor is
 GUI Programming with java
The AWT Class hierarchy

Java AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) is an API to develop GUI or window-based applications
in java.

Java AWT components are platform-dependent i.e. components are displayed according to the
view of operating system. AWT is heavyweight i.e. its components are using the resources of OS.

The [Link] package provides classes for AWT api such as TextField, Label, TextArea,
RadioButton, CheckBox, Choice, List etc.

Java AWT Hierarchy

The hierarchy of Java AWT classes are given below.

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 95
Container

The Container is a component in AWT that can contain another components like buttons,
textfields, labels etc. The classes that extends Container class are known as container such as
Frame, Dialog and Panel.

Window

The window is the container that have no borders and menu bars. You must use frame, dialog or
another window for creating a window.

Panel

The Panel is the container that doesn't contain title bar and menu bars. It can have other
components like button, textfield etc.

Frame

The Frame is the container that contain title bar and can have menu bars. It can have other
components like button, textfield etc.

Useful Methods of Component class

Method Description

public void add(Component c) inserts a component on this component.

public void setSize(int width,int height) sets the size (width and height) of the component.

public void setLayout(LayoutManager defines the layout manager for the component.

m)

public void setVisible(boolean status) changes the visibility of the component, by default

false.

Java AWT Example

To create simple awt example, you need a frame. There are two ways to create a frame in AWT.

o By extending Frame class (inheritance)

o By creating the object of Frame class (association)

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 96
 AWT Example by Inheritance

Let's see a simple example of AWT where we are inheriting Frame class. Here, we are showing
Button component on the Frame.

import [Link].*;

class First extends Frame{

First(){

Button b=new Button("click me");

[Link](30,100,80,30);// setting button position

add(b);//adding button into frame

setSize(300,300);//frame size 300 width and 300 height

setLayout(null);//no layout manager

setVisible(true);//now frame will be visible, by default not visible

}

public static void main(String args[]){

First f=new First();

}}

The setBounds(int xaxis, int yaxis, int width, int height) method is used in the above example that
sets the position of the awt button.

Java Swing

Java Swing tutorial is a part of Java Foundation Classes (JFC) that is used to create window-
based applications. It is built on the top of AWT (Abstract Windowing Toolkit) API and entirely
written in java.

Unlike AWT, Java Swing provides platform-independent and lightweight components.

The [Link] package provides classes for java swing API such as JButton, JTextField,
JTextArea, JRadioButton, JCheckbox, JMenu, JColorChooser etc.

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 97

Difference between AWT and Swing.
No. Java AWT Java Swing

1) AWT components are platform- Java swing components are platform-

dependent. independent.

2) AWT components are heavyweight. Swing components are lightweight.

3) AWT doesn't support pluggable look Swing supports pluggable look and

and feel. feel.

4) AWT provides less components than Swing provides more Powerful

Swing. componentssuchastables,lists,
scrollpanes, colorchooser, Tabbedpane
etc.

5) AWT doesn't follows MVC(Model View Swing follows MVC.

Controller) where model represents data,

view Represents presentation and
controller acts as an interface between
model and view.

Commonly used Methods of Component class

Metho Description
d

public void add(Component c) add a component on another component.

public void setSize(int width,int height) sets size of the component.

public void setLayout(LayoutManager sets the layout manager for the component.

m)

public void setVisible(boolean b) sets the visibility of the component. It is by default

false.

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Hierarchy of Java Swing classes

The hierarchy of java swing API is given below.

Java Swing Examples

There are two ways to create a frame:

o By creating the object of Frame class (association)

o By extending Frame class (inheritance)

We can write the code of swing inside the main(), constructor or any other method.

Simple Java Swing Example

Let's see a simple swing example where we are creating one button and adding it on the JFrame
object inside the main() method.

File: [Link]
JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 99
import [Link].*;

public class FirstSwingExample {

public static void main(String[]
args) {

JFrame f=new JFrame();//creating instance of JFrame

JButton b=new JButton("click");//creating instance of JButton

[Link](130,100,100, 40);//x axis, y axis, width, height

[Link](b);//adding button in JFrame

[Link](400,500);//400 width and 500 height

[Link](null);//using no layout managers

[Link](true);//making the frame visible

}}
 Layout Management
Java LayoutManagers

The LayoutManagers are used to arrange components in a particular manner. LayoutManager is

an interface that is implemented by all the classes of layout managers.

BorderLayout

The BorderLayout provides five constants for each region:

1. public static final int NORTH

2. public static final int SOUTH

3. public static final int EAST

4. public static final int WEST

5. public static final int CENTER

Constructors of BorderLayout class:

o BorderLayout(): creates a border layout but with no gaps between the components.

o JBorderLayout(int hgap, int vgap): creates a border layout with the given horizontal and
vertical gaps between the components.

Example of BorderLayout class:

import [Link].*; Output:
import [Link].*;
public class Border
{
JFrame f;
Border()
{
f=new JFrame();
JButton b1=new JButton("NORTH");;
JButton b2=new JButton("SOUTH");;
JButton b3=new JButton("EAST");;
JButton b4=new JButton("WEST");;
JButton b5=new JButton("CENTER");;
[Link](b1,[Link]);
[Link](b2,[Link]);
[Link](b3,[Link]);
[Link](b4,[Link]);
[Link](b5,[Link]);
[Link](300,300);
[Link](true);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new Border();
} }

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109
 Java GridLayout

The GridLayout is used to arrange the components in rectangular grid. One component is
displayed in each rectangle.

Constructors of GridLayout class

1. GridLayout(): creates a grid layout with one column per component in a row.

2. GridLayout(int rows, int columns): creates a grid layout with the given rows and
columns but no gaps between the components.

3. GridLayout(int rows, int columns, int hgap, int vgap): creates a grid layout with the
given rows and columns alongwith given horizontal and vertical gaps.

Example of GridLayout class

1. import [Link].*;

2. import [Link].*;
public class
MyGridLayout{ JFrame f;
MyGridLayout(){

f=new JFrame();

JButton b1=new JButton("1"); JButton b2=new

JButton("2"); JButton b3=new JButton("3");
JButton b4=new JButton("4"); JButton b5=new
JButton("5"); JButton b6=new JButton("6");
JButton b7=new JButton("7"); JButton b8=new
JButton("8"); JButton b9=new JButton("9");
[Link](b1);[Link](b2);[Link](b3);[Link](b4);[Link](b5);
[Link](b6);[Link](b7);[Link](b8);[Link](b9);
[Link](new GridLayout(3,3));

//setting grid layout of 3 rows and 3

columns [Link](300,300);
[Link](true);
}

public static void main(String[] args)

{ new MyGridLayout(); }}

Java FlowLayout

The FlowLayout is used to arrange the components in a line, one after another (in a flow). It is the
default layout of applet or panel.

Fields of FlowLayout class

 1. public static final int LEFT

2. public static final int RIGHT

3. public static final int CENTER

4. public static final int LEADING

5. public static final int TRAILING

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 110

 Constructors of FlowLayout class
1. FlowLayout(): creates a flow layout with centered alignment and a default 5 unit
horizontal and vertical gap.

2. FlowLayout(int align): creates a flow layout with the given alignment and a default 5
unit horizontal and vertical gap.

3. FlowLayout(int align, int hgap, int vgap): creates a flow layout with the given
alignment and the given horizontal and vertical gap.

Example of FlowLayout class

import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
public class MyFlowLayout{
JFrame f;
MyFlowLayout(){

f=new JFrame();

JButton b1=new JButton("1"); JButton b2=new

JButton("2"); JButton b3=new JButton("3"); JButton
b4=new JButton("4"); JButton b5=new
JButton("5");
[Link](b1);[Link](b2);[Link](b3);[Link](b4);[Link](b5);
[Link](new FlowLayout([Link]));
//setting flow layout of right alignment
[Link](300,300);

[Link](true);
}

public static void main(String[] args)

{ new MyFlowLayout(); } }

Event Handling
Event and Listener (Java Event Handling)
Changing the state of an object is known as an event. For example, click on button, dragging
mouse etc. The [Link] package provides many event classes and Listener interfaces for
event handling.

Types of Event

The events can be broadly classified into two categories:

 Foreground Events - Those events which require the direct interaction of [Link] are
generated as consequences of a person interacting with the graphical components in
Graphical User Interface. For example, clicking on a button, moving the mouse, entering
a character through keyboard,selecting an item from list, scrolling the page etc.
  Background Events - Those events that require the interaction of end user are known as

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 111

 background events. Operating system interrupts, hardware or software failure, timer
expires, an operation completion are the example of background events.

Event Handling

Event Handling is the mechanism that controls the event and decides what should happen if an
event occurs. This mechanism have the code which is known as event handler that is executed
when an event occurs. Java Uses the Delegation Event Model to handle the events. This model
defines the standard mechanism to generate and handle the [Link]'s have a brief introduction
to this model.

The Delegation Event Model has the following key participants namely:

 Source - The source is an object on which event occurs. Source is responsible for
providing information of the occurred event to it's handler. Java provide as with classes
for source object.

 Listener - It is also known as event handler. Listener is responsible for generating

response to an event. From java implementation point of view the listener is also an
object. Listener waits until it receives an event. Once the event is received , the listener
process the event an then returns.

Event classes and Listener interfaces:

Event Classes Listener Interfaces

ActionEvent ActionListener

MouseEvent MouseListener and MouseMotionListener

MouseWheelEvent MouseWheelListener

KeyEvent KeyListener

ItemEvent ItemListener

TextEvent TextListener

AdjustmentEvent AdjustmentListener

WindowEvent WindowListener

ComponentEvent ComponentListener

ContainerEvent ContainerListener

FocusEvent FocusListener

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE

112
Steps to perform Event Handling

Following steps are required to perform event handling:

1. Implement the Listener interface and overrides its methods

2. Register the component with the Listener

For registering the component with the Listener, many classes provide the registration methods.

For example:

o Button

o public void addActionListener(ActionListener a){}

o MenuItem

o public void addActionListener(ActionListener a){}

o TextField

o public void addActionListener(ActionListener a){}

o public void addTextListener(TextListener a){}

o TextArea

o public void addTextListener(TextListener a){}

o Checkbox

o public void addItemListener(ItemListener a){}

o Choice

o public void addItemListener(ItemListener a){}

o List

o public void addActionListener(ActionListener a){}

o public void addItemListener(ItemListener a){}

EventHandling Codes:
We can put the event handling code into one of the following places:

1. Same class

2. Other class

3. Annonymous class
 Example of event handling within class:

import [Link].*;

import [Link].*;

class AEvent extends Frame implements

ActionListener{ TextField tf;

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 113

AEvent(){

tf=new TextField();

[Link](60,50,170,20);

Button b=new Button("click me");

[Link](100,120,80,30);

[Link](this);

add(b);add(tf);

setSize(300,300);

setLayout(null);

setVisible(true);

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){

[Link]("Welcome"); }

public static void main(String args[]){

new AEvent();

} }

public void setBounds(int xaxis, int yaxis, int width, int height); have been used in the
above example that sets the position of the component it may be button, textfield etc.

Java event handling by implementing ActionListener

import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
class AEvent extends Frame implements ActionListener{
TextField tf;
AEvent(){
//create components
tf=new TextField();
[Link](60,50,170,20);
Button b=new Button("click me");
[Link](100,120,80,30);
//register listener
[Link](this);//passing current instance
//add components and set size, layout and visibility

add(b);add(tf);
setSize(300,300);
setLayout(null);
setVisible(true);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){
[Link]("Welcome"); }

public static void main(String args[]){

new AEvent();
} }

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 114

 Java MouseListener Interface

The Java MouseListener is notified whenever you change the state of mouse. It is notified against
MouseEvent. The MouseListener interface is found in [Link] package. It has five
methods.

Methods of MouseListener interface

The signature of 5 methods found in MouseListener interface are given below:

1. public abstract void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e);

2. public abstract void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e);
3. public abstract void mouseExited(MouseEvent e);
4. public abstract void mousePressed(MouseEvent e);
5. public abstract void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e);

Java MouseListener Example

import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;

public class MouseListenerExample extends Frame implements MouseListener{

Label l;

MouseListenerExample(){
addMouseListener(this);
l=new Label();
[Link](20,50,100,20);

add(l);
setSize(300,300);
setLayout(null);
setVisible(true);
}

public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) {

[Link]("Mouse Clicked");

public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e) {

[Link]("Mouse Entered");

public void mouseExited(MouseEvent e) {

[Link]("Mouse Exited");

public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e)

{ [Link]("Mouse Pressed");

}
public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e) {
 [Link]("Mouse Released");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
new MouseListenerExample();
} }

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 115

 Java KeyListener Interface

The Java KeyListener is notified whenever you change the state of key. It is notified against
KeyEvent. The KeyListener interface is found in [Link] package. It has three methods.

Methods of KeyListener interface

The signature of 3 methods found in KeyListener interface are given below:

1. public abstract void keyPressed(KeyEvent e);

2. public abstract void keyReleased(KeyEvent e);
3. public abstract void keyTyped(KeyEvent e);

Java KeyListener Example

import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;

public class KeyListenerExample extends Frame implements KeyListener{

Label l;

TextArea area;
KeyListenerExample(){
l=new Label();

[Link](20,50,100,20);
area=new TextArea();
[Link](20,80,300, 300);
[Link](this);
add(l);add(area);
setSize(400,400);
setLayout(null);
setVisible(true);
}

public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e)

{ [Link]("Key Pressed");

public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e)

{ [Link]("Key Released");

public void keyTyped(KeyEvent e)

{ [Link]("Key Typed");

public static void main(String[] args) {

new KeyListenerExample(); } }

Java Adapter Classes

Java adapter classes provide the default implementation of listener interfaces. If you inherit the
adapter class, you will not be forced to provide the implementation of all the methods of listener

interfaces. So it saves code.

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 116

 [Link] Adapter classes

Adapter class Listener interface

WindowAdapter WindowListener

KeyAdapter KeyListener

MouseAdapter MouseListener

MouseMotionAdapter MouseMotionListener

FocusAdapter FocusListener

ComponentAdapter ComponentListener

ContainerAdapter ContainerListener

HierarchyBoundsAdapter HierarchyBoundsListener

Java WindowAdapter Example

1. import [Link].*; import

[Link].*; public class
AdapterExample{

Frame f;

AdapterExample(){

f=new Frame("Window Adapter");

[Link](new WindowAdapter(){

public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {

[Link](); } });

[Link](400,400);

[Link](null);

[Link](true);

public static void main(String[] args) {

 new AdapterExample();

} }

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 117

Applets

Applet is a special type of program that is embedded in the webpage to generate the dynamic
content. It runs inside the browser and works at client side.

Advantage of Applet

There are many advantages of applet. They are as follows:

o It works at client side so less response time.

o Secured

o It can be executed by browsers running under many plateforms, including Linux,

Windows, Mac Os etc.

Drawback of Applet
o Plugin is required at client browser to execute applet.

Lifecycle of Java Applet Hierarchy of Applet

1. Applet is initialized.

2. Applet is started.

3. Applet is painted.

4. Applet is stopped.

5. Applet is destroyed.

Lifecycle methods for Applet:

The [Link] class 4 life cycle methods and [Link] class provides 1 life
cycle methods for an applet.

[Link] class

For creating any applet [Link] class must be inherited. It provides 4 life cycle
methods of applet.

1. public void init(): is used to initialized the Applet. It is invoked only once.

2. public void start(): is invoked after the init() method or browser is maximized. It is used
to start the Applet.

3. public void stop(): is used to stop the Applet. It is invoked when Applet is stop or
browser is minimized.
 4. public void destroy(): is used to destroy the Applet. It is invoked only once.

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 118

 [Link] class

The Component class provides 1 life cycle method of applet.

1. public void paint(Graphics g): is used to paint the Applet. It provides Graphics class
object that can be used for drawing oval, rectangle, arc etc.

Simple example of Applet by html file:

To execute the applet by html file, create an applet and compile it. After that create an html file
and place the applet code in html file. Now click the html file.

1. //[Link]

import [Link];

import [Link];

public class First extends Applet{

public void paint(Graphics g){

[Link]("welcome",150,150);

Simple example of Applet by appletviewer tool:

To execute the applet by appletviewer tool, create an applet that contains applet tag in comment
and compile it. After that run it by: appletviewer [Link]. Now Html file is not required but it is
for testing purpose only.

1. //[Link]

import [Link];

import [Link];

public class First extends Applet{

public void paint(Graphics g){

[Link]("welcome to applet",150,150);

/*

<applet code="[Link]" width="300" height="300">

</applet>

*/

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 119

To execute the applet by appletviewer tool, write in command prompt:

c:\>javac [Link]

c:\>appletviewer [Link]

Difference between Applet and Application programming

JAVA PROGRAMMING PAGE 120
 Parameter in Applet

We can get any information from the HTML file as a parameter. For this purpose, Applet class
provides a method named getParameter(). Syntax:

1. public String getParameter(String parameterName)

Example of using parameter in Applet:

1. import [Link];
2. import [Link];
3. public class UseParam extends Applet
4. {

5. public void paint(Graphics g)

6. {
7. String str=getParameter("msg");
8. [Link](str,50, 50);
9. } }
[Link]

1. <html>
2. <body>
3. <applet code="[Link]" width="300" height="300">
4. <param name="msg" value="Welcome to applet">
5. </applet>
6. </body>
7. </html>

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