Muhammad Lutfi Utama Putra

DevOps Roadmap (2025 Edition) https://lnkd.in/gPNwKKFS 1. Foundational Skills - These are the core competencies every DevOps engineer should master. OS & Networking Linux (Ubuntu, RHEL, CentOS) Bash scripting TCP/IP, HTTP/S, DNS, SSL, Load Balancing Programming/Scripting Python (widely used for automation and scripting) Bash Groovy (for Jenkins pipelines) 2. CI/CD (Continuous Integration / Deployment) Popular Tools Jenkins (still widely used) GitHub Actions (rising in popularity for GitHub repos) GitLab CI/CD CircleCI Azure DevOps Pipelines ArgoCD (GitOps deployments, especially with Kubernetes) Spinnaker (multi-cloud CD at scale) Practices Automated testing (unit, integration, e2e) 3. Containers & Orchestration Containerization Docker Podman (gaining traction as Docker alternative) Buildah/Skopeo for secure container builds Orchestration Kubernetes (EKS, GKE, AKS, OpenShift) Helm (package manager for K8s) Kustomize (for Kubernetes manifests) Service Mesh Istio Linkerd Consul 4. Infrastructure as Code (IaC) Tools Terraform (by HashiCorp, cloud-agnostic) Pulumi (IaC using programming languages) AWS CloudFormation Ansible (config management + IaC) Chef / Puppet (still used in legacy systems) Crossplane (Kubernetes-native IaC) Cloud Development Kits AWS CDK / Azure Bicep / Google Cloud Deployment Manager 5. Cloud Providers (Public/Private) Top Providers AWS (EC2, S3, EKS, Lambda, CodeBuild, etc.) Azure (AKS, DevOps, Functions) Google Cloud (GKE, Cloud Build) Oracle Cloud (in finance sector) VMware vSphere, OpenStack (for on-prem) Multi-Cloud & Hybrid Tools HashiCorp Terraform / Vault Anthos (Google) Azure Arc 6. Monitoring, Logging, and Observability Monitoring Prometheus + Grafana (standard combo) Datadog New Relic Zabbix Chronosphere (for large-scale metrics) Logging ELK Stack (Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana) EFK (Fluentd/Fluent Bit instead of Logstash) Loki (by Grafana Labs) Splunk Sentry (for error tracking) 7. Security (DevSecOps) Security Tools Snyk / Aqua / Trivy (vulnerability scanning) HashiCorp Vault (secret management) AWS Secrets Manager / Azure Key Vault SonarQube (code quality + security) Falco (K8s runtime security) Open Policy Agent (OPA) / Kyverno (K8s policy) 8. Collaboration & Project Management Agile/Project Tools Jira / Confluence (Atlassian Suite) Azure Boards ClickUp, Notion, Monday.com (startup-friendly) Slack / Microsoft Teams (team collaboration) GitHub Projects Documentation Tools MkDocs / Docusaurus Notion / Confluence 9. AI/ML in DevOps (AIOps) Use Cases Intelligent alerting (with ML) Anomaly detection Predictive autoscaling 📍Get the complete RoadMap - https://lnkd.in/gPNwKKFS 📍 Enrol for DevOps/SRE batch12 - https://lnkd.in/gufpDijA [ Live Sessions are starting in 1 day ]

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Real time Kubernetes troubleshooting scenarios https://lnkd.in/guQ3HecS 1) Pod stuck in CrashLoopBackOff Check logs: kubectl logs <pod-name> Describe the pod: kubectl describe pod <pod-name> 2) Pod in Pending state Describe pod: kubectl describe pod <pod-name> Check resource requests vs. node capacity No available nodes / taints preventing scheduling 3) Service not reachable Check service: kubectl get svc, kubectl describe svc Test with curl inside a pod 4) Image pull failure Check error: kubectl describe pod <pod-name> Invalid image name or tag 5) DNS issues inside cluster Test DNS: kubectl run -it busybox --image=busybox --restart=Never -- nslookup kubernetes Check coredns logs Validate DNS config in /etc/resolv.conf of pod Intermediate Troubleshooting Scenarios 6) Node is NotReady Check node status: kubectl get nodes Inspect: kubectl describe node <node-name> Check kubelet logs and disk/CPU/memory pressure 7) High pod restarts across namespace Run: kubectl get pods --all-namespaces -o wide Check for readiness/liveness probe failures Investigate resource throttling or OOMKilled 8) Service discovery failing between namespaces Use full DNS name: <svc>.<namespace>.svc.cluster.local NetworkPolicy may be blocking Test from one pod to another with curl 9) PVC not bound Describe PVC: kubectl describe pvc <name> No matching storage class or insufficient volume capacity 10) ConfigMap or Secret not mounted Describe pod: check volumes and volumeMounts Check permissions on secret/configmap Advanced Troubleshooting Scenarios 11) Pod OOMKilled frequently Check kubectl describe pod <pod-name> Compare memory limits vs. actual usage (monitoring tools like Prometheus/Grafana) Adjust requests/limits or fix memory leaks 12) Readiness/Liveness probe failures Describe pod and inspect probe configuration Manually test probe path with curl or wget Increase timeout/initialDelay if app is slow to start 13) NetworkPolicy blocking traffic Validate with kubectl get networkpolicy Use netshoot pod to test port access Whitelist required ingress/egress rules 14) Etcd cluster issues kubectl logs etcd-<node> -n kube-system Check for disk full, slow I/O, or expired certificates Ensure backup/snapshot policy is in place 15) Control plane components crashing (API server, controller-manager) Logs in /var/log/containers or use journalctl Inspect static pod manifests in /etc/kubernetes/manifests Check resource usage, certificates, or RBAC 16) Cluster certificate expiration Check expiry with kubeadm certs check-expiration Rotate with kubeadm certs renew all and restart components 17) Ingress not routing traffic Check ingress object and controller logs Verify DNS, service backend, and TLS config Test path matching and annotations Checkout my youtube channel - https://lnkd.in/guQ3HecS Grab free devops resources - https://lnkd.in/grmxXFcq Do follow Praveen Singampalli and share this post with your community

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Kubernetes: 50M+ concurrent users. Yes, this architecture supports it. 50 million. But to build something like this, you must first ask right questions. Questions like: Where are my network bottlenecks? ✅ How to handle sudden spikes with millions of concurrent users? ✅ What compute resources are required to handle high concurrency? ✅ How much network bandwidth and throughput will these services need at a scale of 50+ million concurrent users? ✅ But why are these questions important? Because they help you gather right data. And only right data can help you scale things efficiently 💯 Proof? JioHotstar handled over 61 million concurrent users with this architecture. More about it in the comments. Hope this is useful. Thank you for reading.

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🛡️ MERDEKA SIBER - TASK 1 COMPLETED 🛡️ Player: Vikri Ashrianto Score: 250 points Challenges Completed: 50/50 📚 LINUX COMMANDS THAT ARE OFTEN USED: 1. ls - list directory contents 2. mkdir - create directories 3. cd - change directory 4. pwd - print working directory 5. rm - remove files and directories 6. cp - copy files and directories 7. mv - move/rename files and directories 8. cat - display file contents 9. less - view file contents page by page 10. head - display first lines of a file 11. tail - display last lines of a file 12. grep - search text patterns in files 13. find - search for files and directories 14. ps - display running processes 15. top - display real-time process information 16. kill - terminate processes 17. df - display filesystem disk space usage 18. du - display directory disk usage 19. chmod - change file permissions 20. chown - change file ownership 21. tar - archive files 22. tar - extract archive files 23. netstat - display network connections 24. ping - test network connectivity 25. wget - download files from web 26. uname - display system information 27. date - display or set system date 28. uptime - display system uptime 29. who - display logged in users 30. whoami - display current username 31. touch - create empty files or update timestamps 32. wc - count lines, words, and characters 33. sort - sort lines in files 34. uniq - remove duplicate lines 35. env - display environment variables 36. export - set environment variables 37. history - display command history 38. clear - clear terminal screen 39. man - display manual pages 40. & - run commands in background 41. ln - create links between files 42. mount - mount filesystems 43. umount - unmount filesystems 44. fsck - check and repair filesystems 45. crontab - manage scheduled tasks 46. tail - follow file changes in real-time 47. diff - compare files line by line 48. scp - secure copy files over network 49. ssh - secure shell remote access 50. rsync - synchronize files and directories 🎯 Successfully completed all Linux command challenges! 💻 Ready to master the terminal! #CyberSecurity #LinuxCommands #TechSkills #CyberSecurity #BootcampCyberSecurity #CyberSecurityCourse #CyberSecuritySeminar

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Load Balancer vs. Reverse Proxy vs. API Gateway 🔹 Load Balancer Distributes incoming network traffic across multiple backend servers (nodes) to ensure no single server is overwhelmed. Key Benefits: - Improves horizontal scalability - Ensures high availability - Performs automatic health checks - Supports traffic routing based on load, IP, or latency Examples: AWS ELB, HAProxy, NGINX (as load balancer) 🔹 Reverse Proxy A server that sits in front of one or more backend servers and forwards client requests to them. Key Benefits: - Hides and protects backend servers - Enables SSL termination - Adds caching and compression - Can perform basic load balancing Examples: NGINX, Apache HTTP Server 🔹 API Gateway A centralized entry point that handles, manages, and routes API calls—especially in a microservices setup. Acts as a facade to decouple clients from microservice complexity. Key Benefits: - Manages authentication, authorization, and rate limiting - Performs request/response transformations - Handles API versioning and lifecycle - Enables detailed monitoring and analytics Example: Amazon API Gateway, Kong 𝐂𝐚𝐧 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐲 𝐁𝐞 𝐔𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐓𝐨𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫? Yes. Modern architectures often combine all three. Example Setup: - A Reverse Proxy (e.g. NGINX) handles SSL termination and routes requests - Requests hit an API Gateway for authentication, throttling, and routing to services - Behind the scenes, a Load Balancer distributes traffic to healthy service instances On AWS, it’s common to see Amazon API Gateway + Elastic Load Balancer (ELB) used together to build scalable, secure APIs. ♻️ Repost to help others in your network. P.S.: I write weekly newsletter to help you master System Design interviews. Consider subscribing here: blog.algomaster.io

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𝗜𝘀 𝗻𝗳𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝘂𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗞𝘂𝗯𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗲𝘁𝗲𝘀 𝗡𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴? For years, 𝗶𝗽𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲𝘀 has been the backbone of Kubernetes networking, ensuring traffic reaches the right destinations. But as clusters scale to thousands (or tens of thousands) of Services, 𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗯𝗼𝘁𝘁𝗹𝗲𝗻𝗲𝗰𝗸𝘀 𝗯𝗲𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗲 𝗶𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝗶𝗴𝗻𝗼𝗿𝗲. Enter nftables mode for kube-proxy—a modern, more efficient alternative that eliminates the linear rule-checking delays of iptables and introduces O(1) lookups with verdict maps. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘂𝗹𝘁? 𝗙𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗽𝗮𝗰𝗸𝗲𝘁 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗰𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴, 𝗹𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗿 𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗰𝘆, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗯𝗲𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝘀𝗰𝗮𝗹𝗮𝗯𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆—𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹𝗹𝘆 𝗶𝗻 𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗴𝗲 𝗰𝗹𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀. 𝗞𝘂𝗯𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗲𝘁𝗲𝘀 1.29 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗱𝘂𝗰𝗲𝗱 𝗻𝗳𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗮𝘀 𝗮𝗻 𝗮𝗹𝗽𝗵𝗮 𝗳𝗲𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗶𝘁𝘀 𝗯𝗲𝘁𝗮 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘁𝘂𝘀 𝗶𝗻 1.31, 𝗶𝘁’𝘀 𝗼𝗻 𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗰𝗸 𝘁𝗼 𝗯𝗲𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗲 𝗚𝗔 𝗶𝗻 𝗞𝘂𝗯𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗲𝘁𝗲𝘀 1.33. 𝗪𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗲 𝗶𝗽𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝘄𝗶𝗹𝗹 𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗮𝗶𝗻 𝘀𝘂𝗽𝗽𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗲𝗱, 𝗻𝗳𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗶𝘀 𝘀𝗵𝗮𝗽𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘂𝗽 𝘁𝗼 𝗯𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘀𝘂𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗼𝗿 𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗵𝗶𝗴𝗵-𝘀𝗰𝗮𝗹𝗲 𝗻𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴. 𝗪𝗵𝘆 𝗱𝗼𝗲𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗺𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗿? • Large-scale clusters suffer from 𝗶𝗽𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲𝘀' 𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗮𝗿 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘅𝗶𝘁𝘆 (𝗢(𝗻)), making rule lookups slower as the number of Services grows. • 𝗻𝗳𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗺𝗼𝗱𝗲 𝗱𝗿𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹𝗹𝘆 𝗶𝗺𝗽𝗿𝗼𝘃𝗲𝘀 𝗳𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁-𝗽𝗮𝗰𝗸𝗲𝘁 𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗰𝘆 𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗵𝗮𝘀𝗵-𝗯𝗮𝘀𝗲𝗱 𝗹𝗼𝗼𝗸𝘂𝗽𝘀 (𝗢(1)), keeping performance constant regardless of cluster size. • 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗹 𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗲 𝗲𝗳𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗰𝘆 𝗶𝗺𝗽𝗿𝗼𝘃𝗲𝘀, as kube-proxy only updates changed rules rather than rewriting everything. Of course, nftables mode isn’t the default yet—it’s still relatively new, requires Linux 5.13+, and may have compatibility gaps with some CNIs and monitoring tools. I recently wrote about this shift in detail on Medium: https://lnkd.in/euhi6mrq #Kubernetes #CloudNative #DevOps #Networking #nftables #kubeproxy

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Understanding Kubernetes: A Core Component Breakdown Kubernetes is the standard for container orchestration, but the ecosystem can be complex for those starting out. To manage applications effectively, it is essential to understand how different resources interact within a cluster. Here is a simplified breakdown of the core Kubernetes components: 1. Workload Management - Pod: The smallest runnable unit in Kubernetes. It can contain one or more containers and represents a single instance of an application. - Deployment: Ensures the desired number of Pods are running. It handles safe rollouts and rollbacks of application versions. - StatefulSet: Similar to a Deployment but designed for applications requiring a stable identity and persistent storage, such as databases. - DaemonSet: Ensures a specific Pod runs on every matching Node in the cluster. This is commonly used for logging and monitoring agents. 2. Networking and Connectivity - Service: Provides a stable DNS name or IP address to reach a set of Pods. It acts as a load balancer for traffic directed to them. - Ingress: Serves as the HTTP/HTTPS entry point. It manages routing rules, hostnames, and TLS termination. 3. Configuration and Security - ConfigMap: Stores non-sensitive configuration data in key-value pairs or files. These can be injected into Pods via environment variables or volume mounts. - Secret: Used for sensitive information like passwords, tokens, and certificates. It provides tighter access control than a ConfigMap. - RBAC (Role-Based Access Control): Manages permissions for users and service accounts. It follows the principle of least privilege using Roles and Bindings. 4. Architecture and Organization - Node: The physical or virtual machine that runs the Pods. It hosts the kubelet and the container runtime. - Control Plane: The brain of the cluster. It schedules workloads, maintains the desired state, exposes the API, and stores cluster data. - Namespace: A virtual "folder" used to group and isolate resources. This is essential for separating teams, environments, or projects. By mastering these fundamental building blocks, you can build scalable, resilient, and secure infrastructure. Which of these components do you find most challenging to manage in a production environment? Follow for more and let's grow together Muhammad Hashim #Kubernetes #CloudNative #DevOps #Infrastructure #CloudComputing #Containerization #100DaysOfDevOps

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🚀 System Engineer vs Network Engineer – Which Career Path is Right for You? Confused between System Engineering and Network Engineering? 🤔 Let’s make it simple for you 👇 💻 System Engineer If you love working with Servers, Operating Systems, Active Directory, Applications & Troubleshooting system issues like slow PC, app crashes, or server problems — this is for you! You’ll handle: ✔ Windows & Linux Servers ✔ AD, GPO ✔ Storage & Backups ✔ OS & Application Management 🌐 Network Engineer If you are interested in Connectivity, Routers, Switches, Firewalls & Internet Troubleshooting — choose this path! You’ll handle: ✔ LAN / WAN / Wi-Fi ✔ Routers & Switches ✔ Firewall & VPN ✔ DNS & IP Issues 🎯 Both careers are high-demand in the IT industry. The right choice depends on your interest – Systems or Networking? 👉 Start your IT journey with the right guidance at iTrainU Institute. Build your career with practical training & certification support. 📩 DM us to know which course suits you best! #SystemEngineer #NetworkEngineer #ITCareer #Networking #ServerAdmin #CCNA #Linux #AWS #ITTraining #iTrainU #CareerGrowth #TechCareer

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Load Balancer vs Reverse Proxy vs API Gateway – What’s the Difference? In modern web architecture, these three terms often get mixed up. But each plays a unique role in how requests are handled: ✅ Load Balancer – Splits incoming traffic across multiple servers to keep things fast and reliable. ✅ Reverse Proxy – Acts as a middleman, forwarding requests and keeping backend servers hidden. ✅ API Gateway – A single entry point for APIs. It routes requests to the right service and often adds features like authentication, rate limiting, and monitoring. Together, they form the backbone of scalable, secure, and resilient systems. 🚀 The key? Use the right one based on your architecture’s scale, complexity, and security needs. 💬 What’s your go-to setup in production? Let me know your thoughts! 👇 🧠 Subscribing to my free newsletter – .𝙉𝙀𝙏 𝙒𝙚𝙚𝙠𝙡𝙮 𝙏𝙞𝙥𝙨 𝙗𝙮 𝙋𝙤𝙤𝙧𝙣𝙖. Get simple, practical tips on .NET, ASP.NET Core, EF Core, and more every week. 👉 https://lnkd.in/gvqsnxzc ♻️ If you found this helpful, consider reposting to help others in the community. 👉 Follow me, Poorna Soysa, and hit the 🔔 on my profile so you don’t miss upcoming .NET tips and deep dives. Thanks for reading — let’s keep learning .NET together!

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Understanding Kubernetes Architecture Kubernetes is a game-changer for managing containerized applications. Its architecture is divided into two core components: 1. Control Plane: 👉 API Server: The management hub of the cluster. 👉 etcd: A key-value store holding cluster state. 👉 Scheduler: Decides where Pods run. 👉 Controller Manager: Ensures desired states match actual states. 2. Worker Nodes: These are the machines (virtual or physical) where your applications (in the form of Pods) actually run. Kubelet: The node agent that ensures containers are running in a Pod as expected. It’s the worker bee that takes orders from the API Server and gets the job done. Kube Proxy: Manages networking for the Pods, ensuring they can communicate with each other and the outside world. It’s the traffic cop of Kubernetes, directing network traffic efficiently. Container Runtime Interface (CRI): The underlying software that actually runs your containers. This could be Docker, containerd, or another container runtime. It’s the engine that runs the applications within Pods. 3. Communication Tools: Kubectl: The command-line tool that you use to interact with your Kubernetes cluster. Whether you’re deploying applications or checking the health of your cluster, Kubectl is your go-to tool. Cloud Provider API: Allows Kubernetes to interact with cloud resources like load balancers, storage, and more. It’s how Kubernetes speaks to the cloud. 𝐃𝐌 me "roadmap" if you're serious about your cloud career and ready to fast-track your results. 𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐀𝐖𝐒 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬: Check comments Follow Riyaz Sayyad for more AWS Cloud content

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