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You’re the custodian of your health. You know your body, intimately. Better than anyone else. We’re here to help you learn more about your body and how it is functioning so that you can make better, more personalised health choices.


The first of it's kind, VitaMEN provides you with key insight into your unique genetic variations for the metabolism of male hormones and detoxification. What is DNA? DNA is your body’s unique instruction manual, controlling every single function from when you were made up of only a few cells, until now. DNA looks like a twisted ladder, made up of two halves. Each “rung” of the ladder contains two “letters” of DNA code called nucleotides which bond together in pairs: A (adenine) and T (thymine) bond together, as do C (cytosine) and G (guanine). Genes are portions of the ladder containing combinations of the nucleotide code which are “read” as instructions to perform a specific function. Genes tested 5aR1 5aR2 APOE AR ESR1 F5 FSHB GSTM1 GSTP1 HSD-b2 MTHFR NOS3 SHBG SOD2 UGT2B15 VDR Androgen Production Androgens (including T & DHT) are produced in the body via a series of steps from cholesterol. In males this occurs predominantly in the Leydig cells of the testes, and to a lesser extent in the adrenal glands. Androgens are hormones that regulate the development and maintenance of male characteristics in the human body. DHEA, androstenedione, testosterone, and DHT are all examples of androgens. Testosterone is the most abundant androgen in males, while DHT is the most potent. The HSD family of enzymes play a large role in the production and maintenance of androgen levels in the body. About 50-60% of T is bound and carried in the blood to target cells such as the prostate, muscles, skin and hair follicles by SHBG. About 1-2% of T circulates unbound (free T). About 10% of free T (fT) is converted to DHT by the enzyme 5a-reductase (5aR). DHT can then be converted into the metabolites 3a-diol and/or 3b-diol which are not androgens. 3a-diol can be converted back into potent DHT which is why it is not considered positive, whereas 3b-diol is reported to have a protective effect against prostate enlargement and tumours. Separately, FSH works together with T to stimulate the production and development of sperm. Testosterone Testosterone is the main steroid hormone (androgen) in men responsible for sex drive, enlargement of the penis, sperm production & development, increased muscle mass, fat distribution, red blood cell production and lowering of the voice. Most of the testosterone in men is produced in the testes, while a smaller amount is made by the adrenal glands. Luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are two hormones produced in the brain which stimulate the production of testosterone and sperm respectively. Once produced, testosterone is bound and transported in the blood by the protein, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and, to a lesser extent, by albumin. To become active, testosterone must be released from SHBG and bind to androgen receptors (ARs) in target tissues. Testosterone is also converted into two other important hormones: 5a- dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estrogen. DHT is about 3-5 times more potent than testosterone because it binds more strongly to the ARs. While DHT is important for developing and driving normal male characteristics, its strong androgenic action is also responsible for increased hair growth and eventually loss, acne and enlargement of the prostate gland in later life. Sample report VitaMEN | Sample Report Sample type Buccal (cheek) swab Processing time 3 weeks

VitaMEN

DUTCH Complete is the most advanced hormone test, offering an extensive profile of sex and adrenal hormones and melatonin, along with their metabolites, to identify symptoms of hormonal imbalances. More info Millions of women suffer from hormonal imbalances. Whether it is menopause, weight gain, fatigue, low libido, premenstrual symptoms (PMS), mood swings, or depression, these symptoms can lead to more serious problems if misdiagnosed. Identifying the root cause of chronic health issues is certainly correctable, but only if properly identified. The DUTCH test was created to provide insight into many of these concerns, working to deliver the most complete assessment of sex and adrenal hormones along with their metabolites, in one easy to do test. Benefits | Features Highly accurate Provides a complete assessment of hormonal health The test is easy for you to do yourself in the comfort of your own home No blood to draw, spitting in tubes or filling up jugs of urine Dried urine collection process is great for baseline measurements of women with hormonal imbalances and for Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) monitoring After doing the DUTCH test, you'll be able to work with your healthcare practitioner to continue to track and evaluate hormone levels, ensuring they are at their optimum balance. All the doctors in our practitioner circle will be able to interpret the results. Kit includes Easy directions Filter paper collection strips Forms to complete with fields for the supplements, medications and hormone replacement therapy you may be taking Health questionnaire Sealable return envelope Courier bag Details of how to book the courier collection Results include 35 markers for hormones and their metabolites Estrogen Progesterone Testosterone DHEA-S Cortisol - daily free cortisol patterns to provide insight into ‘adrenal fatigue’ or symptoms of chronic stress Graphs & Videos Graphical representation of results and embedded video tutorials to assist in the hormone assessment to share with your medical provider Additional markers Melatonin (6-OHMS) Oxidative stress marker: 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) Six organic acid tests (OATs) including markers for vitamin B12 (methylmalonate), vitamin B6 (xanthurenate), glutathione (pyroglutamate), dopamine (homovanillate), norepinephrine/epinephrine (vanilmandelate) and serotonin (5-hydroxyindoleacetate) Sample report Sample Report | DUTCH Test - Complete Test sample type Dried urine - dried urine is a form of collection where you saturate a filter card with a urine sample Benefits of dried urine testing Dried urine testing is the best way to measure adrenal and sex steroid hormone by-products and their respective metabolic pathways, providing a gauge for understanding the body’s hormone metabolism Dried urine method offers a discreet, at-home testing alternative and eliminates the hassles of all-day jug urine collection You can collect urine on a filter strip up to four times during the day Dried strips are shelf-stable for 30 days and easy to courier back to the lab for analysis Once dry, urine cards are extremely stable for shipment and storage and can last about 2-3 months before being processed as long as they are kept in a cool, dry place You don’t need to stop hormone supplementation for this test. Our lab has adjusted ranges for age, menstrual status and supplementation types. This test is the ideal method for tracking the effectiveness of hormone treatments Collection Instructions Processing time About 2 weeks Lab specs All tests performed at this laboratory are done to high standards of accuracy This lab uses state-of-the-art methodology All tests are validated with internal and/or external controls What if I am on HRT or hormone replacement? You are still able to use DUTCH testing when on HRT. We strongly encourage you to visit our free video library, find the route of administration you are taking (ie. oral, topical, vaginal) and watch the video in order to determine your specifics. DUTCH testing can provide useful information on hormone metabolism for any form of HRT. To get highly useful information regarding proper dosing of hormones, be careful using DUTCH testing for the following forms of HRT: Oral estrogens (estradiol, estriol) – values can be artificially inflated from 1st-pass metabolites that end up in urine from gut metabolism having never been in circulation as a bioavailable hormone. Sublingual progesterone, estrogens, testosterone – If these hormones are swallowed when you take them (which is difficult to avoid) a lot of the concentration in the urine will be from 1st-pass metabolism (a hormone that gets metabolized in the gut and excreted in urine without making into circulation as a bioavailable hormone). It is not possible to differentiate between hormones that get into circulation and end up in urine and those that are there due to 1st-pass. This makes the interpretation difficult. Transdermal progesterone, testosterone – Monitoring transdermal creams is controversial and not entirely clear (especially with progesterone and to some degree testosterone). For more information on this topic, see our video library. What if I use the birth control pill/patch/ring/implants (not IUD)? The birth control pill (patch, ring and implants) stops the FSH and LH surge from the pituitary to prevent an estrogen rise and ovulation (thus progesterone production) from the ovary. If you hormone test while on the pill, your estrogen and progesterone should be predictably low. That means the pill is doing its job and you are not likely to become pregnant. If you are on hormonal birth control to prevent or decrease symptoms of certain conditions such as endometriosis or heavy bleeding, talk with your healthcare provider first before just stopping your birth control. If you stop your birth control, your symptoms will likely return immediately. It is the healthcare provider’s role (not the labs) to decide what treatment options should be followed, but we want to make sure the lab testing provides maximum information. In some cases where birth control has been taken, reproductive hormone values have diminished value (as they are relatively predictable). Remember the DUTCH testing is very specific (accurate) so synthetic estrogens and progestins found in birth control are NOT seen by our testing methods. For more information on this please see this blog post. What if I have an IUD? The copper IUD, also known as the Paragard, is not made up of any hormones, therefore, you can test on the typical day 19, 20 or 21 of a 28-ish day cycle as the instructions request. The Mirena IUD does have synthetic progesterone in it known as a progestin. For those women who still have a cycle with the Mirena, it can partially suppress ovulation in some women which will make progesterone levels sub-optimal or outright low. The DUTCH test is a very good way to see if the Mirena is suppressing hormones. The progestin in the Mirena often makes the lining of the uterus very thin to almost non-existent. As a result, some women do not bleed when it’s time to have their period. This can make it difficult to determine exactly what day of their cycle they are on. The best time of the month to do this test is between day 19-21 of your cycle. If you are just doing only the adrenal test, you can collect as instructed by your healthcare provider. Remember the DUTCH testing is very specific (accurate) so synthetic progestins found in hormonal IUDs are NOT seen by our testing methods. What if I am on a steroid medication such as prednisone, steroid inhaler, steroid allergy nasal spray or topical hydrocortisone/Cortaid cream? Cortisol is also known as hydrocortisone and is a corticosteroid (meaning it comes from the cortex of the adrenal glands). Prednisone is a synthetic corticosteroid. Prednisone and other synthetic steroids (dexamethasone, triamcinolone) are much more potent and remain circulating in the body a lot longer than cortisol. They can cause a lot of side effects such as adrenal suppression, thinning skin, and weight gain however they may be necessary in an emergency or autoimmune situation. If someone is taking a steroid medication regularly, it may disrupt and suppress the adrenal gland output of cortisol resulting in very low cortisol markers on the DUTCH test. Be aware that a 'steroid hormone' and someone taking synthetic steroids such as for body-building are different. 'Steroid hormone' is an umbrella term for those hormones made in the cortex of the adrenal glands (ie. cortisol) or the gonads (ie. testosterone or progesterone). Remember the DUTCH testing is very specific (accurate) so synthetic glucocorticoids like Prednisone are NOT seen by our testing methods. For more information,see this blog post. *The chart indicates the type of medication on the left, the glucocorticoid power (ability to act like cortisol) mineralocorticoid power (ability to act like aldosterone), duration in the body and how strong it is compared to cortisol. Short = 8-12 hours Medium = 12-36 hours, Long = 36-72 hours What is the difference between pre-menopausal, peri-menopausal, and post-menopausal? Pre-menopausal describes the time in a woman’s life when she still cycles on a regular basis. This occurs most commonly between her teen years up into her 40’s and sometimes 50’s. Peri-menopausal describes the time prior to menopause where her hormones are starting to shift due to the ovaries beginning the process of shutting down and not cycling every month. She may experience a change in her cycle (no cycles, short cycles, long cycles, and irregular cycles) that had not been normal to her. She may also experience common symptoms such as insomnia, hot flashes, night sweats, brain fog, weight gain, joint pain, and vaginal dryness. This occurs most commonly between the 40’s and 50’s. Once a woman has not had a period in 12 consecutive months, she is considered post-menopausal. She may still continue to have unpleasant hormonal symptoms, but she does not cycle anymore. What is a hormone metabolite and what is hormone metabolism? When looking at a DUTCH test or through this website, you may notice the word 'metabolites' or 'metabolized' used fairly often. When you make a hormone such as progesterone or cortisol, or when someone takes a hormone (such as in HRT), it must be processed by the body in the liver through the process of phase 1 and phase 2 detoxification before it can be excreted. This is known as hormone metabolism. As a hormone is undergoing that process, it gets changed into other forms known as metabolites. For example, during estrogen metabolism, the potent estrogen known as Estradiol (E2) goes through phase 1 detoxification in the liver where it can be changed into the estrogen metabolites known as 2OH-Estrone, 4OH-Estrone, or 16OH-Estrone. In the dried urine test, progesterone itself is not found in urine so we test the progesterone metabolites known as a-pregnendiol and b-pregnenediol that correlates well with the progesterone that is floating around in your system. The wording of these concepts can be confusing. 16-OH-E1 is a metabolite of estrone (E1). We also measure E1 itself, BUT as it appears in urine, E1 is actually in the form of E1-glucuronide or E1-sulfate. Those are commonly called “conjugates” of estrone, but some might call that a metabolite since conjugation is part of phase II metabolism. For the purpose of simplicity, we call things like 16-OH-E1, 5a-androstanediol and tetrahydrocortisol 'metabolites' (of estrogens, testosterone and cortisol respectively). What about metabolized cortisol? On the adrenal page of our test, we measure metabolized cortisol. Just like above, cortisol has to be processed in the body and is then excreted as metabolized cortisol. On our test, these markers are known individually as a-tetrahydrocortisol (aTHF), b-tetrahydrocortisol (bTHF), and b-tetrahydrocortisone (bTHE). They are the best marker of the total cortisol output from the adrenal gland (see the cortisol section for more information). Understanding the Reference Ranges (General) The reference ranges on our test are listed out in 2 places. First, they are listed on page 2 and 4 of the DUTCH Complete report, on page 1 of the DUTCH Sex Hormone Metabolite report, and on page 1 of the DUTCH Adrenal report. Next, when looking at the pictures, they are listed out as dials or gauges for each hormone. Almost all gauges have 2 stars. The left star indicates the lower range cut-off while the right start indicates the upper range cut-off. In this example, the range given is 1000-5500. The patient is on the lower side of normal at 1875. References ranges: Female cycling vs. post-menopausal ref ranges When looking at the progesterone and estrogen metabolites for women, ranges are presented slightly differently. The range between the stars represents premenopausal female ranges. Postmenopausal ranges are given (lower) in the purple band. Many women that are postmenopausal take some form of hormone replacement therapy. In these cases, it is helpful to see both ranges simultaneously. Therefore, if the arrow on the gauge is pointing towards the rectangular box, she is in the post-menopausal range. If the arrow is pointing in between the stars (as in the example below), she is in the range of a woman who still cycles every month. From the example below, one would conclude that the patient is within range if premenopausal and quite elevated if the woman was postmenopausal (and not taking HRT). Reference ranges (Fan-style gauges) The test also has fan-style gauges for 5a-Reductase activity, methylation activity, and cortisone/cortisol metabolite preference. These fan gauges do not have actual number reference ranges however they do have upper and lower limits with an optimal range in between based on a calculation. These simply look at a ratio (5a versus 5b metabolites, 2-Methoxy-E1 versus 2-OH-E1 or cortisol metabolites versus cortisone metabolites). If the person's ratio is “average” the gauge will plot in the middle. If the ratio is above average, it will point to the right (and to the left if below average). In this example, the woman's 2-OH-E1 is “high normal” but 2-Methoxy-E1 is not (lower) which implies a lower rate of conversion than is typical. If 2-Methoxy-E1 was 5.3, the Methylation-activity index would be plotted in the middle (average or expected). Since the ratio is significantly lower, the index is in the shaded area, which is similar to being out of range (too low). How are reference ranges determined? The determining of reference ranges is a complex and involved process. Many 'healthy' or 'normal' individuals are tested to determine our ranges. As an example, for estrogens, we only include otherwise healthy individuals. To make the process more robust, we exclude premenopausal female patients if the progesterone values are low. Low progesterone values may imply that the patient is not really cycling regularly or may have ovarian suppression from unreported birth control or medication ingestion. Thousands of individuals have been screened and tested to properly develop all of the ranges used for DUTCH testing. What is the 'Progesterone Serum Equivalent' gauge on page 1 of the DUTCH complete test? Progesterone itself is not found in the urine, therefore, we test the two metabolites a-pregnanediol and b-pregnanediol. In this respect, progesterone is measured “indirectly” in urine. This is standard for urine testing (although most labs only measure b-pregnanediol and miss part of the progesterone). We have done extensive testing of urine and blood and these two metabolites of progesterone in urine correlate strongly with the progesterone in your blood (serum). As a result, we are able to provide an estimate of what your progesterone in the serum could be should you have your serum levels drawn. This correlation is strongest for women who are still cycling regularly. This may be helpful for practitioners and women in trying to understand their progesterone levels, but this is a calculation and not an actual measurement. When progesterone is taken orally or sublingually, these values will no longer correlate to serum values.

The DUTCH Complete

Currently the only dedicated thyroid DNA test on the market. This test examines 8 genes known to directly impact thyroid function or impact factors affecting thyroid function. Benefits We provide personalised result narrative along with nutrition and lifestyle advice to help restore thyroid function. Who should do this DNA test If you have health issues in the following functional areas, then doing this DNA test will help you determine the possible underlying genetic causes: 1. Energy release and metabolism 2. Growth and development 3. Bone growth 4. Body temperature 5. Muscle contraction 6. Digestion and 'lazy GUT' The following signs could be attributed to thyroid dysfunction: Hair loss and skin problems A sudden change in body weight. One of the most typical signs of thyroid problems is a sudden change in weight. If you begin gaining weight rapidly without any change in your food intake, lifestyle or stress levels, you may be suffering from hypothyroidism. On the other hand, rapid weight loss with no change in quality/quantity of food consumption reflects a strong likelihood of hyperthyroidism. Unpredictable bowel movements Swelling of the neck Menstrual problems. Some women who develop thyroid problems also report changes in their menstrual patterns. Hypothyroidism is associated with increased blood flow and longer cycles, while hyperthyroidism is linked to reduced blood flow and shorter cycles. A lot of women, though, do not see a significant alteration in menstrual patterns. Since a lot of other conditions may cause menstrual changes, other warning signs are perhaps more telling. Depression and anxiety. Mood disturbances are common in those suffering from thyroid dysfunction. With hypothyroidism, serotonin levels in the brain tend to decrease, leading to lethargy and depression. Hypothyroidism, on the other hand, makes the body work overtime, leaving you prone to anxiety, restlessness and excess energy. Watch out for these changes in your mood. Decreased sex drive. Thyroid issues may also be responsible for decreased sex drive. With changes in metabolism and other bodily functions, reproductive organs and adrenaline glands may become lazy and insufficiently responsive to stimuli. This may cause an individual to lose interest in sexual activity. With treatment underway, however, one’s sex drive may return to normal. Changes in sleep patterns. Thyroid patients are also victims of altered sleep patterns. Those suffering from hypothyroidism tend to be sluggish and sleepy despite adequate rest. Those with hyperthyroidism find themselves alert and sleepless at rest time. Such signs are quite important, for they determine one’s functionality and productivity levels through the course of the day. Report The report focuses on the following: Thyroid Hormone Activation: conversion of T4 to T3 and clearance of rT3 TSH Signalling TSH Receptor Function TRH Receptor Function Thyroid Function Disruptors - inflammation, stress Sample report VitaTHYROID report How to order 1. Choose your test or package of tests 2. Receive your kit by courier 3. Collect sample according to instructions provided in the pack 4. Return sample by courier 5. Receive results by email* Processing time 3-4 weeks Pair with these tests This DNA test is a once off test to help you determine your predisposition to thyroid dysfunction. Once you have this information, it is a good idea to measure and track your thyroid function in real time. To do this, we strongly recommend the following biochemistry test: THE COMPLETE THYROID PROFILE

VitaTHYROID

Food intolerances relate to an adverse physiological response to a particular food. The mechanism by which this occurs and subsequent symptoms experienced, are very specific to the individual and the type of food in question. Identifying the specific reactive mechanism triggered by the ingestion of this food is vital to understanding the management and implementation of appropriate dietary interventions to limit potentially adverse symptoms. Food intolerances occur when a person experiences difficulty in digesting a particular food that may lead to the symptoms mentioned above. Food intolerances or food sensitivities should not be confused with food allergies, although the terms are commonly used interchangeably in error. Please note: This test does not include a consultation session. This can be booked separately with us or with your chosen practitioner. The benefits of doing a food intolerance test It can help to optimise your eating plan by eliminating foods that initiate symptoms that influence your quality of life. It can help to improve fitness performance and ensure that foods in your diet do not work against you. Up to 45% of the population suffer from intolerances which, whilst not life-threatening, can have a negative impact on many aspects of daily life. MY DNA CHOICES. likes The Food Intolerance Support Guide will assist to know how to: Remove or reduce reactive foods from the diet Substitute with similar alternatives Strengthen the immune system Avoid nutrients deficiencies when eliminating reactive food Reintroduce foods responsibly The difference between a food allergy and intolerance Pair with these genes If you carry a medium to high genetic variation in one or more of these genes, then doing the Optiway Food Intolerance test can empower you to make better choices to support GUT health Foods tested List of Foods Tested Sample report - what you get Optiway Sample Report How to take the test Test Instructions Arrange collection Return the bag to your practitioner or contact orders@optiway.co.za to arrange a courier. You can also drop oﬀ the sample

Optiway Food Intolerance Test

The GI-MAP is designed to assess your gut's micro-organisms, microbiome and immune and digestive biomarkers from a single stool sample. The panel examines a wide range of microbes that may be disturbing normal microbial balance and causing illness. It screens for beneficial, pathogenic, and commensal bacteria, along with opportunistic pathogens, fungi, viruses, and parasites. To give the most comprehensive view of the gut, it also screens the gastrointestinal microbiome. The gastrointestinal microbiome refers to the collective genomes of microorganisms inhabiting our gut. They form one community, among the many, that make up the total human microbiome: the full genetic complement of bacteria and other organisms at home on your skin, gums, and teeth, in your genital tract, and especially in your gut. Where the Comprehensive Stool Analysis + Parasitology just looks at bacteria, fungi, and parasites, this test looks at all of those plus their genomes. We depend on a vast army of microbes to stay alive: a microbiome that protects us against germs, breaks down food to release energy and produces vitamins. What's arguably become the hottest area of medicine: microbiome research, an emerging field that's investigating how the bacteria that live in and on our bodies affect our health. Immune and digestive biomarkers can provide a lot of useful information about the health and functioning of the gut. Please note The test price INCLUDES a 60 min feedback. What is the GI MAP test? Benefits | Features The GI-MAP can be used in the detection and identification of gastrointestinal microbial nucleic acids and has been clinically validated for the detection of gastrointestinal pathogens that cause infectious colitis or gastroenteritis. This technology has been used to identify and control pathogen outbreaks because of its rapid turn-around time. It measures a substantial list of opportunistic pathogens as well as a list of FDA-cleared pathogens, including novel targets such as viruses, Microsporidia, and pathogenic virulence factors. Chronic gastrointestinal symptoms, intestinal permeability, hormonal imbalance, and food sensitivities may trace their origins to imbalanced gut microbes as a root cause. Further, chronic inflammatory arthritis could have a microbial component that may warrant investigation by stool studies. This stool test offers integrative and functional medicine practitioners superior sensitivity and specificity to help resolve persistent and complex illnesses. Since the immune system, the intestinal barrier, and microbial diversity are intimately interwoven, a thorough understanding of our gut microbiome holds promise for new approaches to treat and prevent disease. Pair with these DNA tests VitaTHYROIDDNA HEALTHGenomepatri More info Download more info on this test: GI Map - More Info﻿﻿ The GI-MAP measures pathogenic organisms that can cause hospital-acquired infections (HAI) such as C. difficile or norovirus, foodborne illness such as E.coli or Salmonella, and common causes of diarrhoea such as Campylobacter, Shigella, and rotavirus A.1 This panel measures viral causes of gastroenteritis, unavailable by other common stool tests. It measures parasites such as Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Entamoeba histolytica. The GI-MAP analyses Helicobacter pylori and its virulence factors. It can detect opportunistic pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Proteus mirabilus, associated with autoimmune molecular mimicry. It includes a panel of single-celled, amebic parasites such as Blastocystis hominis, Dientamoeba fragilis, and Entamoeba coli. Fungal organisms are measured by the GI-MAP such as Candida, Geotrichum, and Microsporidia, with the latter being a new addition to DNA stool analysis. Finally, the GI-MAP measures standard markers of immunity, inflammation and digestion including lactoferrin, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), anti-gliadin antibody, and pancreatic elastase 1. Finally, the GI-MAP measures standard markers of immunity, inflammation and digestion including lactoferrin, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), anti-gliadin antibody, and pancreatic elastase 1. Who would benefit from this test? Anyone who has 1 or more of the following symptoms or conditions: Abdominal pain Bloating Constipation Crohn’s disease Diarrhea Food poisoning Gastric cancer Gastritis Gastroenteritis Gastroesophageal reflux Irritable bowel syndrome Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) Ulcer Ulcerative colitis Vomiting Autoimmune Conditions Ankylosing spondylitis Reactive and Rheumatoid arthritis Thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s, Grave’s) Allergic Disease Asthma Eczema Test analytes The human gastrointestinal microbiome houses trillions of bacteria and research shows that these microorganisms are essential for human metabolism, nutrition, immune function, and resistance to infection. Over 500 different species of microorganisms from 30 different genera have been identified from the human gut. But in any one person, there are 100 million- 1 trillion microorganisms per gram of fecal content. Most microbes in the human gut are believed to be beneficial or commensal. There are microbes that colonize many people but only become pathogenic in certain situations (opportunistic pathogens). Finally, there are pathogens that are widely recognized to cause disease in the human host. Although they are ubiquitous, pathogenic bacteria do not cause illness in all people. This is because commensal gastrointestinal flora can protect the host from infection. When gut microflora protects the intestines from pathogens and harmful microorganisms it is called, “colonization resistance.” Animal models show that when normal gut microflora are lacking, the host is more susceptible to GI infections with Salmonella. Similarly, after antibiotic treatment, there is an increased risk of pathogenic infections. On the other hand, commensal bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium can prevent gastrointestinal infection. Colonization resistance explains why most pathogenic bacteria fail to cause disease in healthy subjects. Commensal bacteria naturally inhabit the human gastrointestinal tract and do not cause disease. Many are beneficial; they produce enzymes, vitamins, short-chain fatty acids, and other metabolic products that keep the bowels and the body functioning well. The incredibly complex interaction between human health and the gastrointestinal microbiome is the subject of multiple cutting-edge research studies. Given the metabolic, nutritional, and immune-enhancing roles of these organisms, the microbiome deserves close analysis when treating patients with chronic illnesses. Test sample report GI Map | Sample Report Info about this test GI Map | Info Doc Test sample type A single stool sample Processing time Around 21 working days Where is this test done? In the USA Lab's name for test GI Microbial Assay Plus GI-Map

The GI-MAP Test

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