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+<!--
+$Header: /home/heikki/psqlodbc-cvs-copy/psqlodbc/Attic/odbc.sgml,v 1.1 2002/10/21 23:12:51 bmomjian Exp $
+-->
+
+ <chapter id="odbc">
+ <docinfo>
+ <authorgroup>
+ <author>
+ <firstname>Tim</firstname>
+ <surname>Goeke</surname>
+ </author>
+ <author>
+ <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+ <surname>Lockhart</surname>
+ </author>
+ </authorgroup>
+ <date>1998-10-21</date>
+ </docinfo>
+
+ <title>ODBC Interface</title>
+
+ <indexterm zone="odbc">
+ <primary>ODBC</primary>
+ </indexterm>
+
+ <sect1 id="odbc-intro">
+ <title>Introduction</title>
+
+ <note>
+ <para>
+ Background information originally by Tim Goeke
+ (<email>tgoeke@xpressway.com</email>)
+ </para>
+ </note>
+
+ <para>
+ <acronym>ODBC</acronym> (Open Database Connectivity) is an abstract
+ <acronym>API</acronym>
+ that allows you to write applications that can interoperate
+ with various <acronym>RDBMS</acronym> servers.
+ <acronym>ODBC</acronym> provides a product-neutral interface
+ between frontend applications and database servers,
+ allowing a user or developer to write applications that are
+ portable between servers from different manufacturers..
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The <acronym>ODBC</acronym> <acronym>API</acronym> matches up
+ on the backend to an <acronym>ODBC</acronym>-compatible data source.
+ This could be anything from a text file to an Oracle or
+ <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> <acronym>RDBMS</acronym>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The backend access comes from <acronym>ODBC</acronym> drivers,
+ or vendor-specific drivers that
+ allow data access. <productname>psqlODBC</productname>, which is included in the <productname>PostgreSQL</> distribution, is such a driver,
+ along with others that are
+ available, such as the <productname>OpenLink</productname> <acronym>ODBC</acronym> drivers.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Once you write an <acronym>ODBC</acronym> application,
+ you <emphasis>should</emphasis> be able to connect to <emphasis>any</emphasis>
+ back-end database, regardless of the vendor, as long as the database schema
+ is the same.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For example. you could have <productname>MS SQL Server</productname>
+ and <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> servers that have
+ exactly the same data. Using <acronym>ODBC</acronym>,
+ your Windows application would make exactly the
+ same calls and the back-end data source would look the same (to the Windows
+ application).
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="odbc-install">
+ <title>Installation</title>
+
+ <para>
+ In order to make use of an <acronym>ODBC</> driver there must
+ exist a <firstterm>driver manager</> on the system where the
+ <acronym>ODBC</> driver is to be used. There are two free
+ <acronym>ODBC</> driver managers for Unix-like operating systems
+ known to us: <indexterm><primary>iODBC</primary></indexterm>
+ <ulink url="http://www.iodbc.org"><productname>iODBC</></ulink>
+ and <indexterm><primary>unixODBC</primary></indexterm> <ulink
+ url="http://www.unixodbc.org"><productname>unixODBC</></ulink>.
+ Instructions for installing these driver managers are to be found
+ in the respective distribution. Software that provides database
+ access through <acronym>ODBC</acronym> should provide its own
+ driver manager (which may well be one of these two). Having said
+ that, any driver manager that you can find for your platform
+ should support the <productname>PostgreSQL</> <acronym>ODBC</>
+ driver, or any other <acronym>ODBC</> driver for that matter.
+ </para>
+
+ <note>
+ <para>
+ The <productname>unixODBC</> distribution ships with a
+ <productname>PostgreSQL</> <acronym>ODBC</> driver of its own,
+ which is similar to the one contained in the
+ <productname>PostgreSQL</> distribution. It is up to you which
+ one you want to use. We plan to coordinate the development of
+ both drivers better in the future.
+ </para>
+ </note>
+
+ <para>
+ To install the <acronym>ODBC</> you simply need to supply the
+ <option>--enable-odbc</> option to the <filename>configure</>
+ script when you are building the entire <productname>PostgreSQL</>
+ distribution. The library will then automatically be built and
+ installed with the rest of the programs. If you forget that option
+ or want to build the ODBC driver later you can change into the
+ directory <filename>src/interfaces/odbc</> and do <literal>make</>
+ and <literal>make install</> there.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ It is also possible to build the driver to be specifically tuned
+ for use with <productname>iODBC</> or <productname>unixODBC</>.
+ This means in particular that the driver will use the driver
+ manager's routines to process the configuration files, which is
+ probably desirable since it creates a more consistent
+ <acronym>ODBC</> environment on your system. If you want to do
+ that, then supply the <filename>configure</> options
+ <option>--with-iodbc</> or <option>--with-unixodbc</> (but not
+ both).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If you build a <quote>stand-alone</quote> driver (not tied to
+ <productname>iODBC</> or <productname>unixODBC</>), then you can
+ specify where the driver should look for the configuration file
+ <filename>odbcinst.ini</>. By default it will be the directory
+ <filename>/usr/local/pgsql/etc/</>, or equivalent, depending on
+ what <option>--prefix</> and/or <option>--sysconfdir</> options
+ you supplied to <filename>configure</>. To select a specific
+ location outside the <productname>PostgreSQL</> installation
+ layout, use the <option>--with-odbcinst</> option. To be most
+ useful, it should be arranged that the driver and the driver
+ manager read the same configuration file.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ <indexterm><primary>odbc.sql</></>
+ Additionally, you should install the ODBC catalog extensions. That will
+ provide a number of functions mandated by the ODBC standard that are not
+ supplied by <productname>PostgreSQL</> by default. The file
+ <filename>/usr/local/pgsql/share/odbc.sql</> (in the default installation layout)
+ contains the appropriate definitions, which you can install as follows:
+<programlisting>
+psql -d template1 -f <replaceable>LOCATION</>/odbc.sql
+</programlisting>
+ where specifying <literal>template1</literal> as the target
+ database will ensure that all subsequent new databases will have
+ these same definitions. If for any reason you want to remove
+ these functions again, run the file
+ <filename>odbc-drop.sql</filename> through
+ <command>psql</command>.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="odbc-config">
+ <title>Configuration Files</title>
+
+ <indexterm zone="odbc-config"><primary>.odbc.ini</></>
+
+ <para>
+ <filename>~/.odbc.ini</filename> contains user-specified access information
+ for the <productname>psqlODBC</productname> driver.
+ The file uses conventions typical for <productname>Windows</productname>
+ Registry files.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The <filename>.odbc.ini</filename> file has three required sections.
+ The first is <literal>[ODBC Data Sources]</literal>
+ which is a list of arbitrary names and descriptions for each database
+ you wish to access. The second required section is the
+ Data Source Specification and there will be one of these sections
+ for each database.
+ Each section must be labeled with the name given in
+ <literal>[ODBC Data Sources]</literal> and must contain the following entries:
+
+<programlisting>
+Driver = <replaceable>prefix</replaceable>/lib/libpsqlodbc.so
+Database = <replaceable>DatabaseName</replaceable>
+Servername = localhost
+Port = 5432
+</programlisting>
+
+ <tip>
+ <para>
+ Remember that the <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> database name is
+ usually a single word, without path names of any sort.
+ The <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> server manages the actual access
+ to the database, and you need only specify the name from the client.
+ </para>
+ </tip>
+
+ Other entries may be inserted to control the format of the display.
+ The third required section is <literal>[ODBC]</literal>
+ which must contain the <literal>InstallDir</literal> keyword
+ and which may contain other options.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Here is an example <filename>.odbc.ini</filename> file,
+ showing access information for three databases:
+
+<programlisting>
+[ODBC Data Sources]
+DataEntry = Read/Write Database
+QueryOnly = Read-only Database
+Test = Debugging Database
+Default = Postgres Stripped
+
+[DataEntry]
+ReadOnly = 0
+Servername = localhost
+Database = Sales
+
+[QueryOnly]
+ReadOnly = 1
+Servername = localhost
+Database = Sales
+
+[Test]
+Debug = 1
+CommLog = 1
+ReadOnly = 0
+Servername = localhost
+Username = tgl
+Password = "no$way"
+Port = 5432
+Database = test
+
+[Default]
+Servername = localhost
+Database = tgl
+Driver = /opt/postgres/current/lib/libpsqlodbc.so
+
+[ODBC]
+InstallDir = /opt/applix/axdata/axshlib
+</programlisting>
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="odbc-windows">
+ <title><productname>Windows</productname> Applications</title>
+
+ <para>
+ In the real world, differences in drivers and the level of
+ <acronym>ODBC</acronym> support
+ lessens the potential of <acronym>ODBC</acronym>:
+
+ <itemizedlist spacing="compact" mark="bullet">
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Access, Delphi, and Visual Basic all support <acronym>ODBC</acronym> directly.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Under C++, such as Visual C++,
+ you can use the C++ <acronym>ODBC</acronym> <acronym>API</acronym>.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ In Visual C++, you can use the <classname>CRecordSet</classname> class, which wraps the
+ <acronym>ODBC</acronym> <acronym>API</acronym>
+ set within an <application>MFC</application> 4.2 class. This is the easiest route if you are doing
+ Windows C++ development under Windows NT.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </para>
+
+ <sect2>
+ <title>Writing Applications</title>
+
+ <para>
+ <quote>
+ If I write an application for <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
+ can I write it using <acronym>ODBC</acronym> calls
+ to the <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> server,
+ or is that only when another database program
+ like MS SQL Server or Access needs to access the data?
+ </quote>
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The <acronym>ODBC</acronym> <acronym>API</acronym>
+ is the way to go.
+ For <productname>Visual C++</productname> coding you can find out more at
+ Microsoft's web site or in your <productname>Visual C++</productname>
+ documentation.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Visual Basic and the other <acronym>RAD</acronym> tools have <classname>Recordset</classname> objects
+ that use <acronym>ODBC</acronym>
+ directly to access data. Using the data-aware controls, you can quickly
+ link to the <acronym>ODBC</acronym> back-end database
+ (<emphasis>very</emphasis> quickly).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Playing around with <productname>MS Access</> will help you sort this out. Try using
+ <menuchoice><guimenu>File</><guimenuitem>Get External Data</></menuchoice>.
+ </para>
+
+ <tip>
+ <para>
+ You'll have to set up a <acronym>DSN</acronym> first.
+ </para>
+ </tip>
+
+ </sect2>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="odbc-applixware">
+ <title><application>ApplixWare</application></title>
+
+ <indexterm zone="odbc-applixware">
+ <primary>Applixware</primary>
+ </indexterm>
+
+ <para>
+ <productname>Applixware</productname> has an
+ <acronym>ODBC</acronym> database interface
+ supported on at least some platforms.
+ <productname>Applixware</productname> 4.4.2 has been
+ demonstrated under Linux with <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 7.0
+ using the <productname>psqlODBC</productname>
+ driver contained in the <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> distribution.
+ </para>
+
+ <sect2>
+ <title>Configuration</title>
+
+ <para>
+ <productname>Applixware</productname> must be configured correctly
+ in order for it to
+ be able to access the <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
+ <acronym>ODBC</acronym> software drivers.
+ </para>
+
+ <procedure>
+ <title>Enabling <application>Applixware</application> Database Access</title>
+
+ <para>
+ These instructions are for the 4.4.2 release of
+ <productname>Applixware</productname> on <productname>Linux</productname>.
+ Refer to the <citetitle>Linux Sys Admin</citetitle> on-line book
+ for more detailed information.
+ </para>
+
+ <step performance="required">
+ <para>
+ You must modify <filename>axnet.cnf</filename> so that
+ <filename>elfodbc</filename> can
+ find <filename>libodbc.so</filename>
+ (the <acronym>ODBC</acronym> driver manager) shared library.
+ This library is included with the <application>Applixware</application> distribution,
+ but <filename>axnet.cnf</filename> needs to be modified to point to the
+ correct location.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ As root, edit the file
+ <filename><replaceable>applixroot</replaceable>/applix/axdata/axnet.cnf</filename>.
+ </para>
+
+ <substeps>
+
+ <step performance="required">
+ <para>
+ At the bottom of <filename>axnet.cnf</filename>,
+ find the line that starts with
+
+<programlisting>
+#libFor elfodbc /ax/<replaceable>...</replaceable>
+</programlisting>
+ </para>
+ </step>
+ <step performance="required">
+ <para>
+ Change line to read
+
+<programlisting>
+libFor elfodbc <replaceable>applixroot</replaceable>/applix/axdata/axshlib/lib
+</programlisting>
+
+ which will tell <literal>elfodbc</literal> to look in this directory
+ for the <acronym>ODBC</acronym> support library.
+ Typically <productname>Applix</productname> is installed in
+ <filename>/opt</filename> so the full path would be
+ <filename>/opt/applix/axdata/axshlib/lib</filename>,
+ but if you have installed <productname>Applix</productname>
+ somewhere else then change the path accordingly.
+ </para>
+ </step>
+ </substeps>
+ </step>
+
+ <step performance="required">
+ <para>
+ Create <filename>.odbc.ini</filename> as
+ described in <xref linkend="odbc-config">. You may also want to add the flag
+
+<programlisting>
+TextAsLongVarchar=0
+</programlisting>
+
+ to the database-specific portion of <filename>.odbc.ini</filename>
+ so that text fields will not be shown as <literal>**BLOB**</literal>.
+ </para>
+ </step>
+ </procedure>
+
+ <procedure>
+ <title>Testing <application>Applixware</application> ODBC Connections</title>
+
+ <step performance="required">
+ <para>
+ Bring up <application>Applix Data</application>
+ </para>
+ </step>
+
+ <step performance="required">
+ <para>
+ Select the <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> database of interest.
+ </para>
+
+ <substeps>
+
+ <step performance="required">
+ <para>
+ Select <menuchoice><guimenu>Query</guimenu><guimenuitem>Choose Server</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
+ </para>
+ </step>
+ <step performance="required">
+ <para>
+ Select <guimenuitem>ODBC</guimenuitem>, and click <guibutton>Browse</guibutton>.
+ The database you configured in <filename>.odbc.ini</filename>
+ should be shown. Make sure that the <guilabel>Host:</guilabel> field
+ is empty (if it is not, <literal>axnet</> will try to contact <literal>axnet</> on another machine
+ to look for the database).
+ </para>
+ </step>
+ <step performance="required">
+ <para>
+ Select the database in the box that was launched by <guibutton>Browse</guibutton>,
+ then click <guibutton>OK</guibutton>.
+ </para>
+ </step>
+ <step performance="required">
+ <para>
+ Enter user name and password in the login identification dialog,
+ and click <guibutton>OK</guibutton>.
+ </para>
+ </step>
+ </substeps>
+
+ <para>
+ You should see <guilabel>Starting elfodbc server</guilabel>
+ in the lower left corner of the
+ data window. If you get an error dialog box, see the debugging section
+ below.
+ </para>
+ </step>
+ <step performance="required">
+ <para>
+ The <quote>Ready</quote> message will appear in the lower left corner of the data
+ window. This indicates that you can now enter queries.
+ </para>
+ </step>
+ <step performance="required">
+ <para>
+ Select a table from
+ <menuchoice><guimenu>Query</><guimenuitem>Choose
+ tables</></menuchoice>, and then select
+ <menuchoice><guimenu>Query</><guimenuitem>Query</></menuchoice>
+ to access the database. The first 50 or so rows from the table
+ should appear.
+ </para>
+ </step>
+ </procedure>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2>
+ <title>Common Problems</title>
+
+ <para>
+ The following messages can appear while trying to make an
+ <acronym>ODBC</acronym> connection through
+ <productname>Applix Data</productname>:
+
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>
+ <computeroutput>Cannot launch gateway on server</computeroutput>
+ </term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <literal>elfodbc</literal> can't find <filename>libodbc.so</filename>.
+ Check your <filename>axnet.cnf</filename>.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><computeroutput>
+ Error from ODBC Gateway:
+ IM003::[iODBC][Driver Manager]Specified driver could not be loaded</computeroutput>
+ </term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <filename>libodbc.so</filename> cannot find the driver listed in
+ <filename>.odbc.ini</filename>. Verify the settings.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>
+ <computeroutput>Server: Broken Pipe</computeroutput>
+ </term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ The driver process has terminated due to some other
+ problem. You might not have an up-to-date version
+ of the <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
+ <acronym>ODBC</acronym> package.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>
+ <computeroutput>setuid to 256: failed to launch gateway</computeroutput>
+ </term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ The September release of <application>Applixware</application> 4.4.1 (the first release with official
+ <acronym>ODBC</acronym> support under Linux) shows problems when user names
+ exceed eight (8) characters in length.
+ Problem description contributed by Steve Campbell
+ (<email>scampbell@lear.com</email>).
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ </variablelist>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ <note>
+ <title>Author</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Contributed by Steve Campbell (<email>scampbell@lear.com</email>),
+ 1998-10-20
+ </para>
+ </note>
+
+ The <application>axnet</application> program's security system
+ seems a little suspect. <application>axnet</application> does things
+ on behalf of the user and on a true
+ multiuser system it really should be run with root security
+ (so it can read/write in each user's directory).
+ I would hesitate to recommend this, however, since we have no idea what
+ security holes this creates.
+ </para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2>
+ <title>Debugging <application>Applixware</application> ODBC Connections</title>
+
+ <para>
+ One good tool for debugging connection problems uses the Unix system
+ utility <application>strace</application>.
+ </para>
+ <procedure>
+ <title>Debugging with <command>strace</command></title>
+
+ <step performance="required">
+ <para>
+ Start <application>Applixware</application>.
+ </para>
+ </step>
+ <step performance="required">
+ <para>
+ Start an <application>strace</application> on
+ the <literal>axnet</literal> process. For example, if
+
+<screen>
+<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>ps -aucx | grep ax</userinput>
+</screen>
+
+ shows
+
+<screen>
+cary 10432 0.0 2.6 1740 392 ? S Oct 9 0:00 axnet
+cary 27883 0.9 31.0 12692 4596 ? S 10:24 0:04 axmain
+</screen>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Then run
+
+<screen>
+<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>strace -f -s 1024 -p 10432</userinput>
+</screen>
+ </para>
+ </step>
+
+ <step performance="required">
+ <para>
+ Check the <command>strace</command> output.
+ </para>
+ <note>
+ <title>Note from Cary</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Many of the error messages from <productname>Applixware</productname>
+ go to <filename>stderr</filename>,
+ but I'm not sure where <filename>stderr</filename>
+ is sent, so <command>strace</command> is the way to find out.
+ </para>
+ </note>
+ </step>
+ </procedure>
+
+ <para>
+ For example, after getting
+ a <errorname>Cannot launch gateway on server</errorname>,
+ I ran <command>strace</command> on <literal>axnet</literal> and got
+
+<screen>
+[pid 27947] open("/usr/lib/libodbc.so", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
+[pid 27947] open("/lib/libodbc.so", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
+[pid 27947] write(2, "/usr2/applix/axdata/elfodbc: can't load library 'libodbc.so'\n", 61) = -1 EIO (I/O error)
+</screen>
+ So what is happening is that <literal>applix elfodbc</literal> is searching for <filename>libodbc.so</filename>, but it
+ cannot find it. That is why <filename>axnet.cnf</filename> needed to be changed.
+ </para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2>
+ <title>Running the <application>Applixware</application> Demo</title>
+
+ <comment>I think the condition this refers to is gone. -- petere 2002-01-07</comment>
+
+ <para>
+ In order to go through the
+ <citetitle>Applixware Data Tutorial</citetitle>, you need to create
+ the sample tables that the Tutorial refers to. The ELF Macro used to
+ create the tables tries to use a NULL condition
+ on many of the database columns,
+ and <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> does not currently allow this option.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ To get around this problem, you can do the following:
+ </para>
+
+ <procedure>
+ <title>Modifying the <application>Applixware</application> Demo</title>
+
+ <step performance="required">
+ <para>
+ Copy <filename>/opt/applix/axdata/eng/Demos/sqldemo.am</filename>
+ to a local directory.
+ </para>
+ </step>
+
+ <step performance="required">
+ <para>
+ Edit this local copy of <filename>sqldemo.am</filename>:
+ </para>
+
+ <substeps>
+
+ <step performance="required">
+ <para>
+ Search for <literal>null_clause = "NULL"</literal>.
+ </para>
+ </step>
+
+ <step performance="required">
+ <para>
+ Change this to <literal>null_clause = ""</literal>.
+ </para>
+ </step>
+
+ </substeps>
+ </step>
+ <step performance="required">
+ <para>
+ Start <application>Applix Macro Editor</application>.
+ </para>
+ </step>
+
+ <step performance="required">
+ <para>
+ Open the <filename>sqldemo.am</filename> file from the <application>Macro Editor</application>.
+ </para>
+ </step>
+
+ <step performance="required">
+ <para>
+ Select <menuchoice><guimenu>File</><guimenuitem>Compile and Save</></menuchoice>.
+ </para>
+ </step>
+
+ <step performance="required">
+ <para>
+ Exit <application>Macro Editor</application>.
+ </para>
+ </step>
+
+ <step performance="required">
+ <para>
+ Start <application>Applix Data</application>.
+ </para>
+ </step>
+
+ <step performance="required">
+ <para>
+ Select <menuchoice><guimenu>*</><guimenuitem>Run Macro</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
+ </para>
+ </step>
+
+ <step performance="required">
+ <para>
+ Enter the value <literal>sqldemo</literal>, then click <guibutton>OK</guibutton>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You should see the progress in the status line of the data window
+ (in the lower left corner).
+ </para>
+ </step>
+
+ <step performance="required">
+ <para>
+ You should now be able to access the demo tables.
+ </para>
+ </step>
+ </procedure>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2>
+ <title>Useful Macros</title>
+
+ <para>
+ You can add information about your
+ database login and password to the standard <application>Applix</application> start-up
+ macro file. This is an example
+ <filename>~/axhome/macros/login.am</filename> file:
+
+<programlisting>
+macro login
+set_set_system_var@("sql_username@","tgl")
+set_system_var@("sql_passwd@","no$way")
+endmacro
+</programlisting>
+
+ <caution>
+ <para>
+ You should be careful about the file protections on any file containing
+ user name and password information.
+ </para>
+ </caution>
+ </para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
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