Fix regex_fixed_prefix() to cope reasonably well with regex patterns of the

Fix regex_fixed_prefix() to cope reasonably well with regex patterns of the
form '^(foo)$'.  Before, these could never be optimized into indexscans.
The recent changes to make psql and pg_dump generate such patterns (for \d
commands and -t and related switches, respectively) therefore represented
a big performance hit for people with large pg_class catalogs, as seen in
recent gripe from Erik Jones.  While at it, be more paranoid about
case-sensitivity checking in multibyte encodings, and fix some other
corner cases in which a regex might be interpreted too liberally.