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Abstract Classes and Methods/README.md

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+# Lab Instructions: Abstract Classes and Methods
+
+In this assignment, you will be creating an abstract class for a bank that will be used to create a regular class for a specific bank.  
+This class will contain the implementation of the abstract method from the abstract class.  
+
+ <br>
+
+> ### **Tips: Before you Begin**
+> #### **To view your code and instructions side-by-side**, select the following in your VSCode toolbar:
+> - View -> Editor Layout -> Two Columns
+> - To view this file in Preview mode, right click on this README.md file and `Open Preview`
+> - Select your code file in the code tree, which will open it up in a new VSCode tab.
+> - Drag your assessment code files over to the second column. 
+> - Great work! You can now see instructions and code at the same time. 
+> - Questions about using VSCode? Please see our support resources [here](https://www.coursera.org/learn/programming-in-python/supplement/2IEyt/visual-studio-code-on-coursera)
+> #### **To run your Python code**
+> - Select your Python file in the Visual Studio Code file tree 
+> - You can right click the file and select "Run Python File in Terminal" 
+>   or run the file using the smaller   
+    play button in the upper right-hand corner 
+>   of VSCode.  
+    (Select "Run Python File in Terminal" in the provided button dropdown)
+> - Alternatively, you can follow lab instructions which use python3 commands to run your code in terminal.
+> 
+<br>
+
+## Exercise Instructions
+
+### Instructions
+
+1. Create a class called `Bank` and pass `ABC` to it.  
+
+2. Inside the class you have to define two methods: 
+    - 2.1: Define a function called `basicinfo()` and add a print statement inside it saying   
+    `"This is a generic bank"` and returning the string `"Generic bank: 0"`. 
+
+    - 2.2: Define a second function called `withdraw` and keep it empty by adding a pass keyword under it.   
+    Make this function abstract by adding `'@abstractmethod'` right above it. <br><br>
+
+3. Create another class called `Swiss` and pass the class `Bank` inside it. 
+    This means you are inheriting from `class Bank`. 
+    -  3.1: Create a constructor for this class that initializes a class variable `bal` to `1000` <br><br>
+
+4. Override both functions from the Bank class: `basicinfo()` and `withdraw()`. 
+    - 4.1: Define a function called `basicinfo()` and add a print statement inside it stating `“This is the Swiss Bank”`  
+    and returning a string with `"Swiss Bank: "` followed by the current bank balance.   
+    For example, if `self.bal = 80`, then it would return `"Swiss Bank: 80"`
+
+    - 4.2 Define a second function,  called `withdraw` and pass one parameter to it (other than `self):` amount.  
+     Amount represents the amount that will be withdrawn. 
+
+        - 4.2.1: Update the class variable bal by deducting the value of amount from it. 
+        - 4.2.2: Print the value of amount giving output such as: “Withdrawn amount: 30"
+        - 4.2.3:  Print the new balance giving an output such as: “New balance: 970”
+        - 4.2.4:  Return the new balance
+        - Note: Make sure to verify that there is enough money to withdraw!  
+        If amount is greater than balance, then do not deduct any money from the 
+        class variable `bal`. Instead, print a statement saying `"Insufficient funds"`, and return the original account balance instead.
+
+<br>
+
+
+## Final Step: Let's submit your code!
+Nice work! To complete this assessment:
+- Save your file through File -> Save 
+- Select "Submit Assignment" in your Lab toolbar. 
+
+Your code will be autograded and return feedback shortly on the "Grades" tab.  
+You can also see your score in your Programming Assignment "My Submission" tab.
+<br> <br> 

Abstract Classes and Methods/bank.py

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+# Import ABC and abstractmethod from the module abc (which stands for abstract base classes)
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+
+# Class Bank
+class Bank(ABC):
+    """ An abstract bank class
+
+    [IMPLEMENT ME]
+        1. This class must derive from class ABC
+        2. Write a basicinfo() function that prints out "This is a generic bank" and
+           returns the string "Generic bank: 0" 
+        3. Define a second function called withdraw and keep it empty by
+           adding the `pass` keyword under it. Make this function abstract by
+           adding an '@abstractmethod' tag right above the function declaration.
+    """
+    @abstractmethod
+    def withdraw(self, amount):
+        pass
+    
+    def basicinfo(self):
+        print("This is a generic bank")
+        return "Generic bank: 0"
+
+# Class Swiss
+class Swiss(Bank):
+    """ A specific type of bank than derives from class Bank
+
+    [IMPLEMENT ME]
+        1. This class must derive from class Bank
+        2. Create a constructor for this class that initializes a class
+           variable `bal` to 1000
+        3. Implement the basicinfo() function so that it prints "This is the 
+           Swiss Bank" and returns a string with "Swiss Bank: " (don't forget
+           the space after the colon) followed by the current bank balance.
+
+           For example, if self.bal = 80, then it would return "Swiss Bank: 80"
+
+        4. Implement withdraw so that it takes one argument (in addition to
+           self) that is an integer which represents the amount to be withdrawn
+           from the bank. Deduct the withdrawn amount from the bank bal, print 
+           the withdrawn amount ("Withdrawn amount: {amount}"), print the new
+           balance ("New Balance: {self.bal}"), and return the new balance.
+
+           Note: Make sure to verify that there is enough money to withdraw!  
+                 If amount is greater than balance, then do not deduct any 
+                 money from the class variable `bal`. Instead, print a 
+                 statement saying `"Insufficient funds"`, and return the 
+                 original account balance instead.
+    """
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.bal = 1000
+    
+    def basicinfo(self):
+        print("This is the Swiss Bank")
+        return f"Swiss Bank: {self.bal}"
+    
+    def withdraw(self, amount):
+        if amount > self.bal:
+            print("Insufficient funds")
+            return self.bal
+        else:
+            self.bal -= amount
+            print(f"Withdrawn amount: {amount}")
+            print(f"New balance: {self.bal}")
+            return self.bal
+
+# Driver Code
+def main():
+    assert issubclass(Bank, ABC), "Bank must derive from class ABC"
+    s = Swiss()
+    print(s.basicinfo())
+    s.withdraw(30)
+    s.withdraw(1000)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

Functions, loops and data structures/README.md

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+# Lab Instructions: Functions, loops and data structures
+
+In this lab you will be presented with a menu ordering system which will allow users to   
+input three choices for a select menu. You are tasked with completing the menu system so   
+that it returns and calculates the final bill for the user.
+ <br><br>
+
+> ### **Tips: Before you Begin**
+> #### **To view your code and instructions side-by-side**, select the following in your VSCode toolbar:
+> - View -> Editor Layout -> Two Columns
+> - To view this file in Preview mode, right click on this README.md file and `Open Preview`
+> - Select your code file in the code tree, which will open it up in a new VSCode tab.
+> - Drag your assessment code files over to the second column. 
+> - Great work! You can now see instructions and code at the same time. 
+> - Questions about using VSCode? Please see our support resources [here](https://www.coursera.org/learn/programming-in-python/supplement/2IEyt/visual-studio-code-on-coursera).
+> #### **To run your Python code**
+> - Select your Python file in the Visual Studio Code file tree 
+> - You can right click the file and select "Run Python File in Terminal" 
+>   or run the file using the smaller   
+    play button in the upper right-hand corner 
+>   of VSCode.  
+    (Select "Run Python File in Terminal" in the provided button dropdown)
+> - Alternatively, you can follow lab instructions which use python3 commands to run your code in terminal.
+> 
+
+<br> 
+
+## There are three main objectives of this activity:
+1. Create new functions to solve specific problems.
+2. Gain experience of using for loops to iterate over different data collections.
+3. Create and use data structures to store, retrieve and loop over data.
+
+<br>
+
+## Exercise Instructions
+
+1. Open the script ordering_system.py present inside the project folder.
+
+2. Run the script and, when requested, enter in the three products of your choice based on the menu - 1 = espresso, 2 = coffee etc.
+
+3. To run the script, open terminal and execute the following command. 
+
+    ```
+    python3 ordering_system.py
+    ```
+
+4. Extend the script to have a new function called `calculate_subtotal`.  
+ It should accept one argument which is the order list and return the sum   
+ of the prices of the items in the order list.
+
+5. Implement `calculate_tax()` which calculates the tax of the subtotal.   
+The tax percentage is 15% of overall bill.
+
+6. Implement `summarize_order()` which returns a list of the names of the items   
+that the customer ordered and the total amount (including tax) that they have to pay.  
+ The orders should show the name and price.
+
+<br>
+
+## Final Step: Let's submit your code!
+Nice work! To complete this assessment:
+- Save your file through File -> Save 
+- Select "Submit Assignment" in your Lab toolbar. 
+
+Your code will be autograded and return feedback shortly on the "Grades" tab.  
+You can also see your score in your Programming Assignment "My Submission" tab.

Functions, loops and data structures/ordering_system.py

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+menu = {
+    1: {"name": 'espresso',
+        "price": 1.99},
+    2: {"name": 'coffee', 
+        "price": 2.50},
+    3: {"name": 'cake', 
+        "price": 2.79},
+    4: {"name": 'soup', 
+        "price": 4.50},
+    5: {"name": 'sandwich',
+        "price": 4.99}
+}
+
+def calculate_subtotal(order):
+    """ Calculates the subtotal of an order
+
+    [IMPLEMENTED] 
+        1. Add up the prices of all the items in the order and return the sum
+
+    Args:
+        order: list of dicts that contain an item name and price
+
+    Returns:
+        float = The sum of the prices of the items in the order
+    """
+    print('Calculating bill subtotal...')
+    ### WRITE SOLUTION HERE
+    subtotal = 0 # initialize a variable to store the sum
+    for item in order: # loop over the list of dictionaries
+        subtotal += item["price"] # add the price of each item to the sum
+    return subtotal # return the sum
+
+def calculate_tax(subtotal):
+    """ Calculates the tax of an order
+
+    [IMPLEMENTED] 
+        1. Multiply the subtotal by 15% and return the product rounded to two decimals.
+
+    Args:
+        subtotal: the price to get the tax of
+
+    Returns:
+        float - The tax required of a given subtotal, which is 15% rounded to two decimals.
+    """
+    print('Calculating tax from subtotal...')
+    ### WRITE SOLUTION HERE
+    tax = subtotal * 0.15 # multiply the subtotal by 0.15
+    tax = round(tax, 2) # round the result to two decimal places
+    return tax # return the tax
+
+def summarize_order(order):
+    """ Summarizes the order
+
+    [IMPLEMENTED]
+        1. Calculate the total (subtotal + tax) and store it in a variable named total (rounded to two decimals)
+        2. Store only the names of all the items in the order in a list called names
+        3. Return names and total.
+
+    Args:
+        order: list of dicts that contain an item name and price
+
+    Returns:
+        tuple of names and total. The return statement should look like 
+        
+        return names, total
+    """
+    print('Summarizing order...')
+    ### WRITE SOLUTION HERE
+    subtotal = calculate_subtotal(order) # call calculate_subtotal function
+    tax = calculate_tax(subtotal) # call calculate_tax function
+    total = round(subtotal + tax, 2) # calculate total by adding subtotal and tax and rounding to two decimals
+    names = [] # initialize an empty list to store names
+    for item in order: # loop over the list of dictionaries
+        names.append(item["name"]) # append the name of each item to the list
+    return names, total # return a tuple of names and total

Import and Scope/README.md

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+# Lab Instructions: Import and Scope
+
+So far, you've learned the different ways in which you can use import statements to import other Python files, modules and packages.   
+You have also seen the different ways in which you can import specific functions using different formats of import.   
+In this assignment you'll learn and practice how to use import to bring external code within the direct scope of the project.
+
+ <br>
+
+> ### **Tips: Before you Begin**
+> #### **To view your code and instructions side-by-side**, select the following in your VSCode toolbar:
+> - View -> Editor Layout -> Two Columns
+> - To view this file in Preview mode, right click on this README.md file and `Open Preview`
+> - Select your code file in the code tree, which will open it up in a new VSCode tab.
+> - Drag your assessment code files over to the second column. 
+> - Great work! You can now see instructions and code at the same time. 
+> - Questions about using VSCode? Please see our support resources [here](https://www.coursera.org/learn/programming-in-python/supplement/2IEyt/visual-studio-code-on-coursera).
+> #### **To run your Python code**
+> - Select your Python file in the Visual Studio Code file tree 
+> - You can right click the file and select "Run Python File in Terminal" 
+>   or run the file using the smaller   
+    play button in the upper right-hand corner 
+>   of VSCode.  
+    (Select "Run Python File in Terminal" in the provided button dropdown)
+> - Alternatively, you can follow lab instructions which use python3 commands to run your code in terminal.
+> 
+
+<br>
+
+## Exercise Objectives:
+- Use the import statement to import a built-in package in Python.
+- Use the import statement to call a function present in another Python file. 
+<br><br>
+
+## Instructions
+
+1.  Open the file jsongenerator.py present inside project folder.
+
+2. Import a built-in package called `json` 
+   
+3. Import the following from a file called employee.py:
+   - A function called `details` 
+   - Variables called `employee_name`, `age` and `title`
+<br><br>
+
+4. Implement the `create_dict()` function that returns a dictionary given employee information.   
+Create and return a dictionary with three key-value pairs where:
+    - Keys are string variables: `"first_name"` `“age”` and `“title”`  
+     and their respective values are `employee_name`, `age` and `title` variables that we have imported from the employee module. 
+    - Be sure to cast the values to the expected types.
+<br><br>
+
+5. Use a function called `dumps()` from the json module using dot notation and pass the `employee_dict` dictionary that we have created to it.   
+Return its value to a variable named `json_object`. 
+
+    The format of the same should look like:
+    ```
+    variable = json.dumps(dict) 
+    ```
+
+6. Complete the `write_json_to_file()` function
+    - Use a built-in function called `open()` and pass the `output_file` argument and `“w”` to it.   
+    Return the value of this function to a variable named newfile.
+    -   Call a function called `write()` over this variable newfile. Pass the `json_object` variable you created in Step 5 inside it.
+    - Close this file by calling a built-in function `close()` directly on newfile. You don’t need to pass any arguments here. 
+<br><br>
+
+
+7. Save the files
+
+8. Open the terminal to execute the files
+
+9. Run the code using the command (within project directory)
+   ```
+    python3 jsongenerator.py 
+    ```
+
+<br>
+
+
+## Final Step: Let's submit your code!
+Nice work! To complete this assessment:
+- Save your file through File -> Save 
+- Select "Submit Assignment" in your Lab toolbar. 
+
+Your code will be autograded and return feedback shortly on the "Grades" tab.  
+You can also see your score in your Programming Assignment "My Submission" tab.
+<br> <br> 

Import and Scope/employee.py

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+employee_name = "Mario"
+age = "55"
+title = "owner"
+
+def details():
+    print("Employee name is:  ", employee_name)
+    print("Employee age is: ", age)
+    print("Employee title is:  ", title)