Installation of Python and Python Notebook

What is Python?

Python is a high-level, interpreted, object-oriented programming language.

Steps to Install Python:

1. Go to [Link]

2. Download the latest version (Python 3.x)

3. During installation:

o Check “Add Python to PATH”

o Click “Install Now”

4. Verify installation:

5. python --version

Output:

Python 3.12.3

Installing and Using Jupyter Notebook:

Jupyter Notebook is an interactive coding environment that lets you write code and see the
output immediately.

Installation:

pip install notebook

To open Jupyter Notebook:

jupyter notebook

Python Objects

Concept:

In Python, everything is an object (numbers, strings, lists, functions, etc.).

2. Value – the data it holds

3. Identity – unique memory address

Example:

x=5

print(type(x)) # <class 'int'>

print(id(x)) # unique identity number

Numbers and Booleans

Numeric Types:

Type Example Description

int 5, -10 Whole numbers

float 3.14, -2.5 Decimal numbers

complex 2+3j Complex numbers

Example:

a = 10

b = 2.5

c = 3 + 4j

print(a + b) # 12.5

print([Link]) # 3.0

print([Link]) # 4.0

Boolean Type:

Booleans have only two values: True or False

x = (10 > 5)

print(x) # True
 Strings

Strings are sequences of characters enclosed in quotes.

Examples:

s = "Python"

print(s[0]) # P

print(s[-1]) # n

print(s[1:4]) # yth

Note: Strings are immutable, meaning their content cannot be changed.

Container Objects

Container objects hold multiple values.

Type Syntax Mutable Example

List [] Yes [1,2,3]

Tuple () No (1,2,3)

Set {} Yes {1,2,3}

Dictionary {key:value} Yes {'a':10}

Example:

lst = [1,2,3]

tpl = (4,5,6)

st = {7,8,9}

d = {'name':'Alice', 'age':20}

Mutability of Objects

• Mutable: Can be changed after creation (e.g., list, dict, set)

Example:

lst = [1, 2, 3]

lst[0] = 10 # OK

s = "hello"

# s[0] = 'H' Error (strings are immutable)

Operators

Arithmetic Operators

Operator Example Result

+ 10 + 5 15

- 10 - 5 5

* 10 * 5 50

/ 10 / 3 3.333

// 10 // 3 3

% 10 % 3 1

** 2 ** 3 8

Bitwise Operators

Operate on binary bits:

Operator Example Meaning

& 5&3 AND

` ` 5
Operator Example Meaning

^ 5^3 XOR

~ ~5 NOT

<< 5 << 1 Left Shift

>> 5 >> 1 Right Shift

Comparison Operators

==, !=, >, <, >=, <=

a = 10

b=5

print(a > b) # True

Assignment Operators

=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, **=

x=5

x += 3 # 8

Operator Precedence and Associativity

Order of execution:

1. Parentheses ()

2. Exponentiation **

3. Multiplication, Division, Floor Division, Modulus

4. Addition, Subtraction

5. Comparisons

6. Logical operators
Example:

x = 10 + 2 * 5 # 20

y = (10 + 2) * 5 # 60

Conditional Statements

Used to perform decisions in code.

Example:

x = 10

if x > 15:

print("Greater than 15")

elif x == 10:

print("Equal to 10")

else:

print("Less than 10")

Loops

While Loop

i=1

while i <= 5:

print(i)

i += 1

For Loop

for i in range(1,6):

print(i)

1 Break and Continue Statements

for i in range(1, 6):

if i == 3:

continue # skip 3

if i == 5:

break # stop loop

print(i)

1 Range Function

Used to generate sequences of numbers.

print(list(range(5))) # [0,1,2,3,4]

print(list(range(2,10,2))) # [2,4,6,8]

UNIT II – STRING OBJECTS AND LIST OBJECTS

String Object Basics

• Strings are immutable sequences of characters.

• They support indexing and slicing.

Example:

s = "Python"

print(s[0]) # P

print(s[-1]) # n

print(s[1:4]) # yth

String Methods
Method Description Example

upper() Converts to uppercase "abc".upper() → "ABC"

lower() Converts to lowercase "ABC".lower() → "abc"

title() Capitalizes each word "hello world".title()

strip() Removes spaces " hello ".strip()

replace(a,b) Replaces substring "hello".replace("h","H")

find(sub) Finds substring index "python".find("th")

count(sub) Counts substring "banana".count("a")

startswith() Checks prefix "python".startswith("py")

endswith() Checks suffix "hello".endswith("o")

Splitting and Joining Strings

Splitting:

data = "apple,banana,grape"

lst = [Link](",")

print(lst) # ['apple', 'banana', 'grape']

Joining:

new_str = "-".join(lst)

print(new_str) # apple-banana-grape

String Formatting

Using .format()

name = "Amit"

age = 22
print("My name is {} and I am {} years old".format(name, age))

Using f-string

print(f"My name is {name} and I am {age} years old")

List Object Basics

Lists are mutable collections that can store mixed data types.

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

print(fruits[0]) # apple

fruits[1] = "mango"

print(fruits) # ['apple', 'mango', 'cherry']

List Methods

Method Description Example

append(x) Adds an element at the end [Link](5)

insert(i,x) Inserts element at index [Link](1,99)

remove(x) Removes element [Link](2)

pop() Removes last element [Link]()

sort() Sorts the list [Link]()

reverse() Reverses the list [Link]()

count(x) Counts occurrences [Link](10)

Example:

lst = [3,1,4,2]

[Link]()

print(lst) # [1,2,3,4]
 List as Stack and Queue

Stack (LIFO – Last In First Out):

stack = []

[Link](10)

[Link](20)

print([Link]()) # 20

Queue (FIFO – First In First Out):

from collections import deque

q = deque([1,2,3])

[Link](4)

print([Link]()) # 1

List Comprehensions

A concise way to create lists.

Example 1:

squares = [x**2 for x in range(6)]

print(squares) # [0,1,4,9,16,25]

Example 2 (with condition):

even = [x for x in range(10) if x%2==0]

print(even) # [0,2,4,6,8]